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Merge pull request 'Apply Jane's proofreading suggestions to Romans' (#3060) from lrsallee-tc-create-1 into master
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3060
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tn_ROM.tsv
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tn_ROM.tsv
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@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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1:14 q728 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Ἕλλησίν τε καὶ βαρβάροις, σοφοῖς τε καὶ ἀνοήτοις 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that he is obligated to preach the gospel to every kind of Gentile. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “to each and every kind of Gentile” or “to every single non-Jewish person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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1:15 h9zv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὕτως 1 **So** here indicates that this a reason clause. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is the reason why” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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1:16 oa6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates the reason why Paul is eager to proclaim the gospel in Rome. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “I am eager to do this because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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1:16 mm2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐ & ἐπαισχύνομαι 1 Here Paul uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “I am greatly honored” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
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1:16 mm2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐ & ἐπαισχύνομαι 1 Here Paul uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “I am proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
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1:16 nvkv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οὐ & ἐπαισχύνομαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 Here, **gospel** refers specifically to the preaching of the **gospel** that was mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am not ashamed to preach the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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1:16 f5x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession δύναμις γὰρ Θεοῦ ἐστιν εἰς σωτηρίαν 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the **gospel** as the powerful way that **God** saves people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression Alternate translation: “for it is the powerful way that God saves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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1:16 sz5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς σωτηρίαν 1 Here, **for** indicates that **salvation** is the result of the gospel. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “that results in the salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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@ -125,19 +125,19 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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1:21 sw8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns καρδία 1 The word **heart** is a singular noun that refers to the inner beings or minds of a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “inner beings” or “hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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1:22 ddr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἐμωράνθησαν 1 The phrase **they became foolish** is in contrast to what these unrighteous people claimed about themselves in the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “instead they became foolish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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1:22 ly68 ἐμωράνθησαν 1 Alternate translation: “they became fools” or “they acted like fools” or “they started acting like fools”
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1:23 k9xu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows describes what these ungodly and unrighteous people did after they “became foolish,” as stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “then they” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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1:23 x2wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καὶ ἤλλαξαν τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ ἐν ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου, καὶ πετεινῶν, καὶ τετραπόδων, καὶ ἑρπετῶν. 1 Paul uses **exchanged** to describe the actions of these ungodly people as if they were exchanging goods or money. Paul means that they stopped worshiping God and started worshiping idols that resembled these creatures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation, “then they stopped glorifying the imperishable God in order to worship images things that God created: perishable humans, birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:23 k9xu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows describes what these ungodly and unrighteous people did after they “became foolish,” as stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. You may want to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “; then they” or “Then they” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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1:23 x2wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καὶ ἤλλαξαν τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ ἐν ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου, καὶ πετεινῶν, καὶ τετραπόδων, καὶ ἑρπετῶν. 1 Paul uses **exchanged** to describe the actions of these ungodly people as if they were exchanging goods or money. Paul means that they stopped worshiping God and started worshiping idols that resembled these creatures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. You may want to start a new sentence here. Alternative translation, “; then they stopped glorifying the imperishable God in order to worship images things that God created: perishable humans, birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things” or “Then they stopped glorifying the imperishable God in order to worship images things that God created: perishable humans, birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:23 qb7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ ἐν ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου 1 The two phrases **the glory of the imperishable God** and **a likeness of an image of perishable man** mean the opposite thing. Paul says the opposite thing with similar phrases to emphasize the contrast between **God** and **man**. Use a natural way in your language to express a contrast that uses parallel ideas. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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1:23 r14e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what glorifies the imperishable God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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1:23 u971 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the relationship between **glory** and **the imperishable God**. This phrase could refer to: (1) the glory that characterizes God. Alternate translation: “the glory that characterizes the imperishable God” (2) the glory that belongs to God. Alternate translation: “the glory that belongs only to the imperishable God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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1:23 rfez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος 1 The words translated as **likeness** and **image** were used in the Greek translation of the Old Testament to refer to the same thing ([Genesis 1:26](../gen/01/26.md)). Here Paul is using the possessive form to indicate that **image** is an explanation of **likeness**. Use a word or phrase that introduces a further explanation or elaboration in your language. Alternate translation: “a likeness, that is, an image” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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1:23 osrt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καὶ πετεινῶν, καὶ τετραπόδων, καὶ ἑρπετῶν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “and likenesses of birds, and likenesses of four-footed animals, and likenesses of creeping things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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1:23 rq7h τετραπόδων 1 The phrase **four-footed beasts** refers to animals that walk on four feet. Use the most natural form to describe this kind of animal in your language. Alternate translation: “of quadrupeds” or “of four-legged beasts”
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1:24 fvv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is a logical conclusion. **Therefore** here introduces a result clause. Paul is stating the result of people rejecting the glory of God in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a result clause. Alternate translation: “As a result” or “This is why” or “Because of this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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1:24 fvv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is a logical conclusion. **Therefore** here introduces a result clause. Paul is stating the result of people rejecting the glory of God, as described in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a result clause. Alternate translation: “As a result” or “This is why” or “Because of this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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1:24 ec9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς ἐν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τῶν καρδιῶν αὐτῶν 1 Paul speaks of these people as if **God** were physically giving them to **lusts**. He means that God is allowing them to have what they desire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “God permitted them to become controlled by the lusts of their hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:24 tlv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τῶν καρδιῶν αὐτῶν 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **lusts** that come from **their hearts**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the lusts that come from their hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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1:24 le2o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῶν καρδιῶν αὐτῶν 1 See how you translated “heart” in [verse 21](../01/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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1:24 rkou rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν 1 This is a result clause. Paul is stating the result of people indulging in **the lusts of their hearts**. Use the natural way in your language to express result. Alternate translation: “resulting in uncleanness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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1:24 rkou rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν 1 This is a result clause. Paul is stating the result of people indulging in **the lusts of their hearts**. Use the natural way in your language to express result. Alternate translation (with a comma preceding): “, resulting in uncleanness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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1:24 ze8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **uncleanness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to become unclean” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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1:24 g0r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν 1 Here Paul uses **uncleanness** to refer to sexual immorality as if it were something dirty. He means that these lustful people become spiritually impure as a result of doing sexually immoral acts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation, “to become sexually immoral” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:24 puad rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal τοῦ ἀτιμάζεσθαι 1 Here, **to dishonor** could refer to: (1) the result of God giving the people **over to their lusts**. Alternate translation: “which results in them dishonoring” (2) the purpose for which **God gave them over to their lusts**. Alternate translation: “in order to dishonor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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@ -147,13 +147,13 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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1:25 e9pj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **truth** that is about **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the truth about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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1:25 bl7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἐσεβάσθησαν καὶ ἐλάτρευσαν 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that these people completely rejected worshiping the true **God**. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “wholeheartedly worshiped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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1:25 x3t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ κτίσει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **creation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what was created” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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1:25 xrsa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ὅς ἐστιν εὐλογητὸς εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας 1 This phrase gives further information about **the Creator**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “God who is blessed to eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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1:25 xrsa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τὸν κτίσαντα, ὅς ἐστιν εὐλογητὸς εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας 1 This phrase gives further information about **the Creator**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “the Creator God who is blessed to eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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1:25 m8zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing ὅς ἐστιν εὐλογητὸς εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας 1 After naming **the Creator**, Paul adds a blessing. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “may he be blessed to eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
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1:25 v1ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj εὐλογητὸς 1 Paul is using the adjective **blessed** as a noun in order to describe **the Creator**. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the blessed one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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1:25 v1ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj εὐλογητὸς 1 Paul is using the adjective **blessed** as a noun in order to describe **the Creator**. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the Blessed One” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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1:26 sk6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς εἰς 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 24](../01/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:26 hw81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πάθη ἀτιμίας 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **passions** that are characterized by **dishonor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “dishonorable passions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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1:26 lk73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πάθη ἀτιμίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **passions** and **dishonor**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “dishonor themselves by doing what they are passionate about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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1:26 j4ni rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 The word translated **for** introduces an explanation of **passions of dishonor**. This explanation begins after the word **for** and continues through the end of the next verse. Use a word or phrase that introduces a further explanation or elaboration in your language. Alternate translation: “That is,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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1:26 j4ni rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 The word translated **for** introduces an explanation of **passions of dishonor**. This explanation begins after the word **for** and continues through the end of the next verse. Use a word or phrase that introduces a further explanation or elaboration in your language. Alternate translation: “that is,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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1:26 jqyi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μετήλλαξαν τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν εἰς τὴν παρὰ φύσιν 1 Paul uses **exchanged** to describe the actions of ungodly women as if they were exchanging goods or money. Paul means that they stopped doing **natural** sexual acts with men and started doing sexual acts with other women, which is **contrary to nature**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **exchanged** in [verses 23](../01/23.md) and [25](../01/25.md). Alternative translation, “stopped doing natural sexual acts with men and started doing unnatural sexual acts with women” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:26 vs4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν 1 Paul uses **the natural use** figuratively to refer to sexual activity between women and men. This is a polite way of referring to something that would be offensive in some cultures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “sexual activity with males” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
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1:26 qvr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism τὴν παρὰ φύσιν 1 Paul uses **contrary to nature** figuratively to refer to sexual activity between women and other women. This is a polite way of referring to something immoral. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “sexual activity with other females” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
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@ -162,10 +162,10 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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1:27 g3ja rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν τῆς θηλείας 1 See how you translated **the natural use** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
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1:27 qvi3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν τῆς θηλείας 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the natural use** that is associated with **the female**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the natural use associated with the female” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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1:27 pqpo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τῆς θηλείας 1 Paul is speaking of these females in general, not of one particular **female**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “of females” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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1:27 yvm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐξεκαύθησαν ἐν τῇ ὀρέξει αὐτῶν εἰς ἀλλήλους 1 Paul speaks of **lust** as if it were something that could burn like a fire. He means that their **lust** is out of control like a burning fire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “passionately lusted after one another” or “intensely desired each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:27 yvm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐξεκαύθησαν ἐν τῇ ὀρέξει αὐτῶν εἰς ἀλλήλους 1 Paul speaks of **lust** as if it were something that could burn like a fire. He means that their **lust** is out of control, like a wildly burning fire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “passionately lusted after one another” or “intensely desired each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:27 ylj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐξεκαύθησαν ἐν τῇ ὀρέξει αὐτῶν εἰς ἀλλήλους 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **lust**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “burned lustfully for one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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1:27 kxwj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism ἄρσενες ἐν ἄρσεσιν τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην κατεργαζόμενοι 1 This phrase refers to men doing sexual acts with other men. This is a polite way of referring to something immoral. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “males shamelessly engaging in sexual activity with each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
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1:27 u2hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κατεργαζόμενοι 1 Paul speaks of men doing sexual acts with each other as if it could produce something. He means that what they are doing is morally shameful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “committing” or “engaging in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:27 u2hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κατεργαζόμενοι 1 Paul speaks of men doing unnatural things with each other as if their interaction could produce something, a shameless act. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “committing” or “engaging in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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1:27 sjhb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ τὴν ἀντιμισθίαν ἣν ἔδει τῆς πλάνης αὐτῶν, ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἀπολαμβάνοντες 1 In the original language the phrase **the penalty** is at the front of the clause for emphasis. If it would be more natural in your language, you could arrange the order of these phrases to show that emphasis. Alternate translation: “and the penalty, which was necessary for their perversion, receiving in themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
