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@ -1766,13 +1766,13 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
22:30 j736 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ֝⁠נִמְלַ֗ט 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “indeed, God will rescue him”
22:30 wrz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠בֹ֣ר כַּפֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is likely using the term **hands** by association to mean “prayers,” since people in this culture lifted their hands when they prayed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “through the cleanness of your prayers”
22:30 f84n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠בֹ֣ר כַּפֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job would have literally refrained from doing things that would make his **hands** dirty. He means that Job would not have done wrong things, and so he could offer prayers to God as an innocent person whose prayers God would answer. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “through the prayers that you, as an innocent person, offer for him”
23:intro fb42 0 # Job 23 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the beginning of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s third and final speech. Job’s response continues in the next chapter.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Legal proceeding\n\nIn this chapter, Job speaks of making a legal case to prove his innocence to God. As a note to [9:3](../09/03.md) explains, in this culture, people typically presented such cases to community leaders in public places such as the gate of a town. Each party in a dispute would question the other party in the presence of the leaders, and the leaders would then discuss the case and decide which party was guilty and which party was innocent. However, the Bible indicates that judges would also travel around from place to place and hear cases. For example, [1 Samuel 7:16–17](../1sa/07/16.md) says that Samuel “went around to Bethel and Gilgal and Mizpah and judged Israel in all those places.” Job is envisioning God serving as this kind of judge and hearing his case. In your translation, express his language in such a way that readers who are familiar with the legal process in your own culture will recognize what Job is saying.n\n## Translation issues in this chapter\n\n### “he,” “him,” and “his”\n\nThe pronouns “he,” “him,” and “his” refer to God throughout this chapter. The UST models how a translation may say “God” regularly in order to make this clear.\n\n###“my hand” or “his hand” (23:2)\n\nIn verse 2, Hebrew manuscripts read “my hand.” The ULT follows that reading. Some ancient translations of the Hebrew Bible into other languages say “his hand,” and some modern versions follow that reading. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of ULT.
23:intro fb42 0 # Job 23 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the beginning of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s third and final speech. Job’s response continues in the next chapter.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Legal proceeding\n\nIn this chapter, Job speaks of making a legal case to prove his innocence to God. As a note to [9:3](../09/03.md) explains, in this culture, people typically presented such cases to community leaders in public places such as the gate of a town. Each party in a dispute would question the other party in the presence of the leaders, and the leaders would then discuss the case and decide which party was guilty and which party was innocent. However, the Bible indicates that judges would also travel around from place to place and hear cases. For example, [1 Samuel 7:16–17](../1sa/07/16.md) says that Samuel “went around to Bethel and Gilgal and Mizpah and judged Israel in all those places.” Job is envisioning God serving as this kind of judge and hearing his case. In your translation, express his language in such a way that readers who are familiar with the legal process in your own culture will recognize what Job is saying.\n\n## Translation issues in this chapter\n\n### “he,” “him,” and “his”\n\nThe pronouns “he,” “him,” and “his” refer to God throughout this chapter. The UST models how a translation may say “God” regularly in order to make this clear.\n\n### “my hand” or “his hand” (23:2)\n\nIn verse 2, Hebrew manuscripts read “my hand.” The ULT follows that reading. Some ancient translations of the Hebrew Bible into other languages say “his hand,” and some modern versions follow that reading. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of ULT.
23:2 fi9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־הַ֭⁠יּוֹם 1 Job is using this expression to emphasize to his friends that their arguments have not changed his situation at all.. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Despite all the things you have said to me,”
23:2 ke1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְרִ֣י שִׂחִ֑⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if his **complaint** about what has happened to him is **bitter** or bad-tasting. The image is that what he says is so unpleasant that it leaves a bad taste in his mouth when he says it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have many unpleasant things to complain about”
23:2 cm2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָ֝דִ֗⁠י כָּבְדָ֥ה עַל־אַנְחָתִֽ⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if he were literally holding his **hand** down hard on his **groaning** in order to suppress it. He means that there is more that he could groan or complain about than he has actually stated yet. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have been suppressing my groaning”
23:3 pn2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִֽי־יִתֵּ֣ן יָ֭דַעְתִּי וְ⁠אֶמְצָאֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 See how you translated the expression **Who will give** in [11:5–6](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “I wish that I knew and I would find him!”
