Merge pull request 'Grant_Ailie-tc-create-1' (#2902) from Grant_Ailie-tc-create-1 into master

Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/2902

en_tn_49-GAL.tsv

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ GAL	2	7	vlpz	figs-activepassive	πεπίστευμαι	1		If your language does
 GAL	2	7	m5e5	figs-metonymy	ἀκροβυστίας, καθὼς Πέτρος τῆς περιτομῆς	1		Paul is describing non-Jewish people by association with something they would not have had done to them, circumcision, and he is describing Jewish people by association with something they would have had done to them, circumcision. If your readers would not understand this, you could use plain language as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 GAL	2	8	tmva		ὁ γὰρ ἐνεργήσας Πέτρῳ εἰς ἀποστολὴν τῆς περιτομῆς, ἐνήργησεν καὶ ἐμοὶ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη	1		This entire verse is a parenthetical statement. In this verse Paul gives the reason why the leaders of the church in Jerusalem determined that Paul was authorized and commissioned by God to bring the gospel to non-Jews. Use a natural form in your language for introducing and/or expressing a parenthetical statement.
 GAL	2	8	yh9s	figs-explicit	ὁ	1		Here, **the one** refers to God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
-GAL	2	8	e5wv		τῆς περιτομῆς	1		See how you translated the phrase **the circumcision** in [2:7](../02/07.md). 
+GAL	2	8	e5wv	figs-metonymy	τῆς περιτομῆς	1		See how you translated the phrase **the circumcision** in [2:7](../02/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 GAL	2	8	n1b6	figs-ellipsis	ἐνήργησεν καὶ ἐμοὶ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη	1		Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “also worked in me for apostleship to the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
 GAL	2	9	qfp1	figs-abstractnouns	γνόντες τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι	1		The abstract noun *grace** refers to God graciously giving Paul the task of proclaiming the gospel to non-Jews. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with an adverb such as “graciously” or “kindly” as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “having understood the task that God had graciously given to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
 GAL	2	9	dt40	figs-activepassive	τὴν δοθεῖσάν	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God gave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
@@ -170,34 +170,84 @@ GAL	2	9	k66v		οἱ δοκοῦντες…εἶναι	1		See how you translated
 GAL	2	9	he6q	figs-metaphor	οἱ δοκοῦντες στῦλοι εἶναι	1	built up the church	Here, **pillars** refers to James, Cephas and John, who were leaders of the believers in Jerusalem. In that culture important leaders of a group were sometimes referred to as **pillars** because of the support that they provided the group. If your readers would not understand what **pillars** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 GAL	2	9	e5rm	translate-symaction	δεξιὰς ἔδωκαν…κοινωνίας	1	gave…the right hand of fellowship	Here, **gave the right hand** is an action that indicates agreement. Shaking hands indicated that they agreed with each other and were pledging to work together as ministry partners towards the same goal. Essentially, they would be in fellowship and shaking each others right hand indicated this. If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
 GAL	2	9	yxvz	figs-abstractnouns	κοινωνίας	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **fellowship**, you could express the same idea in some other way that is natural in your language as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-GAL	2	9	bl9v	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1		The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which **James and Cephas and John … gave {the} right hand of fellowship to Barnabas** and Paul. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
+GAL	2	9	bl9v	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1		The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which **James and Cephas and John … gave the right hand of fellowship to Barnabas** and Paul. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
 GAL	2	9	uuss	figs-ellipsis	ἡμεῖς εἰς τὰ ἔθνη, αὐτοὶ δὲ εἰς τὴν περιτομήν	1		Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. The words he is leaving out are probably “go” or “proclaim the good news.” If it would help your readers, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “we would go to the Gentiles, and they would go the circumcision” or “we would proclaim the good news to the Gentiles, and they would proclaim the good news to the circumcision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
 GAL	2	9	j031	figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς	1		When Paul says **we** here, he is not including the Galatians, so **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 