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1:27 jtru rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ 2 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the result of the **shameless acts**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “and as a result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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1:27 raet rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἀπολαμβάνοντες 1 Paul speaks of **the penalty** for their sinful activity as if it were something that they could receive inside of themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “experiencing in their own bodies” or “receiving among themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -185,16 +185,16 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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1:29 dzda rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μεστοὺς φθόνου, φόνου, ἔριδος, δόλου, κακοηθείας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **envy**, **murder**, **strife**, **deceit**, and **evil intent**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “they are full of envious, murderous, contentious, and deceitful thoughts, and they intend to do evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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1:30 f4tt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj θεοστυγεῖς, ὑβριστάς, ὑπερηφάνους, ἀλαζόνας & ἀπειθεῖς 1 Paul is using these adjectives as nouns in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who hate God, people who are insolent, people who are arrogant, people who are boastful … people who are disobedient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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1:30 th8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καταλάλους & ἐφευρετὰς κακῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **slanderers** and **inventors**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “people who speak against others … people who invent ways to do evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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1:30 qq50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐφευρετὰς κακῶν 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **inventors** who invent **evil things**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “they invent evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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1:30 qq50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐφευρετὰς κακῶν 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **inventors** who invent **evil things**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “inventing evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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1:31 i7ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἀσυνέτους, ἀσυνθέτους, ἀστόργους, ἀνελεήμονας 1 Paul is using these adjectives as nouns in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are senseless, faithless, heartless, and merciless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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1:32 cxx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ δικαίωμα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **decree**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what is rightly decreed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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1:32 ytu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **the righteous decree** that comes from **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “God’s righteous decree” or “what God decrees is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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1:32 z12q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 1 Here, **that** indicates that what follows is the content of the **the righteous decree of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “namely,” or “in other words,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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1:32 ytu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **the righteous decree** that comes from **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “God’s righteous decree” or “that what God decrees is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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1:32 z12q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 1 Here, **that** indicates that what follows is the content of the **the righteous decree of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “namely, that” or “in other words, that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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1:32 iqg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τὰ τοιαῦτα & αὐτὰ & τοῖς πράσσουσιν 1 The pronouns **such things** and **things** and **them** refer to the litany of “the things that are not proper” in [verses 28–31](../01/28/md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “such improper things … these improper things … those who keep doing these improper things” or “these kinds of evil things … these evil things … those who keep doing these evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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1:32 p9e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἄξιοι θανάτου 1 Paul is using the adjective **worthy** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who deserve death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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1:32 t0ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἄξιοι θανάτου εἰσίν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “are worthy to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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1:32 awth rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄξιοι θανάτου εἰσίν 1 Here, **death** refers to spiritual **death**, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are worthy to die spiritually” or “are worthy of spiritual death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:intro dse2 0 # Romans 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n3. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18–3:20)\n * All non-Jews have sinned (1:18–32)\n * All Jews have sinned (2:1–3:8)\n\nIn this chapter Paul shifts his audience from Roman Christians to people who “judge” other people and do not believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### “The Law”\n\nIn this chapter Paul uses the singular noun “the law” to refer to the group of laws that God gave Israel through Moses. Paul says that those who try to obey the Law of Moses will not be justified by trying to obey it. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nIn [verses 1–5](../02/01.md) Paul uses the singular pronoun “you” and the singular noun “man” to refer to all people in general. If your language does not use singular pronouns or singular nouns to refer to a group of people, you can use a different expression. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:intro dse2 0 # Romans 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n3. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18–3:20)\n * All non-Jews have sinned (1:18–32)\n * All Jews have sinned (2:1–3:8)\n\nIn this chapter Paul shifts his audience from Roman Christians to people who “judge” other people and do not believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### “The Law”\n\nIn this chapter Paul uses the singular noun “the law” to refer to the group of laws that God gave Israel through Moses. Paul says that those who try to obey the law of Moses will not be justified by trying to obey it. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nIn [verses 1–5](../02/01.md) Paul uses the singular pronoun “you” and the singular noun “man” to refer to all people in general. If your language does not use singular pronouns or singular nouns to refer to a group of people, you can use a different expression. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:1 y6ts rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 **Therefore** here marks a new section of the letter. It also introduces a result clause that summarizes the consequences of the behavior that Paul described in [1:18–32](../01/18.md). Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “As a result” or “So then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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2:1 d7pj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd εἶ & κρίνεις & σεαυτὸν κατακρίνεις & πράσσεις, ὁ κρίνων 1 Paul uses the singular pronoun **you** here to refer to all people in general. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “every one of you is … every one of you judges … every one of you condemns yourself … every one of you who judges practices” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
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2:1 atxo ἀναπολόγητος 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:20](../01/20.md).
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@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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2:2 j46f τοὺς & πράσσοντας 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:32](../01/32/.md).
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2:2 mjao rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ τοιαῦτα 1 Here, **such things** refers to the litany of “the things that are not proper” in [1:28–32](../01/28/md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “such improper things” or “these kinds of evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:3 zwg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion λογίζῃ δὲ τοῦτο, ὦ ἄνθρωπε, ὁ κρίνων τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντας, καὶ ποιῶν αὐτά, ὅτι σὺ ἐκφεύξῃ τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ? 1 Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize that these judgmental people should know that God will finally judge them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “But you should not think, O man, who judges those who are practicing such things and you are doing the same things, that you will escape from the judgment of God!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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2:3 jct9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο 1 The pronoun **this** refers to the final clause of this verse **that you will escape from the judgment of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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2:3 jct9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο 1 The pronoun **this** refers to the final clause of this verse **that you will escape from the judgment of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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2:3 ysys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure τοῦτο, ὦ ἄνθρωπε, ὁ κρίνων τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντας, καὶ ποιῶν αὐτά, ὅτι σὺ ἐκφεύξῃ τὸ κρίμα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “that you will escape from the judgment of God, O man, who judges those who are practicing such things and you are doing the same things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
