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Philippians TN edits through 3:6 (#2174) 

Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/2174
Co-authored-by: Grant_Ailie <grant_ailie@noreply.door43.org>
Co-committed-by: Grant_Ailie <grant_ailie@noreply.door43.org>
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@ -236,30 +236,30 @@ PHP 2 29 l59w ἐντίμους ἔχετε 1 The phrase **hold in honor** is
PHP 2 30 ns1y writing-pronouns ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν, παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ, ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he came near even to death Here, the pronouns **he** and **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be unclear in your language consider clarifying this in your translation. Alternate translation: “since for the sake of the work of Christ, Epaphroditus came near even to death, risking his life so that he might make up your lack of service to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 30 g98z ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he might make up your lack of service to me The **lack of service** Paul speaks of here is the inability of the Philippian believers to be present with him in prison. By sending Epaphroditus to Paul, the Philippian believers ministered to his needs through Epaphroditus and so Epaphroditus supplied what they could not. Alternate translation: “so that he might supply what you could not give me” or “so that he might make up for what you could not give”
PHP 3 intro btx3 0 # Philippians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In verses 4-8, Paul lists how he qualifies for being considered a righteous Jew. In every way, Paul was an exemplary Jew. But he contrasts this with the greatness of knowing Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Dogs<br><br>The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in a negative way. Not all cultures use the term “dogs” in this way.<br><br>### Resurrected Bodies<br><br>We know very little about what people will be like in heaven. Paul teaches here that Christians will have some kind of glorious body and will be free from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Prize<br><br>Paul uses an extended illustration to describe the Christian life. The goal of the Christian life is attempting to grow to be like Christ until a person dies. We can never achieve this goal perfectly, but we must strive for it.
PHP 3 1 e79h 0 Connecting Statement: In order to warn his fellow believers about Jews who would try to get them to follow the old laws, Paul gives his own testimony about when he persecuted believers.
PHP 3 1 s3bx τὸ λοιπόν, ἀδελφοί μου 1 As to the rest, my brothers “Now moving along, my brothers” or “Concerning other matters, my brothers”
PHP 3 1 zu9l ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md).
PHP 3 1 ymm2 χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 rejoice in the Lord “be happy because of all the Lord has done”
PHP 3 1 qb78 figs-explicit ὑμῖν δὲ ἀσφαλές 1 and is a safeguard for you You can state explicitly how writing these things is a **safeguard** for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “because these teachings will protect you from those who teach what is not true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 2 ny6y βλέπετε 1 Beware “Watch out for” or “Look out for”
PHP 3 2 zin8 τοὺς κύνας…τοὺς κακοὺς ἐργάτας…τὴν κατατομήν 1 the dogs … the evil workers … the mutilation These are three different ways of describing the same group of false teachers. Paul is using strong expressions to convey his feeling about these Jewish Christian teachers.