23:3 rpr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys יָ֭דַעְתִּי וְ⁠אֶמְצָאֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **knew** tells in what way Job would be able to **find** God. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “I knew where to find him”
23:3 j737 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יָ֭דַעְתִּי וְ⁠אֶמְצָאֵ֑⁠הוּ & תְּכוּנָתֽ⁠וֹ 1 The pronouns **him** and **his** refers to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “I knew where to find God … the place where God lives”
23:3 j737 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יָ֭דַעְתִּי וְ⁠אֶמְצָאֵ֑⁠הוּ & תְּכוּנָתֽ⁠וֹ 1 The pronouns **him** and **his** refer to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “I knew where to find God … the place where God lives”
23:4 u14t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “in his presence” or “to him personally”
23:4 vtm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠פִ֗⁠י אֲמַלֵּ֥א תוֹכָחֽוֹת 1 Job is speaking as if **arguments** were objects with which he could literally **fill** his mouth. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I would make many arguments as I spoke”
23:5 s5td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֵ֭דְעָה מִלִּ֣ים יַעֲנֵ֑⁠נִי 1 Job is using the term **words** to mean what God would say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I would know what he would tell me in response”
@ -1788,7 +1788,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
23:10 x7cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture בְּ֝חָנַ֗⁠נִי כַּ⁠זָּהָ֥ב אֵצֵֽא 1 Job is using the past tense in order to refer to something that he hopes will happen in the future. He is doing this to describe what he is confident the outcome would be. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “when he tests me, I will come out like gold”
23:10 v4c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile בְּ֝חָנַ֗⁠נִי כַּ⁠זָּהָ֥ב אֵצֵֽא 1 The point of this comparison is that just as genuine **gold** is shown to be pure when it is **tested**, so God giving Job a hearing would show that he is innocent. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “when he tests me, this will show that I am innocent, just as testing gold shows its purity”
23:11 w13v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בַּ֭⁠אֲשֻׁר⁠וֹ אָחֲזָ֣ה רַגְלִ֑⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if he has used his **foot** literally to hold onto each place where God had stepped. He means that he has walked exactly where God had walked, putting his feet down right where God put his feet down. Job is using this image to mean that he has obeyed God exactly. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have obeyed God exactly”
23:11 xw5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכּ֖⁠וֹ שָׁמַ֣רְתִּי וְ⁠לֹא־אָֽט 1 Job is speaking of how God wants a person lives as if that were a **way** or path that the person should walk along. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have lived consistently in the way God wants people to live”
23:11 xw5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכּ֖⁠וֹ שָׁמַ֣רְתִּי וְ⁠לֹא־אָֽט 1 Job is speaking of how God wants a person to live as if that were a **way** or path that the person should walk along. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have lived consistently in the way God wants people to live”
23:12 fg26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִצְוַ֣ת שְׂ֭פָתָי⁠ו וְ⁠לֹ֣א אָמִ֑ישׁ 1 Job is speaking as if he had not physically gone away from or **departed** from God’s **commandment**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have not disobeyed the commandment of his lips” or, positively, “I have obeyed the commandment of his lips”
23:12 m22y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִצְוַ֣ת שְׂ֭פָתָי⁠ו 1 Job is using the term **lips** by association to mean speaking, since people use their lips when they speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the commandment that he has spoken”
23:12 j740 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִצְוַ֣ת שְׂ֭פָתָי⁠ו 1 Job is not referring to a specific **commandment**. He means God’s commandments in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “from the commandments that he has spoken”
@ -1799,8 +1799,8 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
23:13 j743 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מִ֣י יְשִׁיבֶ֑⁠נּוּ 1 Job is speaking as if someone might physically **turn** God **back** from going in one direction and make God go in a different direction. He is speaking of someone making God change his mind. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and who will make him change his mind”
23:13 l1d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠מִ֣י יְשִׁיבֶ֑⁠נּוּ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “and no one will turn him back” or “and no one can make him change his mind”
23:13 if99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠נַפְשׁ֖⁠וֹ אִוְּתָ֣ה וַ⁠יָּֽעַשׂ 1 Job is using one part of God, his **soul**, to mean all of God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For he desires to do something, and he does it” or “For he does whatever he desires”
23:14 g641 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession חֻקִּ֑⁠י 1 Job is using this possessive form to describe what God has decreed for him, not a **decree** that he has made himself. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “what he has decreed for me” or “what he has decided to do to me”
23:14 i8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠כָ⁠הֵ֖נָּה רַבּ֣וֹת עִמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 The pronoun **these** probably refers to the sufferings that Job is already experiencing. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “and he is capable afflicting me with many more sufferings if my present ones are not sufficient to fulfill his purpose”
23:14 g641 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession חֻקִּ֑⁠י 1 Job is using this possessive form to describe what God has decreed for him, not a **decree** that he has made himself. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “what he has decreed for me” or “what he has decided to do to me”
23:14 i8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠כָ⁠הֵ֖נָּה רַבּ֣וֹת עִמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 The pronoun **these** probably refers to the sufferings that Job is already experiencing. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “and he is capable of afflicting me with many more sufferings if my present ones are not sufficient to fulfill his purpose”
23:15 n27i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פָּנָ֣י⁠ו אֶבָּהֵ֑ל 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “I am too terrified to be in his presence”