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2:3 rk75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ὦ ἄνθρωπε 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 1](../02/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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2:3 mo4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ τοιαῦτα & αὐτά 1 The phrases **such things** and **the same things** refer to the litany of “the things that are not proper” in [1:28–32](../01/28/md). See how you translated **such things** in [verse 2](../02/02.md) and **the same things** in [verse 1](../02/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -224,8 +224,8 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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2:4 swj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς χρηστότητος αὐτοῦ, καὶ τῆς ἀνοχῆς, καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **kindness**, **forbearance**, and **patience**, you could express these ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “of how kind, forbearing, and patient he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:4 pplt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς χρηστότητος αὐτοῦ, καὶ τῆς ἀνοχῆς, καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας & τὸ χρηστὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the **kindness**, **forbearance**, and **patience** that characterize **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of God’s kindness, forbearance, and patience … God’s kindness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:4 acip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τὸ χρηστὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ, εἰς μετάνοιάν σε ἄγει 1 Paul speaks of **the kindness of God** as if it were a person who could lead someone **to repentance**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God uses his kindness to cause you to repent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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2:4 u0io rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς μετάνοιάν σε ἄγει 1 Here, **to repentance** is a goal clause. Paul is stating the goal of **the kindness of God**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a goal clause. Alternate translation: “leads you to repent” or “guides you to deeply change the way you perceive things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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2:4 jamv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μετάνοιάν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **repentance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to deeply change the way you perceive things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:4 u0io rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς μετάνοιάν σε ἄγει 1 Here, **to repentance** is a goal clause. Paul is stating the goal of **the kindness of God**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a goal clause. Alternate translation: “leads you to repent” or “guides you to completely change the way you perceive things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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2:4 jamv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μετάνοιάν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **repentance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to fully change the way you perceive things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:5 agl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κατὰ δὲ τὴν σκληρότητά σου 1 Paul speaks of these people as if they were a hard substance. He means that these people stubbornly refuse to repent from their judgmental way of life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “But according to your stubbornness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:5 v6z1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἀμετανόητον καρδίαν 1 Here, **heart** refers to a person’s will or inner being. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “unrepentant will” or “unwillingness to repent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:5 fv4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θησαυρίζεις σεαυτῷ ὀργὴν 1 Here Paul speaks of **wrath** as if it were an object that someone could store up. He means that the longer people refuse to repent, the greater is God’s wrath against them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “you are increasing how much wrath God has against you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -235,33 +235,33 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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2:5 ay1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wrath**, **revelation**, and **judgment**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “on the day of God’s wrathful acts, when he reveals how righteously he judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:5 fnpj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἀποκαλύψεως δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the righteous judgment of God** as what **the revelation** reveals. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “when God reveals his righteous judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:5 sume rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the righteous judgment** that is carried out by **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of God judging righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:6 frov rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations ἀποδώσει ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ 1 This clause is a quotation from the Old Testament ([Psalm 62:12](../psa/062/012.md)). If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as a direct quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
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2:6 frov rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations ἀποδώσει ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ 1 This clause is a quotation from the Old Testament ([Psalm 62:12](../psa/062/012.md)). If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “who ‘will pay back to each one according to his deeds’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
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2:6 jwcx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀποδώσει ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ 1 Here Paul uses **pay back** to refer to appropriately punishing or rewarding someone as if the punishment or reward was reciprocal payment for that person’s deeds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will appropriately punish or reward each one according to his deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:6 gj1q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **deeds**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how he acts” or “what he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:7 ylpm General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIn [verses 7–10](../02/07.md) Paul explains what he means when he said in [verse 6](../02/06.md) that God will “pay back to each according to his deeds.”
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2:7 ylpm 0 # General Information:\n\nIn [verses 7–10](../02/07.md) Paul explains what he means when he said in [verse 6](../02/06.md) that God will “pay back to each according to his deeds.”
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2:7 rrbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure τοῖς & καθ’ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ, δόξαν καὶ τιμὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν ζητοῦσιν, ζωὴν αἰώνιον; 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “eternal life to those who are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility according to endurance of good work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
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2:7 gec6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “eternal life is what God pays back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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2:7 sqdo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοῖς & ζητοῦσιν 1 Paul uses **seeking** to refer to these people as if they were trying to find something. He means that they are trying to live in such a way as to obtain **glory and honor and incorruptibility**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to those who … keep trying to attain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:7 zyff τοῖς & καθ’ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ & ζητοῦσιν, ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 Here, **according to** could indicate: (1) the means by which these people **are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility**. Alternate translation: “everlasting life to those who, by means of endurance of good work, are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility” (2) the reason why God gives these people **everlasting life**. Alternate translation: “because they endure in good work and are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility, everlasting life”
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2:7 zyff τοῖς & καθ’ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ, δόξαν καὶ τιμὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν ζητοῦσιν, ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 Here, **according to** could indicate: (1) the means by which these people **are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility**. Alternate translation: “everlasting life to those who, by means of endurance of good work, are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility” (2) the reason why God gives these people **everlasting life**. Alternate translation: “because they endure in good work and are seeking glory and honor and incorruptibility, everlasting life”
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2:7 d2gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καθ’ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **endurance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “according to the fact that they keep on doing good work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:7 ub51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δόξαν καὶ τιμὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **glory**, **honor**, and **incorruptibility**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “for God to glorify, honor, and cause them to live forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:8 j1e6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐξ ἐριθείας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ambition**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “from being selfishly ambitious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:8 fcb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet καὶ ἀπειθοῦσι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, πειθομένοις δὲ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize how sinful these people are. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “who are disobedient to all that is true and right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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2:8 xhtm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἀπειθοῦσι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, πειθομένοις δὲ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ 1 Here Paul speaks of **the truth**as if it were a person whom someone could disobey, and he speaks of **unrighteousness** as if it were a person whom someone could obey. Paul means that these people reject what God says is true and right by **disobeying** him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who reject what God says is true and right by disobeying him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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2:8 fcb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet καὶ ἀπειθοῦσι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, πειθομένοις δὲ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ ὀργὴ καὶ θυμός 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize how sinful these people are. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “who are disobedient to all that is true and right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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2:8 xhtm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἀπειθοῦσι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, πειθομένοις δὲ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ 1 Here Paul speaks of **the truth**as if it were a person whom someone could disobey, and he speaks of **unrighteousness** as if it were a person whom someone could obey. Paul means that by **disobeying** him these people reject what God says is true and right. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who reject what God says is true and right by disobeying him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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2:8 m7pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀληθείᾳ & τῇ ἀδικίᾳ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **truth** and **unrighteousness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to what is true … to what is unrighteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:8 ytny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὀργὴ καὶ θυμός 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the [verse 6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: “wrath and anger are what God pays back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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2:8 exor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὀργὴ 1 Here Paul uses **wrath** to refer to the outcome of God’s **wrath**, which is judging and punishing people because they are unrighteous. See how you translated the same use of this word in [1:18](../01/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:8 wa6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὀργὴ καὶ θυμός 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wrath** and **anger**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “God is wrathful and angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:8 blwx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ὀργὴ καὶ θυμός 1 The words **wrath** and **anger** mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize God’s intense anger toward people who are **disobedient to the truth**. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “fierce wrath” or “angry wrath” or “wrathful anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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2:9 ospb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία, ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ἀνθρώπου τοῦ κατεργαζομένου τὸ κακόν 1 Paul speaks of **Tribulation and distress** as if these ideas were located on top of a person. He means that every **evil** person will experience **Tribulation and distress**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “Every human soul that produces the evil will experience tribulation and distress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:9 qonf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Tribulation** and ** distress**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “Difficult and distressing times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:9 qonf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Tribulation** and **distress**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “Difficult and distressing times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:9 u8f7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet θλῖψις καὶ στενοχωρία 1 These two words mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize how intense God’s judgment will be against these people. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “Distressing tribulation” or “Intense distress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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2:9 ck9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ἀνθρώπου 1 Paul uses **soul of man** to refer to the whole life of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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2:9 msox rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπου 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “of a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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2:9 n7q4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τὸ κακόν 1 Paul is using the adjective **evil** as a noun in order to describe things people do. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “what is evil” or “things that are evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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2:9 a9s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἰουδαίου τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνος 1 This phrase could mean: (1) the Jews will have greater responsibility because God offered salvation to them first. Alternate translation: “especially for the Jewish person and also for the non-Jewish person” (2) the Jews will be judged before non-Jews, which is the same meaning as in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “first for the Jewish person and then for the non-Jewish person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:9 csnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἕλληνος 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:10 i9tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δόξα & καὶ τιμὴ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **glory** and **honor**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “God will glorify and honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:10 i9tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δόξα & καὶ τιμὴ, καὶ εἰρήνη, παντὶ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **glory** and **honor**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “God will glorify and honor and bring peace to everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:10 t2od rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰρήνη 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Here, **peace** could refer to: (1) feeling calm and secure. Alternate translation: “a peaceful feeling” (2) being at peace with God. Alternate translation: “a peaceful relationship with God” (3) both a peaceful feeling and a peaceful relationship with God. “a peaceful feeling and a peaceful relationship with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:10 ib56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τὸ ἀγαθόν 1 Paul is using the adjective **good** as a noun in order to describe things people do. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “good deeds” or “things that are good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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2:10 u06j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνι 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -279,11 +279,11 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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2:13 eg4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ & δίκαιοι παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ 1 Paul uses **with God** here to describe **righteous** people as if they were located in the presence of **God**. He means that God makes them right with himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “are not made righteous by God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:13 c1bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ ποιηταὶ νόμου δικαιωθήσονται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who will do the action, Paul implies that “God” will do it. Alternate translation: “God will justify the doers of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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2:14 q2id rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that [verses 14–16](../02/14.md) give another reason why God judges both groups of people mentioned in [verse 12](../02/12.md). [Verses 14–16](../02/14.md) explain why **Gentiles** who do not know God’s law are still sinners. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “God also judges both groups of people impartially because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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2:14 vlum rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὰ μὴ νόμον ἔχοντα & νόμον μὴ ἔχοντες 1 Paul speaks of these people as if they own or possess **the law**. He means that they are unaware of the law that God gave to the Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated “without the law” in [verse 12](../02/12.md). Alternative translation: “who are unaware of God’s law … who are unaware of God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:14 vlum rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὰ μὴ νόμον ἔχοντα & νόμον μὴ ἔχοντες 1 Paul speaks of these people as if they do not own or possess **the law**. He means that they did not receive the law that God gave to the Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated “without the law” in [verse 12](../02/12.md). Alternative translation: “who are unaware of God’s law … who are unaware of God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:14 zhmw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμον & τοῦ νόμου & νόμον 1 See how you translated **the law** in [verse 12](../02/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:14 h53h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns φύσει & ποιῶσιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **nature**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “naturally do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:14 atda rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ τοῦ νόμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the specific rules that make up **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the rules within the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:14 symg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος 1 Here Paul speaks of **Gentiles** as if they were **a law**. Paul means that the non-Jewish people still have their own rules about what is right and wrong that are also part of God’s **law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning in plainly. Alternate translation: “are actually obeying the God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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2:14 atda rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ τοῦ νόμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the specific rules that make up **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the commands within the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:14 symg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος 1 Here Paul speaks of **Gentiles** as if they were **a law**. Paul means that the non-Jewish people have their own rules about what is right and wrong, and their rules are similar to God’s **law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning in plainly. Alternate translation: “are actually obeying the God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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2:15 xl6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἵτινες ἐνδείκνυνται τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου, γραπτὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν 1 Paul speaks of the non-Jewish people obeying some basic rules from the law of Moses as if they were showing **the work of the law** to other people. He means that non-Jewish people demonstrate that they naturally understand some rules of the law by obeying those rules. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “who make others aware that they understand the work of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:15 wtit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου, γραπτὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν 1 Here Paul speaks of **the works of the law** as if they can be written on the surfaces of peoples’ hearts. He means that God has enabled non-Jewish people to know generally what is right or wrong even though they do not know the law of Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they know the work of the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:15 x35c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the work** that characterizes obeying **the law**. This phrase has a similar meaning to “the things of the law” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the work that the law requires a person to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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@ -310,21 +310,21 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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2:18 qxkt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ θέλημα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **will**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what God wills” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:18 aqbh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κατηχούμενος ἐκ τοῦ νόμου 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “others having instructed you from the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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2:19 nk76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns πέποιθάς τε σεαυτὸν ὁδηγὸν εἶναι 1 Paul uses the word **yourself** to emphasize how **convinced** the Jews are that they are the only ones who can spiritually guide others. Use a way that is natural in your language to express this emphasis. Alternate translation: “and you have convinced yourself that you alone are a guide” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