PHP 3 2 yr9n figs-irony τοὺς κύνας 1 the dogs The word **dogs** was used by the Jews to refer to those who were not Jews. Paul reverses this and calls the Jews “dogs.”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
PHP 3 2 yeax figs-metaphor τοὺς κύνας 1 the dogs Paul speaks of the false teachers as though they were **dogs**, to insult them, because dogs were unclean. If you have a different animal in your culture that is considered unclean or whose name is used as an insult, you could use this animal instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 3 2 cka6 figs-hyperbole τὴν κατατομήν 1 the mutilation Paul is exaggerating about the act of circumcision to insult the false teachers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
PHP 3 2 x8r2 figs-metonymy τὴν κατατομήν 1 the mutilation Here, **mutilation** refers to the people who were circumcized, and represents the Jews who were all circumcized. The false teachers said God will only save a person who is circumcised, who cuts off the foreskin. This action was required by the law of Moses for all male Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 3 3 y8yt figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς γάρ ἐσμεν 1 For we are Paul uses **we** to refer to himself and all true believers in Christ, including the Philippian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PHP 3 3 xt5r ἡ περιτομή 1 the circumcision Paul uses this phrase to refer to believers in Christ who are not physically circumcised but are spiritually circumcised, which means they have received the Holy Spirit through faith. Alternate translation: “the truly circumcised ones” or “truly God’s people”
PHP 3 3 k8ph οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες 1 having no confidence in the flesh “not trusting that only cutting our flesh will please God”
PHP 3 4 e346 figs-hypo καίπερ 1 although Paul is introducing a hypothetical situation that could not possibly exist. Alternate translation: “although if I wanted to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PHP 3 4 upw5 figs-hypo ἐγὼ ἔχων πεποίθησιν καὶ ἐν σαρκί. εἴ τις δοκεῖ ἄλλος πεποιθέναι ἐν σαρκί, ἐγὼ μᾶλλον 1 I myself, having confidence even in the flesh. If anyone else seems to have confidence in the flesh, I even more This is a hypothetical situation that Paul does not believe is possible. Paul says if it were possible that God would save people based on what they did, then God would certainly have saved him. Alternate translation: “no one can do enough things to please God, but if anyone could do enough things to please God, I could do more good things and please God more than anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PHP 3 4 u4f1 figs-rpronouns ἐγὼ 1 I myself Paul uses **myself** for emphasis. Alternate translation: “certainly I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
PHP 3 5 yq98 περιτομῇ 1 circumcision “I received circumcision” or “a priest circumcised me”
PHP 3 5 am85 ὀκταήμερος 1 on the eighth day “seven days after I was born”
PHP 3 5 p4ik Ἑβραῖος ἐξ Ἑβραίων 1 a Hebrew of Hebrews This could mean: (1) This refers to a Hebrew son with Hebrew parents. (2) This refers to the purest Hebrew.
PHP 3 5 we4t κατὰ νόμον Φαρισαῖος 1 according to the law, a Pharisee The Pharisees were committed to obeying all of the law. Being a **Pharisee** showed that Paul was committed to obeying all of **the law**. Alternate translation: “as a Pharisee, I was committed to obeying all of the law”
PHP 3 1 zu9l figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a spiritual sense to include both men and women who believe in Jesus. See how you translated this word in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PHP 3 1 ymm2 figs-yousingular χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 rejoice in the Lord The word **rejoice** is a command given to the Philippian Christians in the plural form. In the original language that Paul wrote this letter in, the word **rejoice** could be translated as “you rejoice”. If your language has a plural command form that would be appropriate to use in this context, consider using it in your translation of this word. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to rejoice in the Lord” or “each of you rejoice in the Lord” or “all of you rejoice in the Lord” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular)
PHP 3 1 qb78 figs-explicit ὑμῖν δὲ ἀσφαλές 1 and is a safeguard for you If it would be helpful in your language you can state explicitly how writing these things is a **safeguard** for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “because these teachings will protect you from those who teach what is false” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 2 ttws βλέπετε 1 All three times that the phrase **Beware of** occurs in this verse it is a command given to the Philippian Christians in the plural form. If your language has a plural command form that would be appropriate to use in this context, consider using it in your translation of this phrase. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to beware of” or “Each of you beware of”
PHP 3 2 ny6y βλέπετε 1 Beware Alternate translation: “Watch out for” or “Look out for” or “Be on guard against”
PHP 3 2 zin8 τοὺς κύνας…τοὺς κακοὺς ἐργάτας…τὴν κατατομήν 1 the dogs … the evil workers … the mutilation The phrases **the dogs**, **the evil workers**, and **the mutilation** are three different ways of describing the same group of Jewish teachers who were corrupting the gospel. Paul uses strong expressions to convey his feeling about these Jewish teachers.