 GAL	2	9	n8en	figs-metonymy	τὴν περιτομήν	1		See how you translated the phrase **the circumcision** in [2:7](../02/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	2	10	fpj8	grammar-connect-exceptions	μόνον τῶν πτωχῶν ἵνα μνημονεύωμεν	1		Here, the word **only** introduces an exception clause that qualifies Paul’s statement at the end of [2:6](../02/06.md) where Paul said that the leaders in Jerusalem “added nothing” to his message (meaning they did not require him to do or teach anything else). Use an appropriate form in your language so that it does not appear that Paul is making a statement here that contradicts his statement at the end of [2:6](../02/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
+GAL	2	10	fpj8	grammar-connect-exceptions	μόνον τῶν πτωχῶν ἵνα μνημονεύωμεν	1		Here, the word **only** introduces an exception clause that qualifies Paul’s statement at the end of [2:6](../02/06.md), where Paul said that the leaders in Jerusalem “added nothing” to his message (meaning they did not require him to do or teach anything else). Use an appropriate form in your language so that it does not appear that Paul is making a statement here that contradicts his statement at the end of [2:6](../02/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
 GAL	2	10	v265	figs-exclusive	μνημονεύωμεν	1		When Paul says **we** here, he is not including the Galatians, so **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 
 GAL	2	10	bbdk	figs-explicit	τῶν πτωχῶν…μνημονεύωμεν	1		Here, **remember the poor** refers to remembering the needs of the poor. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “we should continue to remember to take care of the needs of the poor” or “we should continue to remember to help the poor with their needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
 GAL	2	10	yfu3	figs-nominaladj	πτωχῶν	1		Paul is using the adjective **poor** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
-GAL	2	11	c9h4	figs-metonymy	κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην	1	I opposed him to his face	The phrase **to his face** is a metonym. Alternate translation: “I confronted him in person” or “I challenged his actions in person” or “I opposed him in front of everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+GAL	2	11	rdi8	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1		Here, the word **But** introduces a contrast. The actions that Paul will describe in [2:11-13](../02/11.md) are in contrast to the decision that was made in [2:1-10](../02/01.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 
-GAL	2	12	z1kg	figs-explicit	φοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς	1	He was afraid of those who were demanding circumcision	The reason Peter was **afraid** can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “He was afraid that these men who required circumcision would judge that he was doing something wrong”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GAL	2	11	yuav	figs-go	ἦλθεν	1		Your language may say “went” rather than **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 
-GAL	2	12	fy79		τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς	1	those who were demanding circumcision	Here, **those from the circumcision** represents Jews who had become Christians, but who demanded that those who believe in Christ live according to Jewish customs like circumcision.
+GAL	2	11	c9h4	figs-idiom	κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην	1	I opposed him to his face	The phrase **to his face** is an idiom which means to confront someone and could refer specifically to: (1) confronting someone directly, face to face. If your readers would not understand what this idiom means, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I confronted him directly” or “I confronted him face to face” (2) confronting someone in public. (See the phrase “I said to Cephas in front of all of them” in [2:14](../02/14.md)). Alternate translation: “I confronted him in public” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-GAL	2	12	a6gv		ἀφώριζεν ἑαυτόν	1	kept away from	Alternate translation: “stayed away from” or “avoided”
+GAL	2	11	cr74	figs-explicit	κατεγνωσμένος ἦν	1		Here, the phrase **he stood condemned** means that “he was deserving of blame” or “he was wrong.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “he was deserving of blame” or “he was wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
-GAL	2	14	sg53		οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	not following the truth of the gospel	Alternate translation: “they were not living like people who believe the true gospel” or “they were not obeying the true gospel”
+GAL	2	11	qvig	translate-versebridge	ὅτε δὲ ἦλθεν Κηφᾶς εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν, κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην, ὅτι κατεγνωσμένος ἦν	1		This verse gives the result of Cephas’ hypocritical actions, and [2:12-13](../02/12.md) gives the reason for (and explanation leading to) the result. If your language would put the reason before the result, you could create a verse bridge by placing verse 12 and 13 before the contents of this verse as modeled by the UST. You would need to adapt or not translate the first phrase in [2:14](../02/14.md), “But when” so that [2:14](../02/14.md) begins with (or with something similar to) the phrase “I saw” as modeled by the UST. You would then present the combined verses as 11-13. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge)
