From 44766732aa05b90c6cc6ff8a33bbb4cf389fdc9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Richard Mahn Date: Tue, 17 Jan 2023 23:19:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Grant Ailie's Changes to tn_GAL.tsv (#3093) Co-authored-by: Grant_Ailie Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3093 --- tn_GAL.tsv | 261 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------- 1 file changed, 128 insertions(+), 133 deletions(-) diff --git a/tn_GAL.tsv b/tn_GAL.tsv index 3f961d0f98..f42a87398b 100644 --- a/tn_GAL.tsv +++ b/tn_GAL.tsv @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note -front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of Galatians\n\n1. Paul declares his authority as an apostle of Jesus Christ; he says that he is surprised by the false teachings that the Christians in Galatia have accepted from other people (1:1-10).\n1. Paul says that people are saved by trusting in Christ alone, not by keeping the law of Moses (1:11-2:21).\n1. God puts people right with himself only when they trust in Christ; the example of Abraham; the curse which the law brings (and not a means of salvation); slavery and freedom compared and illustrated by Hagar and Sarah (3:1-4:31).\n1. When people are joined to Christ, they become free from having to keep the law of Moses. They are also free to live as the Holy Spirit guides them. They are free to refuse the demands of sin. They are free to bear each other’s burdens (5:1-6:10).\n1. Paul warns the Christians not to trust in being circumcised and in keeping the law of Moses. Instead, they must trust in Christ (6:11-18).\n\n### Who wrote the book of Galatians?\n\nPaul wrote the book of Galatians. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he came to trust in Jesus Christ, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire, telling people about Jesus and establishing churches.\n\nIt is uncertain when Paul wrote this letter and where he was when he wrote it. Some Bible scholars think Paul was in the city of Ephesus and wrote this letter after the second time he traveled to tell people about Jesus and establish churches. Other scholars think Paul was in the city of Antioch in Syria and wrote the letter soon after the first time he traveled.\n\n### What is the book of Galatians about?\n\nPaul wrote this letter to both Jewish and non-Jewish Christians in the region of Galatia. He wanted to write against the false teachers who said that Christians need to follow the law of Moses. Paul defended the gospel by explaining that Christians only need to believe in Jesus Christ, and they do not need to practice the law of Moses. In the book of Galatians Paul explains that people are saved as result of believing in Jesus and not as a result of obeying the law of Moses, and he proves this by using various Old Testament passages to illustrate this truth. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Galatians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Galatia.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What does it mean to “live like Jews” (2:14)?\n\nTo “live like Jews” means to obey the law of Moses, even though one trusts in Christ. The people who taught that it was necessary to follow the law of Moses in addition to believing in Jesus were called “Judaizers.”\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How did Paul use the terms “law” and “grace” in the book of Galatians?\n\nThese terms are used in a unique way in Galatians. There is an important teaching in Galatians about Christian living. Under the law of Moses, righteous or holy living required a person to obey a set of rules and regulations. As Christians, holy living is now motivated by grace and empowered by the Holy Spirit. This means that Christians have freedom in Christ and are not required to obey a specific set of rules. Instead, Christians are to live a holy life because they are thankful that God has been so kind to them. This is called “the law of Christ.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])\n\n### What did Paul mean by the expressions “in Christ” and “in Christ Jesus"?\n\nPaul uses the spatial metaphor “in Christ” or the related phrase “in Christ Jesus” very frequently in this letter. These expressions occur with metaphorical meaning in 1:22; 2:4,17; 3:14, 26, 28; and 5:6. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union between Christ and the people who believe in him. This metaphor emphasizes that believers are as closely united to Christ as if they were inside him. Paul believes that this is true for all believers. Sometimes he uses “in Christ” simply to identify that what he is speaking about is true for those who believe in Jesus. Other times, he emphasizes union with Christ as the means or the basis for some statement or exhortation. Sometimes when Paul uses the phrase “in Christ,” he intends a different meaning. See, for example, [2:16](../02/16.md), where Paul says “we also believed in Christ Jesus, so that we might be justified by faith in Christ” and see [2:17](../02/17.md) where Paul spoke of Christ being the object of faith when he said “seeking to be justified in Christ.” See the notes on specific verses for help in understanding the contextual meaning of “in Christ” and related phrases. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\nPlease see the introduction to the book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.\n\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the book of Galatians?\n* “Foolish Galatians, whose evil eye has harmed you? Was not Jesus Christ depicted as crucified before your eyes” (3:1)? The ULT, UST, and the other modern versions have this reading. However, older versions of the Bible add, “[so] that ye should not obey the truth.” Translators are advised not to include this expression. However, if in the translators’ region there are older Bible versions that have the passage, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to Galatians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) +front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of Galatians\n\n1. Paul declares his authority as an apostle of Jesus Christ; he says that he is surprised by the false teachings that the Christians in Galatia have accepted from other people (1:1-10).\n1. Paul says that people are saved by trusting in Christ alone, not by keeping the law of Moses (1:11-2:21).\n1. God puts people right with himself only when they trust in Christ; the example of Abraham; the curse which the law brings (and not a means of salvation); slavery and freedom compared and illustrated by Hagar and Sarah (3:1-4:31).\n1. When people are joined to Christ, they become free from having to keep the law of Moses. They are also free to live as the Holy Spirit guides them. They are free to refuse the demands of sin. They are free to bear each other’s burdens (5:1-6:10).\n1. Paul warns the Christians not to trust in being circumcised and in keeping the law of Moses. Instead, they must trust in Christ (6:11-18).\n\n### Who wrote the book of Galatians?\n\nPaul wrote the book of Galatians. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he came to trust in Jesus Christ, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire, telling people about Jesus and establishing churches.\n\nIt is uncertain when Paul wrote this letter and where he was when he wrote it. Some Bible scholars think Paul was in the city of Ephesus and wrote this letter after the second time he traveled to tell people about Jesus and establish churches. Other scholars think Paul was in the city of Antioch in Syria and wrote the letter soon after the first time he traveled.\n\n### What is the book of Galatians about?\n\nPaul wrote this letter to both Jewish and non-Jewish Christians in the region of Galatia. He wanted to write against the false teachers who said that Christians need to follow the law of Moses. Paul defended the gospel by explaining that Christians only need to believe in Jesus Christ, and they do not need to practice the law of Moses. In the book of Galatians Paul explains that people are saved as result of believing in Jesus and not as a result of obeying the law of Moses, and he proves this by using various Old Testament passages to illustrate this truth. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Galatians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Galatia.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What does it mean to “live like Jews” (2:14)?\n\nTo “live like Jews” means to obey the law of Moses, even though one trusts in Christ. The people who taught that it was necessary to follow the law of Moses in addition to believing in Jesus were called “Judaizers.”\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How did Paul use the terms “law” and “grace” in the book of Galatians?\n\nThese terms are used in a unique way in Galatians. There is an important teaching in Galatians about Christian living. Under the law of Moses, righteous or holy living required a person to obey a set of rules and regulations. As Christians, holy living is now motivated by grace and empowered by the Holy Spirit. This means that Christians have freedom in Christ and are not required to obey a specific set of rules. Instead, Christians are to live a holy life because they are thankful that God has been so kind to them. This is called “the law of Christ.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])\n\n### What did Paul mean by the expressions “in Christ” and “in Christ Jesus"?\n\nPaul uses the spatial metaphor “in Christ” or the related phrase “in Christ Jesus” very frequently in this letter. These expressions occur with metaphorical meaning in 1:22; 2:4,17; 3:14, 26, 28; and 5:6. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union between Christ and the people who believe in him. This metaphor emphasizes that believers are as closely united to Christ as if they were inside him. Paul believes that this is true for all believers. Sometimes he uses “in Christ” simply to identify that what he is speaking about is true for those who believe in Jesus. Other times, he emphasizes union with Christ as the means or the basis for some statement or exhortation. Sometimes when Paul uses the phrase “in Christ,” he intends a different meaning. See, for example, [2:16](../02/16.md), where Paul says “we also believed in Christ Jesus, so that we might be justified by faith in Christ” and see [2:17](../02/17.md) where Paul spoke of Christ being the object of faith when he said “seeking to be justified in Christ.” See the notes on specific verses for help in understanding the contextual meaning of “in Christ” and related phrases. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\nPlease see the introduction to the book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the book of Galatians?\n* “Foolish Galatians, whose evil eye has harmed you? Was not Jesus Christ depicted as crucified before your eyes” (3:1)? The ULT, UST, and the other modern versions have this reading. However, older versions of the Bible add, “[so] that ye should not obey the truth.” Translators are advised not to include this expression. However, if in the translators’ region there are older Bible versions that have the passage, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to Galatians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) 1:intro f3n5 0 # Galatians 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul started this letter differently than his other letters. He adds that he was an apostle “not from men nor through man, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, the one having raised him from the dead.” Paul probably included these words because false teachers were opposing him and trying to undermine his authority.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Heresy\n\nGod eternally saves people only through the true, biblical gospel. God condemns any other version of the gospel. Paul asks God to curse those who teach a false gospel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])\n\n### Paul’s qualifications\n\n\nSome people in the early church were teaching that Gentiles needed to obey the law of Moses. To refute this teaching, in verses 13-16 Paul explains that he was formerly a zealous Jew, but he still needed God to save him through believing in Jesus. As a Jew, and as the apostle to Gentile people, Paul was uniquely qualified to address this issue. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### “You are turning so quickly to a different gospel”\n\nThe book of Galatians is one of Paul’s earliest letters in Scripture. It shows that heresies troubled even the early church. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1:1 o4ns Παῦλος 1 Here, Paul is introducing himself as the author of this letter. Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter. Use that here. Alternate translation: “This letter is from me, Paul” 1:1 uhhp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Παῦλος 1 Paul is speaking of himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the first person. Alternate translation: “This letter is from me, Paul” or “I, Paul” (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person) @@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 1:1 fyu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish Θεοῦ Πατρὸς τοῦ ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 The phrase **the one having raised him from the dead** gives further information about **God the Father**. It is not making a distinction between **God the Father** and **the one having raised him from the dead** as if they are two separate entities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases more clear. Alternate translation: “God the Father, who is the same one who made Jesus Christ live again after he died” or “God the Father, who caused Jesus Christ to live again after he had died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 1:1 wmlj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 Here, the phrase **the Father** could be (1) a general title for God which identifies him as the first person in the Christian Trinity. If you choose this option, then you should not define whose **Father** God is in your translation but, rather, you should use a general expression like the ULT does. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) (2) referring to God’s relationship to those who believe in Christ. Alternate translation: “God our Father” 1:1 w3gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 Paul is using the adjective **dead** as a noun in order to indicate a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “from among the people who have died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -1:1 g5as rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 Here, the phrase **the dead** could be a figurative way of referring to a place, in which case it would be referring to the place of the dead or the realm of the dead. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from the place of the dead” or “from the realm of the dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1:1 g5as rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 Here, the phrase **the dead** could be a figurative way of referring to a place, in which case it would be referring to “the place of the dead” or “the realm of the dead.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from the place of the dead” or “from the realm of the dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1:2 d737 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 Here, although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using it in a generic sense to refer to fellow Christians, both men and women. Paul views all those who believe in Jesus as members of one spiritual family with God as their heavenly Father. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate explicitly what it means. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 1:2 wmd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Γαλατίας 1 Here, the word **Galatia** could refer to: (1) the Roman political province called **Galatia**. Alternate translation: “in the province of Galatia” or (2) the geographical region known as **Galatia**. Alternate translation: “in the region of Galatia” If it would help your readers, you could state explicitly what the word **Galatia** refers to here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1:2 aa9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς Γαλατίας 1 Paul uses the possessive form here to describe churches that are in Roman political province called **Galatia** or in the geographical region known as **Galatia**. If this use of the possessive form is not clear in your language, you could clarify the meaning using a form that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “in the province of Galatia” or “in the region of Galatia” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) 1:3 nxtz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη 1 This is a common blessing that Paul often uses in the beginning of his letters. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ give you grace and peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) -1:3 psjz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **Grace** and **peace**, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **grace** and **peace** with adjectives such as gracious and peaceful. Alternate translation: “May God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ be gracious to you and make you peaceful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1:3 psjz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **Grace** and **peace**, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **grace** and **peace** with adjectives such as “gracious” and “peaceful.” Alternate translation: “May God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ be gracious to you and make you peaceful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1:3 nykr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you ὑμῖν 1 Here, the word **you** is plural and refers to the Galatians. Unless noted otherwise, all instances of “you” and “your” in this letter refer to the Galatians and are plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 1:3 c1xf Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 See how you chose to translate the phrase **God the Father** in [1:1](../01/01.md). 1:3 eivd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, the word **our** refers to Paul, the believers in Galatia, and all believers in Jesus, and so is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. In this book, unless otherwise stated, the word “our” refers to Paul, the believers in Galatia, and all believers, and is inclusive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) @@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 1:6 cw1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὕτως ταχέως 1 Here, the phrase **so quickly** means that the Galatians were turning away from faith in the true gospel shortly after they accepted it. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the true gospel so soon after accepting it” or “so rapidly from the true gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1:6 ht94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπὸ τοῦ καλέσαντος ὑμᾶς 1 Here, the phrase **the one** refers to God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and from God, who is the one who has called you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1:6 qy93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καλέσαντος 1 Here, the phrase **called** refers to being chosen by God. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having chosen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1:6 ghhs ἐν 1 Here, the word **in** could refer to: (1) the Galatians being called into the sphere or realm of grace. Alternate translation: “into” or “to live in” (2) the means by which the Galatians were saved. Alternate translation: “by” or “through” -1:6 cizk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χάριτι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as "gracious," or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternative translation: "the gracious nature" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1:6 ghhs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν χάριτι Χριστοῦ 1 Here, the word **in** could: (1) indicate means and be referring to the means by which God called the Galatian believers. Alternate translation: “by the grace of Christ” or “through the grace of Christ” (2) indicate sphere or realm and be referring to the Galatians being called into the sphere or realm of grace. Alternate translation: “into the sphere of the grace of Christ” or “to live in the realm of Christ’s grace” (3) indicate manner and be referring to the manner in which God called the Galatians. Alternate translation: “graciously because of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1:6 cizk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χάριτι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as "kindness," or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1:7 l5ep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἄλλο 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “another gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1:7 rg69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions εἰ μή τινές εἰσιν οἱ ταράσσοντες ὑμᾶς, καὶ θέλοντες μεταστρέψαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If, in your language, the use of the word **except** makes it appear as though Paul is making a statement and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “but certain people are causing you trouble and want to pervert the gospel of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]]) 1:7 wnfe τινές & οἱ 1 Alternate translation: “certain people” @@ -57,47 +57,47 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 1:9 i2wk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρ’ ὃ 1 See how you translated the phrase **other than the one** in [1:8](../01/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1:9 mrv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀνάθεμα ἔστω 1 See how you translated the phrase **let him be cursed** in [1:8](../01/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1:9 eta3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνάθεμα ἔστω 1 Although the term **him** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. See how you translated the phrase **let him be cursed** in [1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “let that person be cursed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -1:10 ifod rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** is being used to introduce Paul’s argument against an implied assertion that he altered the content of his gospel message in order to make it more acceptable to people. If it would help your readers, you could express the implied assertion explicitly. Alternative translation: "Despite their charges," (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +1:10 ifod rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** is being used to introduce Paul’s argument against an implied assertion that he altered the content of his gospel message in order to make it more acceptable to people. If it would help your readers, you could express the implied assertion explicitly. Alternative translation: "Despite their charges," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1:10 b2vc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἄρτι γὰρ ἀνθρώπους πείθω ἢ τὸν Θεόν? ἢ ζητῶ ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκειν 1 By using these two rhetorical questions, Paul is not asking the Galatians for information, but is using the question form for emphasis and to engage his readers' thinking. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “For I do not seek to persuade men, but instead I only seek the approval of God! I am not seeking to please men!” or “For I do not seek the approval of men, but instead I only seek the approval of God! I am not seeking to please men!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1:10 xhrn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἄρτι & ἀνθρώπους πείθω ἢ τὸν Θεόν? ἢ ζητῶ ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκειν? εἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women, and refers to “people” in general. Alternate translation: “do I now persuade people, or God? Or do I seek to please people? If I were still pleasing people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 1:10 fl3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον, Χριστοῦ δοῦλος οὐκ ἂν ἤμην 1 The word **If** introduces a hypothetical condition. Paul is using a hypothetical situation to teach the Galatians. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a hypothetical situation, or if it would help your readers, you could state Paul’s meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “I am not still pleasing men, because I am a servant of Christ” or “If I were still pleasing people, then I would not be serving Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) 1:11 xve4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** is used to introduce a supporting statement that further supports and gives reason for Paul’s prior statement. Use a form that would be natural in your language for introducing a statement that supports a prior statement. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 1:11 cnic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women and refers to those who believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 1:11 o5cu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸ εὐαγγελισθὲν ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that I proclaimed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1:11 hew1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women, and refers to humans. Alternate translation: “did not come from a human” or “is not a human message” or “is not a message that people made up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +1:11 hew1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women, and refers to “humans.” Alternate translation: “did not come from a human” or “is not a human message” or “is not a message that people made up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 1:12 zfxj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** could be being used to introduce: (1) the grounds or basis for Paul’s assertion in [1:11](../01/11.md), in which case what follows the word **For** is being used as support for what Paul said in [1:11](../01/11.md). Use a form that would be natural for introducing a statement which gives supporting evidence. Alternate translation: “In support of my claim that the gospel I proclaimed is not according to man, I want you to know that” (2) a statement which explains and builds on Paul’s assertion in [1:11](../01/11.md). Use a form that would be natural for introducing a statement which further clarifies and explains a prior statement. Alternate translation: “To explain further, I want you to know” or “That is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 1:12 kdol rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism οὐδὲ & ἐγὼ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου παρέλαβον αὐτό, οὔτε ἐδιδάχθην 1 The phrase **I did not receive it from man** and the phrase **nor was I taught it** mean basically the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the two phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I did not receive the gospel that I proclaim from any person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1:12 er9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπου 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women and refers to humans. See how you translated the word **man** in [1:11](../01/11.md) where it is used with a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “people” or “humans” or “a human source” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 1:12 y2am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐδιδάχθην 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form, or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1:12 hlg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐτό & ἐδιδάχθην 1 Here, both occurrences of the word **it** refer back to the gospel which Paul proclaimed, which he mentioned in [1:11](../01/11.md). If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the gospel that I proclaimed … did I gain the gospel by the teaching of man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1:12 hlg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐτό & ἐδιδάχθην 1 Here, both occurrences of the word **it** refer back to the gospel which Paul proclaimed, which he mentioned in [1:11](../01/11.md). If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the gospel that I proclaimed … did I learn the gospel by the teaching of man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1:12 qohz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἐδιδάχθην 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “was I taught it by any person” or “was I taught it by man” or “was I taught it by a human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1:12 g1o6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 What follows the word **but** is in contrast to the phrases **receive it from man** and **taught it**. In contrast to Paul receiving the message he proclaimed from a human source or being **taught it**, Paul received the gospel message from a divine source. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “but, rather,” or “but, instead,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 1:12 leqs δι’ 1 Alternate translation: “through a” -1:12 uybt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀποκαλύψεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “revealed,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1:12 wed1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession δι’ ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Paul could be using the possessive form here to mean: (1) that God revealed Jesus Christ to Paul. See the phrase “to reveal his Son in me” in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “God revealed Jesus Christ to me” or “God made me know the gospel when he showed Jesus Christ to me” (2) that it was Jesus Christ who made the revelation to Paul. Alternate translation: “by what Jesus Christ revealed to me” (3) both option 1 and 2 together. Alternate translation: “Jesus Christ revealed himself to me and taught me the gospel about himself” or “Jesus Christ revealed himself to me and taught me the gospel concerning himself”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) +1:12 uybt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “revealing,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God revealing Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1:12 wed1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession δι’ ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Paul could be using the possessive form here to mean: (1) that God revealed Jesus Christ to Paul. See the phrase “to reveal his Son in me” in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “God revealed Jesus Christ to me” or “God made me know the gospel when he showed Jesus Christ to me” (2) that it was Jesus Christ who made the revelation to Paul. Alternate translation: “by what Jesus Christ revealed to me” (3) that Jesus revealed himself to Paul and taught him the message that he preached. Alternate translation: “Jesus Christ revealed himself to me and taught me the gospel about himself” or “Jesus Christ revealed himself to me and taught me the gospel concerning himself”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) 1:12 nee4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ δι’ ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “but I received it by a revelation of Jesus Christ” or “but I was taught it by revelation of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1:13 f3gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἐμὴν ἀναστροφήν ποτε 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **manner** and **life**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase such as “how I formerly lived,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “how I formerly lived” or “how I formerly conducted myself” or “how I formerly behaved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1:13 r8ol rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ Ἰουδαϊσμῷ 1 Here, the phrase **in Judaism** refers to following the Jewish religious guidelines. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “following the Jewish religion” or “following the Jewish religious guidelines” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1:13 ydx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν 1 The phrase **beyond measure** is an idiom meaning excessively. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “excessively” or “to an extreme degree” or “intensely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1:13 ydx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν 1 The phrase **beyond measure** is an idiom meaning “excessively.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “excessively” or “to an extreme degree” or “intensely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1:14 vtug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ Ἰουδαϊσμῷ 1 See how you translated the phrase **in Judaism** in [1:13](../01/13.md) where it is used with a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “in the Jewish religion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1:14 aecd τῷ γένει 1 Alternate translation: “nation” 1:14 gdwi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τῷ γένει μου 1 The word **race** is a singular noun that refers to a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “my ethnic group, the Jews” or “my people, the Jews” or “the Jewish people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) -1:14 bcdo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῶν πατρικῶν μου 1 Here, the word **fathers** means ancestors. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of my ancestors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +1:14 bcdo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῶν πατρικῶν μου 1 Here, the word **fathers** means “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of my ancestors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1:15 w6zi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 What follows the word **But** here is in contrast to what was expected. What would be expected is that Paul would continue thinking and acting according to the way he formerly did, as he described in [1:14](../01/14.md). Instead, God **called** Paul, and as the next verse says, God revealed Jesus to him so that he might teach the Gentiles about Jesus. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “But then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 1:15 ofqm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ 1 Here, the phrase **the one** refers to God. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1:15 qu8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ὅτε & εὐδόκησεν ὁ, ἀφορίσας με ἐκ κοιλίας μητρός μου, καὶ καλέσας διὰ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ 1 The statement **having set me apart from the womb of my mother and having called {me} through his grace** gives us further information about the **the one** (God). It is not making a distinction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “when God, who is the one who set me apart from my mother’s womb and called me through his grace, was pleased” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -1:15 iyc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐκ κοιλίας μητρός μου 1 The phrase **from the womb of my mother** is a Hebrew idiom which means either from the day of my birth or from before birth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “from the day I was born” or “from before I was birthed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +1:15 iyc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐκ κοιλίας μητρός μου 1 The phrase **from the womb of my mother** is a Hebrew idiom which means either “from the day of my birth” or “from before birth.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “from the day I was born” or “from before I was birthed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1:15 wd26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καλέσας 1 Here, the word **called** means chosen and summoned. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having chosen and summoned me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1:15 wlph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς χάριτος 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with an adverb such as "kindly," or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1:16 l97h ἀποκαλύψαι τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 The phrase **reveal his Son in me** could mean: (1) that God revealed his Son to Paul, revealing to Paul who Jesus was so that Paul had an inward knowledge of who Jesus really was. Alternate translation: “to reveal to me his Son” or “to reveal to me who his Son really is” (2) that God revealed his Son to others through Paul. Alternate translation: “to reveal his Son to others through me” or “to reveal his Son to others by me” +1:15 wlph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how gracious he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +1:16 l97h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀποκαλύψαι τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 The phrase **reveal his Son in me** could mean: (1) that God revealed his Son to Paul, revealing to Paul who Jesus was so that Paul had an inward knowledge of who Jesus really was. Alternate translation: “to reveal to me his Son” or “to reveal to me who his Son really is” (2) that God revealed his Son to others through Paul. Alternate translation: “to reveal his Son to others through me” or “to reveal his Son to others by me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1:16 z800 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. After the phrase **so that** Paul states the purpose for which God revealed his Son to Paul, namely so that he **might preach him among the Gentiles**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) 1:16 xx4c εὐαγγελίζωμαι αὐτὸν 1 Alternate translation: “I might proclaim the good news about God’s Son” 1:16 qme5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche σαρκὶ καὶ αἵματι 1 Paul refers figuratively to human beings by naming a few of the things that a human being is made of, specifically **flesh and blood**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or use plain language. Alternate translation: “any person” or “anyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -1:17 qh88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀνῆλθον εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 **Jerusalem** was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for people to speak of going **up** to Jerusalem and going down from it. Your language may say come rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “did I come up to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -1:17 w82a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 What follows the word **Instead** is in contrast to what was expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) -1:17 zqih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀπῆλθον εἰς 1 Your language may say came rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I came to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +1:17 qh88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀνῆλθον εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 **Jerusalem** was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for people to speak of going **up** to Jerusalem and going down from it. Your language may say ”come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “did I come up to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +1:17 w82a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 What follows the word **Instead** is in contrast to what was expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) +1:17 zqih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀπῆλθον εἰς 1 Your language may say “came” rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I came to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 1:18 c7gb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential ἔπειτα 1 The word **Then** indicates that the events Paul will now relate came after the events just described. Use a natural form in your language for indicating this. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) -1:18 rej5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀνῆλθον εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 **Jerusalem** was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for people to speak of going **up** to Jerusalem and going down from it. Your language may say came rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I came up to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +1:18 rej5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀνῆλθον εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 **Jerusalem** was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for people to speak of going **up** to Jerusalem and going down from it. Your language may say “came” rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I came up to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 1:19 av43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions ἕτερον & τῶν ἀποστόλων οὐκ εἶδον, εἰ μὴ Ἰάκωβον 1 If it would appear in your language that Paul was making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “the only other apostle I saw was James” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]]) 1:20 d9yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ἰδοὺ 1 The word **behold** is an exclamation word which is used to draw attention to the words that follow. Use an exclamation that would be natural, in your language, to use in this context. Alternate translation: “observe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 1:20 h3cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐ ψεύδομαι 1 Here, Paul uses a phrase that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “I am telling you the truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) @@ -110,32 +110,31 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 1:23 hw08 μόνον & ἀκούοντες ἦσαν 1 Alternate translation: “all that the believers in the region of Judea knew about me was that people were saying” or “all that the people belonging to the churches in the region of Judea knew about me was that people were saying” 1:23 ss1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ 1 Here, the phrase **The one** refers to Paul. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1:23 bh1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν πίστιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1:23 lo0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὴν πίστιν 1 Paul is figuratively describing the message about Jesus (the gospel) by association with **faith**, which is the response that the message about Jesus requires should solicit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the good news about Jesus” or “the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +1:23 lo0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὴν πίστιν 1 Here, **the faith** refers to the good news about Jesus, which includes the need to have faith in Jesus to be saved. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the good news about Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1:23 y5ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπόρθει 1 Here, the word **destroying** refers to trying to stop the spread of the Christian message. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1:24 qp4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 Here, the phrase **in me** means because of me and is giving the reason why the Judean believers were praising God, namely because of Paul’s conversion and work of proclaiming the gospel. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -1:24 cpni ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because of what God was doing with me" +1:24 qp4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 Here, the phrase **in me** means “because of me” and is giving the reason why the Judean believers were praising God, namely because of Paul’s conversion and work of proclaiming the gospel. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of me” or "because of what God was doing with me" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 2:intro xe28 0 # Galatians 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nPaul continues to defend the true gospel. This defense began in [Galatians 1:11](../../gal/01/11.md).\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Freedom and slavery\n\nThroughout this letter, Paul contrasts freedom and slavery. Paul describes trying to follow the law of Moses as a type of slavery. The Christian is free in Christ from being under the authority of the law of Moses and from the condemnation that the law of Moses brings. The Christian, through union with Christ in his death and resurrection, had by believing in Christ, is set free from the penalty and power of sin. The Christian is empowered by the Spirit to live a life of spiritual freedom and obedience to God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### “I do not negate the grace of God”\n\nPaul teaches that if a Christian attempts to follow the law of Moses to obtain righteousness, that person does not understand the grace which God has shown to them through the work of Christ. This is a fundamental error. Paul uses the words “I do not negate the grace of God” as a type of hypothetical situation. The purpose of this statement could be seen as, “If you could be saved by following the law, then it would negate the grace of God.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])\n\n\n### “the law” \n\nThe phrase “the law” contains a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. This phrase occurs in chapters 2-5, and quite frequently in chapters 2 and 3. Every time this phrase occurs in Galatians, it refers to the group of laws that God dictated to Moses at Mount Sinai. You should translate this phrase the same way each time it occurs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) 2:1 mtgj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential ἔπειτα 1 The word **Then** indicates that the events Paul will now relate came after the events just described. See how you translated the word **Then** in [1:18](../01/18.md) where it is used with the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) 2:1 zt61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀνέβην εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “I went up to Jerusalem” in [1:18](../01/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -2:1 zth5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀνέβην 1 Your language may say came rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I came up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +2:1 zth5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀνέβην 1 Your language may say “came” rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I came up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 2:2 e8xu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces background information. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]]) -2:2 ll4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀνέβην 1 See how you translated the **I went up** in [2:1](../02/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -2:2 szwl κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν 1 The phrase **according to** could: (1) indicate that Paul’s reason for going to Jerusalem was the **revelation** he received from God. Alternate translation: “because God told me to” or “because God revealed to me that I should” or “because God showed me that I should” (2) indicate Paul’s response to the **revelation**. Alternate translation: “in response to a revelation” or “in accord with what God had revealed to me” -2:2 zvkg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as revealed, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2:2 ll4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀνέβην 1 See how you translated the phrase **I went up** in [2:1](../02/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +2:2 szwl κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν 1 Alternate translation: “because God told me to” or “because God revealed to me that I should” or “in response to a revelation” +2:2 zvkg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “revealed,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:2 g384 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀνεθέμην αὐτοῖς 1 Here, the phrase **set before** means to communicate something to someone for the purpose of receiving their opinion regarding it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “communicated to them” or “related to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:2 rhps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo αὐτοῖς 1 Most Bible scholars think that **them** here refers to meetings with two different groups of people with whom Paul met while in Jerusalem, one meeting with a large number of Christians from Jerusalem and a smaller meeting with just the apostles. The phrase **but privately to the ones seeming to be important** is only describing the latter meeting, as it is only this meeting which is relevant to what Paul is trying to communicate here. When translating the word **them**, make sure that you use a word or phrase that allows for both meetings to be included. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) 2:2 ypg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis κατ’ ἰδίαν δὲ τοῖς 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “but privately I set it before the ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 2:2 msv4 τοῖς δοκοῦσιν 1 Alternate translation: “to the men who seemed to be influential” or “to those who were recognized as leaders of the believers in Jerusalem” or “to those who were leaders of the church in Jerusalem” -2:2 t6we rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the double negative as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “to ensure I was doing profitable work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +2:2 t6we μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 Alternate translation: “to ensure I was doing profitable work” 2:2 ik4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 By saying **lest I might run—or had run—in vain** Paul is not expressing doubt regarding the validity or accuracy of the message about Jesus that he preached. Rather, he is referring to the possibility that if the apostles of Jesus were to publicly disagree with his message, then it would or could cause people to no longer believe it, in which case his work of teaching people the message about Jesus would or could have no lasting results. Translate this phrase in a way that avoids making it appear as if Paul is questioning the content or validity of the message he proclaims. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate more explicitly what this phrase means. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:2 ejb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 Here, Paul uses the word **run** to mean work. Paul specifically means working for the advancement of the gospel. Paul uses the word **run** to bring to the Galatians’ minds the image of a runner who is running a race in order to win a prize. If this image is familiar to people in your culture, consider using this metaphor. If this image is not familiar to your readers, consider stating this idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “I might work for the advancement of the gospel—or had worked” or “I might work for the spread of the good news—or had worked for it” ( See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2:2 svvy εἰς κενὸν 1 Alternate translation: “for no purpose” or “without positive results” or “for nothing” -2:3 wyrr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing an idea that is in contrast to an idea that was presented in [2:2](../02/02.md). Paul is probably presenting the fact that **not even Titus … was forced to be circumcised** as being in contrast to the idea in [2:2](../02/02.md) that he might have run in vain (labored in vain). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “On the contrary,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]] +2:3 wyrr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing an idea that is in contrast to an idea that was presented in [2:2](../02/02.md). Paul is probably presenting the fact that **not even Titus … was forced to be circumcised** as being in contrast to the idea in [2:2](../02/02.md) that he might have “run in vain” (labored in vain). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “On the contrary,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]] 2:3 ybww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οὐδὲ Τίτος ὁ σὺν ἐμοί, Ἕλλην ὤν 1 The phrase **the one with me** and the phrase **being a Greek** both give further information about **Titus**. Neither of these phrases is making a distinction between **Titus** and some other person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “not even Titus, my non-Jewish ministry partner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 2:3 xs8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐδὲ Τίτος ὁ σὺν ἐμοί, Ἕλλην ὤν, ἠναγκάσθη περιτμηθῆναι 1 The phrase **was forced to be circumcised** is passive. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the leaders of the church in Jerusalem did not even require my Greek ministry partner, Titus, to be circumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2:4 kwoz διὰ δὲ & ἵνα ἡμᾶς καταδουλώσουσιν 1 The word **But** could: (1) be connected to [2:3](../02/03.md) and be giving the reason why some people were demanding that Titus be circumcised. Alternate translation: “But this issue occurred because of” (2) be connected to [2:1-2](../02/01.md) and be giving the reason why Paul went up again to Jerusalem and privately set before (communicated to) the church leaders in Jerusalem the gospel that he proclaimed among the Gentiles. Alternate translation: “But I talked to them privately because of” or “But we went to Jerusalem because of” (3) be beginning a sentence which Paul never completes. Alternate translation: “But it was because of … so that they will enslave us—” (Notice that only the punctuation differs from the ULT. The closing “—” indicates that Paul does not complete his thought before moving on to the next verse) +2:4 kwoz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ δὲ 1 The word **But** could: (1) be connected to [2:3](../02/03.md) and be giving the reason why some people were demanding that Titus be circumcised. Alternate translation: “But this issue occurred because of” (2) be connected to [2:1-2](../02/01.md) and be giving the reason why Paul “went up again to Jerusalem” and privately “set before” (communicated to) the church leaders in Jerusalem the gospel that he proclaimed among the Gentiles. Alternate translation: “But I talked to them privately because of” or “But we went to Jerusalem because of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:4 j5ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παρεισάκτους ψευδαδέλφους, οἵτινες παρεισῆλθον κατασκοπῆσαι 1 Using the phrase **false brothers**, Paul speaks of these people as if they were spies with bad motives. He means that they pretended to be fellow believers, but their intent was to observe what Paul and the other believers were doing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people who pretended to be Christians, who came into our midst in order to watch us closely” or “people who said they were Christians but were not, who came into our group to view closely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:4 jx0q παρεισάκτους 1 The phrase **brought in** could mean: (1) that these **false brothers** were invited in by someone. Alternate translation: “secretly invited” or (2) that they came into the midst of the believers by their own initiative. Alternate translation: “deceptive coming of” +2:4 jx0q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρεισάκτους 1 In the original language in which Paul wrote this letter, the word which the ULT translates as **brought in**, could mean: (1) that these **false brothers** were invited in by someone. Alternate translation: “secretly invited” or (2) that they came into the midst of the believers by their own initiative. Alternate translation: “deceptive coming of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:4 fpkc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ψευδαδέλφους 1 Here, the word **brothers** does not refer to biological brothers but to believers in Jesus. The phrase **false brothers** refers to those who only pretended to be fellow believers in Jesus. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:4 etlo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατασκοπῆσαι τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἡμῶν, ἣν ἔχομεν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **freedom**, you could express the same idea with with a verb such as **freed** or an adjective such as “free.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:4 lyqj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἔχομεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is speaking of himself, his traveling companions, and the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) @@ -150,30 +149,29 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 2:5 k61r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as "true" or "correct," or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:5 bqqq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 Here, the possessive form is used to describe the **truth** that belongs to and is contained within **the gospel** message. It is also being used to contrast the genuine and correct gospel with false gospels such as the one Paul is refuting in this letter. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) 2:6 xcdh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, Paul uses the word **But** to introduce something that is in contrast to what the false brothers in [2:4](../02/04.md) wanted to do. The false brothers wanted to enslave the believers by adding the requirement of circumcision to the gospel message. Beginning in this verse and continuing in [2:6-10](../6/06.md), Paul explains that, in contrast to the actions of the false brothers, the leaders of the church in Jerusalem did not require that Paul add anything to the content of his gospel message. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]] -2:6 rfvs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῶν δοκούντων εἶναί τι 1 The phrase **the ones seeming to be something** implies the word important and is very similar in meaning to the phrase **the ones seeming important** at the end of this verse. If it would help your readers, you could express the implied word explicitly. Alternate translation: “the ones seeming to be something important” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2:6 rfvs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῶν δοκούντων εἶναί τι 1 The phrase **the ones seeming to be something** implies the word “important” and is very similar in meaning to the phrase **the ones seeming important** at the end of this verse. If it would help your readers, you could express the implied word explicitly. Alternate translation: “the ones seeming to be something important” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:6 flz3 ὁποῖοί ποτε ἦσαν, οὐδέν μοι διαφέρει, πρόσωπον ὁ Θεὸς ἀνθρώπου οὐ λαμβάνει 1 The statement **what sort they were formerly matters nothing to me; God does not accept the face of man** is a parenthetical statement. Use a natural form in your language for introducing and/or expressing a parenthetical statement. -2:6 zrw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁποῖοί 1 The phrase **what sort** implies the words of people. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “what sort of people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2:6 zrw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁποῖοί 1 The phrase **what sort** implies the words “of people.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “what sort of people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:6 st6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁποῖοί ποτε ἦσαν, οὐδέν μοι διαφέρει 1 The phrase **what sort they were formerly matters nothing to me** does not mean that Paul did not regard these people’s character as important but, rather, it means that he did not let their status or position influence his decision making. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2:6 c9xx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom πρόσωπον ὁ Θεὸς ἀνθρώπου οὐ λαμβάνει 1 Here, the term **face** means external status and position. The phrase **God does not accept the face of man** is an idiom which means that God does not base his judgements and decisions on appearances or external factors. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “God does not judge with partiality” or “God does not look at external factors when making decisions” or “God does not show partiality” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +2:6 c9xx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom πρόσωπον ὁ Θεὸς ἀνθρώπου οὐ λαμβάνει 1 Here, the term **face** means “external status and position.” The phrase **God does not accept the face of man** is an idiom which means that God does not base his judgements and decisions on appearances or external factors. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “God does not judge with partiality” or “God does not look at external factors when making decisions” or “God does not show partiality” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2:6 nm0b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπου 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a general sense to mean all people in general, including women. Alternate translation: “of a person” (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations) -2:6 ku3t οἱ δοκοῦντες 1 See how you translated the similar phrase, those who seemed to be important, in [2:2](../02/02.md). +2:6 ku3t οἱ δοκοῦντες 1 See how you translated the similar phrase, “the ones seeming to be important” in [2:2](../02/02.md). 2:6 afy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐμοὶ & οὐδὲν προσανέθεντο 1 Here, **me** represents what Paul was teaching. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “added nothing to what I teach” or “did not add anything to my message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2:7 visz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον 1 Paul uses the phrase **But on the contrary** to introduce a further contrast to the idea that the leaders in Jerusalem might have added anything to the content of his message. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) -2:7 l5m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἰδόντες 1 Here, the phrase **having seen** means having understood. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2:7 l5m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἰδόντες 1 Here, the phrase **having seen** means “having understood.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:7 vlpz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πεπίστευμαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God had entrusted me with” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2:7 m5e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἀκροβυστίας, καθὼς Πέτρος τῆς περιτομῆς 1 Paul is describing non-Jewish people by association with something they would not have had done to them, circumcision, and he is describing Jewish people by association with something they would have had done to them, circumcision. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plain language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2:8 tmva ὁ γὰρ ἐνεργήσας Πέτρῳ εἰς ἀποστολὴν τῆς περιτομῆς, ἐνήργησεν καὶ ἐμοὶ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη 1 This entire verse is a parenthetical statement. In this verse Paul gives the reason why the leaders of the church in Jerusalem determined that Paul was authorized and commissioned by God to bring the gospel to non-Jews. Use a natural form in your language for introducing and/or expressing a parenthetical statement. +2:8 tmva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ὁ γὰρ ἐνεργήσας Πέτρῳ εἰς ἀποστολὴν τῆς περιτομῆς, ἐνήργησεν καὶ ἐμοὶ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη 1 This entire verse is a parenthetical statement. In this verse Paul gives the reason why the leaders of the church in Jerusalem determined that Paul was authorized and commissioned by God to bring the gospel to non-Jews. Use a natural form in your language for introducing and/or expressing a parenthetical statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])\n\n\n\n 2:8 yh9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ 1 Here, **the one** refers to God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:8 e5wv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῆς περιτομῆς 1 See how you translated the phrase **the circumcision** in [2:7](../02/07.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2:8 n1b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἐνήργησεν καὶ ἐμοὶ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “also worked in me for my apostleship to the Gentiles” or “also worked in me for apostleship to the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 2:9 qfp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns γνόντες τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι 1 The abstract noun *grace** refers to God graciously giving Paul the task of proclaiming the gospel to non-Jews. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with an adverb such as "graciously" or "kindly," or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “having understood the task that God had graciously given to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:9 dt40 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὴν δοθεῖσάν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God gave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2:9 k66v οἱ δοκοῦντες & εἶναι 1 See how you translated the phrase **the ones seeming to be** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 2:9 he6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ δοκοῦντες στῦλοι εἶναι 1 Here, **pillars** refers to James, Cephas, and John, who were leaders of the believers in Jerusalem. In that culture important leaders of a group were sometimes referred to as **pillars** because of the support that they provided to the group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:9 e5rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction δεξιὰς ἔδωκαν & κοινωνίας 1 Here, **gave the right hand** is an action that indicates agreement. Shaking hands indicated that they agreed with each other and were pledging to work together as ministry partners toward the same goal. Essentially, they agreed to be in fellowship, and shaking each other's right hand indicated this. If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +2:9 e5rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction δεξιὰς ἔδωκαν ἐμοὶ καὶ Βαρναβᾷ κοινωνίας, ἵνα ἡμεῖς εἰς τὰ ἔθνη, αὐτοὶ δὲ εἰς τὴν περιτομήν 1 Here, **gave the right hand** is an action that indicates agreement. Shaking hands indicated that they agreed with each other and were pledging to work together as ministry partners toward the same goal. Essentially, they agreed to be in fellowship, and shaking each other's right hand indicated this. If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “affirming that we to the Gentiles, and they to the circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 2:9 yxvz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κοινωνίας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **fellowship**, you could express the same idea in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:9 bl9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which **James and Cephas and John … gave the right hand of fellowship to Barnabas** and Paul. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) -2:9 uuss rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἡμεῖς εἰς τὰ ἔθνη, αὐτοὶ δὲ εἰς τὴν περιτομήν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. The words he is leaving out are probably go or proclaim the good news. If it would help your readers, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “we would go to the Gentiles, and they would go the circumcision” or “we would proclaim the good news to the Gentiles, and they would proclaim the good news to the circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +2:9 uuss rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἡμεῖς εἰς τὰ ἔθνη, αὐτοὶ δὲ εἰς τὴν περιτομήν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. The words he is leaving out are probably “go” or “proclaim the good news.” If it would help your readers, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “we would go to the Gentiles, and they would go the circumcision” or “we would proclaim the good news to the Gentiles, and they would proclaim the good news to the circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 2:9 j031 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς 1 When Paul says **we** here, he is not including the Galatians, so **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 2:9 n8en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὴν περιτομήν 1 See how you translated the phrase **the circumcision** in [2:7](../02/07.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2:10 fpj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions μόνον τῶν πτωχῶν ἵνα μνημονεύωμεν 1 Here, the word **only** introduces an exception clause that qualifies Paul’s statement at the end of [2:6](../02/06.md) where Paul said that the leaders in Jerusalem added nothing to his message (meaning they did not require him to do or teach anything else). Use an appropriate form in your language so that it does not appear that Paul is making a statement here that contradicts his statement at the end of [2:6](../02/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]]) @@ -181,19 +179,19 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 2:10 bbdk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῶν πτωχῶν & μνημονεύωμεν 1 Here, **remember the poor** refers to remembering the material needs of the poor. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “we should continue to remember to take care of the needs of the poor” or “we should continue to remember to help the poor with their needs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:10 yfu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πτωχῶν 1 Paul is using the adjective **poor** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 2:11 rdi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a contrast. The actions that Paul will describe in [2:11-13](../02/11.md) are in contrast to the decision that was made in [2:1-10](../02/01.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) -2:11 yuav rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἦλθεν 1 Your language may say went rather than **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “went” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +2:11 qvig rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτε & ἦλθεν Κηφᾶς εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν, κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην, ὅτι κατεγνωσμένος ἦν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “because Cephas stood condemned, I opposed him to his face when he came to Antioch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +2:11 yuav rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἦλθεν 1 Your language may say “went” rather than **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “went” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 2:11 c9h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην 1 The phrase **opposed him to his face** is an idiom which means to confront someone. It could refer specifically to: (1) confronting someone directly, face to face. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I confronted him directly” or “I confronted him face to face” (2) confronting someone in public. (See the phrase “I said to Cephas in front of all of them” in [2:14](../02/14.md)). Alternate translation: “I confronted him in public” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2:11 cr74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατεγνωσμένος ἦν 1 Here, the phrase **he stood condemned** means that he was deserving of blame or he was wrong. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “he was deserving of blame” or “he was wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2:11 qvig rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge ὅτε δὲ ἦλθεν Κηφᾶς εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν, κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην, ὅτι κατεγνωσμένος ἦν 1 This verse gives the result of Cephas’ hypocritical actions and [2:12-13](../02/12.md) gives the reason for (and explanation leading to) the result. If your language would put the reason before the result, you could create a verse bridge by placing verse 12 and 13 before the contents of this verse, as modeled by the UST. You would need to adapt or not translate the first phrase in [2:14](../02/14.md), “But when,” so that [2:14](../02/14.md) begins with (or with something similar to) the phrase “I saw.” You would then present the combined verses as 11-13. (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge) +2:11 cr74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατεγνωσμένος ἦν 1 Here, the phrase **he stood condemned** means that “he was deserving of blame” or “he was wrong.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “he was deserving of blame” or “he was wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:12 yeeb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces Paul’s reason for why he opposed Cephas to his face (see [2:11](../02/11.md)) and for why Paul claimed in [2:11](../02/11.md) that Cephas stood condemned. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a reason. If it would be more natural in your language to state the reason for an action before giving the result, see the note for [2:11](../02/11.md) on creating a verse bridge. Alternate translation: “The reason is that” or “The reason that Peter stood condemned is that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -2:12 hqcc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἐλθεῖν & ἦλθον 1 Your language may say went rather than **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “went … they went” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) +2:12 hqcc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἐλθεῖν & ἦλθον 1 Your language may say “went” rather than **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “went … they went” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 2:12 b23d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Paul uses the word **But** here to introduce a contrast between how Peter acted **before certain ones came from James** and how he acted after **they came**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) -2:12 a6gv ἀφώριζεν ἑαυτόν 1 Alternate translation: “staying away from Gentiles” -2:12 z1kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς 1 If it would help your readers the reason Peter was **afraid** can be stated explicitly. See [6:12](../06/12.md) where Paul says that those trying to compel the Galatian believers were doing so because they did not want to be persecuted. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2:12 a6gv ἀφώριζεν ἑαυτόν 1 Alternate translation: “was staying away from the Gentile believers” +2:12 z1kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς 1 If it would help your readers the reason Peter was **afraid** can be stated explicitly. See [6:12](../06/12.md) where Paul says that those trying to compel the Galatian believers were doing so because they did not want to be persecuted. Alternate translation: “being afraid that the unbelieving Jews might persecute him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:12 fy79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς 1 See how you translated the phrase **the circumcision** in [2:7](../02/07.md). Here, the term **the circumcision** probably refers specifically to Jews who were not believers in Jesus, since it is unlikely that Peter would have feared Jewish Christians or the men whom James sent. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2:13 urwh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ λοιποὶ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 Here, the phrase **the rest of the Jews** refers only to the other Jewish believers who were in Antioch. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:13 nkrh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 Here, the phrase **so that** introduces the result of the hypocritical actions of Cephas (see [2:12](../02/12.md)) and **the rest of the Jews** who **joined with him**. The result was that **Barnabas was led astray by their hypocrisy**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a result. Alternate translation: “with the result that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -2:13 iau6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit συναπήχθη αὐτῶν τῇ ὑποκρίσει 1 Here, the phrase **led astray** means to influence or convince someone to think and act in a specific way. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “was influenced by their hypocritical behavior” or “was influenced by their hypocritical behavior so that he also acted hypocritically” or “was influenced by their hypocritical behavior so that he also joined them in acting hypocritically” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2:13 iau6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit συναπήχθη αὐτῶν τῇ ὑποκρίσει 1 Here, the phrase **led astray** means to influence or convince someone to think and act in a wrong way. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “was influenced by their hypocritical behavior” or “was influenced by their hypocritical behavior so that he also acted hypocritically” or “was influenced by their hypocritical behavior so that he also joined them in acting hypocritically” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:13 v4cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ Βαρναβᾶς συναπήχθη αὐτῶν τῇ ὑποκρίσει 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they even led Barnabas astray by their hypocrisy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2:13 vmkj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns αὐτῶν τῇ ὑποκρίσει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hypocrisy**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as "hypocritical," or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “by their hypocritical behavior” or “by their hypocritical actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:14 k16c rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 Here, Paul uses the word **But** to introduce a contrast between his actions and the wrong actions of Cephas, Barnabas, and the other Jewish believers that he described in [2:12-13](../02/12.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) @@ -206,22 +204,22 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 2:15 vjsh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς 1 When Paul says **We**, it could be: (1) inclusive if Paul is still addressing Peter. If you decide that this verse is a continuation of the quotation that began in [2:14](../02/14.md), then **We** is inclusive because Paul is still addressing Peter and would be including Peter and the Jewish Christians in Antioch. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (2) exclusive if you decide that Paul’s quotation of his words to Peter ended at the end [2:14](../02/14.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 2:15 tzxo ἡμεῖς φύσει Ἰουδαῖοι καὶ οὐκ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἁμαρτωλοί 1 Alternate translation: “We had Jewish parents and are not Gentiles” 2:15 tz45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἁμαρτωλοί 1 The word **sinners** was used by Jews as a synonym for non-Jews because non-Jews did not have or adhere to the law of Moses. Paul is not saying that only non-Jewish people are **sinners**. The rest of this letter will make clear that both Jews and non-Jews are sinners and need God’s forgiveness. If it would help your readers, you could indicate explicitly that the term **sinners** is what Jews called non-Jews. Alternatively, you could state the meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “non-Jews who do not have or follow the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2:16 vduo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 What follows the word **But** here is in contrast to what would be naturally be expected by a Jewish person in view of [2:15](../02/15.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “rather” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) +2:16 vduo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 What follows the word **but** here is in contrast to what would be naturally be expected by a Jewish person in view of [2:15](../02/15.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “nevertheless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 2:16 y3tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπος 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “person” or “human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -2:16 xhx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δικαιοῦται & δικαιωθῶμεν & δικαιωθήσεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God might justify us … will God justify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2:16 s2ys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἔργων νόμου -1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the types of **works** to which he is referring. He is specifically referring to works of the Mosaic law. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “doing the works that are commanded in the law of Moses … doing the things Moses commanded … doing the things commanded in the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -2:16 purc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἔργων νόμου -1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **works**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as obeys or obey, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: "obeying the law … doing what the law says … obeying the law" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -2:16 xgjs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου & νόμου & νόμου 1 Here, **the law** is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. See how you translated the phrase **the law** in Romans 2:12. Alternate translation: “of God’s laws … of God's laws … of God's laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) +2:16 xhx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐ δικαιοῦται ἄνθρωπος & δικαιωθῶμεν & δικαιωθήσεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God justifies no man … God might justify us … will God justify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +2:16 s2ys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἔργων νόμου -1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the types of **works** to which he is referring. He is specifically referring to works of the Mosaic law. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “doing the works that are commanded in the law of Moses … doing the things commanded in the law of Moses … doing the things commanded in the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) +2:16 purc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἔργων νόμου -1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **works**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: "obeying the law … doing what the law says … obeying the law" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2:16 xgjs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου & νόμου & νόμου 1 Here, **the law** is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [Romans 2:12](../rom/02/12.md). Alternate translation: “of God’s laws … of God's laws … of God's laws” or “of the laws God gave Moses … of the laws God gave Moses … of the laws God gave Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) 2:16 ncnt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions ἐὰν μὴ 1 If it would appear in your language that Paul was making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “but rather, only” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]]) 2:16 iivr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως -1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a such as believing or trusts, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:16 q4iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς & δικαιωθῶμεν 1 When Paul says **we** it could be: (1) inclusive if Paul is still addressing Peter. If you decide that this verse is a continuation of the quotation that began in [2:14](../02/14.md), then **we** is inclusive both times that it occurs in this verse, because Paul is still addressing Peter and would be including Peter and the Jewish Christians in Antioch. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (2) exclusive if you decide that Paul’s quotation of his words to Peter ended at the end [2:14](../02/14.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 2:16 nzcb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is introducing the purpose for which he and the other Jewish believers **believed in Christ Jesus**, which is **so that** they **might be justified by faith in Christ**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) 2:16 gp4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι ἐξ ἔργων νόμου, οὐ δικαιωθήσεται πᾶσα σάρξ 1 Here, the word **For** re-introduces and re-states the reason why Cephas and the other Jewish believers **believed in Christ Jesus**. They **believed in Jesus Christ** because **by works of the law no flesh will be justified**. The phrase **by works of the law no flesh will be justified** repeats in slightly different words the earlier phrase in the verse which says **no man is justified by works of the law**. If it would not be natural in your language to re-introduce the reason after the result, you could re-introduce and re-state the result. Alternate translation: “We believed in Christ Jesus because no flesh will be justified by works of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -2:16 j7g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche πᾶσα σάρξ 1 The word **flesh** refers to human beings. Paul uses a part of the human body to refer to the entire human. The phrase "any flesh" means any person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “any person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +2:16 j7g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche πᾶσα σάρξ 1 The word **flesh** refers to human beings. Paul uses a part of the human body to refer to the entire human. The phrase **any flesh** means any person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “any person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2:16 ctbj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo οὐ & ἄνθρωπος & πᾶσα σάρξ 1 Both the words **man** and **flesh** refer to people in general and include all people, both Jewish people and Gentile people, and refer to people of all ages and ethnicities. The phrases **no man** and **any flesh** exclude all people, both Jewish people and Gentile people. Paul is saying the same thing in two different ways to emphasize that no person, Jew or Gentile, can be justified by obeying the law. Since Paul explains this truth in this passage, you do not need to explain its meaning further here, but make sure to use words or phrases when translating the words “man” and “flesh” which indicate that these words refer to all people of all ages and ethnicities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) 2:17 gf9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here Paul uses the word **But** to introduce new information into his ongoing explanation of why justification is through faith in Christ and not through obeying the law of Moses. Here, Paul is anticipating and answering a possible objection to justification by faith. The word **But** introduces this. Use a natural form in your language for doing this. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 2:17 gtu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) -2:17 vnp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζητοῦντες δικαιωθῆναι ἐν Χριστῷ 1 The phrase **justified in Christ** means made righteous in God’s sight because of being united with Christ by believing in what he has done. This phrase means the same thing as the phrase justified by faith in Christ in [2:16](../02/16.md). See how you translated the phrase “justified by faith in Christ” there and, if it would help your readers, consider stating more fully here what the phrase **to be justified in Christ** means. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2:17 vnp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζητοῦντες δικαιωθῆναι ἐν Χριστῷ 1 The phrase **justified in Christ** means “made righteous in God’s sight because of being united with Christ by believing in what he has done.” This phrase means the same thing as the phrase justified by faith in Christ in [2:16](../02/16.md). See how you translated the phrase “justified by faith in Christ” there and, if it would help your readers, consider stating more fully here what the phrase **to be justified in Christ** means. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:17 m0tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δικαιωθῆναι ἐν Χριστῷ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that God will do it. Alternate translation: “for God to justify us through our faith in Christ” or “for God to justify us because of our faith in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2:17 s2r8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive εὑρέθημεν 1 Here, **we** could be: (1) inclusive if Paul is still addressing Peter. If you decide that this verse is a continuation of the quotation that began in [2:14](../02/14.md) then **we** is inclusive because Paul is still addressing Peter and would be including Peter and the Jewish Christians in Antioch. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (2) exclusive if you decide that Paul’s quotation of his words to Peter ended at the end [2:14](../02/14.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 2:17 mg0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτοὶ 1 Paul uses the word **ourselves** for emphasis. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) @@ -230,13 +228,14 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 2:17 qw76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἆρα Χριστὸς ἁμαρτίας διάκονος 1 The phrase **is Christ then a minister of sin** is a rhetorical question. Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2:17 yy9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο 1 The expression **May it never be** gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question **is Christ a minister of sin**? Use a natural way in your language for strongly and emphatically negating an idea. Alternate translation: “Of course, that is not true” or “No, never” or “No way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 2:18 mwuo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἃ κατέλυσα, ταῦτα πάλιν οἰκοδομῶ, παραβάτην ἐμαυτὸν συνιστάνω 1 Paul speaks of no longer thinking it is necessary to obey all the laws of Moses as if he were destroying the law of Moses. When he speaks of rebuilding **those things**, he is referring to going back again to acting like and teaching that it is necessary to keep the laws of Moses. Paul is saying in this verse that he would be sinning if he **again** tried to go back to living as if it were necessary to obey the laws of Moses after becoming convinced that it was not necessary to obey them in order to please God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly, or you could use a simile. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:18 o7g8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns παραβάτην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **a transgressor**, you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2:18 o7g8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns παραβάτην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **a transgressor**, you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “behaving sinfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:19 wdaa rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** is introducing the reason that Paul said "May it never be” in [2:17](../02/17.md) and is also introducing information which gives support for what he said in [2:18](../02/18.md). Use a natural form for introducing a reason for something had been said. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -2:19 r55d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγὼ & διὰ νόμου νόμῳ ἀπέθανον 1 Here, the phrase, **I, through the law, died to the law** could: (1) be a metaphor in which the phrase **through the law** means by means of the law of Moses. The phrase **died to the law** would then refer to Paul’s new relationship to the law of Moses which he experienced when he realized that trying to obey the law of Moses was not a valid way of earning God’s approval; as a result he chose to die to the law, by which he means he was released from the power and control of the law of Moses and no longer subjected himself to it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “I, through the law, died to being under the control of the law and am no longer subject to it” or “I, through the law, stopped being subject to the authority of the law of Moses” (2) be a metaphor in which the phrase **through the law** means “by means of the law of Moses” and the phrase **died to the law** means “considered as dead to the requirements of the law of Moses through union with Christ.” The phrase **died to the law** would then refer to believers’ vicarious death with Christ through their believing in him and their consequent union with him which they have as a result of their faith in him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. (See [Rom 7:4](../07/04.md) and [Gal 4:4-5](../04/04.md)) Alternate translation: “I, through the law, died to the requirements of the law through my union with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2:19 zqqw διὰ νόμου 1 Alternate translation: “by means of the law” +2:19 oh0f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns διὰ νόμου νόμῳ 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/16.md). Alternate translation: “through God’s laws … to those laws” or “through the laws God gave Moses … to those laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) +2:19 r55d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor νόμῳ ἀπέθανον 1 Here, the phrase, **died to the law** could: (1) be a metaphor in which **died to the law** refers to Paul’s new relationship to the law of Moses which he experienced when he realized that trying to obey the law of Moses was not a valid way of earning God’s approval; and as a result he chose to die to the law, by which he means he was released from the power and control of the law of Moses and no longer subjected himself to it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “died to being under the control of the law and am no longer subject to it” or “stopped being subject to the authority of the law of Moses” (2) be a metaphor in which the phrase **died to the law** means “considered as dead to the requirements of the law of Moses through union with Christ.” The phrase **died to the law** would then refer to believers’ vicarious death with Christ through their believing in him and their consequent union with him which they have as a result of their faith in him. (See [Rom 7:4](../07/04.md) and [Gal 4:4-5](../04/04.md)) Alternate translation: “died to the requirements of the law through my union with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2:19 v3t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου νόμῳ 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) 2:19 yl7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is introducing the purpose or reason for which he **died to the law**. The purpose was **so that** he **might live to God**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) -2:19 l3r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Θεῷ ζήσω 1 The phrase **live to God** means live for God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I might live for God” or “I might live to honor God” or “I might live to please God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2:19 l3r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Θεῷ ζήσω 1 The phrase **live to God** means “live for God.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I might live for God” or “I might live to honor God” or “I might live to please God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:19 xg5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι 1 The phrase **I have been crucified with Christ** is a metaphor. Paul is not saying that he literally died with Christ. Paul is using this metaphor to express the reality that, as a result of his faith in Christ and the subsequent union with Christ that his faith has brought about, God now views Paul as if he had died with Christ on the cross. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2:19 fh2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that the law was the reason Christ had to be put to death. Roman soldiers put Jesus to death, but in context Paul is explaining that it was God’s righteous requirements given in the law that made it necessary for Christ to die so that people could be forgiven. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2:20 o3jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ζῶ & οὐκέτι ἐγώ, ζῇ δὲ ἐν ἐμοὶ Χριστός 1 Here, the phrase **I no longer live, but Christ lives in me** is a metaphor which means that Paul no longer lives for himself and his own self-motivated purposes and desires, but rather, he now lets Christ’s will direct his actions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -247,15 +246,15 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 2:20 bkxd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as "trusting," or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:20 kj4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases τῇ 1 Here, Paul uses the word **that** to introduce the specific object of his **faith**, which is **the Son of God** and not the law of Moses. Use a natural form to express this use of the word **that**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 2:20 m55w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ ἀγαπήσαντός με 1 The phrase **the one** refers to **the Son of God**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “who is the one having loved me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2:20 by5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν 1 The phrase **having given himself** means that Jesus voluntarily made himself available as a sacrifice. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2:20 by5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν 1 The phrase **having given himself** means that Jesus voluntarily made himself available as a sacrifice. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having voluntarily given himself as a sacrifice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:21 tj6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐκ ἀθετῶ 1 Here, Paul expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative phrase, **do not**, together with a phrase, **set aside** that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “I strongly affirm” or “I do uphold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 2:21 xvoq οὐκ ἀθετῶ 1 Alternate translation: “I do not ignore” or “I do not dismiss” -2:21 g5b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with an adverb such as “kindly,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. See how you translated the similar expression “the grace of Christ” in [1:6](../01/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +2:21 g5b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with an adverb or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. See how you translated the similar expression “the grace of Christ” in [1:6](../01/06.md). Alternate translation: “what God graciously did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:21 ogus rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δικαιοσύνη 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “righteous,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -2:21 yl3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo εἰ γὰρ διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is not true. Paul stated two times in [2:16](../02/16.md) that no person is made righteous before God by obeying the law of Moses. Also, Paul knows that Christ died for a definite purpose. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certainly false, and if your readers might misunderstand this and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you could translate his words as a negative statement. If your language does state things as a hypothetical possibility that the speaker is trying to prove false, then use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “since we know that righteousness is through faith in Christ and not through the law of Moses, or else Christ would have died for nothing” or “because we know that God considers us righteous because we believe in Christ and not because we keep the law of Moses, or else Christ would have died for nothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +2:21 yl3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo εἰ γὰρ διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is not true. Paul stated two times in [2:16](../02/16.md) that no person is made righteous before God by obeying the law of Moses. Also, Paul knows that Christ died for a definite purpose. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certainly false, and if your readers might misunderstand this and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you could translate his words as a negative statement. If your language does state things as a hypothetical possibility that the speaker is trying to prove false, then use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “since we know that righteousness is through faith in Christ and not through the law of Moses, or else Christ would have died for nothing” or “for we know that God considers us righteous because we believe in Christ and not because we keep the law of Moses, or else Christ would have died for nothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 2:21 imxg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ γὰρ διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to teach the Galatian believers. Use a natural way in your language for expressing conditional “if … then” constructions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) -2:21 m74u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰ & διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη 1 Here, the word **through** expresses the means by which something happens. The phrase **if righteousness is through the law** means if righteousness could be obtained through keeping the law. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “if righteousness could be obtained by keeping the law” or “if a person could be justified by keeping the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2:21 dv5f διὰ νόμου 1 The phrase **through the law** is equivalent in meaning to the phrase "by works of the law" in [2:16](../02/16.md). See how you translated the phrase “by works of the law” where it occurs twice in [2:16](../02/16.md). +2:21 m74u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰ & διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη 1 Here, the word **through** expresses the means by which something happens. The phrase **if righteousness is through the law** means “if righteousness could be obtained through keeping the law.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “if righteousness could be obtained by keeping the law” or “if a person could be justified by keeping the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2:21 dv5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns διὰ νόμου 1 The phrase **through the law** is equivalent in meaning to the phrase "by works of the law" in [2:16](../02/16.md). See how you translated the phrase “by works of the law” in [2:16](../02/16.md) where it occurs twice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) 2:21 dfx0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) 2:21 rku5 ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν 1 Alternate translation: “then Christ would have accomplished nothing by dying” or “then it was pointless for Christ to die” 3:intro xd92 0 # Galatians 3 General Notes\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Equality in Christ\n\nAll Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nPaul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their wrong thinking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### “Those of faith are children of Abraham”\nBible scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit all of the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Paul’s other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n\n### “the law” \n\nThe phrase “the law” is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. This phrase occurs in chapters 2-5, and quite frequently in chapters two and three. Every time this phrase occurs in Galatians it refers to the group of laws that God dictated to Moses at Mount Sinai. You should translate this phrase the same way each time it occurs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) @@ -263,13 +262,13 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:1 xvji ἀνόητοι Γαλάται 1 Alternate translation: “you Galatians are without understanding” or “you Galatians who are without understanding” 3:1 p7uw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to rebuke the Galatian believers. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 3:1 ryu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony τίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν 1 Paul is using irony to express the fact that the Galatian believers are acting as though someone has put a spell on them. He does not really believe that someone has put a spell on them. In fact, Paul is upset with the Galatians believers for willingly choosing to believe false teachers and letting themselves be deceived. If it would be helpful in your language, consider expressing the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “How can you behave as if someone has put a spell on you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -3:1 gwv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος 1 This phrase is a metaphor which could: (1) be referring to someone publicly drawing a picture for people to see. In this case Paul would be referring to the teaching about Jesus that the Galatians had received as if it were a clear picture that they had seen with their eyes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you yourselves heard the clear teaching about Jesus being crucified” (2) be referring to the practice of someone posting a public announcement for people to read. In this case Paul would be referring to his preaching the good news about Jesus as if it were a public announcement which the Galatians had read. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you yourselves heard the clear teaching about Jesus being crucified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +3:1 gwv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος 1 The phrase **publicly portrayed** is a metaphor in which Paul is either referring to the practice at that time of someone publicly drawing a picture for people to see or the practice of someone posting a public announcement for people to read. If the first option is what Paul intends then he is referring to his preaching the good news about Jesus as if it were a clear picture that the Galatians had seen with their eyes and if he intends the second option then is referring to his preaching the good news about Jesus as if it were a public announcement which he had posted and which the Galatians had read. Both options have the same general meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you yourselves heard the clear teaching about Jesus being crucified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:1 ty3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 3:2 wq9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἐξ ἔργων νόμου τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐλάβετε, ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to rebuke the Galatian believers. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You received the Spirit not by doing what the law says, but by believing what you heard.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 3:2 dbp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐξ ἔργων νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **by works of the law** in [2:16](../02/16.md), where it occurs three times. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) 3:2 j39h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) 3:2 cfj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως 1 Paul is using the possessive form here to describe the response that the Galatians had when they heard the preaching of the gospel. The Galatians had respond to the preaching of the gospel with **faith**. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “by believing what you heard” or “by hearing with faith” or “by trusting in the Messiah when you heard the message about him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -3:2 ds9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a word such as “believed”, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: "and believing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +3:2 ds9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “believing” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: "and believing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 3:3 f96u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion οὕτως ἀνόητοί ἐστε 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to emphatically express his surprise. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You are very foolish!” or “Don’t be so foolish!” or “Surely you cannot be so foolish!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 3:3 vof3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἐναρξάμενοι Πνεύματι, νῦν σαρκὶ ἐπιτελεῖσθε 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to guide the Galatian believers thinking about what they are doing. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 3:3 croz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἐναρξάμενοι 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “Having begun the Christian life” or “Having begun your new relationship with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -297,8 +296,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:7 kq1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱοί & Ἀβραὰμ 1 People who have faith in God, as Abraham did, are here spoken of as if they were Abraham’s **sons**. Paul does not mean that people who have faith in God are Abraham’s biological descendants but, rather, he is saying that they share a spiritual similarity to him because they believe in God. Therefore Paul calls them **sons of Abraham**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:7 pq0z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations υἱοί 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 3:8 vs1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification προϊδοῦσα & ἡ Γραφὴ, ὅτι ἐκ πίστεως δικαιοῖ τὰ ἔθνη ὁ Θεὸς, προευηγγελίσατο τῷ Ἀβραὰμ 1 Here, **the Scripture** is spoken of as though it were a person who could foresee **that God would justify the Gentiles by faith** and **preach the gospel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -3:8 wws9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo ἡ Γραφὴ 1 Here, the phrase **the Scripture** could refer to: (1) The Scriptures as a whole, referring here to the entire Old Testament. If you are using capitalization or some other convention to indicate when the words “Scripture” and “Scriptures” refer to all the collected writings of the Bible, use that convention here. Here, Scripture would only refer to the Old Testament, since the New Testament was still in the process of being written at this time. Most likely Paul is referring to the entire Old Testament when he says “the Scripture” here, and then when he quotes Genesis 12:3 at the end of this verse he is giving a specific example of a passage within the Old Testament that teaches **that God would justify the Gentiles by faith**. (2) just the specific scripture reference which is cited at the end of this verse, Genesis 12:3, in which case, do not capitalize the word "scripture" in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) -3:8 htbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ πίστεως 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate the object of **faith** explicitly. Alternate translation: “by their faith in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:8 htbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ πίστεως 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate the object of **faith** explicitly. Alternate translation: “by their faith in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:8 ojbm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “believing.” Alternate translation: “by believing in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 3:8 f6ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations προευηγγελίσατο τῷ Ἀβραὰμ 1 The sentence **In you all the nations will be blessed** is a quotation from Genesis 12:3. Use a natural way of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “preached the gospel beforehand to Abraham where it is written” or “preached the gospel beforehand to Abraham when Moses wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) 3:8 j83j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 1 Here, the term **nations** refers to the people who make up these **nations**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “people from all the nations” or “people from every nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -307,7 +305,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:9 l1bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ ἐκ πίστεως 1 See how you translated the phrase **the ones by faith** in [3:7](../03/07.md) where it is used with the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:9 m5ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ ἐκ πίστεως εὐλογοῦνται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will bless the ones by faith” or “God will bless the ones who believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 3:10 mxe7 ὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰσὶν 1 Alternate translation: “All people who follow the law” or “All those who seek to be justified through obeying the law” -3:10 r5bm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅσοι & ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰσὶν 1 Here, the phrase **as many as are of works of the law** is probably a shortened way of saying “as many as are relying on works of the law as the basis for God considering them to be righteous.” Here, the phrase **of works of the law** is similar in meaning to the phrase “by works of the law” in [2:16](../02/16.md) where it occurs in the phrase “no man is justified by works of the law.” Here, the phrase **as many as are of works of the law** is describing people who rely on the **works of the law** and is in contrast to the phrase “the ones by faith” in [3:7](../03/07.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate the meaning explicitly here. Alternate translation: “as many as rely on the works of the law as the basis for being righteous before God” or “as many as are relying on works of the law as the basis for God considering them to be righteous” or “as many as are trusting that God will consider them righteous because they try to obey the law of Moses” or “as many as are seeking for God to consider them righteous on the basis of following what the Mosaic Law commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:10 r5bm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅσοι & ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰσὶν 1 Here, the phrase **as many as are of works of the law** is probably a shortened way of saying “as many as are relying on works of the law as the basis for God considering them to be righteous.” Here, the phrase **as many as are of works of the law** is describing people who rely on the **works of the law** and is in contrast to the phrase “the ones by faith” in [3:7](../03/07.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “as many as rely on the works of the law as the basis for being righteous before God” or “as many as are relying on works of the law as the basis for God considering them to be righteous” or “as many as are trusting that God will consider them righteous because they try to obey the law of Moses” or “as many as are seeking for God to consider them righteous on the basis of following what the Mosaic Law commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:10 uz3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐξ ἔργων νόμου 1 With the phrase **of works**, Paul is using the possessive form to describe the means by which a person seeks to please God, and by using the phrase **of the law**, Paul is using the possessive form to define the type of **works** to which he is referring to. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “trying to earn God’s approval by doing the works prescribed in the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) 3:10 ynhz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) 3:10 fv3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γέγραπται & γεγραμμένοις 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -317,11 +315,11 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:10 komd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τοῦ νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the Law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). Alternate translation: “of God’s Laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) 3:11 zyvq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐν νόμῳ, οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God justifies no one by the law” or “God justifies no one as a result of them seeking to obey the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 3:11 sn9h δῆλον 1 Alternate translation: “is evident” -3:11 e2hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 2 The sentence **The righteous will live by faith** is a quotation from Habakkuk 2:4. The word **because** is introducing this quotation. Use a natural way of introducing direct quotations from an important or sacred text. Alternate translation: “because it is written in Scripture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +3:11 e2hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι The word **because** is introducing the quotation **The righteous will live by faith** from the Old Testament passage [Habakkuk 2:4](../hab/02/04.md). Use a natural way of introducing direct quotations from an important or sacred text. Alternate translation: “because it is written in Scripture,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 3:11 yn2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμῳ 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) 3:11 qiab rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται 1 The sentence **The righteous will live by faith** is a quotation from Habakkuk 2:4. Use a natural way of indicating that something is a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) 3:11 i537 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται 1 Paul is citing the prophet Habakkuk, who is using the adjective **righteous** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “People who are righteous will live by their faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -3:11 h7t4 ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται 1 The phrase **by faith** could be connected to: (1) the phrase **will live** and be describing the ongoing means by which a righteous person has spiritual life, namely by their faith. Alternate translation: “The righteous person has life through their faith” or “The righteous person lives as a result of their faith” or “The righteous person has spiritual life as a result of their faith” (2) the phrase **the righteous** and be describing the means by which God considers a sinful person to be **righteous**, namely by their having faith in him. Alternate translation: “The person who is made right with God as a result of their faith will live” or “Every person will live spiritually whose record of sins God erases because that person trusts God” +3:11 h7t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται 1 The phrase **by faith** could be connected to: (1) the phrase **will live** and be describing the ongoing means by which a righteous person has spiritual life, namely by their faith. Alternate translation: “The righteous person has life through their faith” or “The righteous person lives as a result of their faith” (2) the phrase **the righteous** and be describing the means by which God considers a sinful person to be **righteous**, namely by their having faith in him. Alternate translation: “The person who is made right with God as a result of their faith will live” or “Every person will live spiritually whose record of sins God erases because that person trusts God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:11 osgj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “believe,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “by believing” or “because they believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 3:11 e610 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ πίστεως 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that the object of **faith** here is God. Alternate translation: “by believing in God” or “because they believe in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:12 jr9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 The word **Now** indicates that Paul is introducing new information into his argument and it also indicates that Paul is introducing information that will be in contrast with his statement in [3:11](../03/11.md), that the law is not able to justify a person. Use a natural form in your language for indicating these things. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) @@ -331,10 +329,10 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:12 fml8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 What follows the word **but** here is indicating a contrast between **law** and **faith**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 3:12 opyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἀλλ’ 1 The phrase **The one doing these things will live in them** is a quotation from Leviticus 18:5. Use a natural way of introducing direct quotations from an important or sacred text. Alternate translation: “but as it is written in Scripture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) 3:12 khuu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐτὰ 1 The phrase **these things” refers to God’s statutes and laws, which are mentioned in the first part of Leviticus 18:5. Here Paul is citing the second half of Leviticus 18:5. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly in your translation to what “these things” refers. Alternate translation: “these laws and statutes of mine” or “my law and statutes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -3:12 rep5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 Here, the word **in** means by and refers to the means by which a person **will live**, namely by doing **them**. The word **them** refers to “all the things written in the Book of the Law,” mentioned in [3:10](../03/10.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate these things explicitly. Alternate translation: “will live because they do them” or “will live by obeying them” or “will live because they obey all the things written in the Book of the Law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:12 rep5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 Here, the word **in** means “by” and refers to the means by which a person **will live**, namely by doing **them**. The word **them** refers to “all the things written in the Book of the Law,” mentioned in [3:10](../03/10.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate these things explicitly. Alternate translation: “will live because they do them” or “will live by obeying them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:13 iql5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐξηγόρασεν 1 Paul uses the metaphor of a person buying back lost property or buying the freedom of a slave to illustrate the meaning of God sending Jesus to pay for people’s sins by dying on the cross. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:13 tmwi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς & ἡμῶν 1 When Paul says **us** here, he is including the Galatian believers, so both occurrences of **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -3:13 ml63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς κατάρας & κατάρα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **curse**, you could express the same idea with a verb phrase. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +3:13 ml63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου & κατάρα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **curse**, you could express the same idea with a verb phrase. Alternate translation: “from being cursed by the law … cursed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 3:13 rshg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τοῦ νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) 3:13 vqc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy κατάρα 1 By using the phrase, **a curse**, Paul is describing a person who is cursed by God by association with the **curse** itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “one who was cursed by God” or “one whom God cursed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 3:13 vaay ὑπὲρ 1 Alternate translation: “for” @@ -367,7 +365,6 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:17 pdd3 δὲ 1 Alternate translation: “And” 3:17 soj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ὁ & νόμος 1 See how you translated the phrase “the law” in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) 3:17 h36m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers τετρακόσια καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη 1 Alternate translation: “four hundred and thirty years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -3:17 v3gq διαθήκην 1 See how you translated the word “covenant” in [3:15](../03/15.md). 3:17 qn7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive προκεκυρωμένην ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which God established previously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 3:17 fmw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς τὸ καταργῆσαι 1 Here, the word **to** introduces what the result would have been if **the law** had **set aside the covenant previously established by God**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a result. Alternate translation: “so as to nullify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 3:18 ujg2 εἰ & ἐκ & ἡ κληρονομία, οὐκέτι ἐξ 1 Alternate translation: “if the inheritance is from … then it is no longer from” @@ -383,15 +380,15 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:19 yf5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal τῶν παραβάσεων χάριν προσετέθη 1 The phrase **because of transgressions** could refer to: (1) the purpose for which the law **was added** to the covenant with Abraham, namely to show what transgression is. Alternate translation: “It was added to show what transgression is” (2) what caused God to decide that **the law** should be **added** to the covenant with Abraham, which was that people were committing transgressions. The phrase **because of transgressions** would then be stating the cause for **the law** being **added**, namely because people were sinning. Alternate translation: “It was added because people were committing transgressions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) 3:19 phd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῶν παραβάσεων 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **transgressions**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “sinful”, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people’s sinful behavior” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 3:19 cf66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive διαταγεὶς δι’ ἀγγέλων 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that God did it. Alternate translation: “and God used angels to put it into effect” or “and God gave the law through angels” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -3:19 lxcw διαταγεὶς δι’ ἀγγέλων 1 Translate the phrase **through angels** in a way that indicates that God, not angels, was the source of the law. The Bible records in Deuteronomy 33:2, Hebrews 2:2, and Acts 7:38, and 53 that God used angels to give Moses his law. This is what Jewish people believed regarding how God delivered his law to Moses. Alternate translation: “and God used angels to put it into effect” or “God gave the law through angels” -3:19 v74y ἄχρις οὗ ἔλθῃ τὸ σπέρμα ᾧ ἐπήγγελται, διαταγεὶς δι’ ἀγγέλων ἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου 1 When Paul says that **the law** was administered **by the hand of a mediator until the seed would come to whom the promise had been made**, Paul is implicitly telling the Galatian believers that the law was temporary and was only needed until Christ, whom he calls **the seed**, came. -3:19 bgi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου 1 The phrase **by the hand of** is an idiom which means through. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “through a mediator” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +3:19 lxcw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διαταγεὶς δι’ ἀγγέλων 1 Translate the phrase **through angels** in a way that indicates that God, not angels, was the source of the law. The Bible records in Deuteronomy 33:2, Hebrews 2:2, and Acts 7:38, and 53 that God used angels to give Moses his law. This is what Jewish people believed regarding how God delivered his law to Moses. Alternate translation: “and God used angels to put it into effect” or “God gave the law through angels” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:19 v74y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄχρις οὗ ἔλθῃ τὸ σπέρμα 1 When Paul says that **the law** was administered by **the hand of a mediator until the seed would come to whom the promise had been made**, Paul is implicitly telling the Galatian believers that the law was temporary and was only needed until Christ, whom he calls **the seed**, came. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “until the seed, who is Christ, would come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:19 bgi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου 1 The phrase **by the hand of** is an idiom which means “through.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “through a mediator” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 3:19 edcu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μεσίτου 1 Moses is the **mediator**to whom Paul is referring. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “of Moses, who acted as a mediator” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:19 nl4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπήγγελται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God had made the promise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -3:20 x9l1 ὁ δὲ μεσίτης ἑνὸς οὐκ ἔστιν 1 In this verse Paul is proving to the Galatian believers that God’s promise to Abraham is superior to the law that he gave Moses. What Paul means by saying **a mediator is not for one** is that a mediator is not needed when one person is speaking with another person directly. Paul is implicitly expressing to the Galatian believers that the promise to Abraham is superior to the law because it was not given through a mediator but, rather, God gave the promise directly to Abraham. If it would help your readers and if you are using footnotes, you could indicate that information in a footnote. +3:20 x9l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo ὁ δὲ μεσίτης ἑνὸς οὐκ ἔστιν 1 In this verse Paul is proving to the Galatian believers that God’s promise to Abraham is superior to the law that he gave Moses. What Paul means by saying **a mediator is not for one** is that a mediator is not needed when one person is speaking with another person directly. Paul is implicitly expressing to the Galatian believers that the promise to Abraham is superior to the law because it was not given through a mediator but, rather, God gave the promise directly to Abraham. If it would help your readers and if you are using footnotes, you could indicate that information in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])\n\n\n\n 3:20 y3ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἑνὸς 1 The phrase **for one** leaves the object implied. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly what **one** is referring to. Alternate translation: “for one party alone” or “needed when there is only one party involved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:20 lhui rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 2 What follows the word **but** here is in contrast to the opening statement in this verse that **a mediator is not for one**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) -3:20 l2b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δὲ -1 Here, the word **but** is introducing the phrase **God is one**, which is an allusion to a phrase in Deuteronomy 6:4. The Galatians believers would have known that Paul was referencing this scripture. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that the word **but** is introducing a reference from Scripture. Alternate translation: “but as Moses wrote in Scripture,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:20 l2b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δὲ 2 Here, the word **but** is introducing the phrase **God is one**, which is an allusion to a phrase in Deuteronomy 6:4. The Galatians believers would have known that Paul was referencing this scripture. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that the word **but** is introducing a reference from Scripture. Alternate translation: “but as Moses wrote in Scripture,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:20 cle8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Θεὸς εἷς ἐστιν 1 Here Paul uses a well-known phrase about God to demonstrate that God's promises directly to Abraham were superior to the law that he gave through Moses. You can include some of this information in the text or a footnote if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Abraham received the promises from God alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:21 zwk0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ὁ & νόμος κατὰ τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to anticipate a question that the Galatian believers might have. He introduces his answer to the question which begins with the phrase **For if a law was given being able to make alive**. If it would help your readers, you could translate his words as a statement. Alternate translation: “you might think that the law is against the promises” or “you might think that the law is opposed to the promises” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 3:21 e43u κατὰ τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν 1 Alternate translation: “opposed to the promises” or “in conflict with the promises” @@ -404,10 +401,9 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:21 iyg9 ἐν νόμου ἂν ἦν ἡ δικαιοσύνη 1 Alternate translation: “we could have become righteous by obeying that law” 3:22 smkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Here Paul uses the word **But** to indicate a strong contrast between the hypothetical and false possibility that the law could make a person righteous and to introduce his explanation of what the law actually does. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “But rather,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 3:22 yzcp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor συνέκλεισεν ἡ Γραφὴ τὰ πάντα ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν 1 Paul speaks of **the Scripture** as if it were an authority figure who **imprisoned** people. He speaks of **sin** as if it were a jail from which people cannot break free. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:22 upkg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification συνέκλεισεν ἡ Γραφὴ τὰ πάντα ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν 1 Here, Paul speaks of **the Scripture** as if it were a person, an authority figure who **imprisoned** people. He speaks of **sin** as if it were a jail from which they cannot break free. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 3:22 jbn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἡ Γραφὴ 1 Here, the word **Scripture** could: (1) refer to all Old Testament Scripture. The ULT indicates when the word **Scripture** refers to the entire Bible or the entire Old Testament by capitalizing the word **Scripture**. (2) refer to a particular passage of scripture such as Deuteronomy 27:26 or some other specific Old Testament passage. Alternate translation: “the scripture” 3:22 dxqc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἡ Γραφὴ 1 Paul is describing God doing something by association with his Word, **the Scripture**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -3:22 mk9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ πάντα 1 Here, the phrase **all things* could refer to: (1) all people. If your language requires you to indicate explicitly what **all things** refers to, you could indicate that it refers to people. Alternate translation: “all people” (2) the entire creation and the things which make up this present fallen world. See Romans 8:18-22. If you decide that this is what Paul means, you should use a general phrase such as **all things**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:22 mk9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ πάντα 1 Here, the phrase **all things* could refer to: (1) all people. If your language requires you to indicate explicitly what **all things** refers to, you could indicate that it refers to people. Alternate translation: “all humans” (2) the entire creation and the things which make up this present fallen world. See Romans 8:18-22. If you decide that this is what Paul means, you should use a general phrase such as **all things**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:22 dt14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν 1 Here, the phrase **under sin** refers to being under the power of sin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “under the power of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:22 xqmi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Following the phrase **so that**, Paul states the purpose for which **the Scripture imprisoned all things under sin**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) 3:22 pvv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ ἐπαγγελία ἐκ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ δοθῇ τοῖς πιστεύουσιν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that God did it. Alternate translation: “God might give the promise by faith in Jesus Christ to the ones believing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -418,20 +414,20 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:23 ztcj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πρὸ τοῦ & ἐλθεῖν τὴν πίστιν 1 The phrase **before the faith came** means before faith in Jesus Christ came. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “before faith in Jesus Christ came” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:23 uu10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐφρουρούμεθα 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 3:23 su16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι 1 Here, Paul is continuing the metaphor of **the law** that he began in the previous verse. The power that **the law** had over humans is spoken of as if the law were a prison guard holding people captive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:23 aue6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 Here, the word **under** means under the authority of or under the jurisdiction of. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “under the authority of” or “under the jurisdiction of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:23 aue6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 Here, the word **under** means “under the authority of” or “under the jurisdiction of.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “under the authority of” or “under the jurisdiction of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:23 r5y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι 1 Here, Paul is continuing his personification of **the law** that he began in the previous verse. Paul speaks of **the law** as though it were a jailer who **held** people **captive** and kept them **imprisoned until** the time when the coming **faith** in Jesus Christ would **be revealed**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 3:23 e729 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the law held us captive under its power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 3:23 xmur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive συνκλειόμενοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the first half of the verse states that **the law** did it. Alternate translation: “and the law imprisoned us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -3:23 way9 εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι 1 Here, the word **until** could: (1) refer to time and introduce the time at which people being **imprisoned** under the law would be end, namely **until** the time when God would reveal Jesus Christ as an object of faith. Alternate translation: “until God would reveal the message about trusting in Christ that he was about to reveal” (2) be translated as “to” and be indicating the purpose for people being **imprisoned** under the law, namely so that people would be ready for the coming faith in Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “in order to lead us to believe in the good news that God was about to reveal” or “in order that we might be ready to believe the good news concerning Christ, the news that God would later reveal” -3:23 rz75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν πίστιν & τὴν & πίστιν 1 The phrase **the faith** means the faith in Jesus Christ. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the faith in Jesus Christ … the faith in Jesus Christ came, which was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:23 way9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι 1 Here, the word **until** could: (1) refer to time and introduce the time at which people being **imprisoned** under the law would end, namely **until** the time when God would reveal Jesus Christ as an object of faith. Alternate translation: “until God would reveal the message about trusting in Christ that he was about to reveal” (2) be translated as “to” and be indicating the purpose for people being **imprisoned** under the law, namely so that people would be ready for the coming faith in Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “in order to lead us to believe in the good news that God was about to reveal” or “in order that we might be ready to believe the good news concerning Christ, the news that God would later reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) +3:23 rz75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν πίστιν & τὴν & πίστιν 1 The phrase **the faith** means “the faith in Jesus Christ.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the faith in Jesus Christ … the faith in Jesus Christ came, which was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:23 t32j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until the faith came that God was about to reveal” or “until the faith that God would soon reveal came” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -3:24 we2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 Here, the phrase **So that** is introducing a result. Use a natural form for introducing a result. Alternate translation: “Thus,” or “Therefore,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +3:24 we2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 Here, the phrase **So** is introducing a result. Use a natural form for introducing a result. Alternate translation: “Thus,” or “Therefore,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 3:24 mcdn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ νόμος, παιδαγωγὸς ἡμῶν γέγονεν 1 Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a **guardian**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning by using a simile. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:24 a6yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 When Paul says **our**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **our** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 3:24 amrv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown παιδαγωγὸς 1 In Paul’s culture a **guardian** was a slave whose task was to discipline and take care of a child who was not yet an adult. If your readers would not be familiar with this term, you could either explain the meaning of this word in your translation, or you could use the term from your culture that comes the closest to expressing the meaning of this word and then write a footnote explaining this word. Alternate translation: “custodian” or “guide” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 3:24 ln1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification παιδαγωγὸς 1 Here, Paul speaks of **the law** as though it were a **guardian** whose job or role was to watch over people’s actions **until Christ** came. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “guide” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -3:24 p30v εἰς 1 See how you translated the word **until** in [3:23](../03/23.md). -3:24 zick rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which **the law became our guardian until Christ** which was for the intended purpose that **we might be justified by faith** in Christ. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “with the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) +3:24 p30v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς 1 See how you translated the word **until** in [3:23](../03/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])\n\n\n\n +3:24 zick rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which **the law became our guardian until Christ** which was for the intended purpose that **we might** later **be justified by faith** in Christ. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “with the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) 3:24 s8g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δικαιωθῶμεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God might justify us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 3:24 dkks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive δικαιωθῶμεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 3:24 vj5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ 1 Here, the word **by** is indicating the basis or source of God’s act of justifying sinners. The word **by** is indicating that **faith** is the basis on which **we might be justified.** If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “on the basis of” or “by means of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -443,14 +439,14 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:25 blv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐσμεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 3:25 efvh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑπὸ παιδαγωγόν 1 Here, Paul continues the metaphor he began in [3:24](../03/24.md) by continuing to speak of the law as if it were a **guardian**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the word **guardian** in [3:24](../03/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:25 be13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὑπὸ παιδαγωγόν 1 Here, Paul is speaking of the law as if it were a person who was a **guardian**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -3:25 kjvy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 Here, the word **under** means under the supervision of. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “under the supervision of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:25 kjvy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 Here, the word **under** means “under the supervision of.