PHP 3 2 yeax translate-unknown τοὺς κύνας 1 the dogs Paul speaks of the Jewish teachers who were corrupting the gospel as though they were **dogs** in order to show strong contempt for them. A dog is an animal that is common in many parts of the world. Dogs are despised in some cultures but not despised in other cultures so using the term **dogs** in some cultures may not have the derogatory meaning that Paul intended. If you have a different animal in your culture that is despised or whose name is used as an insult, you could use this animal instead if it would fit well in this context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])<br>
PHP 3 2 i40z βλέπετε 2 See how you translated the phrase **beware of** earlier in this verse.
PHP 3 2 n44a κακοὺς ἐργάτας 1 Here, the phrase **evil workers** refers to Jewish teachers who were teaching things that were contrary to the gospel.
PHP 3 2 h2ai βλέπετε 3 See how you translated the phrase **beware of** earlier in this verse.
PHP 3 2 vc2u translate-unknown τὴν κατατομήν 1 The word **mutilation** is a sarcastic way of referring to circumcision and **the mutilation** is a sarcastic way of referring to those who taught that circumcision was necessary in order to be in right standing with God. At the time Paul wrote this letter it was a common practice for those who practiced false religions to cut themselves in order to try to earn favor from their god. By using the term **mutilation**, Paul is showing the Philippian believers that those who trust in circumcision, and not solely in Christ, are like pagan false worshipers who mistakenly think that they can earn God’s favor by cutting their bodies. Consider the term that would best communicate this idea in your language. Alternate translation: “those who cut themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])<br>
PHP 3 2 x8r2 figs-metonymy τὴν κατατομήν 1 the mutilation Here, **the mutilation** refers to the Jewish teachers who were all circumcised and were corrupting the gospel <br>by teaching that it was necessary to be circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 3 3 y8yt figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς γάρ ἐσμεν 1 For we are Here, Paul uses **we** to refer to himself and all true believers in Christ, including the Philippian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PHP 3 3 xt5r ἡ περιτομή 1 the circumcision Here, the term **the circumcision** is used metonymously to refer to all true Christians. Here, Paul is using this term in contrast to its normal usage in the Bible. Normally the term **the circumcision** was used to refer to Jewish males since all Jewish males were circumcised at this time. Here, Paul intentionally uses this term in a way that would have been surprising to his readers. Here, Paul uses this term with a spiritual sense to refer to all Christians, both Jews and non-Jews. Paul uses the term **the circumcision** here, to refer to the inward, spiritual circumcision that the Holy Spirit performs in the hearts of all true Christians. Paul discusses this spiritual circumcision in [Romans 11:21–24](../11/21-24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 3 3 wn2n οἱ Πνεύματι Θεοῦ λατρεύοντες 1 Alternate translation: “the ones who are empowered by God’s Spirit to worship him” or “the ones who are enabled to worship God by his Spirit” or “the ones who worship God through his Spirit”
PHP 3 3 k8ph figs-ellipsis οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες 1 having no confidence in the flesh Here, the phrase **confidence in the flesh** is leaving out some implied words that would need to be supplied in some languages in order to make this idea complete. Paul is leaving out the words “works of the” in this phrase and means **having no confidence in the works of the flesh**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words which are implied from the context. Alternate translation: “having no confidence in the works of the flesh” or “not trusting that circumcision will please God” “not trusting that circumcision will earn God’s favor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 3 3 nkrs καυχώμενοι ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες 1 The phrase **boasting in Christ Jesus** and the phrase **and having no confidence in the flesh** are complementary ideas which express a similar truth. If a person truly places their confidence in Christ as their only means of earning God’s favor they will not put their confidence in themself or religious acts and conversely if a person puts their confidence in religious rituals and observances they cannot place their full confidence in Christ. Consider the best way to clearly express the coordinate ideas in your language. See UST.