-GAL	2	14	z4fp	figs-rquestion	πῶς τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις Ἰουδαΐζειν	1	how can you force the Gentiles to live like Jews?	This rhetorical question is a rebuke and can be translated as a statement. The word **you** is singular and refers to Peter. Alternate translation: “you are wrong to force the Gentiles to live like Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+GAL	2	12	yeeb	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1		Here, the word **For** introduces Paul’s reason for why he “opposed” Cephas “to his face” (see [2:11](../02/11.md)) and for why Paul claimed in [2:11](../02/11.md) that Cephas “stood condemned.” Use a natural way in your language for introducing a reason. If it would be more natural in your language to state the reason for an action before giving the result see the note for [2:11](../02/11.md) on creating a verse bridge. Alternate translation: “The reason is that” or “The reason that Peter stood condemned is that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
-GAL	2	15	tz45		οὐκ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἁμαρτωλοί	1	not Gentile sinners	The term **sinners** was used by Jews as a synonym for non-Jews. Alternate translation: “We are not Gentiles, those people who do not know God” or “We are not people who do not follow the law”
+GAL	2	12	hqcc	figs-go	ἐλθεῖν…ἦλθον	1		Your language may say “went” rather than **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “went … they went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 
-GAL	2	16	j6l1	figs-exclusive	εἰδότες	1	we	The word **knowing** could refer to: (1) Paul and others, but not the Galatians (exclusive), who were primarily Gentiles (2) Paul and includes the Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
+GAL	2	12	b23d	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1		Paul uses the word **But** here to introduce a contrast between how Peter acted **before certain ones came from James** and how he acted after **they came**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 
-GAL	2	16	j7g5	figs-synecdoche	οὐ…σάρξ	1	no flesh	The word **flesh** is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “no person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+GAL	2	12	a6gv		ἀφώριζεν ἑαυτόν	1	kept away from	Alternate translation: “stayed away from”
-GAL	2	17	vnp6		ζητοῦντες δικαιωθῆναι ἐν Χριστῷ	1	while we seek to be justified in Christ	The phrase **to be justified in Christ** means justified because we are united with Christ and justified by means of what Christ has done.
+GAL	2	12	z1kg	figs-explicit	φοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς	1	He was afraid of those who were demanding circumcision	If it would help your readers, the reason Peter was **afraid** can be stated explicitly as modeled by the UST. See [6:12](../06/12.md) where Paul says that those trying to compel the Galatian believers were doing so because the did not want to be persecuted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-GAL	2	17	sge2		εὑρέθημεν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἁμαρτωλοί	1	we too, were found to be sinners	The phrase **were also found to be sinner** could mean: (1) they admit they are sinners (2) they are no longer following the law (3) others view them as sinners for not following the law or eating with non-Jews.
+GAL	2	12	fy79	figs-metonymy	τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς	1	those who were demanding circumcision	See how you translated the phrase **the circumcision** in [2:7](../02/07.md). Here, the term **the circumcision** probably refers specifically to Jews who were not believers in Jesus, since it is unlikely that Peter would have feared Jewish Christians or the men whom James sent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	2	17	yy9s	figs-rquestion	μὴ γένοιτο	1	Absolutely not!	Alternate translation: “Of course, that is not true!” or “no, never!” This expression gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question **is Christ a minister of sin?** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	2	13	urwh	figs-explicit	οἱ λοιποὶ Ἰουδαῖοι	1		Here, the phrase **the rest of the Jews** refers only to the other Jewish believers who were in Antioch. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
-GAL	2	18	r52x		παραβάτην ἐμαυτὸν συνιστάνω	1		**I prove myself to be a transgressor** could mean: (1) Paul sinned by trying to obey the law again (2) Paul sinned by leaving the law for a time when he believed in the Messiah (3) the law proves Paul is a sinner when he tries to follow it.
