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@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ EXO 1 14 jre2 figs-abstractnouns בַּעֲבֹדָ֣ה קָשָׁ֗ה 1 If
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EXO 1 14 cuq7 translate-unknown בְּחֹ֨מֶר֙ 1 mortar Mortar is a mixture of lime with cement, sand, and water, used in building to bond bricks or stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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EXO 1 14 h5dx translate-unknown וּבִלְבֵנִ֔ים 1 **Bricks** are blocks made of clay or mud with straw in them. They are hardened in the sun or in another manner before they are used for building.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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EXO 1 14 gzq7 אֵ֚ת כָּל־עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָבְד֥וּ בָהֶ֖ם בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃ 1 All their required work was hard See how you translated this in [verse 13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “the Egyptians made them work very hard” or “the Egyptians forced them to work very hard”
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EXO 1 14 ct02 writing-pronouns וַיְמָרְר֨וּ…בָהֶ֖ם 1 These two pronouns refer to the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 1 14 acj5 writing-pronouns חַיֵּיהֶ֜ם…עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔ם…עָבְד֥וּ 1 These three pronouns refer to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 1 14 ct02 writing-pronouns וַיְמָרְר֨וּ…בָהֶ֖ם 1 Here, **they** and **them** refer to the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 1 14 acj5 writing-pronouns חַיֵּיהֶ֜ם…עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔ם…עָבְד֥וּ 1 Here, **their** and **they** refer to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 1 14 tqyl figs-abstractnouns בְּפָֽרֶךְ 1 See how you translated **rigor** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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EXO 1 15 yoaj writing-newevent 0 This sentence introduces a new event in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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EXO 1 15 hhw1 לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֖ת 1 midwives **Midwives** were women who helped a pregnant woman give birth to a baby.
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@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ EXO 3 17 za9l זָבַ֥ת 1 flowing with Alternate translation: “full of”
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EXO 3 17 rtr5 figs-metonymy חָלָ֖ב 1 milk Since milk comes from cows and goats, this represents food produced by livestock. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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EXO 3 17 msf8 figs-metonymy וּדְבָֽשׁ 1 honey Since honey is produced from flowers, this represents food from crops. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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EXO 3 18 cy2z figs-idiom וְשָׁמְע֖וּ לְקֹלֶ֑ךָ 1 **Listen** often means “hear and do/obey.” If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternative translation: “And they will pay attention to your voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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EXO 3 18 j24k writing-pronouns לְקֹלֶ֑ךָ…אַתָּה֩ 1 They will listen to you The word **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 3 18 j24k writing-pronouns לְקֹלֶ֑ךָ…אַתָּה֩ 1 They will listen to you Here, **your** and **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 3 18 w742 figs-synecdoche לְקֹלֶ֑ךָ 1 This phrase means the elders will listen to the message Moses brings from God. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to your message” or “to my message which you tell them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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EXO 3 18 r74o figs-possession וְזִקְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל 1 This is a possessive of social relationship. Alternative translation: “elders in charge of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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EXO 3 18 eep7 grammar-collectivenouns יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל 1 **Israel** is a collective noun that refers to all the Israelites. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternative translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ EXO 4 1 b3xv figs-quotemarks וְהֵן֙ לֹֽא־יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ ל
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EXO 4 1 pq8x figs-metonymy בְּקֹלִ֑י 1 See [3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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EXO 4 1 neto figs-quotesinquotes לֹֽא־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֖יךָ יְהוָֽה 1 This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you could translate it as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh has not appeared to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
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EXO 4 1 fu2x וְהֵן֙ 1 This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “Listen to me.”
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EXO 4 2 qmvk writing-pronouns אֵלָ֛יו…וַיֹּ֖אמֶר 1 Alternate translation: “to Moses … And Moses said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 2 qmvk writing-pronouns אֵלָ֛יו…וַיֹּ֖אמֶר 1 Here, **him** and **he** refer to Moses. Alternate translation: “to Moses … And Moses said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 2 r3f9 figs-quotemarks מזה בְיָדֶ֑ךָ 1 This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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EXO 4 2 p8sg figs-quotemarks מַטֶּֽה 1 This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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EXO 4 3 jgir figs-quotemarks הַשְׁלִיכֵ֣הוּ אַ֔רְצָה 1 This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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@ -303,8 +303,8 @@ EXO 4 4 bzmp grammar-connect-time-sequential שְׁלַח֙ יָֽדְךָ֔
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EXO 4 4 m86n וַיְהִ֥י לְמַטֶּ֖ה 1 became a staff Alternate translation: “and it turned into a rod” or “and it changed into a staff”
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EXO 4 5 l4tn figs-quotemarks לְמַ֣עַן יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֛יךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב 1 This continues the direct quotation from the first part of [verse 4](../04/04.md). It may be more natural to reorganize verses four and five to keep the quote together. If you rearrange like this, Moses picking up the snake/staff should come after the full quotation. However, it is better to do something similar to the UST, which restates that Yahweh is speaking and provides some implied directives from Yahweh to make a complete sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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EXO 4 5 m4fk figs-ellipsis לְמַ֣עַן יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֛יךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב 1 This quote is not a complete sentence; the UST provides a clarification. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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EXO 4 5 zbfr writing-pronouns יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ…אֲבֹתָ֑ם 1 These pronouns refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is a better option. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 5 oqi5 writing-pronouns אֵלֶ֛יךָ 1 This pronoun refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 5 zbfr writing-pronouns יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ…אֲבֹתָ֑ם 1 Here, **them** and **their** refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is a better option. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 5 oqi5 writing-pronouns אֵלֶ֛יךָ 1 Here, **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 5 jr8m אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב 1 the God of their ancestors, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were three of their ancestors. They all worshiped the same God.