PHP 3 4 upw5 figs-hypo ἐγὼ ἔχων πεποίθησιν καὶ ἐν σαρκί. εἴ τις δοκεῖ ἄλλος πεποιθέναι ἐν σαρκί, ἐγὼ μᾶλλον 1 I myself, having confidence even in the flesh. If anyone else seems to have confidence in the flesh, I even more Beginning with the phrase **if anyone**, Paul explains why, if anyone has a reason to be confident in religious works, he does. Beginning with this phrase, and continuing through the end of [3:6](../03/6.md), Paul gives his religious credentials and accomplishments in order to make the point that if earning God’s favor should be sought by observing the law then he had reason to boast more than anyone because. However, this is a hypothetical situation and Paul does not think that the Philippian believers should trust in keeping the law but rather in Christ. Paul is using a hypothetical situation to teach the Philippian believers what they should hope. Paul goes on to explain in [3:7–11](../3/7-11.md) that his hope is in Christ and not in the law. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
PHP 3 5 yq98 figs-explicit φυλῆς Βενιαμείν 1 circumcision The phrase **of the tribe of Benjamin** means that Paul was from the Israelite tribe of Benjamin and therefore descended from Jacob’s son Benjamin. Consider the best way to say this in your language. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 5 p4ik figs-extrainfo Ἑβραῖος ἐξ Ἑβραίων 1 a Hebrew of Hebrews The phrase **a Hebrew of Hebrews** could mean: (1) that Paul had retained Hebrew customs and spoke the language of the Hebrew people which was Aramaic. Alternate translation: See UST. (2) that Paul had no Gentile ancestors but rather was a pure-blooded Hebrew. Alternate translation: “a Hebrew whose parents and ancestors are all full-blooded Jews” (3) a combination of both of the above. Alternate translation: “a full-blooded Jew who has retained the Hebrew culture, customs, and language” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
PHP 3 5 we4t figs-extrainfo κατὰ νόμον Φαρισαῖος 1 according to the law, a Pharisee The phrase **according to the law, a Pharisee** means that prior to his conversion Paul had been a Pharisee who related to the law of Moses as a Pharisee and therefore strictly obeyed it as well as all of the additional rules that the scribes had added to the law of Moses to try to safeguard it. Alternate translation: “in relation to the law of Moses I was a Pharisee” or “in relation to how I observed the law of Moses, I was a Pharisee and therefore I strictly obeyed every detail of it including the teachings of the scribes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
PHP 3 6 ksr3 κατὰ ζῆλος διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν 1 according to zeal, persecuting the church Paul’s zeal was his enthusiasm for honoring God. He believed that by **persecuting the church** he proved how zealous he was for God. Alternate translation: “having so much zeal for God that I persecuted the church” or “wanting so much to honor God, I persecuted the church”
PHP 3 6 n51b διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν 1 persecuting the church “attacking Christians”
PHP 3 6 hln8 κατὰ δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐν νόμῳ γενόμενος ἄμεμπτος 1 according to righteousness that is under the law, having become blameless The phrase **righteousness that is under the law** refers to being righteous by obeying the law. Paul obeyed the law so carefully that he believed that no one could find any part of it that he disobeyed. Alternate Translation: “being so righteous by obeying the law that I was blameless”
PHP 3 6 n51b grammar-collectivenouns τὴν ἐκκλησίαν 1 persecuting the church Here, **church** is a collective noun and the phrase **the church** refers to Christians as a whole and includes anyone belonging to the group of people who follow Jesus. What Paul means by saying that he persecuted the church is that he formerly persecuted anyone who was a Christian. Alternate translation: “persecuting Christians” or “persecuting anyone who was a Christian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
PHP 3 6 hln8 figs-explicit κατὰ δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐν νόμῳ γενόμενος ἄμεμπτος 1 according to righteousness that is under the law, having become blameless The phrase **righteousness that is in the law** refers to being righteous by obeying the law. Paul obeyed the law so carefully that he believed that no one could find any part of it that he disobeyed. Alternate Translation: “As regards obeying the law, no one could say that I ever disobeyed the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 7 n4lg figs-metaphor ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη 1 Whatever was a profit for me Paul is referring here to the praise he received for being an eager Pharisee. He speaks of this praise as if he had viewed it in the past as a businessman’s profit. Alternate translation: “Anything that other Jews praised me for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 3 7 lb8f κέρδη…ζημίαν 1 a profit … loss These are common business terms. If many people in your culture do not understand formal business terms, you could translate these terms as “things that made my life better” and “things that made my life worse.”