23:15 sw44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶ֝תְבּוֹנֵ֗ן 1 Job is implicitly referring to when he might **consider** all that God might still do to him. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I consider all that he might still do to me”
23:16 d4fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֭⁠אֵל הֵרַ֣ךְ לִבִּ֑⁠י 1 Here, the **heart** figuratively represents the emotions and specifically the emotion of courage. Job is speaking as if God had literally made his heart **soft**. He means that God has caused him to lose courage. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For God has caused me to lose courage”
@ -1811,13 +1811,13 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
23:17 j747 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠פְּנֵי־חֹ֑שֶׁךְ 1 Job is using the term **darkness** to represent troubles. See how you translated the similar expression in [20:26](../20/26.md). Alternate translation: “before these troubles began”
23:17 qpa8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ֝⁠מִ⁠פָּנַ֗⁠י כִּסָּה־אֹֽפֶל 1 In this instance, the phrase **from my face ** means “in front of.” It could refer either to place or to time. Alternate translation: “and gloom covers everything in front of me” or “and gloom covers everything that will happen to me in the future”
23:17 j748 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠מִ⁠פָּנַ֗⁠י כִּסָּה־אֹֽפֶל 1 Job is speaking as if **gloom** were literally covering everything in front of him or everything that would happen to him in the future. He is using **gloom**, like **darkness** earlier in the verse, to represent troubles. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and there is trouble everywhere I look” or “and I can only anticipate further trouble happening to me”
24:intro e2gb 0 # Job 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is the continuation of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s third and final speech. Job’s response began in the previous chapter.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s judgment of wicked people\n\nIn verses 1–17, Job protests that God does not judge wicked people. He lists many oppressive things that wicked people do to vulnerable, innocent people, and he complains that God acts as if there is nothing wrong with those things. But in verses 18–24, Job then describes how God actually does judge wicked people. There is an explanation for this apparent contradiction. In the speech as a whole, Job is saying that he knows God will judge wicked people in the end, but it is very distressing to him that God does not judge and punish them now in order to keep them from continuing to oppress vulnerable people. In your translation, you can use language that shows that Job firmly believes what he says in both parts of the chapter, since it is actually consistent for him to say both that God seemingly does not judge wicked people now and that God ultimately will judge wicked people in the end. This is not a contradiction, it is a paradox, and the Bible speaks of it in other passages as well. For example, [Ecclesiastes 8:11](../08/11.md) says that because God does not immediately punish people who do wrong, people feel that they can get away with doing wrong. But Ecclesiastes goes on to say in the next verse that even if a sinner might do a hundred evil things and live a long time, it is still better to obey God.\n\n## Translation issues in this chapter\n\n### Changing referents of “they”\n\nJob uses the word “they” throughout this chapter to mean both wicked people and the poor people whom they exploit. He does not often indicate when he changing the referent of the word. Notes indicate the referent in each verse. In your translation, to be helpful to your readers, you may wish to specify “wicked people” or “poor people” each time the referent changes.
24:intro e2gb 0 # Job 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the continuation of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s third and final speech. Job’s response began in the previous chapter.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### God’s judgment of wicked people\n\nIn verses 1–17, Job protests that God does not judge wicked people. He lists many oppressive things that wicked people do to vulnerable, innocent people, and he complains that God acts as if there is nothing wrong with those things. But in verses 18–24, Job then describes how God actually does judge wicked people. There is an explanation for this apparent contradiction. In the speech as a whole, Job is saying that he knows God will judge wicked people in the end, but it is very distressing to him that God does not judge and punish them now in order to keep them from continuing to oppress vulnerable people. In your translation, you can use language that shows that Job firmly believes what he says in both parts of the chapter, since it is actually consistent for him to say both that God seemingly does not judge wicked people now and that God ultimately will judge wicked people in the end. This is not a contradiction, it is a paradox, and the Bible speaks of it in other passages as well. For example, [Ecclesiastes 8:11](../08/11.md) says that because God does not immediately punish people who do wrong, people feel that they can get away with doing wrong. But Ecclesiastes goes on to say in the next verse that even if a sinner might do a hundred evil things and live a long time, it is still better to obey God.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Changing referents of “they”\n\nJob uses the word “they” throughout this chapter to mean both wicked people and the poor people whom they exploit. He does not often indicate when he changing the referent of the word. Notes indicate the referent in each verse. In your translation, to be helpful to your readers, you may wish to specify “wicked people” or “poor people” each time the referent changes.
24:1 thc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַדּ֗וּעַ מִ֭⁠שַּׁדַּי לֹא־נִצְפְּנ֣וּ עִתִּ֑ים וְ֝יֹדְעָ֗יו לֹא־חָ֥זוּ יָמָֽי⁠ו\n\n 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “Times should be set by Shaddai! The ones knowing him ought to see his days!”
24:1 ej3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מַדּ֗וּעַ מִ֭⁠שַּׁדַּי לֹא־נִצְפְּנ֣וּ עִתִּ֑ים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Why does Shaddai not set times” or, as an exclamation, “Shaddai should set times!”
24:1 mg7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עִתִּ֑ים 1 Job implicitly means **times** for judgment. (See the discussion in the General Notes to chapter 23 of how judges in Israel would come to specific places at appointed times.) You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “times for judgment”
24:1 j749 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ֝יֹדְעָ֗יו לֹא־חָ֥זוּ יָמָֽי⁠ו 1 In this context, to **see** means to experience. See how you translated the similar expression in [7:7](../07/07.md). Alternate translation: “And why do the ones knowing him not experience his days?”