+GAL	2	13	nkrh	grammar-connect-logic-result	ὥστε	1		Here, the phrase **so that** introduces the result of the hypocritical actions of “Cephas” (see [2:12](../02/12.md)) and **the rest of the Jews** who **joined with him**. The result was that **Barnabas was led astray by their hypocrisy**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a result. Alternate translation: “with the result that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
-GAL	2	18	p6he	figs-metaphor	εἰ γὰρ ἃ κατέλυσα, ταῦτα πάλιν οἰκοδομῶ	1		**For if I again rebuild those things which I destroyed** is a metaphor for someone who returns to trying to obey the law after they trusted in the Messiah. He compares trying to follow the law with someone trying to build a building. He compares someone who trusts in the Messiah with someone who destroys the building they are trying to build. He compares someone who returns to trying to follow the law after trusting the Messiah with someone who wants to rebuild the building they destroyed. Alternate translation: “If I believe in Christ to be justified before God instead of following the law, and then I change my mind and start following the law again for justification.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	2	13	iau6	figs-explicit	συναπήχθη αὐτῶν τῇ ὑποκρίσει	1		Here, the phrase **led astray** means to influence or convince someone to think and/or act in a specific way. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “was influenced by their hypocritical behavior” or “was influenced by their hypocritical behavior so that he also acted hypocritically” or “was influenced by their hypocritical behavior so that he also joined them in acting hypocritically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])  
+GAL	2	13	v4cj	figs-activepassive	καὶ Βαρναβᾶς συναπήχθη αὐτῶν τῇ ὑποκρίσει	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they even led Barnabas astray by their hypocrisy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
+GAL	2	13	vmkj	figs-abstractnouns	αὐτῶν τῇ ὑποκρίσει	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hypocrisy**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “hypocritical,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “by their hypocritical behavior” or “by their hypocritical actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
+GAL	2	14	k16c	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλ’	1		Here, Paul uses the word **But** to introduce a contrast between his actions and the wrong actions of Cephas, Barnabas, and the other Jewish believers that he described in [2:12-13](../02/12.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
+GAL	2	14	sg53	figs-metonymy	οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν	1	not following the truth of the gospel	Here, the word **walking** is a Jewish figure of speech which refers to how a person acts or conducts their life. In Jewish culture a person’s behavior was spoken of as if that person was walking along a path. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or state this using plain language. Alternate translation: “they were not acting correctly” or “they were not conducting their lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+GAL	2	14	va3a	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea in some other way that is natural in your language as modeled by the UST. See how you translated the phrase **the truth of the gospel** in [2:5](../02/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
+GAL	2	14	s978	figs-quotations	εἰ σὺ Ἰουδαῖος, ὑπάρχων ἐθνικῶς καὶ οὐκ Ἰουδαϊκῶς ζῇς, πῶς τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις Ἰουδαΐζειν	1		This is the beginning of a direct quotation in which Paul quotes what he **said to Cephas**. Some Bible scholars think this quote ends at the end of this verse while other Bible scholars think that this quotation goes until the end of [2:21](../02/21.md). Some Bible scholars think that part of Paul’s words in [2:15-21](../02/15.md) could be him summarizing what he said to Peter and the Jews who were present. The ULT uses quotation marks from this point through the end of [2:21](../02/21.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating that Paul’s words from here to the end of [2:21](../02/21.md) are a quotation. If you decide that Paul is only quoting himself through the end of this verse then use a natural way in your language for indicating that Paul’s words from here to the end of this verse are a direct quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+GAL	2	14	z4fp	figs-rquestion	εἰ σὺ Ἰουδαῖος, ὑπάρχων ἐθνικῶς καὶ οὐκ Ἰουδαϊκῶς ζῇς, πῶς τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις Ἰουδαΐζειν	1	how can you force the Gentiles to live like Jews?	Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphatically rebuke Cephas and to help Cephas understand the hypocrisy of his actions. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You are a Jew, and live like a Gentile, and not like a Jew, and so it is very hypocritical for you to force the Gentiles to live like Jews!” or “You are a Jew, and live like a Gentile, and not like a Jew, and so it is very wrong for you to force the Gentiles to live like Jews!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	2	14	qlzt	grammar-connect-condition-fact	εἰ σὺ Ἰουδαῖος, ὑπάρχων ἐθνικῶς καὶ οὐκ Ἰουδαϊκῶς ζῇς	1		Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since you, being a Jew, live like a Gentile, and not a like Jew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
+GAL	2	14	ish9	figs-yousingular	σὺ…ἀναγκάζεις	1		Both occurrences of the word **you** in this verse refer to Peter and are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