PHP 3 7 y1sg figs-metaphor ταῦτα ἥγημαι…ζημίαν 1 I consider this loss Paul speaks of that praise as if he were now viewing it as a business **loss** instead of a profit. In other words, Paul says that all his religious acts of righteousness are worthless before Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

1 Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
236 PHP 2 30 ns1y writing-pronouns ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν, παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ, ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he came near even to death Here, the pronouns **he** and **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be unclear in your language consider clarifying this in your translation. Alternate translation: “since for the sake of the work of Christ, Epaphroditus came near even to death, risking his life so that he might make up your lack of service to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
237 PHP 2 30 g98z ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he might make up your lack of service to me The **lack of service** Paul speaks of here is the inability of the Philippian believers to be present with him in prison. By sending Epaphroditus to Paul, the Philippian believers ministered to his needs through Epaphroditus and so Epaphroditus supplied what they could not. Alternate translation: “so that he might supply what you could not give me” or “so that he might make up for what you could not give”
238 PHP 3 intro btx3 0 # Philippians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In verses 4-8, Paul lists how he qualifies for being considered a righteous Jew. In every way, Paul was an exemplary Jew. But he contrasts this with the greatness of knowing Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Dogs<br><br>The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in a negative way. Not all cultures use the term “dogs” in this way.<br><br>### Resurrected Bodies<br><br>We know very little about what people will be like in heaven. Paul teaches here that Christians will have some kind of glorious body and will be free from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Prize<br><br>Paul uses an extended illustration to describe the Christian life. The goal of the Christian life is attempting to grow to be like Christ until a person dies. We can never achieve this goal perfectly, but we must strive for it.
239 PHP 3 1 e79h zu9l figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 0 1 Connecting Statement: brothers In order to warn his fellow believers about Jews who would try to get them to follow the old laws, Paul gives his own testimony about when he persecuted believers. Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a spiritual sense to include both men and women who believe in Jesus. See how you translated this word in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
240 PHP 3 1 s3bx ymm2 figs-yousingular τὸ λοιπόν, ἀδελφοί μου χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 As to the rest, my brothers rejoice in the Lord “Now moving along, my brothers” or “Concerning other matters, my brothers” The word **rejoice** is a command given to the Philippian Christians in the plural form. In the original language that Paul wrote this letter in, the word **rejoice** could be translated as “you rejoice”. If your language has a plural command form that would be appropriate to use in this context, consider using it in your translation of this word. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to rejoice in the Lord” or “each of you rejoice in the Lord” or “all of you rejoice in the Lord” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular)
241 PHP 3 1 zu9l qb78 figs-explicit ἀδελφοί ὑμῖν δὲ ἀσφαλές 1 brothers and is a safeguard for you See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). If it would be helpful in your language you can state explicitly how writing these things is a **safeguard** for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “because these teachings will protect you from those who teach what is false” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
242 PHP 3 1 2 ymm2 ttws χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ βλέπετε 1 rejoice in the Lord “be happy because of all the Lord has done” All three times that the phrase **Beware of** occurs in this verse it is a command given to the Philippian Christians in the plural form. If your language has a plural command form that would be appropriate to use in this context, consider using it in your translation of this phrase. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to beware of” or “Each of you beware of”
243 PHP 3 1 2 qb78 ny6y figs-explicit ὑμῖν δὲ ἀσφαλές βλέπετε 1 and is a safeguard for you Beware You can state explicitly how writing these things is a **safeguard** for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “because these teachings will protect you from those who teach what is not true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Alternate translation: “Watch out for” or “Look out for” or “Be on guard against”
244 PHP 3 2 ny6y zin8 βλέπετε τοὺς κύνας…τοὺς κακοὺς ἐργάτας…τὴν κατατομήν 1 Beware the dogs … the evil workers … the mutilation “Watch out for” or “Look out for” The phrases **the dogs**, **the evil workers**, and **the mutilation** are three different ways of describing the same group of Jewish teachers who were corrupting the gospel. Paul uses strong expressions to convey his feeling about these Jewish teachers.