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EXO 4 6 b9m8 figs-quotemarks הָֽבֵא־נָ֤א יָֽדְךָ֙ בְּחֵיקֶ֔ךָ 1 This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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EXO 4 6 ep52 figs-exclamations וְהִנֵּ֥ה 1 behold This word, **behold**, is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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@ -313,9 +313,9 @@ EXO 4 7 kv9r figs-quotemarks הָשֵׁ֤ב יָֽדְךָ֙ אֶל־חֵיק
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EXO 4 7 prr9 figs-exclamations וְהִנֵּה 1 This word is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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EXO 4 8 q9qb figs-quotemarks וְהָיָה֙ 1 Yahweh’s speech resumes here and continues through the end of [verse 9](../04/09.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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EXO 4 8 well figs-personification וְלֹ֣א יִשְׁמְע֔וּ לְקֹ֖ל הָאֹ֣ת הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן וְהֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ לְקֹ֖ל הָאֹ֥ת הָאַחֲרֽוֹן 1 Here each **sign** is spoken of as if it had a **voice** with which it could speak. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way that makes explicit that the signs are meant to be proof that God sent Moses. Alternative translation: “and are not convinced that God has appeared to you by seeing the first sign, then they will be convinced by seeing the second sign.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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EXO 4 8 gxlg writing-pronouns יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ…יִשְׁמְע֔וּ…וְהֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ 1 These pronouns refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [verse 5](../04/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 8 gxlg writing-pronouns יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ…יִשְׁמְע֔וּ…וְהֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ 1 Here, **they** refers either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [verse 5](../04/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 8 lsb3 לֹ֣א יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ…וְהֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ 1 pay attention Alternate translation: “they do not acknowledge … then they will acknowledge” or “they do not accept … then they will accept”
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EXO 4 9 q82r writing-pronouns יַאֲמִ֡ינוּ…יִשְׁמְעוּן֙ 1 These pronouns refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [verse 5](../04/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 9 q82r writing-pronouns יַאֲמִ֡ינוּ…יִשְׁמְעוּן֙ 1 Here, **they** refers either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [verse 5](../04/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 9 jsvb figs-metonymy לְקֹלֶ֔ךָ 1 See [3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “to what you say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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EXO 4 9 hlym figs-quotemarks וְהָי֥וּ לְדָ֖ם בַּיַּבָּֽשֶׁת 1 After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh’s speech from the previous verse ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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EXO 4 10 aazp figs-quotemarks בִּ֣י אֲדֹנָי֒ לֹא֩ אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים אָנֹ֗כִי גַּ֤ם מִתְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִשִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם גַּ֛ם מֵאָ֥ז דַּבֶּרְךָ אֶל־עַבְדֶּ֑ךָ כִּ֧י כְבַד־פֶּ֛ה וּכְבַ֥ד לָשׁ֖וֹן אָנֹֽכִי 1 This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ EXO 4 13 brer בִּ֣י 1 This word is used by a speaker to beg a superior to
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EXO 4 13 s8nl שְֽׁלַֽח־נָ֖א בְּיַד־תִּשְׁלָֽח 1 In translating this phrase, it is important to make clear that Moses is asking Yahweh to send someone else. Here he is not accepting Yahweh’s commission.
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EXO 4 13 y4a7 figs-synecdoche בְּיַד 1 This phrase means “by a person.” The figure is of a person taking Yahweh’s message in his hand to the Israelites and Pharaoh. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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EXO 4 14 uy2v figs-idiom וַיִּֽחַר־אַ֨ף יְהוָ֜ה 1 This means that Yahweh is angry. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh became angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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EXO 4 14 ifax writing-pronouns וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙ 1 Alternate translation: “and Yahweh said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 14 ifax writing-pronouns וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙ 1 Here, **he** refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 14 zn40 figs-quotemarks בְּמֹשֶׁ֗ה וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙ 1 After this phrase a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [verse 17](../04/17.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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EXO 4 14 okko figs-rquestion הֲלֹ֨א אַהֲרֹ֤ן אָחִ֨יךָ֙ הַלֵּוִ֔י 1 Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to suggest an alternative to Moses. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternative translation: “I know you have a brother, Aaron the Levite.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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EXO 4 14 e0js translate-kinship אָחִ֨יךָ֙ 1 Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
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@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ EXO 4 17 hm47 figs-explicit הַמַּטֶּ֥ה הַזֶּ֖ה 1 Yahweh
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EXO 4 18 j2ix writing-participants יֶ֣תֶר 1 Jethro is reintroduced as a participant in the narrative here. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
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EXO 4 18 cbop figs-go וַיֵּ֨לֶךְ 1 Because the setting has shifted back to Jethro’s home, some languages may need to use “come” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
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EXO 4 18 b6mf translate-kinship חֹֽתְנ֗וֹ 1 father-in-law This refers to the father of Moses’ wife. Some languages may use a different term for the husband’s or wife’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
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EXO 4 18 wlit writing-pronouns וַיֹּ֤אמֶר 1 Alternate translation: “and Moses said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 18 wlit writing-pronouns וַיֹּ֤אמֶר 1 Here, **he** refers to Moses. Alternate translation: “and Moses said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 18 g1h1 writing-pronouns לוֹ֙ 1 Alternate translation: “to Jethro” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 4 18 uvqk figs-quotemarks אֵ֣לֲכָה נָּ֗א וְאָשׁ֨וּבָה֙ אֶל־אַחַ֣י אֲשֶׁר־בְּמִצְרַ֔יִם וְאֶרְאֶ֖ה הַעוֹדָ֣ם חַיִּ֑ים 1 This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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EXO 4 18 urt0 figs-metonymy אַחַ֣י 1 Here the term **brothers** refers more broadly to all of Moses’ people group, those he is related to. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “my relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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