24:1 j750 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָמָֽי⁠ו 1 Job implicitly means **days** on which God would judge wicked people. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “days on which God judges wicked people”
24:2 h88w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns גְּבֻל֥וֹת יַשִּׂ֑יגוּ 1 The pronoun **They** refers to wicked people, not to “the ones knowing” God in the previous verse. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. The pronoun **they** in the second part of the verse also refers to wicked people, and that is also the reference in the next two verses. Alternate translation: “Wicked people remove boundary markers”
24:2 h88w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns גְּבֻל֥וֹת יַשִּׂ֑יגוּ 1 The pronoun **They** refers to wicked people, not to “the ones knowing” God, as it does in the previous verse. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. The pronoun **they** in the second part of the verse also refers to wicked people, and that is also the reference in the next two verses. Alternate translation: “Wicked people remove boundary markers”
24:2 pse5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גְּבֻל֥וֹת יַשִּׂ֑יגוּ 1 Job implicitly means that wicked people steal land from others by removing the **boundary markers** that indicate property lines and arguing that their property extends farther into their neighbor’s land than it actually does. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “They steal land from others by removing boundary markers”
24:2 mn98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֵ֥דֶר גָּ֝זְל֗וּ וַ⁠יִּרְעֽוּ 1 Job is not referring to a specific **flock**. He means flocks in general that wicked people steal from vulnerable people such as widows and orphans, whom he names specifically in the next verse. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “they seize flocks and pasture them”
24:2 j751 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּרְעֽוּ 1 Job implicitly means that wicked people steal flocks from others and **pasture** them with their own flocks as if they had owned them all along. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and put others’ animals in with their own as if those animals belonged to them”
@ -1830,15 +1830,15 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
24:5 m813 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile פְּרָאִ֨ים ׀ בַּֽ⁠מִּדְבָּ֗ר יָצְא֣וּ בְּ֭⁠פָעֳלָ⁠ם 1 The point of this comparison is that the need to escape from oppressive wicked people forces poor people to go far away from human community, **like wild donkeys in the wilderness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “like wild donkeys in the wilderness, far away from human community,”
24:5 d79k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יָצְא֣וּ 1 Here and through verse 8, the pronoun **they** refers to poor people. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “poor people go out”
24:5 yaj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ל֥⁠וֹ לֶ֝֗חֶם לַ⁠נְּעָרִֽים 1 The pronoun **him** does not refer to a specific poor person. Job means poor people in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “provides them with bread for their children”
24:5 j753 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ל֥⁠וֹ לֶ֝֗חֶם לַ⁠נְּעָרִֽים 1 Job is using one kind of, **bread**, to mean food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general term in your translation, or you could name the kind of food that people would find in the **Arabah** or desert. Alternate translation: “provides them with roots and herbs to feed to their children”
24:5 j753 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ל֥⁠וֹ לֶ֝֗חֶם לַ⁠נְּעָרִֽים 1 Job is using one kind of food, **bread**, to mean food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general term in your translation, or you could name the kind of food that people would find in the **Arabah** or desert. Alternate translation: “provides them with roots and herbs to feed to their children”
24:6 j8dx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בַּ֭⁠שָּׂדֶה בְּלִיל֣⁠וֹ יִקְצ֑וֹרוּ וְ⁠כֶ֖רֶם רָשָׁ֣ע יְלַקֵּֽשׁוּ 1 The pronoun **him** could refer to: (1) the wicked person whom Job mentions in the second part of the verse. If that is the meaning, it may be helpful to mention the wicked person in the first part of the verse instead. Alternate translation: “Poor people gather fodder for their animals from what the wicked person has left in his field, and they glean in his vineyard” (2) an individual poor person. Alternate translation: “Each of these poor people gathers his fodder in the field, and they all glean the vineyard of the wicked”
24:6 j754 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj וְ⁠כֶ֖רֶם רָשָׁ֣ע 1 Job is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “and the vineyard of a wicked person”
24:6 j755 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠כֶ֖רֶם רָשָׁ֣ע 1 Job is not referring to a specific **wicked** person. He means wicked people in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “and the vineyards of wicked people”
24:7 u7w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָר֣וֹם 1 As in [22:6](../22/06.md), the word **naked** here does not mean without any clothing. Rather, as the context indicates, it means without sufficient clothing, in this case without an outer **garment** that would also serve as a blanket. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “exposed”
24:7 u7w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָר֣וֹם 1 As in [22:6](../22/06.md), the word **naked** here does not mean without any clothing. Rather, as the context indicates, it means without sufficient clothing, in this case **without** an outer **garment** that would also serve as a blanket. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “exposed”
24:7 j756 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠בְּלִ֣י לְב֑וּשׁ 1 The poor people whom Job is talking about may be **without a garment** because: (1) wicked people have taken their outer garments in pledge and not returned them, as Eliphaz describes in [22:6](../22/06.md). This would suit the context, in which Job is describing how wicked people oppress poor people. Alternate translation: “without a garment because wicked people have taken their garments in pledge and not returned them” (2) they are too poor to afford outer garments. Alternate translation: “without outer garments because they have become too poor to afford them”
24:8 a2gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּֽ⁠מִ⁠בְּלִ֥י מַ֝חְסֶ֗ה 1 In this instance, the word **without** means “without any other.” You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and because they have no other shelter,”