245 PHP 3 2 zin8 yeax translate-unknown τοὺς κύνας…τοὺς κακοὺς ἐργάτας…τὴν κατατομήν τοὺς κύνας 1 the dogs … the evil workers … the mutilation the dogs These are three different ways of describing the same group of false teachers. Paul is using strong expressions to convey his feeling about these Jewish Christian teachers. Paul speaks of the Jewish teachers who were corrupting the gospel as though they were **dogs** in order to show strong contempt for them. A dog is an animal that is common in many parts of the world. Dogs are despised in some cultures but not despised in other cultures so using the term **dogs** in some cultures may not have the derogatory meaning that Paul intended. If you have a different animal in your culture that is despised or whose name is used as an insult, you could use this animal instead if it would fit well in this context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])<br>
246 PHP 3 2 yr9n i40z figs-irony τοὺς κύνας βλέπετε 1 2 the dogs The word **dogs** was used by the Jews to refer to those who were not Jews. Paul reverses this and calls the Jews “dogs.”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) See how you translated the phrase **beware of** earlier in this verse.
247 PHP 3 2 yeax n44a figs-metaphor τοὺς κύνας κακοὺς ἐργάτας 1 the dogs Paul speaks of the false teachers as though they were **dogs**, to insult them, because dogs were unclean. If you have a different animal in your culture that is considered unclean or whose name is used as an insult, you could use this animal instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Here, the phrase **evil workers** refers to Jewish teachers who were teaching things that were contrary to the gospel.
248 PHP 3 2 cka6 h2ai figs-hyperbole τὴν κατατομήν βλέπετε 1 3 the mutilation Paul is exaggerating about the act of circumcision to insult the false teachers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) See how you translated the phrase **beware of** earlier in this verse.
249 PHP 3 2 x8r2 vc2u figs-metonymy translate-unknown τὴν κατατομήν 1 the mutilation Here, **mutilation** refers to the people who were circumcized, and represents the Jews who were all circumcized. The false teachers said God will only save a person who is circumcised, who cuts off the foreskin. This action was required by the law of Moses for all male Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) The word **mutilation** is a sarcastic way of referring to circumcision and **the mutilation** is a sarcastic way of referring to those who taught that circumcision was necessary in order to be in right standing with God. At the time Paul wrote this letter it was a common practice for those who practiced false religions to cut themselves in order to try to earn favor from their god. By using the term **mutilation**, Paul is showing the Philippian believers that those who trust in circumcision, and not solely in Christ, are like pagan false worshipers who mistakenly think that they can earn God’s favor by cutting their bodies. Consider the term that would best communicate this idea in your language. Alternate translation: “those who cut themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])<br>
250 PHP 3 3 2 y8yt x8r2 figs-exclusive figs-metonymy ἡμεῖς γάρ ἐσμεν τὴν κατατομήν 1 For we are the mutilation Paul uses **we** to refer to himself and all true believers in Christ, including the Philippian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) Here, **the mutilation** refers to the Jewish teachers who were all circumcised and were corrupting the gospel <br>by teaching that it was necessary to be circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
251 PHP 3 3 xt5r y8yt figs-exclusive ἡ περιτομή ἡμεῖς γάρ ἐσμεν 1 the circumcision For we are Paul uses this phrase to refer to believers in Christ who are not physically circumcised but are spiritually circumcised, which means they have received the Holy Spirit through faith. Alternate translation: “the truly circumcised ones” or “truly God’s people” Here, Paul uses **we** to refer to himself and all true believers in Christ, including the Philippian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