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2:19 wi7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁδηγὸν εἶναι τυφλῶν 1 Paul uses **guide** to refer to the Jews as if they were the only people who could clearly see. He also uses **blind** to refer to non-Jews as if they were unable to see. He means that the Jews think they are the only ones who can teach others God’s truth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “that you are the only ones who can teach others what is true about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:19 beop rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὁδηγὸν εἶναι τυφλῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **guide**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that you can guide blind men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:19 wi7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁδηγὸν εἶναι τυφλῶν 1 Paul uses **guide** to refer to the Jews as if they were the only people who could clearly see. He also uses **blind** to refer to non-Jews as if they were unable to see. He means that the Jews think they are the only ones who can teach others God’s truth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “that you are a helper to those separated from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:19 beop rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὁδηγὸν εἶναι τυφλῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **guide**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that you can serve as a guide to blind men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:19 ql0b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τυφλῶν 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “to blind people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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2:19 j76c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ὁδηγὸν & τυφλῶν, φῶς τῶν ἐν σκότει 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize how strongly the Jews believed that non-Jews were ignorant about God’s truth. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the two ideas into one. Alternate translation: “the only ones who can guide those who are unaware of what is true about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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2:19 xlge rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor φῶς τῶν ἐν σκότει 1 Here Paul uses **light** to refer to a Jewish person, and he uses **those in darkness** figuratively to refer to non-Jews. He means that the Jews think they can teach non-Jews about God the way that a **light** shines on people who are in a dark place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “someone who can reveal what is true about God to those who do not know about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:20 ymey rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result παιδευτὴν ἀφρόνων, διδάσκαλον νηπίων, ἔχοντα τὴν μόρφωσιν τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐν τῷ νόμῳ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases, since the third phrase gives the reason for the result that the first two phrases describe. Alternate translation: “since having in the law the form of the knowledge and of the truth, you believe you should be an instructor of foolish men, a teacher of little children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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2:20 pf6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet παιδευτὴν ἀφρόνων, διδάσκαλον νηπίων 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize how strongly the Jews believed that non-Jews were ignorant about God’s truth. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “the only people who can instruct those people who are as foolish as children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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2:20 ar5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor διδάσκαλον νηπίων 1 Paul speaks of the non-Jews as if they were **little children**. He means that they are ignorant about God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternative translation: “people who are spiritually ignorant” or “people who are like uneducated infants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:20 pf6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet παιδευτὴν ἀφρόνων, διδάσκαλον νηπίων, ἔχοντα & ἐν τῷ νόμῳ 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize how strongly the Jews believed that non-Jews were ignorant about God’s truth. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “the only people who can instruct those people who are as foolish as children and are the only people who have in the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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2:20 ar5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor διδάσκαλον νηπίων 1 Paul speaks of the non-Jews as if they were **little children**. He means that they are ignorant about God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternative translation: “people who are spiritually ignorant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:20 ose0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔχοντα τὴν μόρφωσιν τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐν τῷ νόμῳ 1 Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a physical shape that someone could possess. He means that **the law** contains God’s true knowledge that the Jews think they exclusively own. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “understanding through God’s law how a person can truly know God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:20 ua61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν μόρφωσιν τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας 1 Paul is using the possessive forms **of the knowledge** and **of the truth** to describe the **form** of **the law**. Here, **of knowledge** and **of the truth** could indicate: (1) what **the law** contains. Alternate translation: “the form that contains the knowledge and the truth” (2) what **the law** represents. Alternate translation: “what represents knowledge and truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:20 y6i5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **knowledge** and ** truth**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “of what we know about God and what is true about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:21 vy0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ὁ οὖν διδάσκων ἕτερον, σεαυτὸν οὐ διδάσκεις? ὁ κηρύσσων μὴ κλέπτειν, κλέπτεις? 1 In [verses 21–23](../02/21.md) Paul transitions from his description of the Jews in [verses 17–20](../02/17.md) to a series of rhetorical questions. These questions emphasize the hypocrisy of the Jews, who thought they were superior to non-Jews because they knew the law of Moses. If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate Paul’s words as statements or exclamations and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “then you, who teach another, do not teach yourself! You, who preach not to steal, actually steal!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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2:21 rftq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is the second half of the factual conditional statement that Paul began with “if you name yourself a Jew” in [verse 17](../02/17.md). Paul wants to show that what the Jews believe and how they live are in contrast. If you divided [verses 17–21](../02/17.md) into separate sentences, then you may need to include a short form of the “if” statement here. Alternate translation: “if all this is really true, then” or “since all this is really true, then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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2:21 uq9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ἕτερον 1 Here, **another** is a singular pronoun that refers to a group of people. If your language does not use singular pronouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:21 abq0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σεαυτὸν οὐ διδάσκεις 1 Here Paul implies that the Jews need to **teach** themselves, because they do not actually obey the laws that they teach. They act as if they do not know the law of Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you don’t obey the law, do you not teach yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:21 abq0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σεαυτὸν οὐ διδάσκεις 1 Here Paul implies that the Jews need to **teach** themselves, because they do not actually obey the laws that they teach. They live their lives as if they do not know the law of Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you yourself don’t obey the law, do you not teach yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:22 parm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ὁ λέγων μὴ μοιχεύειν, μοιχεύεις? ὁ βδελυσσόμενος τὰ εἴδωλα, ἱεροσυλεῖς? 1 Like in the previous verse, Paul is not asking for information here, but is using the question form twice to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as statements or exclamations and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You who say not to commit adultery actually commit adultery! You who abhor idols actually rob temples!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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2:22 dmpg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἱεροσυλεῖς 1 Here Paul implies that the **temples** the Jews **rob** are where **idols** are kept and worshiped. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “do you rob temples where idols are kept” or “should you actually enter an idol temple and rob it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:23 z80m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ὃς ἐν νόμῳ καυχᾶσαι διὰ τῆς παραβάσεως τοῦ νόμου, τὸν Θεὸν ἀτιμάζεις 1 As in the previous two verses, Paul is not asking for information here, but is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You who boast in the law actually dishonor God through the transgression of the law!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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@ -345,19 +345,18 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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2:25 vp6o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns περιτομὴ & ἡ περιτομή σου, ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **circumcision** and **uncircumcision**, you could express the same ideas in a different way. Alternate translation: “being circumcised … your being circumcised has become being uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:25 wm24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὠφελεῖ 1 Paul is leaving out a word here that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply the word from the context. Alternate translation: “benefits you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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2:25 pqhz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession παραβάτης νόμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a person who transgresses **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “one who transgresses the law” or “one who breaks the law”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:25 xq62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole ἡ περιτομή σου, ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν 1 Here, **your circumcision becomes uncircumcision** is an exaggeration that Paul uses to show how important it is for God’s people to **practice the law**. Paul does not mean that the person who transgresses God’s **law** is no longer physically circumcised. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it is as if you are not circumcised” or “it is the same as if you were never circumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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2:25 xq62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole ἡ περιτομή σου, ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν 1 Here, **your circumcision becomes uncircumcision** is an exaggeration that Paul uses to show how important it is for God’s people to **practice the law**. Paul does not mean that the person who transgresses God’s **law** is no longer physically circumcised. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it is as if you were not circumcised” or “it is the same as if you were never circumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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2:26 vt7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical ἐὰν οὖν 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers recognize the benefits for **the uncircumcised one** who **keeps the requirements of the law**. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “Let’s suppose then that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