24:8 j5eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חִבְּקוּ־צֽוּר 1 Job is not referring to a specific **rock**. He means rocks in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “they hug the rocks”
24:8 j757 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חִבְּקוּ־צֽוּר 1 Job is using this expression to mean that poor people huddle up close to rocks seeking shelter from the rain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they huddle up close to rocks”
24:8 j757 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חִבְּקוּ־צֽוּר 1 Job is using this expression to mean that poor people huddle up close to rocks, seeking shelter from the rain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they huddle up close to rocks”
24:9 ma3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִ֭גְזְלוּ & יַחְבֹּֽלוּ 1 The pronoun **They** in the first part of the verse and the pronoun **they** in the second part of the verse refer to wicked people. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Wicked people snatch … wicked people bind a pledge”
24:9 ahj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj יָת֑וֹם & עָנִ֥י 1 Job is using the adjectives **fatherless** and **poor** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “fatherless children … poor people” or “children whose fathers have died … people who are poor”
24:9 t1ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֭גְזְלוּ מִ⁠שֹּׁ֣ד יָת֑וֹם 1 Job implicitly means that wicked people snatch **fatherless** children **from the breast** of their mother, that is, while they are nursing, in order to claim the children as slaves in payment of a debt. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Wicked people even take infants away from their mothers while they are nursing, in order to claim the children as slaves in payment of a debt”
@ -1846,10 +1846,10 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
24:10 u922 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הִ֭לְּכוּ & נָ֣שְׂאוּ 1 The pronoun **They** in the first part of the verse and the pronoun **they** in the second part of the verse refer to poor people. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Poor people go about … poor people carry”
24:10 eps1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָר֣וֹם הִ֭לְּכוּ בְּלִ֣י לְב֑וּשׁ 1 As in [22:6](../22/06.md), the word **naked** here does not mean without any clothing. Job is describing the result of what he said at the end of the previous verse, that wicked people “bind a pledge” upon the poor, that is, they take their outer garments as security for loans. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Because wicked people take their outer garments in pledge, poor people go about exposed to the elements, not having sufficient clothing”
24:10 j758 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וּ֝⁠רְעֵבִ֗ים נָ֣שְׂאוּ עֹֽמֶר 1 Job is not referring to a specific **sheaf**. He means sheaves in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “and, hungry, they carry sheaves”
24:10 qj7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝⁠רְעֵבִ֗ים נָ֣שְׂאוּ עֹֽמֶר 1 Job is saying that poor people must try to earn money to feed themselves by working as day laborers harvesting the grain in the fields of wicked people, but those poor people still go **hungry**, even with all that food around, because the wicked people do not pay or feed their workers adequately. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and they are hungry, even though they work as harvesters, because the wicked people who own the fields they are harvesting do not pay or feed them adequately”
24:10 qj7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝⁠רְעֵבִ֗ים נָ֣שְׂאוּ עֹֽמֶר 1 Job is saying that poor people must try to earn money to feed themselves by working as day laborers, harvesting the grain in the fields of wicked people. But those poor people still go **hungry**, even with all that food around them, because the wicked people do not pay or feed their workers adequately. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and they are hungry, even though they work as harvesters, because the wicked people who own the fields they are harvesting do not pay or feed them adequately”
24:11 fp3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בֵּין־שׁוּרֹתָ֥⁠ם יַצְהִ֑ירוּ יְקָבִ֥ים דָּ֝רְכ֗וּ וַ⁠יִּצְמָֽאוּ 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to poor people and the pronoun **their** refers to wicked people. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Within the walls of wicked people, poor people press oil; poor people tread the winepresses of wicked people, but those poor people suffer thirst”
24:11 rks1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַצְהִ֑ירוּ 1 Job is referring to the way that workers would **press oil** from olives, which were a staple food in this culture. You could indicate that explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. You could also use a general expression if your readers might not be familiar with olives. Alternate translation: “they press oil from olives” or “they work hard to produce oil from plants”
24:11 a1m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְקָבִ֥ים דָּ֝רְכ֗וּ וַ⁠יִּצְמָֽאוּ 1 Job is commenting here on the injustice of wicked people having poor people **tread their winepresses** but then not giving them any of the wine to drink. (In this culture, the water was often unsafe to drink and the wine had a low alcohol content. People drank wine to quench their thirst, and they could do that without getting drunk. Job is not saying that the wicked people should have given the poor people wine so that they could get drunk, only that they should have given them wine to quench their thirst.) See how you expressed the implicit meaning in the previous verse, where Job described how poor people carried grain but went hungry. Alternate translation: “they are thirsty, even though they work treading winepresses, because the wicked people who own the presses do not give them any of the wine to quench their thirst”
24:11 a1m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְקָבִ֥ים דָּ֝רְכ֗וּ וַ⁠יִּצְמָֽאוּ 1 Job is commenting here on the injustice of wicked people having poor people **tread their winepresses** but then not giving them any of the wine to drink. (In this culture, the water was often unsafe to drink. People drank wine to quench their thirst, and, because the wine had a low alcohol content, they could do that without getting drunk. Job is not saying that the wicked people should have given the poor people wine so that they could get drunk, only that they should have given them wine to quench their thirst.) See how you expressed the implicit meaning in the previous verse, where Job described how poor people carried grain but went hungry. Alternate translation: “they are thirsty, even though they work treading winepresses, because the wicked people who own the presses do not give them any of the wine to quench their thirst”