252 PHP 3 3 k8ph xt5r οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες ἡ περιτομή 1 having no confidence in the flesh the circumcision “not trusting that only cutting our flesh will please God” Here, the term **the circumcision** is used metonymously to refer to all true Christians. Here, Paul is using this term in contrast to its normal usage in the Bible. Normally the term **the circumcision** was used to refer to Jewish males since all Jewish males were circumcised at this time. Here, Paul intentionally uses this term in a way that would have been surprising to his readers. Here, Paul uses this term with a spiritual sense to refer to all Christians, both Jews and non-Jews. Paul uses the term **the circumcision** here, to refer to the inward, spiritual circumcision that the Holy Spirit performs in the hearts of all true Christians. Paul discusses this spiritual circumcision in [Romans 11:21–24](../11/21-24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
253 PHP 3 4 3 e346 wn2n figs-hypo καίπερ οἱ Πνεύματι Θεοῦ λατρεύοντες 1 although Paul is introducing a hypothetical situation that could not possibly exist. Alternate translation: “although if I wanted to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) Alternate translation: “the ones who are empowered by God’s Spirit to worship him” or “the ones who are enabled to worship God by his Spirit” or “the ones who worship God through his Spirit”
254 PHP 3 4 3 upw5 k8ph figs-hypo figs-ellipsis ἐγὼ ἔχων πεποίθησιν καὶ ἐν σαρκί. εἴ τις δοκεῖ ἄλλος πεποιθέναι ἐν σαρκί, ἐγὼ μᾶλλον οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες 1 I myself, having confidence even in the flesh. If anyone else seems to have confidence in the flesh, I even more having no confidence in the flesh This is a hypothetical situation that Paul does not believe is possible. Paul says if it were possible that God would save people based on what they did, then God would certainly have saved him. Alternate translation: “no one can do enough things to please God, but if anyone could do enough things to please God, I could do more good things and please God more than anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) Here, the phrase **confidence in the flesh** is leaving out some implied words that would need to be supplied in some languages in order to make this idea complete. Paul is leaving out the words “works of the” in this phrase and means **having no confidence in the works of the flesh**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words which are implied from the context. Alternate translation: “having no confidence in the works of the flesh” or “not trusting that circumcision will please God” “not trusting that circumcision will earn God’s favor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
255 PHP 3 4 3 u4f1 nkrs figs-rpronouns ἐγὼ καυχώμενοι ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες 1 I myself Paul uses **myself** for emphasis. Alternate translation: “certainly I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) The phrase **boasting in Christ Jesus** and the phrase **and having no confidence in the flesh** are complementary ideas which express a similar truth. If a person truly places their confidence in Christ as their only means of earning God’s favor they will not put their confidence in themself or religious acts and conversely if a person puts their confidence in religious rituals and observances they cannot place their full confidence in Christ. Consider the best way to clearly express the coordinate ideas in your language. See UST.
256 PHP 3 5 4 yq98 upw5 figs-hypo περιτομῇ ἐγὼ ἔχων πεποίθησιν καὶ ἐν σαρκί. εἴ τις δοκεῖ ἄλλος πεποιθέναι ἐν σαρκί, ἐγὼ μᾶλλον 1 circumcision I myself, having confidence even in the flesh. If anyone else seems to have confidence in the flesh, I even more “I received circumcision” or “a priest circumcised me” Beginning with the phrase **if anyone**, Paul explains why, if anyone has a reason to be confident in religious works, he does. Beginning with this phrase, and continuing through the end of [3:6](../03/6.md), Paul gives his religious credentials and accomplishments in order to make the point that if earning God’s favor should be sought by observing the law then he had reason to boast more than anyone because. However, this is a hypothetical situation and Paul does not think that the Philippian believers should trust in keeping the law but rather in Christ. Paul is using a hypothetical situation to teach the Philippian believers what they should hope. Paul goes on to explain in [3:7–11](../3/7-11.md) that his hope is in Christ and not in the law. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
257 PHP 3 5 am85 yq98 figs-explicit ὀκταήμερος φυλῆς Βενιαμείν 1 on the eighth day circumcision “seven days after I was born” The phrase **of the tribe of Benjamin** means that Paul was from the Israelite tribe of Benjamin and therefore descended from Jacob’s son Benjamin. Consider the best way to say this in your language. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