+GAL	2	15	vjsh	figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς	1		When Paul says **We** it is inclusive because Paul is addressing Peter and including Peter and the Jewish Christians in Antioch. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
+GAL	2	15	tzxo		ἡμεῖς φύσει Ἰουδαῖοι καὶ οὐκ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἁμαρτωλοί	1		Alternate translation: “We had Jewish parents and are not Gentiles”
+GAL	2	15	tz45	figs-explicit	ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἁμαρτωλοί	1	not Gentile sinners	The word **sinners** was used by Jews as a synonym for non-Jews because non-Jews did not have or adhere to the Law of Moses. Paul is not saying that only non-Jewish people are **sinners**. The rest of this letter will make clear that both Jews and non-Jews are sinners and need God’s forgiveness. If it would help your readers you can indicate explicitly that the term **sinners** is what Jews called non-Jews, as modeled by the UST. Alternatively you could state the meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “non-Jews who do not have or follow the Law of Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
+GAL	2	16	vduo	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1		What follows the word **But** here is in contrast to what would be naturally be expected by a Jewish person in view of [2:15](../02/15.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 
+GAL	2	16	y3tl	figs-gendernotations	ἄνθρωπος	1		Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “person” or “human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 
+GAL	2	16	xhx3	figs-activepassive	δικαιοῦται…δικαιωθῶμεν…δικαιωθήσεται	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
+GAL	2	16	purc	figs-abstractnouns	ἔργων νόμου	-1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **works**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “obeys”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
+GAL	2	16	ncnt	grammar-connect-exceptions	ἐὰν μὴ	1		If it would appear in your language that Paul was making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “but rather only” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
+GAL	2	16	iivr	figs-abstractnouns	πίστεως	-1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a  such as “believing” or “trusts”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
+GAL	2	16	q4iw	figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς…δικαιωθῶμεν	1		When Paul says **we** it is inclusive because Paul is addressing Peter and including Peter and the Jewish Christians in Antioch, so **we** is inclusive both times that it occurs in this verse. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 
+GAL	2	16	nzcb	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1		The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is introducing the purpose for which he and the other Jewish believers **believed in Christ Jesus**, which is **so that** they **might be justified by faith in Christ**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])\n\n
+GAL	2	16	gp4w	grammar-connect-logic-result	ὅτι ἐξ ἔργων νόμου, οὐ δικαιωθήσεται πᾶσα σάρξ	1		Here, the word **For** re-introduces and re-states the reason why Cephas and the other Jewish believers **believed in Christ Jesus**. They **believed in Jesus Christ** for the reason that **by works of the law no flesh will be justified**. The phrase **by works of the law no flesh will be justified** is saying the exact same thing, in slightly different words, as the phrase which occurs earlier in the verse which says **no man is justified by works of the law**. If it would not be natural in your language to re-introduce the reason after the result you could re-introduce and re-state the result. Alternate translation: “We believed in Christ Jesus because no flesh will be justified by works of the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+GAL	2	16	j7g5	figs-synecdoche	σάρξ	1	no flesh	The word **flesh** refers to human beings. Paul uses a part of humans to refer to the entire human. The phrase “any flesh” means “any person.” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “no person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+GAL	2	16	ctbj	figs-extrainfo	οὐ…ἄνθρωπος…πᾶσα σάρξ	1	no flesh	Both the words “man” and “flesh” refer to people in general and include all people, both Jewish people and Gentile people and refer to people of all ages and nationalities. The phrases “no man” and “any flesh” exclude all people, both Jewish people and Gentile people. Paul is saying the same thing, two different ways to emphasize that no person, Jew or Gentile, is justified by obeying the law. Since Paul explains this truth in this passage, you do not need to explain its meaning further here, but make sure to use words or phrases when translating the words “man” and “flesh” which indicate that these words refer to (include) all people of all ages and nationalities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
+GAL	2	17	gf9q	grammar-connect-words-phrases	δὲ	1		Here, Paul uses the word “But” to introduce new information into his ongoing explanation for why justification is through faith in Christ and not obeying the Law of Moses. Here, Paul is anticipating, and answering, a possible objection to justification by faith. The word **But** introduces this. Use a natural form in your language for doing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
+GAL	2	17	gtu7	grammar-connect-condition-fact	εἰ	1		Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what John is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