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “under the supervision of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:26 tzqa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations υἱοὶ 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women who have **faith in Christ Jesus**. Alternate translation: “sons and daughters” or “children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 3:26 u0ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱοὶ 1 Paul speaks of the Galatian believers as if God were their biological or physical father. He means that these people have a father-son relationship with God because they trust in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the spiritual children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:26 mwku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “trust,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -3:26 kht6 ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 The phrase **in Christ Jesus** could mean: (1) that the spiritual position of the Galatian believers was in Christ Jesus. Alternate translation: “being in union with Christ Jesus” or “you are in union with Christ Jesus” (2) that **Christ Jesus** was the object of Galatian believers faith. Alternate translation: “which is in Christ Jesus” or “towards Christ Jesus” +3:26 kht6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 The phrase **in Christ Jesus** could mean: (1) that the spiritual position of the Galatian believers was in Christ Jesus. Alternate translation: “you are in union with Christ Jesus” (2) that **Christ Jesus** was the object of Galatian believers faith. Alternate translation: “which is in Christ Jesus” or “towards Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:27 p0dy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** indicates that what follows is giving the reason why Paul said “you are all sons of God” in [3:26](../03/26.md). Use a natural form in your language for introducing information which proves and/or explains a prior statement. Alternate translation: “Because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -3:27 yicn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅσοι 1 The phrase **as many as** means as many of you as. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as many of you as” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -3:27 h5ax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅσοι & ἐβαπτίσθητε 1 The phrase **as many as have** means all of you who have. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “all of you who have been baptized” or "each of you who have been baptized" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:27 yicn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅσοι 1 The phrase **as many as** means “as many of you as.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as many of you as” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:27 h5ax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅσοι & ἐβαπτίσθητε 1 The phrase **as many as have** means “all of you who have.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “all of you who have been baptized” or "each of you who have been baptized" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:27 v6n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐβαπτίσθητε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that some person did it. Alternate translation: “someone has baptized” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 3:27 ucuk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε 1 Paul speaks of being **baptized into Christ** as if **Christ** were a physical location into which someone could be baptized. Here, **into Christ** refers to being spiritually united with Christ and coming into close spiritual union with him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning of this phrase plainly. Alternative translation: “have been baptized into close spiritual union with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:27 dgkv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε, Χριστὸν ἐνεδύσασθε 1 By speaking of baptism, Paul could be describing all of the things which belong to a believer's initial conversion experience. Paul would then be associating all of them with one part of their conversion experience, water baptism, in which case baptism is an abbreviated way of referring to conversion and the things that are part of it such as belief in Christ, baptism, and receiving Holy Spirit. If you decide that this is what Paul means here, and if it would help your readers, you could indicate this explicitly, or you could explain this in a footnote if you are using them. Alternate translation: “God has saved have put on Christ” or “have believed in Christ have put on Christ” or “have experienced God’s salvation have put on Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -461,7 +457,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:28 pfrh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐλεύθερος 1 Here, the term **free** refers to people who are not slaves and thus are free from bondage to a master. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “free person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:28 fy09 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **for** introduces a reason. Use a natural form for introducing the reason for something that was said previously. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 3:28 fakq πάντες γὰρ ὑμεῖς εἷς ἐστε ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “because all of you are together joined to Messiah Jesus” -3:28 mppd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἷς 1 Here, Paul uses the word **one** to indicate that all believers share the equal position because of the new identity they have by being **in Christ**. (Paul explains his statement from the previous verse that all believers have put on Christ, meaning that they have a new and common identity derived from and centered on Christ). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly what **one** means here. Alternate translation: “alike” or “of equal standing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +3:28 mppd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἷς 1 Here, Paul uses the word **one** to indicate that all believers share an equal position because of the new identity they have by being **in Christ**. (Paul explains his statement from the previous verse that all believers have put on Christ, meaning that they have a new and common identity derived from and centered on Christ). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly what **one** means here. Alternate translation: “alike” or “of equal standing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:28 pddu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Paul speaks of believers being **in Christ Jesus** as if **Christ Jesus** were a physical location in which someone could be. Here, **in Christ** refers to being spiritually united with Christ in close spiritual union with him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning of this phrase plainly. Alternative translation: “in close spiritual union with Christ” or “because of your close spiritual union with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:29 lnlp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here Paul is using the word **Now** to introduce new information. Use a natural form for introducing new information. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 3:29 ovzy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ & ἄρα 1 Paul is using an **if … then** statement to express a hypothetical condition and what the result is for those people who meet the requirement of the condition. Paul is telling the Galatians that **if** they belong to Christ, **then** they are Abraham's spiritual descendants. Use a natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical condition. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) @@ -475,7 +471,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 4:1 vlu6 κύριος πάντων ὤν 1 Alternate translation: “though being master of all things” or “even though he is master of all things” 4:2 eyfx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast and indicating that what follows is in contrast to what came before it. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 4:2 jtpo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐστὶ 1 Here, the word **he** refers to the heir mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the heir is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -4:2 ppf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 Here, the word **under** means under the authority of. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “under the authority of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:2 ppf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 Here, the word **under** means “under the authority of.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “under the authority of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:2 llwi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπιτρόπους & καὶ οἰκονόμους 1 The terms **guardians** and **stewards** refer to two different roles, but these terms do not necessarily refer to two different groups of people since one person could have responsibility for filling both roles. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “someone who is his guardian and steward” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:2 bd5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἐπιτρόπους 1 A guardian was a person who had the role of being responsible for a child. This person’s job was to supervise and care for the child of whom they were in charge to make sure that the child was instructed in what they should do. Use a natural phrase or term in your language for describing this role. If you do not have this role in your culture you could describe it for your readers. Alternate translation: “people who are in charge of a child” or “people who are responsible for a minor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 4:2 v5g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown οἰκονόμους 1 Here, the word **stewards** refers to people who are entrusted with the role of managing property until the heir is old enough to inherit it. Use a natural phrase or term in your language for describing this role. If you do not have this role in your culture, you could describe it for your readers. Alternate translation: “people who manage a child’s possessions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -485,18 +481,19 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 4:3 n21q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὅτε ἦμεν νήπιοι 1 Paul speaks of people who have not yet trusted in Jesus as if they were **children**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, or you could translate this phrase as a simile. Alternate translation: “when we did not yet believe in Jesus” or “when we were like children spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 4:3 rwwj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου ἤμεθα δεδουλωμένοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who was doing the action, Paul says that the elemental principles of the world were doing it. See the note on personification regarding **the elemental principles of this world**. Alternate translation: “the elemental principles of the world were enslaving us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 4:3 cd2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δεδουλωμένοι 1 Paul speaks of being under the control of **the elemental principles of the world** as if it were slavery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:3 l0fg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 Here, the word **under** means under the power of or under the authority of. See how you translated the word **under** in [4:2](../04/02.md) where Paul uses it with a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “under the power of” or “under the authority of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:3 l0fg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 Here, the word **under** means “under the power of” or “under the authority of.” See how you translated the word **under** in [4:2](../04/02.md) where Paul uses it with a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “under the power of” or “under the authority of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:3 v1zo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου & δεδουλωμένοι 1 Here, Paul speaks of **the elemental principles of the world** as though they were a person who could enslave other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Paul speaks of **the elemental principles of the world** as though they have the power to enslave a person, but it is actually humans who do not yet believe in the Messiah, who willing submit to these **elemental principles** and allow themselves to be enslaved. See [5:1](../05/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -4:3 u462 τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου 1 Here, **the elemental principles of the world** could refer to: (1) the religious and/or moral teachings that people, whether they be a Jew or non-Jew, seek to obey in order to please God and think of themselves as praiseworthy and good. (2) the things prescribed by the Mosaic law. 3) spiritual beings which people thought controlled **the world**. +4:3 u462 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου 1 Here, **the elemental principles of the world** could refer to: (1) the religious and/or moral teachings that people, whether they be a Jew or non-Jew, seek to obey in order to please God and think of themselves as praiseworthy and good. Alternate translation: “the elemental rules of this world” or “the rudimentary principles of this world” (2) the things prescribed by the Mosaic law. Alternate translation: “the things prescribed by the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:4 ogo3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 The word **But** is introducing a contrast between the time prior to **when the fullness of time came**, which Paul described before this verse, and the time after **the fullness of time came**, which Paul describes in this verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: "Instead," (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) -4:4 ujfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου 1 The phrase **the fullness of time** means the right time or the time that God appointed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the right time” or “the designated time” or “the appointed time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:4 ujfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου 1 The phrase **the fullness of time** means “the right time” or “the time that God appointed.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the right time” or “the designated time” or “the appointed time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:4 opx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός 1 The phrase **born from a woman** is an idiom which means that someone is human. Because Jesus existed as God before he was born on earth, the emphasis here is that Jesus became human, in addition to being fully God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “having taken on human nature” or “having been born as a human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 4:4 d9c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γενόμενον ὑπὸ νόμον 1 The phrase **having been born under the law** means that Jesus, as a Jew, was under the jurisdiction of the law of Moses and therefore it was necessary that he obey it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having been born under the jurisdiction and requirements of the law of Moses” or “having been born subject to the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -4:4 mzwh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ νόμον 1 Here, the word **under** means under the authority of or under the jurisdiction of. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. See how you translated the phrase **under the law** in [3:23](../03/23.md) where Paul uses the word **under** with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “under the authority of the law” or “under the jurisdiction of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:4 mzwh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ νόμον 1 Here, the word **under** means “under the authority of” or “under the jurisdiction of.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. See how you translated the phrase **under the law** in [3:23](../03/23.md) where Paul uses the word **under** with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “under the authority of the law” or “under the jurisdiction of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:5 cb45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **in order that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God sent forth his Son. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “so that” or “with the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) 4:5 v5cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐξαγοράσῃ 1 With the word **redeem**, Paul uses the metaphor of a person buying back lost property or buying the freedom of a slave as a picture of God sending Jesus to pay the price for people’s sins by dying on the cross. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:5 nppu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα -1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God redeemed **the ones under the law**, which was **so that** God could adopt them as his spiritual sons and daughters. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” or “with the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) -4:5 eapv τὴν υἱοθεσίαν ἀπολάβωμεν 1 Alternate translation: “God might adopt us as his sons” +4:5 nppu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 2 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God redeemed **the ones under the law**, which was **so that** God could adopt them as his spiritual sons and daughters. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” or “with the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) +4:5 jhhy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 See how you translated the word **under** in [3:23](../03/23.md) where it is used with the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:5 eapv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὴν υἱοθεσίαν ἀπολάβωμεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God might adopt us as his sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 4:5 ii90 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἀπολάβωμεν 1 The word **we** could refer to: (1) all Christians, both Jews and non-Jews, in which case **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (2) Jewish Christians only, in which case **we** would be exclusive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 4:5 tpqc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν υἱοθεσίαν ἀπολάβωμεν 1 Paul speaks of God giving people a close personal relationship with himself and giving them special rights and privileges as if it were **adoption**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 4:5 jris rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱοθεσίαν 1 Paul speaks of those who believe in Jesus as if God were their biological, physical father. He means that these people have a father-son relationship with God because they trust in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the word **sons** in [3:26](../03/26.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “the spiritual children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -520,25 +517,24 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 4:8 e21a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰδότες Θεὸν 1 Here, the phrase **having known God** means knowing God in a close personal relationship. It means more than simply having heard about God or knowing some things about God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having been in a close relationship with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:8 yx8o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐδουλεύσατε τοῖς φύσει μὴ οὖσι θεοῖς 1 Paul speaks of the Galatians' former way of life in which they practiced false religions and worshiped false gods as if it were slavery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 4:8 cj5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῖς φύσει μὴ οὖσι θεοῖς 1 The phrase, **the ones by nature not being gods** refers to the beings which the Galatians served when they were pagans and which were considered by them to be gods though they were not really gods. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “false gods which were not really gods at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -4:9 i5p3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) -4:9 kv61 γνόντες & γνωσθέντες 1 Make sure that you translate the words **know** and **known** with the same type of expression as you used to translate the word “known” in [4:8](../04/08.md). The phrase “not having known God” in [4:8](../04/08.md) and the phrases **know God** and **known by God** in this verse are all referring to having intimate personal knowledge that comes from a close relationship. +4:9 i5p3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “So” See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) +4:9 kv61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γνόντες & γνωσθέντες 1 Make sure that you translate the words **know** and **known** with the same type of expression as you used to translate the word “known” in [4:8](../04/08.md). The phrase “not having known God” in [4:8](../04/08.md) and the phrases **know God** and **known by God** in this verse are all referring to having intimate personal knowledge that comes from a close relationship. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:9 cfka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γνωσθέντες ὑπὸ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: "God having come to know you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 4:9 wkt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πῶς ἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to rebuke the Galatian believers. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -4:9 b8ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν 1 Here, **turning again** means to return. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “are you returning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -4:9 n5ie τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα 1 See how you decided to translate the phrase **elemental principles** in [Galatians 4:3](../04/03.md). +4:9 b8ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν 1 Here, **turning again** means “to return.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “are you returning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:9 n5ie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα 1 See how you decided to translate the phrase **elemental principles** in [Galatians 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:9 w28k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to rebuke the Galatian believers. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:9 s77e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε 1 Here, **to be enslaved** is a metaphor for being obligated to obey certain rules and regulations. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. See how you translated the word **enslaved** in [4:8](../04/08.md) where it is also used with a metaphorical use. Alternate translation: “to which once more you want to act like a slave who must obey his master” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 4:10 j8k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρατηρεῖσθε 1 Here, the word **observe** refers to observing something for religious purposes in order to gain God’s favor and approval. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “For religious purposes you observe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:10 fd09 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular παρατηρεῖσθε 1 The word **You** is plural here and refers to the Galatian believers. Your language may require you to mark such forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) 4:10 w7d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἡμέρας & καὶ μῆνας, καὶ καιροὺς, καὶ ἐνιαυτούς 1 Paul is describing the different Jewish celebrations and religious observances required in the law of Moses by associating them with the times when they took place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “the Jewish Sabbath days and other days prescribed in the law of Moses. You also observe the monthly Jewish celebrations and annual Jewish festivals as well the Jewish sacred years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -4:11 ct4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φοβοῦμαι 1 Here, the phrase **I am afraid** means I am concerned about. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:11 ct4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φοβοῦμαι 1 Here, the phrase **I am afraid** means ”I am concerned about.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:11 yytt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμᾶς & ὑμᾶς 1 Both occurrences of the word **you** in this verse are plural and refer to the Galatian believers. Your language may require you to mark such forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) -4:11 chxa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives μή πως εἰκῇ κεκοπίακα εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “that I have possibly labored among you for nothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 4:11 alfd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κεκοπίακα 1 Here, the word **labored** refers to Paul’s work of teaching the Galatians the truths of the Christian faith. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I have labored in teaching and preaching” or “I have taught the truths of the Christian faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:11 bsv1 εἰκῇ 1 Alternate translation: “without results” or “to no avail” 4:12 mad2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular οἴδατε & ὑμῖν 1 In this verse both occurrences of the word **you** are plural and refer to the Galatian believers. Your language may require you to mark such forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) 4:12 p9gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated the word **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -4:12 gteu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γίνεσθε ὡς ἐγώ, ὅτι κἀγὼ ὡς ὑμεῖς 1 Here, Paul is referring to obeying the rules and regulations prescribed in the law of Moses. He is asking the Galatians to become like himself and not act as if the law of Moses has authority over their lives, because he became as they were when they did not seek to conduct their lives according to the rules prescribed in the law of Moses. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:12 gteu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γίνεσθε ὡς ἐγώ, ὅτι κἀγὼ ὡς ὑμεῖς 1 Paul is asking the Galatian believers to become like himself and not act as if the law of Moses has authority over their lives. He says that formerly, when they did not obey the law of Moses, he had become like them and not obeyed all the rules prescribed it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “act like I act by not living your life as if you need to obey the law of Moses, because when I was with you did not obey all the rules and ceremonial laws prescribed in the law of Moses” or “become as I am by not acting as if you have to obey the law of Moses, because formerly I became as you were before you were deceived into thinking that you needed to obey the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:12 b4w2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γίνεσθε ὡς ἐγώ, ὅτι κἀγὼ ὡς ὑμεῖς 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “because I became as you, you also should become as I am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 4:12 cg8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis κἀγὼ ὡς ὑμεῖς 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. Here, the implied words are **became** and **are**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 4:12 n3wf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐδέν με ἠδικήσατε 1 Here Paul expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “You treated me well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) @@ -551,14 +547,14 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 4:14 v9xa οὐκ ἐξουθενήσατε 1 Alternate translation: “you did not scorn” or “you did not hate” 4:14 h3vm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸν πειρασμὸν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **trial**, you could express the same idea some other way that would be natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 4:14 qz18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche σαρκί 1 Here, Paul uses the word **flesh**, one part of his body, to refer to his entire body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or use plain language. See how you translated the phrase **the flesh** in [2:20](../02/20.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -4:14 l244 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς ἄγγελον Θεοῦ 1 The phrase **as an angel of God** means as if I were an angel of God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as if I were an angel of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -4:14 gbhr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 The phrase **as Christ Jesus** means as you would welcome Christ Jesus. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as you would welcome Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:14 l244 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς ἄγγελον Θεοῦ 1 The phrase **as an angel of God** means ”as if I were an angel of God.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as if I were an angel of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:14 gbhr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 The phrase **as Christ Jesus** means “as you would welcome Christ Jesus.