24:12 j759 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מְתִ֨ים 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “men and women”
24:12 j760 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj וְ⁠נֶֽפֶשׁ־חֲלָלִ֥ים תְּשַׁוֵּ֑עַ 1 Job is using the adjective **wounded** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “and the souls of wounded people cry out”
24:12 j761 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠נֶֽפֶשׁ־חֲלָלִ֥ים תְּשַׁוֵּ֑עַ 1 Job is using one part of a **wounded** person, his **soul**, to mean all of him in the act of crying out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and wounded people cry out”
@ -1863,19 +1863,19 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
24:14 j766 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לָ⁠א֡וֹר 1 This expression describes the time of day when it is just beginning to get **light**. There is enough light for the **murderer** to see, but not enough light for him to be identified. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In the morning twilight,”
24:14 j767 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יָ֘ק֤וּם רוֹצֵ֗חַ יִֽקְטָל & יְהִ֣י כַ⁠גַּנָּֽב 1 Job is not referring to a specific **murderer**. He means murderers in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “murderers arise; they kill … they are like thieves”
24:14 j768 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj עָנִ֥י וְ⁠אֶבְי֑וֹן 1 Job is using the adjectives **poor** and **needy** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “poor people and needy people”
24:14 u116 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet עָנִ֥י וְ⁠אֶבְי֑וֹן 1 The terms **relaxed** and **reposed** mean similar things. Job is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “desperately poor people”
24:14 u116 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet עָנִ֥י וְ⁠אֶבְי֑וֹן 1 The terms **poor** and **needy** mean similar things. Job is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “desperately poor people”
24:14 d2ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ֝⁠בַ⁠לַּ֗יְלָה יְהִ֣י כַ⁠גַּנָּֽב 1 The point of this comparison is that the **murderer** escapes apprehension because he commits his crime in dim light and at a time when people are sleeping. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he is like a thief in the night, whom no one sees commit his crime”
24:15 mza9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠עֵ֤ין נֹאֵ֨ף 1 Job is using one part of an **adulterer**, his **eye**, to mean all of him in the act of watching. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And the adulterer”
24:15 jp3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֹאֵ֨ף 1 Job is not referring to a specific **adulterer**. He is describing the behavior that is characteristic of any adulterer. It may be more natural in your language to make **adulterer** an indefinite noun rather than a definite one. Alternate translation: “an adulterer”
24:15 ymp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes לֵ֭⁠אמֹר לֹא־תְשׁוּרֵ֣⁠נִי עָ֑יִן 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “saying to himself that no one will perceive him”
24:15 ewy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֭⁠אמֹר לֹא־תְשׁוּרֵ֣⁠נִי עָ֑יִן 1 The characteristic adulterer is using one part of someone who might **perceive** him, that person’s **eye**, to mean all of him in the act of perceiving. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “No one will perceive me”
24:15 ewy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֭⁠אמֹר לֹא־תְשׁוּרֵ֣⁠נִי עָ֑יִן 1 The characteristic adulterer is using one part of someone who might **perceive** him, that person’s **eye**, to mean all of that person in the act of perceiving him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “No one will perceive me”
24:15 j769 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠סֵ֖תֶר פָּנִ֣ים יָשִֽׂים 1 Job is not speaking of a **cover** that would keep the **adulterer** from seeing. He is speaking of a disguise intended to keep people from recognizing who the adulterer is. You could express this in a way that would be familiar in your culture. Alternate translation: “and he pulls his hat down low over his face”
24:16 j770 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns חָתַ֥ר & בָּ֫תִּ֥ים 1 The pronoun **One** refers to a wicked person. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Since, as the rest of the verse shows, Job is actually describing behavior that is characteristic of wicked people in general, you may wish to use a plural term. Alternate translation: “Wicked people dig into houses”
24:16 c35g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָתַ֥ר בַּ⁠חֹ֗שֶׁךְ בָּ֫תִּ֥ים 1 In this culture, **houses** were made of clay or sun-dried brick, so thieves could gain entry to a house most easily by digging through one of its walls. If houses in your culture are made of different materials that a thief would not or could not dig through, you may wish to use a general expression in your translation. Alternate translation: “Wicked people break into houses”
24:16 k9sq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חִתְּמוּ־לָ֗⁠מוֹ 1 This expression means to stay indoors. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they stay indoors”
24:16 k9sq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חִתְּמוּ־לָ֗⁠מוֹ 1 This expression means "to stay indoors." If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they stay indoors”
24:16 j771 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹא־יָ֥דְעוּ אֽוֹר 1 This expression means that wicked people are not familiar with **light**, and the reason is that they do not leave their homes when it is light. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they do not go out when it is light”
24:16 j772 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־יָ֥דְעוּ אֽוֹר 1 While the word **light** here is literal, since Job is using it to mean **day**, there is also a moral overtone, as in verse 13, where Job said that wicked people rebel against the light, meaning God’s revelation. If your language has a term for “light” that also has these moral connotations, it would be appropriate to use it here in your translation.