258 PHP 3 5 p4ik figs-extrainfo Ἑβραῖος ἐξ Ἑβραίων 1 a Hebrew of Hebrews This could mean: (1) This refers to a Hebrew son with Hebrew parents. (2) This refers to the purest Hebrew. The phrase **a Hebrew of Hebrews** could mean: (1) that Paul had retained Hebrew customs and spoke the language of the Hebrew people which was Aramaic. Alternate translation: See UST. (2) that Paul had no Gentile ancestors but rather was a pure-blooded Hebrew. Alternate translation: “a Hebrew whose parents and ancestors are all full-blooded Jews” (3) a combination of both of the above. Alternate translation: “a full-blooded Jew who has retained the Hebrew culture, customs, and language” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
259 PHP 3 5 we4t figs-extrainfo κατὰ νόμον Φαρισαῖος 1 according to the law, a Pharisee The Pharisees were committed to obeying all of the law. Being a **Pharisee** showed that Paul was committed to obeying all of **the law**. Alternate translation: “as a Pharisee, I was committed to obeying all of the law” The phrase **according to the law, a Pharisee** means that prior to his conversion Paul had been a Pharisee who related to the law of Moses as a Pharisee and therefore strictly obeyed it as well as all of the additional rules that the scribes had added to the law of Moses to try to safeguard it. Alternate translation: “in relation to the law of Moses I was a Pharisee” or “in relation to how I observed the law of Moses, I was a Pharisee and therefore I strictly obeyed every detail of it including the teachings of the scribes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
260 PHP 3 6 ksr3 κατὰ ζῆλος διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν 1 according to zeal, persecuting the church Paul’s zeal was his enthusiasm for honoring God. He believed that by **persecuting the church** he proved how zealous he was for God. Alternate translation: “having so much zeal for God that I persecuted the church” or “wanting so much to honor God, I persecuted the church”
261 PHP 3 6 n51b grammar-collectivenouns διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τὴν ἐκκλησίαν 1 persecuting the church “attacking Christians” Here, **church** is a collective noun and the phrase **the church** refers to Christians as a whole and includes anyone belonging to the group of people who follow Jesus. What Paul means by saying that he persecuted the church is that he formerly persecuted anyone who was a Christian. Alternate translation: “persecuting Christians” or “persecuting anyone who was a Christian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
262 PHP 3 6 hln8 figs-explicit κατὰ δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐν νόμῳ γενόμενος ἄμεμπτος 1 according to righteousness that is under the law, having become blameless The phrase **righteousness that is under the law** refers to being righteous by obeying the law. Paul obeyed the law so carefully that he believed that no one could find any part of it that he disobeyed. Alternate Translation: “being so righteous by obeying the law that I was blameless” The phrase **righteousness that is in the law** refers to being righteous by obeying the law. Paul obeyed the law so carefully that he believed that no one could find any part of it that he disobeyed. Alternate Translation: “As regards obeying the law, no one could say that I ever disobeyed the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
263 PHP 3 7 n4lg figs-metaphor ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη 1 Whatever was a profit for me Paul is referring here to the praise he received for being an eager Pharisee. He speaks of this praise as if he had viewed it in the past as a businessman’s profit. Alternate translation: “Anything that other Jews praised me for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
264 PHP 3 7 lb8f κέρδη…ζημίαν 1 a profit … loss These are common business terms. If many people in your culture do not understand formal business terms, you could translate these terms as “things that made my life better” and “things that made my life worse.”
265 PHP 3 7 y1sg figs-metaphor ταῦτα ἥγημαι…ζημίαν 1 I consider this loss Paul speaks of that praise as if he were now viewing it as a business **loss** instead of a profit. In other words, Paul says that all his religious acts of righteousness are worthless before Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])