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2:26 r9i4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἡ ἀκροβυστία 1 Paul is using the adjective **uncircumcision** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the people who are uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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2:26 r9i4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἡ ἀκροβυστία 1 Paul is using the adjective **uncircumcision** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. If your language does not use adjectives in the same way, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the one who is uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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2:26 nf3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom φυλάσσῃ 1 Here, **keeps** is an idiom that refers to obeying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is obedient to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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2:26 mkhr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ νόμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **requirements** found in **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “what the law requires” or “the law’s requirements” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:26 be71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion οὐχ ἡ ἀκροβυστία αὐτοῦ εἰς περιτομὴν λογισθήσεται 1 Paul is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize how important it is do what **the law** requires. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “certainly God will consider his uncircumcision to be circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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2:26 rjb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐχ ἡ ἀκροβυστία αὐτοῦ εἰς περιτομὴν λογισθήσεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who will do the action, Paul implies that “God” will do it. Alternate translation: “will God not consider his uncircumcision to be circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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2:26 gjuy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἀκροβυστία αὐτοῦ & περιτομὴν 1 See how you translated **uncircumcision** and **circumcision** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:27 rkxz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 **And** here could indicate that what follows is continuing the rhetorical question in the previous verse. If you choose to the translate the passage in this way, then replace the ending exclamation point with a question mark. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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2:27 lqz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result κρινεῖ ἡ ἐκ φύσεως ἀκροβυστία, τὸν νόμον τελοῦσα 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “since he is fulfilling the law, the uncircumcised by nature will judge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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2:27 tpno rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἡ & ἀκροβυστία 1 See how you translated this in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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2:27 h2lj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἐκ φύσεως ἀκροβυστία 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **nature**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the naturally uncircumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:27 zwh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τελοῦσα 1 Here, **fulfilling** is an idiom that refers to fully obeying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is fully obedient to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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2:27 zwh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τελοῦσα 1 Here, **fulfilling** is an idiom that refers to fully obeying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “is fully obedient to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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2:27 sv4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ γράμματος καὶ περιτομῆς 1 Here, **through** could mean: (1) the Jews will be judged despite having the **letter and circumcision**. Alternate translation: “despite having letter and circumcision” (2) the Jews will be judged while having the **letter and circumcision**. Alternate translation: “while having letter and circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:27 nxa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy γράμματος 1 Paul is describing **the law** by association with the letters that make up **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the written law code” or “God’s written law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:27 lkll rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns περιτομῆς 1 See how you translated **circumcision** in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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@ -370,7 +369,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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2:29 b6ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ Ἰουδαῖος 1 The word translated **secretly** refers to something that other people cannot see or that is hidden. The meaning here is the opposite of “visibly” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a Jew in an inward way not seen by others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:29 u7b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ἰουδαῖος 1 Here Paul uses **Jew** in the same way he did in the previous verse. See how you translated this word in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:29 d1go rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession περιτομὴ καρδίας 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **circumcision** that is performed in **the heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “circumcision is performed in the heart” or “circumcision is an inward change” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:29 hbiv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom περιτομὴ καρδίας 1 The phrase **circumcision of the heart** is an idiom that refers to the change in thinking and attitude that happens when God saves a person. It can also be considered an inward mark of belonging to God’s people, just as circumcision was an outer mark of being Jewish. This expression first occurred in the Old Testament ([Deuteronomy 30:6](../deu/30/06.md); [Jeremiah 4:4](../jer/04/04.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. See how you translated “this circumcision” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “truly belonging to God’s people is by removal of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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2:29 hbiv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom περιτομὴ καρδίας 1 The phrase **circumcision of the heart** is an idiom that refers to the change in thinking and attitude that happens when God saves a person. It can also be considered an inward mark of belonging to God’s people, just as circumcision was an outer mark of being Jewish. This expression first occurred in the Old Testament ([Deuteronomy 30:6](../deu/30/06.md); [Jeremiah 4:4](../jer/04/04.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. See how you translated “this circumcision” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “truly belongs to God’s people by removal of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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2:29 n4pp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy καρδίας 1 See how you translated this word in [1:21](../01/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:29 ffa3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν Πνεύματι, οὐ γράμματι 1 Here, both occurrences of **in** indicate the means by which something happened. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the Spirit, not by means of the letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:29 kjc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν Πνεύματι 1 Here, **the Spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit, who changes a person’s thoughts and attitude when God saves that person, as in the UST. (2) a person’s spirit, which would require interpreting **in** to refer to a place. Alternate translation: “in one’s spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -379,7 +378,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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2:29 qa6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession οὗ ὁ ἔπαινος 1 Paul is using the possessive form **whose** to indicate who receives **the praise**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “his praise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:29 r4gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἐξ ἀνθρώπων 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “from people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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3:intro y2kb 0 # Romans 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n3. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18–3:20)\n * All non-Jews have sinned (1:18–32)\n * All Jews have sinned (2:1–3:8)\n * Everyone has sinned (3:9–20)\n4. Righteousness is received through Jesus Christ by trusting in him (3:21–5:21)\n * God’s righteousness is received through faith (3:21–26)\n * No one can boast in works (3:27–31)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses [10–18](../03/10.md) of this chapter, which are quotations from the Old Testament.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nIn [verses 1–9](../03/01.md) and [27–31](../03/27.md) Paul frequently uses rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to answer objections that Jews might make about what he is saying. You may need to indicate that Paul is asking these questions as if he were a non-Christian Jew responding to these arguments. When Paul asks the rhetorical questions, he is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew arguing against Paul. When Paul answers those questions, he is speaking as himself. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this change in speakers with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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3:1 v788 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nIn [verses 1–9](../03/01.md) Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions and answers in order to emphasize that both “Jews and Greeks” are “under sin.”
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3:1-9 v788 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nIn [verses 1–9](../03/01.md) Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions and answers in order to emphasize that both “Jews and Greeks” are “under sin.”