+GAL	2	17	vnp6	figs-explicit	ζητοῦντες δικαιωθῆναι ἐν Χριστῷ	1	while we seek to be justified in Christ	The phrase **justified in Christ** means made righteous in God’s sight because of being united with Christ by believing in what he has done. This phrase means the same thing as the phrase “justified by faith in Christ” in [2:16](../02/16.md). See how you translated the “justified by faith in Christ” there and, if it would help your readers, consider stating more fully here what the phrase **to be justified in Christ** means. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
+GAL	2	17	m0tl	figs-activepassive	δικαιωθῆναι ἐν Χριστῷ	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for God to justify us through our faith in Christ” or “for God to justify us because of our faith in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
+GAL	2	17	s2r8	figs-exclusive	εὑρέθημεν	1		When Paul says **we** here it is inclusive because Paul is addressing Peter and including Peter and Jewish Christians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
+GAL	2	17	mg0h	figs-rpronouns	αὐτοὶ	1		Paul uses the word **ourselves** for emphasis. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
+GAL	2	17	ph83	figs-activepassive	εὑρέθημεν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἁμαρτωλοί	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
+GAL	2	17	c1op	figs-abstractnouns	ἁμαρτωλοί…ἁμαρτίας	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sin** or being a sinner, you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language, as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
+GAL	2	17	qw76	figs-rquestion	ἆρα Χριστὸς ἁμαρτίας διάκονος	1		The phrase **is Christ then a minister of sin** is a rhetorical question. Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	2	17	yy9s		μὴ γένοιτο	1	Absolutely not!	The expression **May it never be** gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question **is Christ a minister of sin?**. Use a natural way in your language for strongly and emphatically negating an idea. Alternate translation: “Of course, that is not true!” or “No, never!” or “No way!”
+GAL	2	18	mwuo	figs-metaphor	ἃ κατέλυσα, ταῦτα πάλιν οἰκοδομῶ, παραβάτην ἐμαυτὸν συνιστάνω	1		Paul speaks of no longer thinking it is necessary to obey all the laws of Moses as if he were destroying the law of Moses. When he speaks of rebuilding **those things** he is referring to going back again to acting like, and teaching, that it is necessary to keep the laws of Moses. Paul is saying in this verse that he would be sinning if he **again** tried to go back to living as if it was necessary to obey the laws of Moses after becoming convinced that it was not necessary. If your readers would not understand what it means to **rebuild** or destroy in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way or you could use a simile as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	2	18	o7g8	figs-abstractnouns	παραβάτην	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **a transgressor**, you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language, as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
+GAL	2	19	wdaa	grammar-connect-words-phrases	γὰρ	1		Desilva 47 Here, the word **For** indicates that what follows is FILL IN. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
 GAL	2	19	xe23		διὰ νόμου	1		The phrase **through the law** could refer to: (1) Paul’s experience in trying to obey the law (2) how Christ paid the requirements of the law. Alternate translation: “When the Messiah completed the law”
-GAL	2	19	r55d	figs-rquestion	ἐγὼ...νόμῳ ἀπέθανον	1		The phrase, **I...died to the law** means that the law no longer has any power or authority over Paul. Alternate translation: “I am separated from the law”
+GAL	2	19	r55d		ἐγὼ…νόμῳ ἀπέθανον	1		The phrase, **I … died to the law** means that the law no longer has any power or authority over Paul. Alternate translation: “I am separated from the law”
-GAL	2	19	xg5q	figs-rquestion	Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι;	1		**I have been crucified with Christ** could mean (1) by the Messiah’s death, Paul was now separated from the law (2) Paul died spiritually and escaped the dominion of sin and the law.
+GAL	2	19	yl7y	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1		The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is introducing the purpose for which he **through the law, died to the law**. The purpose being **so that** he **might live to God**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
-GAL	2	20	bb2x	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Son of God	This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
+GAL	2	19	l3r9	figs-explicit	Θεῷ ζήσω	1		The phrase **live to God** means “live for God.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “live for God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
-GAL	2	21	tj6l	figs-litotes	οὐκ ἀθετῶ	1	I do not set aside	Paul states a negative to emphasize the positive. Paul is defending a charge others made against him. He does not reject God’s grace when he rejects following the law. This phrase can be translated positively. Alternate translation: “I confirm the value of” or “I do not reject God’s kindness” or “I do not ignore God’s kindness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
+GAL	2	19	xg5q		Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι;	1		The phrase **I have been crucified with Christ** could mean: (1) by the Messiah’s death, Paul was now separated from the law (2) Paul died spiritually and escaped the dominion of sin and the law.