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as you would welcome Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:15 ard2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ποῦ οὖν ὁ μακαρισμὸς ὑμῶν 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form in order to express his disappointment to the Galatian believers and to cause them to think about what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way . (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:15 kcer rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μακαρισμὸς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **blessing**, you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 4:15 paah rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces information which proves how the Galatians had previously felt about Paul. Use a natural form in your language for introducing this material. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 4:15 ogmb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo εἰ δυνατὸν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν ἐξορύξαντες, ἐδώκατέ μοι 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers remember the way that they formerly felt and thought about Paul. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “if it were possible that you could have torn out your eyes and then given them to me, you would have done so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 4:15 o5tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis εἰ δυνατὸν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “if it were possible for you to do so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -4:15 wyyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom εἰ δυνατὸν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν ἐξορύξαντες, ἐδώκατέ μοι 1 The phrase **having torn out your eyes, you would have given them to me** could: (1) be an idiom indicating the great love and devotion which the Galatians formerly had for Paul. In Paul’s time the eyes were considered a person’s most precious possession, so if it were possible for a person to take out their eyes and give them to another person, this would be a sign of extreme devotion and love. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “you formerly loved me very much and would have given me your most valued possession to show me your love” (2) indicate that Paul had some type of eye disease, as indicated by the great concern which the Galatians had formerly shown for him regarding the eye problem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +4:15 wyyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom εἰ δυνατὸν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν ἐξορύξαντες, ἐδώκατέ μοι 1 The phrase **having torn out your eyes, you would have given them to me** could: (1) be an idiom indicating the great love and devotion which the Galatians formerly had for Paul. In Paul’s time the eyes were considered a person’s most precious possession, so if it were possible for a person to take out their eyes and give them to another person, this would indicate great love. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “you formerly loved me very much and would have given me your most valued possession to show me your love” (2) indicate that Paul had some type of eye disease. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 4:16 i73s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 Paul is using the phrase **So then** to introduce a reason-result clause in which **speaking truth** to the Galatians is the reason, and them acting as if Paul was their **enemy** is the result. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a reason-result clause. Alternate translation: “Therefore” or “Therefore, as a result of” or “So then, as a result of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 4:16 zznv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἐχθρὸς ὑμῶν γέγονα, ἀληθεύων ὑμῖν 1 The phrase **speaking truth to you, have I become your enemy** is a rhetorical question in which Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to show the Galatian believers his disappointment with them and cause them to think about what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “as a result of my speaking the truth to you, you are acting as if I have become your enemy.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:16 mhkl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀληθεύων ὑμῖν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “true,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “by telling you things that are true” or “because I have told you what is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -572,26 +568,26 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 4:18 m5m2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καλῷ 1 Here, the word **good** refers to good things. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “good things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:19 u3eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τέκνα μου 1 Paul speaks of the Galatian believers as if they were his **children** and he was their parent. The Galatian believers experienced their spiritual birth as a result of Paul’s work of proclaiming the gospel to them, so he was their spiritual parent and they were his spiritual **children**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “You who believed the message about Jesus that I proclaimed to you” or “My spiritual children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 4:19 yf9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πάλιν ὠδίνω 1 Paul speaks of his work of seeking to help the Galatians grow in spiritual maturity and the mental and physical suffering he endured as a result of this work as if it were the **labor** that a mother endures when giving birth to a child. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile. Alternate translation: “I am again in anguish as though I am giving birth” or “it is as if I am in labor again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:19 u9fp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν 1 The phrase **Christ would be formed in you** could be: (1) synecdoche in which case Paul is using the word **Christ** to refer to being a follower of Christ who is mature in thinking and whose actions resemble Christ’s actions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “Christ’s nature becomes fully developed in you” or “you become a mature follower of Christ” (2) a metaphor, in which case Paul is describing the Galatian believers as if they were mothers and Christ was being formed inside them. Alternate translation: “Christ's nature becomes developed in you completely and wholeheartedly as a child becomes developed in his mother's womb” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +4:19 u9fp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν 1 In the phrase **Christ would be formed in you** the word **Christ** refers Christ’s character and likeness. Christ being formed in them refers to them becoming mature in their spiritual thinking and acting in a way that resembles Jesus’ actions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “Christ’s nature becomes fully developed in you” or “you become a mature follower of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 4:19 k4fo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that God will do it. Alternate translation: “God forms Christ in you” or “God would form Christ in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 4:20 csin δὲ 1 Alternate translation: “and” 4:20 ucgi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἤθελον & παρεῖναι πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἄρτι, καὶ ἀλλάξαι τὴν φωνήν μου, ὅτι ἀποροῦμαι ἐν ὑμῖν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “because I am perplexed about you, I am desiring to be present with you now and to change my tone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 4:20 j8on rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀλλάξαι τὴν φωνήν μου 1 The phrase **change my tone** refers to Paul changing the manner of his communication towards the Galatians from sternly rebuking to being more affectionate. Paul loved the Galatian believers. However, because of the serious nature of the false teaching which the Galatians were being tempted to accept, combined with Paul’s physical distance from the Galatians, he felt that he needed to write to them and firmly and sternly correct their false thinking with the hope that they would not believe or follow false teaching. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly what the phrase **change my tone** means here. Alternate translation: “to speak in a different manner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:21 z1um λέγετέ μοι 1 Alternate translation: “Say to me” or “Answer me” 4:21 sf5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular οἱ 1 Here, the word **you** is plural. Your language may require you to mark such forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) -4:21 y3km θέλοντες 1 Alternate translation: "seeking" or "wanting" -4:21 ysq4 ὑπὸ νόμον 1 See how you translated the phrase **under the law** in [3:23](../03/23.md). Paul uses this phrase with the same meaning in [3:23](../03/23.md), [4:4](../04/04.md), and [4:5](../04/05.md). -4:21 u6fs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τὸν νόμον οὐκ ἀκούετε 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form in order to cause the Galatian believers to think about and reflect on what he is going to say next. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “that you listen to what the law actually says.” or “that you hear what the law really says.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +4:21 y3km θέλοντες 1 Alternate translation: "wanting" +4:21 ysq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 See how you translated the word **under** in [3:23](../03/23.md) where it is used with the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:21 u6fs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion λέγετέ μοι, οἱ ὑπὸ νόμον θέλοντες εἶναι, τὸν νόμον οὐκ ἀκούετε 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form in order to cause the Galatian believers to think about and reflect on what he is going to say next. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Each of you who desire to be under the law. You should listen to what the law actually says” or “Those of you who desire to be under the law. You pay closer attention to what the law really teaches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:21 kw9j τὸν νόμον οὐκ ἀκούετε 1 Alternate translation: “do you not comprehend what the law is teaching” or “do you not understand what the law is actually teaching” 4:22 fkbv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γέγραπται 1 Here, Paul uses **it is written** to mean that it is written in the Old Testament Scriptures. Paul assumes that his readers will understand this. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is referring to an important text. Alternate translation: “it has been written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:22 gthm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Moses did it. Alternate translation: “Moses wrote” or “Moses wrote in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 4:22 ljse rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks Ἀβραὰμ δύο υἱοὺς ἔσχεν; ἕνα ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης, καὶ ἕνα ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 In this verse and in all of [4:23](../04/23.md) Paul is summarizing a story from the book of Genesis and is not directly quoting scripture, so you should not use quotation marks or anything else that might cause your readers to think that Paul is directly quoting scripture here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) -4:22 wbg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἕνα ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης, καὶ ἕνα ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 **one by the slave girl and one by the free woman**\nIn both instances in the phrases **one by the slave girl and one by the free woman**, Paul is using the adjective "one" as a noun in order to indicate a specific kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could add the word “son” to show Paul's meaning. Alternate translation: “one son by the slave girl and one son by the free woman” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +4:22 wbg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἕνα ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης, καὶ ἕνα ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 In both instances in the phrases **one by the slave girl and one by the free woman**, Paul is using the adjective "one" as a noun in order to indicate a specific kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could add the word “son” to show Paul's meaning. Alternate translation: “one son by the slave girl and one son by the free woman” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 4:23 djsd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀλλ’ 1 Here, Paul is using the word **And** to introduce additional information regarding the two sons mentioned in [4:22](../04/22.md). In the remainder of this verse, Paul contrasts the way in which the two sons were born. Alternate translation: “Now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 4:23 bthj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj παιδίσκης & ἐλευθέρας 1 See how you translated **slave girl** and **free woman** in [4:22](../04/22.md). (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 4:23 s2pc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ σάρκα 1 Here, the phrase **according to the flesh** means that Ishmael was born in the natural way by which all children are born, without God intervening and performing a miracle. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the natural way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:23 wjvp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **but** is introducing a contrast. It is introducing a contrast between Ishmael, **the one** who **was born from the slave girl according to the flesh** and Isaac, who was born **from the free woman, through promise**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) -4:23 qnl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δι’ ἐπαγγελίας 1 Here, the phrase **through promise** means through God’s promise to Abraham and refers to God supernaturally intervening and enabling Abraham’s wife Sarah (**the free woman**) to become pregnant in order to fulfill his **promise** to Abraham. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “through God’s promise to Abraham” or “was conceived supernaturally as a result of what God had promised to Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:23 qnl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δι’ ἐπαγγελίας 1 Here, the phrase **through promise** means “through God’s promise to Abraham” and refers to God supernaturally intervening and enabling Abraham’s wife Sarah (**the free woman**) to become pregnant in order to fulfill his **promise** to Abraham. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “through God’s promise to Abraham” or “was conceived supernaturally as a result of what God had promised to Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:24 jfuz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἅτινά 1 **These things** refers to the **things** Paul has just described in [4:22-23](../04/22.md) regarding Abraham, his two sons, and Hagar and Sarah. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “These events I have just described to you” or “These things I have just told to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:24 rilp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἅτινά ἐστιν ἀλληγορούμενα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that he is doing it. Alternate translation: “I am speaking these things as an allegory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 4:24 k5qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἅτινά ἐστιν ἀλληγορούμενα 1 An **allegory** is a story in which things within the story are interpreted as representing something else. Here, the things in the story are meant to be interpreted as representing spiritual truths and realities. In this allegory, the two women referred to in [4:22](../04/22.md) represent two different covenants. If your language has a word or phrase for **allegory**, you could use that here. Alternately, if it would help your readers, you could describe what an allegory is in your translation. Alternate translation: “I am speaking of these things in order to teach you a spiritual truth” or “I am speaking of these things in order to use them as an analogy by which to teach you an important truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -604,12 +600,12 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 4:25 klcv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche τὸ & Ἁγὰρ Σινά Ὄρος ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ Ἀραβίᾳ 1 Paul uses **Mount Sinai in Arabia** to refer to the covenant and the accompanying laws that Moses gave to the Israelites there. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plain language to express this. Alternate translation: “Hagar resembles Mount Sinai in Arabia, where Moses received the law and gave it to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 4:25 azzt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis συνστοιχεῖ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. The words that Paul leaves out could be: (1) Hagar. Alternate translation: “Hagar corresponds” (2) Mount Sinai. Alternate translation: “Mount Sinai corresponds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 4:25 xvhr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy νῦν Ἰερουσαλήμ, δουλεύει γὰρ 1 Paul is describing the religion of Judaism (which emphasized obeying the law of Moses) by association with the city of Jerusalem, which was the center of this religion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “religion of Judaism, for all who follow this religion are in slavery” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -4:25 bonn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δουλεύει γὰρ μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς 1 Paul speaks of the religion of Judaism, with its emphasis on obeying the law of Moses, as being **in slavery**. Here, Paul uses the word **slavery** to refer to the spiritual bondage that seeking to obey the religious system based on the law of Moses creates for those who seek to obey it as a means of meriting God’s approval. Here, **slavery** refers to spiritual bondage, and **children** refers to those people who seek to obey the law of Moses as a means of meriting God’s approval. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent metaphors from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for Jerusalem represents the religious system of Judaism, which results in spiritual bondage for all those who practice it” or “for Jerusalem represents the religious system based on the laws of Moses, which results in spiritual bondage for all those who seek to be righteous before God by practicing it”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:25 bonn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δουλεύει γὰρ μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς 1 Paul speaks of the religion of Judaism, with its emphasis on obeying the law of Moses, as being **in slavery**. Here, Paul uses the word **slavery** to refer to the spiritual bondage that seeking to obey the religious system based on the law of Moses creates. Here, **slavery** refers to spiritual bondage, and **children** refers to those people who seek to obey the law of Moses as a means of meriting God’s approval. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent metaphors from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for Jerusalem represents the religious system of Judaism, which results in spiritual bondage for all those who practice it” or “for Jerusalem represents the religious system based on the laws of Moses, which results in spiritual bondage for all those who seek to be righteous before God by practicing it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 4:25 frft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification δουλεύει & μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς 1 Here, Paul refers to the city of **Jerusalem** as though it were a woman (**she** and **her**) who could be **in slavery** and have **children**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem represents the religious system of Judaism, which results in spiritual bondage for all those who practice it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -4:25 flc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δουλεύει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **slavery**, you could express the same idea with a concrete noun such as slave, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +4:25 flc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δουλεύει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **slavery**, you could express the same idea with a concrete noun such as “slave,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 4:26 busv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast between the present Jerusalem mentioned in [4:25](../04/25.md) and **the Jerusalem above** in this verse. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “On the other hand,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 4:26 qsz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ & ἄνω Ἰερουσαλὴμ 1 The phrase **the Jerusalem above** refers to the heavenly city of God, which is comprised of all those who trust Jesus to save them from their sins. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the heavenly Jerusalem” or “God’s Jerusalem” or “God’s Jerusalem, which is made up of those who trust in Jesus,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:26 tdz1 rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἄνω 1 Paul is describing what is heavenly (what belongs to or comes from heaven) by association with the word **above**, which his readers would have understood to mean heavenly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +4:26 tdz1 rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἄνω 1 Paul is describing what is heavenly (what belongs to or comes from heaven) by association with the word **above**, which his readers would have understood to mean “heavenly.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 4:26 qpxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐλευθέρα 1 Here, the word **free** refers to spiritual freedom which consists of freedom from the law of Moses and freedom from the power and condemnation of sin which results in being able to freely worship God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “spiritually free” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:26 iwg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἥτις ἐστὶν μήτηρ ἡμῶν 1 Paul uses the word **mother** to refer to belonging to a place as a citizen of that place and possessing the rights and privileges which belong to a citizen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “which is the Jerusalem to which we belong” or “which is the place to which we belong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 4:26 c4qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification μήτηρ ἡμῶν 1 Paul speaks of **the Jerusalem above** as if it was were a **mother**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -622,7 +618,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 4:27 r8jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit στεῖρα & ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα 1 If your language requires you to state the person who is the object of a command, it is implied that a woman is being addressed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you barren woman … you woman not suffering the pains of childbirth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:27 y6x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εὐφράνθητι, στεῖρα, ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ῥῆξον καὶ βόησον, ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα, ὅτι πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα 1 Paul is quoting the prophet Isaiah, who is speaking of the city of Jerusalem as if it were a **barren** woman who is unable to give **birth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 4:27 scqa rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 The word **because** is introducing the reason to **Rejoice**. Use a natural form for introducing a reason to do something. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -4:27 xi97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα 1 The prophet Isaiah wrote this scripture passage during the time in which Jerusalem and its people had been conquered by the Babylonian army and the people of Jerusalem had been taken away to Babylon. Isaiah is speaking of the city of Jerusalem as it was at the time of his writing, when it was without most of its original inhabitants. He compares the empty city to a **desolate** woman, a woman whose husband has left her, and he speaks of the inhabitants of Jerusalem as if they were **children**. In this passage from Isaiah 54:1, Isaiah is picturing Israel as a wife who is abandoned by her husband, which is God. Having **children** in this context refers to having inhabitants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent metaphors from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "the barren woman has more children than does the woman living with her husband" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:27 xi97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα 1 The prophet Isaiah wrote this scripture passage during the time in which Jerusalem and its people had been conquered by the Babylonian army and the people taken away to Babylon. Isaiah is speaking of the city of Jerusalem as it was at the time of his writing, when it was without most of its original inhabitants. He compares the empty city to a **desolate** woman, a woman whose husband has left her, and he speaks of the inhabitants of Jerusalem as if they were **children**. In this passage from Isaiah 54:1, Isaiah is picturing Israel as a wife who is abandoned by her husband, which is God. Having **children** in this context refers to having inhabitants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent metaphors from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "the woman who was abandoned by her husband has more children than does the woman living with her husband" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 4:27 bu3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἢ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “than the children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 4:28 jfx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δέ 1 Here, Paul uses the word **Now** to indicate that what he writes next is connected to what he wrote immediately before this and that he is continuing his line of thought. Use a natural form in your language to indicate that what follows is in continuity with what precedes it. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 4:28 oyo4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὑμεῖς & ἀδελφοί, κατὰ Ἰσαὰκ, ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα ἐστέ 1 The point of this comparison is that the Galatian believers (who are referred to as **brothers**) are **like Isaac** because both **Isaac** and the Galatians are **children of promise**, meaning that they both owe their birth to God’s supernatural working. Isaac’s physical birth came about as a result of God’s supernatural intervention, and the Galatian believers spiritual birth came about as a result of God’s supernatural intervention. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my fellow believers, you are similar to Isaac in that God miraculously intervened for both you and him in order to fulfill his promise to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -632,22 +628,22 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 4:28 u3dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the source of these **children**. He means that the **children** are the **children** or descendants which God promised to supernaturally give to Abraham, and therefore they are **children** whose source derives from God fulfillment of his **promise** to Abraham. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “children of God’s promise” or “children of God’s promise to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) 4:29 on63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀλλ’ 1 Here, the word **But** could be: (1) introducing a contrast. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. (2) indicating a transition. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 4:29 vmec rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥσπερ 1 Here, the word **just as** introduces a comparison. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a comparison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -4:29 eky8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ 1 Here, the phrase **the one** refers to Abraham’s son Ishmael. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -4:29 ppp0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν 1 Here, the phrase **the one** refers to Abraham’s son Isaac. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:29 eky8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ 1 Here, the phrase **the one** refers to Abraham’s son Ishmael. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: "Ishmael, the one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:29 ppp0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν 1 Here, the phrase **the one** refers to Abraham’s son Isaac. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Isaac, the one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:29 ued8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis κατὰ Πνεῦμα 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “having been born according to Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 4:29 gt1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ Πνεῦμα 1 Here, **according to Spirit** means that Isaac’s birth came about because the Holy Spirit worked in a supernatural way in order to make it happen. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having been born because of the supernatural working of the Spirit” or “having been born by the miraculous working of the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:29 saqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases οὕτως καὶ 1 The phrase **so it also is** introduces a comparison. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a comparison. Alternate translation: “so it is also the same” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 4:30 a2xo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to get the Galatian believers to think about the scripture verse he cites next. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: "the scripture says," (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:30 klbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification λέγει ἡ Γραφή 1 Here, Paul speaks of the specific scripture passage he is quoting from Genesis as though it were a person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does Moses say in the scripture” or “does Moses write in the scripture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 4:30 kg1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἔκβαλε τὴν παιδίσκην καὶ τὸν υἱὸν αὐτῆς; οὐ γὰρ μὴ κληρονομήσει ὁ υἱὸς τῆς παιδίσκης, μετὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 This is a quotation from Genesis. Use a natural way in your language to indicate that this is a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) -4:30 x9d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔκβαλε 1 Here, **Cast out** means to send away. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: "Get rid of" or "Remove from here" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -4:30 imto οὐ & μὴ 1 The phrase **certainly not** is a strong negation used to emphatically negate the idea that follows it. Use a form in your language to emphatically negate an idea. +4:30 x9d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔκβαλε 1 Here, **Cast out** means to send away. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: "Banish" or "Remove from here" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +4:30 imto rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ & μὴ 1 The phrase **certainly not** translates two negative words in Greek. In the author’s culture, two negative words made the statement even more negative. If your language can use two negatives as the author’s culture did, you could use a double negative here. If your language does not use two negatives in this way, you could translate with one strong negative. Alternate translation: “by no means” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 4:31 g74v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases διό 1 The word **Therefore** is introducing Paul’s conclusion to what he explained immediately prior to this verse. Use a natural form for introducing a concluding statement. Alternate translation: “So then” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 4:31 sy8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated the word **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 4:31 pesk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐσμὲν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 4:31 iz3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τέκνα 1 Paul speaks of spiritual descendants as if they were **children**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the word **children** in [4:28](../04/28.md) where it is also used to mean “spiritual descendants.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:31 al42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παιδίσκης & ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 Here, Paul is using the phrase **slave girl** to refer to Hagar, who symbolizes the law of Moses (which brings spiritual bondage), and he is using Sarah, **the free woman**, to symbolize God’s promise that he made to Abraham. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: of a slave girl, Hagar, but of the free woman, Sarah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -4:31 ily3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the word **but** is introducing a contrast. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation, as a new sentence: "Instead, we are children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) +4:31 al42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παιδίσκης & ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 Paul is using the phrase **slave girl** to refer to Hagar, who symbolizes the law of Moses (which brings spiritual bondage), and he is using Sarah, **the free woman**, to symbolize God’s promise that he made to Abraham. If your readers would not understand this you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “of the law of Moses, but of the promises that God made to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +4:31 ily3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the word **but** is introducing a contrast. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation (as a new sentence): "Instead, we are children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 5:intro bcg3 0 # Galatians 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul continues writing about the law of Moses as something that traps or enslaves a person. In this chapter Paul declares repeatedly that Christ has freed believers from being obligated to obey the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Fruit of the Spirit\n\nThe phrase “the fruit of the Spirit” is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. The word “fruit” is singular and refers to the nine qualities listed in [5:22–23](../05/22.md) to show that they are a united cluster of qualities that are manifested in each believer. Translators should keep the singular form for “fruit” if possible. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])\n\n\n### the law \n\nThe phrase “the law” is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. This phrase occurs in chapters 2-5. Every time this phrase occurs in Galatians it refers to the group of laws that God dictated to Moses at Mount Sinai. You should translate this phrase the same way each time it occurs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) 5:1 kuu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ, ἡμᾶς Χριστὸς ἠλευθέρωσεν 1 **For freedom Christ set us free** implies that Christ **set** believers **free** from being required to obey the laws God gave the Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Christ has set us free from the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 5:1 dt67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the purpose for which Christ freed believers. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose. Alternate translation: “For the purpose of freedom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) @@ -657,14 +653,14 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 5:1 eamw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ πάλιν & ἐνέχεσθε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “do not again subject yourselves to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 5:1 ovu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ πάλιν ζυγῷ δουλείας ἐνέχεσθε 1 Here Paul speaks of someone being obligated to obey the laws God gave the Jews as if that person were **subjected to a yoke of slavery.** If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “do not go back to being obligated to obey the law” or “do not be subjected to the law like one who is under a yoke of slavery” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:1 f969 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ζυγῷ δουλείας 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **yoke** that is **slavery**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a yoke, that is, slavery” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -5:2 bki6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἴδε 1 Paul uses the term **Behold** to focus his audience’s attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: "Listen!" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +5:2 bki6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἴδε 1 Paul uses the term **Behold** to focus his audience’s attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: "Understand this!" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:2 lrsx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐὰν περιτέμνησθε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone circumcises you” or “if you receive circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 5:2 vk9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Χριστὸς ὑμᾶς οὐδὲν ὠφελήσει. 1 In this clause Paul means that if a person is circumcised in order to complete their salvation, then what Christ has done to provide salvation for them will not help them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what Christ has done will not benefit you at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 5:3 h4q5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive περιτεμνομένῳ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who has someone circumcise him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 5:3 iqy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅλον τὸν νόμον ποιῆσαι 1 Paul implies that a **circumcised** man must obey **the whole law** in order to be righteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to do the whole law to become righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 5:3 cwlk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ὅλον τὸν νόμον 1 Here, **law** is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. See how **law** is translated in [2:16](../02/16.md) and [Romans 2:12](../../rom/02/12.md). Alternate translation: “all of God’s laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) 5:4 v01q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ, οἵτινες ἐν νόμῳ δικαιοῦσθε 1 **You** here refers to **whoever is being justified by the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “You who are being justified by the law were cut off from Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) -5:4 wsls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κατηργήθητε & δικαιοῦσθε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you couldstate this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You cut yourselves off … is justifying oneself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +5:4 wsls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κατηργήθητε & δικαιοῦσθε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You cut yourselves off … is justifying oneself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 5:4 h4yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, **cut off** refers to being separated from Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You have ended your relationship with Christ” or “You are separated from Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:4 ipf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἵτινες ἐν νόμῳ δικαιοῦσθε 1 Paul implies that these people were trying to be **justified by** obeying **the law,** which is impossible. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “whoever attempts to be justified by obeying the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 5:4 ygbj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμῳ 1 See how you translated **law** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) @@ -704,7 +700,6 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 5:11 z2hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the stumbling block** that is **the cross**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the stumbling block, that is, the cross” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) 5:11 arj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ σκάνδαλον 1 Here, **stumbling block** refers to something that offends people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offense” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:11 nipj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 Here, **the cross** refers to Christ’s sacrificial death on the cross, which was a very offensive way to die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of what Jesus did when he died on the cross” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -5:12 e7c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ὄφελον καὶ ἀποκόψονται, οἱ ἀναστατοῦντες ὑμᾶς 1 If the plain statement form for this seems unnatural, you could translate this as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “O how I wish that the ones disturbing you would even castrate themselves!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 5:12 sfl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καὶ ἀποκόψονται 1 This could mean: (1) Paul wished that the false teachers who wanted to circumcise the Galatian believers would cut off their male organs, as stated literally in the ULT. (2) Paul wished that the false teachers would leave the Christian community. Alternate translation: “will even remove themselves from among you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:13 y1g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here could indicate: (1) Paul is transitioning back to the topic he introduced in [5:1](../05/01.md). Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (2) the reason for the harsh words Paul said in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “I wish they would do so because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 5:13 ekb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑμεῖς & ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has called you to freedom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -733,10 +728,10 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 5:16 iron rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **desires**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what the flesh desires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 5:16 rl5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς 1 Here Paul speaks of **the flesh** as if it were a person who has **desires**. He is referring to what a person wants to do as a result of having a sinful human nature. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how this phrase is translated in [Romans 13:14](../../rom/13/14.md). Alternate translation: “what you want to do because of your sinful nature” or “the things you want to do that are sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]). 5:16 w8a1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σαρκὸς 1 Here, Paul uses the word **flesh** to refer to sinful human nature. See how you translated the phrase **the flesh** in [5:13](../05/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:17 mbdm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For**indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul commanded his readers to walk by the Spirit in the previous verse. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a reason. Alternate translation: “I say this to you because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +5:17 mbdm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul commanded his readers to walk by the Spirit in the previous verse. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a reason. Alternate translation: “I say this to you because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 5:17 m7td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ & σὰρξ & τῆς σαρκός 1 See how you translated the phrase **the flesh** in [5:13](../05/13.md) and in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:17 xjj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ & σὰρξ ἐπιθυμεῖ κατὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 The phrase **desires against** implies desiring to do what is **against the Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the flesh desires to do things that are against the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -5:17 w7kv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ & σὰρξ ἐπιθυμεῖ 1 Here, Paul speaks of **the flesh** as if it were a person who **desires**. He is referring to what a person **desires** to do as a result of having a sinful human nature. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what you want to do because of your sinful nature” or “the things you want to do because you are sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]). +5:17 w7kv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ & σὰρξ ἐπιθυμεῖ 1 Here, Paul speaks of **the flesh** as if it were a person who **desires**. He is referring to what a person **desires** to do as a result of having a sinful human nature. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what you want to do because of your sinful nature is” or “the things you want to do because you are sinful are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]). 5:17 oyog rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τὸ & Πνεῦμα κατὰ τῆς σαρκός 1 Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If if would be helpful in your language, you could supply the word from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “the Spirit desires against the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 5:17 xp0l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 2 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why the **desires** of **the flesh** and **the Spirit** are against each other. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a reason. Alternate translation: “This is for the reason that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 5:17 r3dk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ταῦτα 1 The pronoun **these** refers to **the flesh** and **the Spirit**. If if would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the flesh and the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) @@ -745,10 +740,10 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 5:18 cyud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Πνεύματι ἄγεσθε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Spirit leads you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 5:18 san8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification οὐκ ἐστὲ ὑπὸ νόμον 1 Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a ruler **under** whose authority people had to live. He means that Christians are not controlled by the requirements of **the law** or under its authority. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how **under the law** is translated in [Galatians 3:23](../../gal/03/23.md) and [Romans 6:14](../../rom/06/14.md). Alternative translation: “the law does not control you” or “you are not under the authority of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 5:18 esbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμον 1 See how you translated **the law** in [2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) -5:19 alfa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός & πορνεία, ἀκαθαρσία, ἀσέλγεια 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **works**, **sexual immorality**, **impurity**, and **licentiousness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the things the flesh does … commits sexually immoral acts, behaves impurely, is licentious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +5:19 alfa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός & πορνεία, ἀκαθαρσία, ἀσέλγεια 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **impurity** you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “behaves impurely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 5:19 yf2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός 1 Here Paul speaks of **the flesh** as if it were a person who has **works**. He is referring to what a person does as a result of having a sinful human nature. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the things people do because of their sinful natures” or “the things people do because they are sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 5:19 pu5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῆς σαρκός 1 See how you translated **flesh** in [5:13](../05/13.md) and [5:16](../05/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:20 rgjl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰδωλολατρία, φαρμακεία, ἔχθραι, ἔρις, ζῆλοι, θυμοί, ἐριθεῖαι, διχοστασίαι, αἱρέσεις 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **idolatry**, **sorcery**, **hostilities**, **strife**, **jealousy**, **anger**, **rivalry**, **divisions**, and **factions**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “worshiping idols, practicing witchcraft, being hostile, striving with others, being jealous, angrily bursting out, causing people to divide, making factious groups” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +5:20 rgjl εἰδωλολατρία, φαρμακεία, ἔχθραι, ἔρις, ζῆλοι, θυμοί, ἐριθεῖαι, διχοστασίαι, αἱρέσεις 1 Alternate translation: “worshiping idols, practicing witchcraft, being hostile, striving with others, being jealous, angrily bursting out, causing people to divide, making factious groups” 5:21 fdce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns φθόνοι, μέθαι, κῶμοι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **envy**, **drunkenness**, and **drunken celebrations**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “being envious, being drunk, being drunk while celebrating” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 5:21 rs9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ κληρονομήσουσιν 1 Here Paul speaks of **the kingdom of God** as if it were property that a child could **inherit** from a parent when that parent dies. Paul uses the word **inherit** here to refer to being able to dwell in **the kingdom of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this figure of speech with a comparable metaphor or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “will not dwell in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:22 ejgc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ & καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματός 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the fruit** that **the Spirit** gives to believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the fruit that the Spirit gives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) @@ -774,7 +769,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 6:1 zudd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πνεύματι 1 Here, **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude or emotional state. It does not refer to the Holy Spirit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a mental state” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 6:1 jrve σκοπῶν 1 Alternate translation: “paying careful attention to” or “looking out for” 6:1 rrg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σεαυτόν 1 Paul uses the singular pronoun **yourself** here to refer to all his Christian readers. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural form of **yourself** in your translation. Alternate translation: “yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) -6:1 ljx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ καὶ σὺ πειρασθῇς 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “lest something also tempts you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +6:1 ljx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ καὶ σὺ πειρασθῇς 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “lest something also tempts you” or “lest the same thing that tempted that person also tempt you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 6:2 l0mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε 1 Paul speaks of the spiritual struggles of immature believers as if they were **burdens** that a person could **carry**. He means that mature Christians should patiently help spiritually weak Christians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “help one another overcome spiritual weakness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 6:2 jfh0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **burdens**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “whatever burdens one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 6:2 i7bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἀναπληρώσετε 1 Here, **fulfill** refers to obeying completely. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will completely obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -795,7 +790,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 6:6 c1rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον 1 Here, **the word** refers to what God had said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God’s words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 6:6 n26e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism ἐν πᾶσιν ἀγαθοῖς 1 Here, **all good things** is a polite way of referring to material possessions, including money. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to these things or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in all that one possesses” or “in all possessions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 6:7 o9sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ πλανᾶσθε, Θεὸς οὐ μυκτηρίζεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not deceive yourselves. No one can mock God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -6:7 tm7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, **for** indicates that what follows is a reason why **God is not mocked**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “due to the fact that” or "since"(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +6:7 tm7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, **for** indicates that what follows is a reason why **God is not mocked**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 6:7 gii9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει 1 Although **man** and **he** are masculine, Paul is using the words here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person … that thing the person will also reap” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 6:7 x5pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὃ & ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει 1 Here, **sow** refers to doing things that will have consequences, and **reap** represents experiencing those consequences. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “just as a farmer gathers in the fruit of the plants he grew from seed, so everyone experiences the results of whatever they do” or “everyone receives the results of whatever they have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 6:8 ejbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor σπείρων εἰς τὴν σάρκα ἑαυτοῦ & σπείρων εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα 1 Paul continues the metaphor from the previous verse of a farmer **sowing** seeds and harvesting crops. The word **sowing** refers to doing deeds, which will have consequences. Here, **sowing to his own flesh** refers to a person doing sinful actions in order to satisfy his sinful nature, and **sowing to the Spirit** refers to a person doing good actions in order to please the Holy **Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “doings things to satisfy his sinful nature … doing things to please the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) @@ -804,10 +799,10 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 6:8 dge9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φθοράν 1 Here, **destruction** refers to experiencing punishment forever in hell. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “eternal destruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 6:8 cc72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns θερίσει φθοράν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “will be destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 6:9 xgi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive μὴ ἐνκακῶμεν & θερίσομεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is speaking of himself and the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive here. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -6:9 xruj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ & καλὸν 1 See how you translated **good** in [4:18](../04/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +6:9 aja6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ & καλὸν 1 See how you translated **good** in [4:18](../04/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 6:9 u77c καιρῷ & ἰδίῳ 1 Alternate translation: “at the proper time” 6:9 u8fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative μὴ ἐκλυόμενοι 1 Paul is using a statement to give a condition. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for a condition. Alternate translation: “if not becoming weary” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) -6:9 hw39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θερίσομεν 1 See how you translated **reap** in [verse 7](../06/07.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +6:9 hw39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θερίσομεν 1 See how you translated **reap** in [6:7](../06/07.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 6:10 ax66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἄρα οὖν 1 **So then** indicates that what follows in this verse is the concluding result of what Paul has said in [6:1–9](../06/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Because all these things are true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 6:10 gih4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἔχομεν & ἐργαζώμεθα 1 When Paul says **we** he is speaking of himself and the Galatian believers, so we would be inclusive here. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 6:10 yjpq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ ἀγαθὸν 1 See how you translated **good** in [4:18](../04/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])