24:17 j773 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י יַחְדָּ֨ו 1 Job is using the word **For** to give the reason why he said in the preceding verse that wicked people do not go out during the day. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “They go not go out because for all of them”
24:17 j773 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י יַחְדָּ֨ו 1 Job is using the word **For** to give the reason why he said in the preceding verse that wicked people do not go out during the day. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “They do not go out because for all of them”
24:17 g55x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֹּ֣קֶר לָ֣⁠מוֹ צַלְמָ֑וֶת 1 Job is speaking as if **morning** were literally **deep darkness** for wicked people. He means that they dread and avoid morning just as honest people dread and avoid the night. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they dread the morning as if it were deep darkness”
24:17 j774 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לָ֣⁠מוֹ & יַ֝כִּ֗יר 1 The pronoun **them** refers to wicked people, and the pronoun **one** refers to a representative or characteristic wicked person. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “for wicked people … each one of them regards”
24:17 y5ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַ֝כִּ֗יר 1 As in [24:13](../24/13.md), here the word **regards** means “looks at” with the implication of looking with approval. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “each one of them admires”
@ -1904,7 +1904,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
24:23 j781 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִתֶּן־ל֣⁠וֹ לָ֭⁠בֶטַח וְ⁠יִשָּׁעֵ֑ן וְ֝⁠עֵינֵ֗י⁠הוּ עַל־דַּרְכֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 The pronoun **He** in its first instance and the pronoun **his** refer to God, and the pronoun **he** in its second instance and the pronoun **him** refer to a wicked person. The pronoun **them** refers to wicked people in general. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “God gives a wicked person security, and that person is supported, but God’s eyes are on the ways of wicked people”
24:23 j782 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִתֶּן־ל֣⁠וֹ לָ֭⁠בֶטַח וְ⁠יִשָּׁעֵ֑ן 1 If your language would not use the passive form **he is supported**, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you would need to say who does the action, the context indicates that it is God. Alternate translation: “God gives him security and supports him”
24:23 j783 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יִתֶּן־ל֣⁠וֹ לָ֭⁠בֶטַח וְ⁠יִשָּׁעֵ֑ן 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Job is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine them. While Job seems to say that God actively **gives** security and support to wicked people, the idea is that God actually allows these things. Alternate translation: “God may allow a wicked person to feel a sense of security”
24:23 qks3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝⁠עֵינֵ֗י⁠הוּ עַל־דַּרְכֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Job is using one part of God, his **eyes**, to mean all of him in the act of seeing. Sight, in turn, represents awareness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “text” Alternate translation: “but he watches their ways carefully” or “but he is very aware of their ways”
24:23 qks3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝⁠עֵינֵ֗י⁠הוּ עַל־דַּרְכֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Job is using one part of God, his **eyes**, to mean all of him in the act of seeing. Sight, in turn, represents awareness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but he watches their ways carefully” or “but he is very aware of their ways”
24:23 j784 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠עֵינֵ֗י⁠הוּ עַל־דַּרְכֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Job is speaking of how a person lives as if that were a **way** or path that the person was walking along. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but he is very aware of how wicked people are living”
24:24 yq9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ר֤וֹמּוּ 1 The pronoun **They** (or **they**) refers to wicked people in all of its instances in this verse. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers in the first instance. Alternate translation: “Wicked people are exalted”
24:24 j785 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ר֤וֹמּוּ 1 Job is speaking of wicked people as if they were literally **exalted** or raised up to a high position. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They achieve greatness”
@ -1919,10 +1919,10 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
24:25 j789 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אִם־לֹ֣א 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And if what I am saying is not true”
24:25 iy58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠יָשֵׂ֥ם לְ֝⁠אַ֗ל מִלָּתִֽ⁠י 1 This expression means to show that something is of no value, that is, not valid. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and show that my word is not valid”
24:25 j790 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִלָּתִֽ⁠י 1 Job is using the term **word** to mean what he has been saying by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what I have said”