-GAL	2	21	yl3c	figs-hypo	εἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν	1	if righteousness could be gained through the law, then Christ died for nothing	Paul is describing a situation that never existed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
+GAL	2	19	fh2i	figs-activepassive	συνεσταύρωμαι	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “FILL IN” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
+GAL	2	20	o3jk		ζῶ…οὐκέτι ἐγώ	1		Here, the phrase **I no longer live**
+GAL	2	20	msd4		ζῇ…ἐν ἐμοὶ Χριστός	1		Here, the phrase **Christ lives in me**
+GAL	2	20	y2qf	figs-ellipsis	ὃ…νῦν ζῶ	1		Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “that life which I now live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+GAL	2	20	rtmc	figs-synecdoche	ὃ…νῦν ζῶ ἐν σαρκί	1		Here, Paul uses the word **flesh**, which is one part of his body, to refer to his entire body. The phrase **that which I now live in the flesh** means “that life which I now live in the body” and refers to Paul’s present life on earth in his physical body. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “that life which I now live in the body” or “that life which I now live in my body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+GAL	2	20	a4j0	figs-explicit	ἐν πίστει ζῶ τῇ τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1		When Paul says **I live by faith that is in the Son of God** he means that he FILL. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. See how you translated the similar phrases “through faith in Jesus Christ” and “by faith in Christ” in [2:16](../02/16.md). Alternate translation: “” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
+GAL	2	20	bb2x	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Son of God	**the Son of God** is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
+GAL	2	20	m55w	figs-explicit	τοῦ ἀγαπήσαντός με	1		The phrase **the one** refers to **the Son of God**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “who is the one having loved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
+GAL	2	20	by5a	figs-explicit	παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν	1		The phrase **having given himself** means that Jesus gave himself as a sacrifice. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
+GAL	2	21	tj6l	figs-litotes	οὐκ ἀθετῶ	1	I do not set aside	Here, Paul expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative phrase, **do not**, together with a phrase, **set aside** that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “I strongly affirm” or “I do uphold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
+GAL	2	21	g5b8	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with an adverb such as “kindly”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. See how you translated the similar expression “the grace of Christ” in [1:6](../01/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
+GAL	2	21	ogus	figs-abstractnouns	δικαιοσύνη	1		Here, the word **righteousness** refers to FILL and the phrase “if righteousness is through the law” means “if...” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with a  such as “”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
+GAL	2	21	yl3c	figs-hypo	εἰ γὰρ διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν	1	if righteousness could be gained through the law, then Christ died for nothing	Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is not true. Paul stated two times in [2:16](../02/16.md) that no person is made righteous before God by obeying the Law of Moses and Paul knows that Christ died for a definite purpose. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certainly false, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as a negative statement. If your language does state things as a hypothetical possibility that the speaker is trying to prove false then use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “since we know that righteousness is through faith in Christ and not through the law, or else Christ would have died for nothing” or “because we know that God considers us righteousness because we believe in Christ and not because we keep the law, or else Christ would have died for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
+GAL	2	21	imxg	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	εἰ γὰρ διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν	1	if righteousness could be gained through the law, then Christ died for nothing	Paul is using a hypothetical situation to teach the Galatian believers. Use a natural way in your language for expressing conditional “if … then” constructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
+GAL	2	21	m74u		διὰ νόμου	1		Here, the phrase **through {the} law** is equivalent in meaning to the phrase “by works of the law” in [2:16](../02/16.md). See how you translated the phrase “by works of the law” the two times that it occurs in [2:16](../02/16.md). 
 GAL	2	21	k6bg		εἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη	1	if righteousness could be gained through the law	Alternate translation: “if people could become righteous by obeying the law” or “if it were possible for a person to become righteous in God’s sight by obeying the law”.
 GAL	2	21	rku5		ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν	1	then Christ died for nothing	Alternate translation: “then Christ would have accomplished nothing by dying” or “then it was pointless for Christ to die”
 GAL	3	intro	xd92			0		# Galatians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Equality in Christ<br><br>All Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br><br>Paul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br>This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. “Flesh” is used in this chapter to contrast with that which is spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])<br><br>### “Those of faith are children of Abraham”<br>Scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Paul’s other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])