25:intro yz1x 0 # Job 25 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is the third and final speech of Job’s friend Bildad.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The brevity of Bildad’s speech\n\nThis speech by Bildad is much shorter than his first two speeches. It is also much shorter than the three speeches that Eliphaz has given to this point in the book and the two speeches that Zophar has given. The likely explanation is that Job’s friends are running out of things to say to him. Indeed, Zophar does not give a third speech at all. The narrator says in [32:3](../32/03.md) that the three friends “found no answer” for Job’s arguments. The brevity of Bildad’s third speech and the absence of a third speech by Zophar dramatize this. Since the narrator eventually offers an explanation, it would not be necessary to put an explanation in your translation at the end of this chapter such as, “And that was all that Job’s friends had to say to him.”\n\n God’s holiness and human sinfulness\nIn this short speech, Bildad describes God’s holiness and human sinfulness. While the points he makes are accurate, they are not convincing for Job, because he has actually been righteous. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n## Translation issues in this chapter\n\n### Bildad using the words of Eliphaz\n\nAlthough Bildad speaks only briefly, he repeats significant phrases from Eliphaz’s first and second speeches. Bildad asks in verse 4, “So how will a man be righteous with God? Or how will one born of a woman be pure?” Eliphaz had asked similarly in 4:17, “Will a man be more righteous than God? If a man will be more pure than his Maker?” and in 15:14, “What is man, that he should be pure, or that one born of a woman should be righteous?” To show this, it would be helpful to use the same wording in your translation in 25:4 that you used in 4:17 and 15:14.
25:intro yz1x 0 # Job 25 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the third and final speech of Job’s friend Bildad.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The brevity of Bildad’s speech\n\nThis speech by Bildad is much shorter than his first two speeches. It is also much shorter than the three speeches that Eliphaz has given to this point in the book and the two speeches that Zophar has given. The likely explanation is that Job’s friends are running out of things to say to him. Indeed, Zophar does not give a third speech at all. The narrator says in [32:3](../32/03.md) that the three friends “found no answer” for Job’s arguments. The brevity of Bildad’s third speech and the absence of a third speech by Zophar dramatize this. Since the narrator eventually offers an explanation, it would not be necessary to put an explanation in your translation at the end of this chapter such as, “And that was all that Job’s friends had to say to him.”\n\n### God’s holiness and human sinfulness\nIn this short speech, Bildad describes God’s holiness and human sinfulness. While the points he makes are accurate, they are not convincing for Job, because he has actually been righteous. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Bildad using the words of Eliphaz\n\nAlthough Bildad speaks only briefly, he repeats significant phrases from Eliphaz’s first and second speeches. Bildad asks in verse 4, “So how will a man be righteous with God? Or how will one born of a woman be pure?” Eliphaz had asked similarly in 4:17, “Will a man be more righteous than God? If a man will be more pure than his Maker?” and in 15:14, “What is man, that he should be pure, or that one born of a woman should be righteous?” To show this, it would be helpful to use the same wording in your translation of 25:4 that you used in 4:17 and 15:14.
25:2 vb52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הַמְשֵׁ֣ל וָ⁠פַ֣חַד עִמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 The pronoun **him** refers to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Dominion and awe are with God” or “God possesses dominion and awe”
25:2 j791 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys הַמְשֵׁ֣ל וָ⁠פַ֣חַד עִמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **fear** tells what response God’s **Dominion** produces in those who recognize its powerful and holy character. (In this context, the word **fear** describes reverence and respect for God and awe at his greatness.) If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “Fearful dominion is with him” or “Awesome dominion is with him”
25:2 cz5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הַמְשֵׁ֣ל וָ⁠פַ֣חַד עִמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **dominion** and **fear**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “God rules in a way that inspires great respect”
25:2 cz5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הַמְשֵׁ֣ל וָ⁠פַ֣חַד עִמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Dominion** and **fear**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “God rules in a way that inspires great respect”
25:2 t8t1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹשֶׂ֥ה שָׁ֝ל֗וֹם בִּ⁠מְרוֹמָֽי⁠ו 1 The word translated **peace** could mean: (1) harmonious order. Alternate translation: “the one who establishes harmonious order” (2) the absence of conflict. Alternate translation: “the one who rules without opposition” or “the one who rules without rebellion”
25:2 j792 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural בִּ⁠מְרוֹמָֽי⁠ו 1 Bildad is using the term **heights** to mean heaven, which is high above the earth. The plural form probably identifies these **heights** as the supreme example of their class. That is, while being on top of a mountain gives someone a commanding position, ruling from heaven gives God the supremely commanding position. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in highest heaven” or “in heaven, where he rules supremely”
25:3 agz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠יֵ֣שׁ מִ֭סְפָּר לִ⁠גְדוּדָ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠עַל־מִ֝֗י לֹא־יָק֥וּם אוֹרֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “There is no number to his troops! His light arises on everyone!”

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