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3:1 a1l0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous chapter, especially what he said in [2:28–29](../02/28.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If these things are true, then what is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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3:1 dawv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν τὸ περισσὸν τοῦ Ἰουδαίου, ἢ τίς ἡ ὠφέλια τῆς περιτομῆς? 1 This verse contains two rhetorical questions connected by **or**. Paul is not asking for information, but here he is using these two questions to express the objections that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous chapter, especially what he said in [2:28–29](../02/28.md). If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then the Jew certainly has no advantage, and circumcision certainly has no benefit!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:1 b7ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τί οὖν τὸ περισσὸν τοῦ Ἰουδαίου, ἢ τίς ἡ ὠφέλια τῆς περιτομῆς 1 In this verse Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew arguing against Paul. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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@ -420,14 +419,14 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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3:5 y0r5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἀδικία ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **unrighteousness** or **righteousness**, you could express these ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how unrighteous we are … how righteous God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:5 ho67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μὴ ἄδικος ὁ Θεὸς, ὁ ἐπιφέρων τὴν ὀργήν? 1 In this sentence Paul is not asking for information, but is using this question here to express an objection that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse. This sentence is also the answer to the hypothetical question that precedes it. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “God certainly cannot be unrighteousness for imposing his wrath!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:5 v30z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure εἰ & ἡ ἀδικία ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην συνίστησιν, τί ἐροῦμεν? μὴ ἄδικος ὁ Θεὸς, ὁ ἐπιφέρων τὴν ὀργήν? 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could combine the hypothetical conditional statement of the first sentence with the rhetorical question of the second sentence. Alternate translation: “if our unrighteousness commends the righteousness of God, then we certainly cannot say that God is unrighteousness for imposing his wrath!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
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3:5 e9ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὴν ὀργήν 1 Here Paul uses **wrath** to refer to the outcome of God’s **wrath**, which is judging and punishing people because they are unrighteous. See how you translated the same use of **wrath** in [1:18](../01/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:5 e9ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ ἐπιφέρων τὴν ὀργήν 1 Here Paul uses **imposing his wrath** to refer to the outcome of God’s anger, which is carried out by judging and punishing people because they are unrighteous. See how you translated the same use of **wrath** in [1:18](../01/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:5 j631 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside (κατὰ ἄνθρωπον λέγω.) 1 Paul could be saying this as an aside in order to show that he is not trying to challenge **the righteousness of God**. If this would be confusing in your language, you could add parentheses, as seen in the ULT, or use a natural way in your language to indicate an aside. Alternate translation: “I am reasoning like a human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
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3:5 sd4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom (κατὰ ἄνθρωπον λέγω.) 1 Here, the phrase **according to men** is an idiom meaning “the way people do” or “like a human being.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I speak based on how human beings perceive things” or “I speak according to mere human reasoning”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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3:6 gd5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο 1 See how you translated this in [verse 4](../03/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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3:6 zg9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐπεὶ πῶς κρινεῖ ὁ Θεὸς τὸν κόσμον 1 Here Paul is giving the reason why God is “not unrighteous for imposing his wrath,” as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “Because if God were unrighteous, how would he judge the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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3:6 x1y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πῶς κρινεῖ ὁ Θεὸς τὸν κόσμον 1 In this clause Paul is not asking for information, but is using his question to emphasize that **God** could not **judge the world** if he were unrighteous. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “God certainly could not judge the world!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:6 lnp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸν κόσμον 1 Here Paul uses **world** to refer to the people who live in the **world**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:7 htfa General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIn [verses 7–9](../03/07.md), Paul is speaking as if he were an unbelieving Jew and is challenging the statement Paul made in [verse 6](../03/06.md). A note will inform you of the one parenthetic statement within these verses in which Paul interjects his own voice into the argument.
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3:7-9 htfa 0 # General Information:\n\nIn [verses 7–9](../03/07.md), Paul is speaking as if he were an unbelieving Jew and is challenging the statement Paul made in [verse 6](../03/06.md). A note will inform you of the one parenthetic statement within these verses in which Paul interjects his own voice into the argument.
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3:7 b9k1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases εἰ δὲ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous verse. In this verse, Paul is speaking as if he were an unbelieving Jew and is challenging the statement Paul made in the previous verse. See how you translated this in [verse 5](../03/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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3:7 c2u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ & ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ψεύσματι ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ, τί ἔτι κἀγὼ ὡς ἁμαρτωλὸς κρίνομαι 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to develop the argument an unbelieving Jew would make. Alternate translation: “suppose the truth of God through my lie abounds to his glory. Then why am I still being judged as a sinner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
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3:7 xysz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure εἰ δὲ ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ψεύσματι ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “But if the truth of God abounds to his glory through my lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
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@ -443,7 +442,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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3:8 vw1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 **And** here indicates that in this verse Paul continues speaking as if he were an unbelieving Jew and is challenging the statement he made in [verse 6](../03/06.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Furthermore” or “In addition” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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3:8 kb9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ μὴ καθὼς βλασφημούμεθα, καὶ καθώς φασίν τινες ἡμᾶς λέγειν, ὅτι ποιήσωμεν τὰ κακὰ, ἵνα ἔλθῃ τὰ ἀγαθά? 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “And not, ‘Let us do evil, so that good may come,’ just as we are blasphemed and just as some affirm we say?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
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3:8 wr3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καὶ μὴ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “And why not say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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3:8 pr4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μὴ & ὅτι ποιήσωμεν τὰ κακὰ, ἵνα ἔλθῃ τὰ ἀγαθά 1 In this sentence Paul is not asking for information, but is using an elided question here to emphasize that God could not judge the world if he were unrighteous. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “you should say … ‘Let us do the evil things, so that the good things may come!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:8 pr4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μὴ & ὅτι ποιήσωμεν τὰ κακὰ, ἵνα ἔλθῃ τὰ ἀγαθά 1 In this sentence Paul is not asking for information, but is using an elided question here (“And why not say”) to emphasize that God could not judge the world if he were unrighteous. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “you should say … ‘Let us do the evil things, so that the good things may come!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:8 o3pz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside καθὼς βλασφημούμεθα, καὶ καθώς φασίν τινες ἡμᾶς λέγειν 1 Paul is saying this as an aside in order to show that people have been falsely accusing him of teaching that people should sin in order to show how good God is. If this would be confusing in your language, you could add parentheses like the ULT or use a natural way in your language to indicate an aside. Alternate translation: “Some people blaspheme us and affirm that we are saying such things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
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3:8 veic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive βλασφημούμεθα & ἡμᾶς 1 When Paul says **we** and **us**, he could be (1) speaking only of himself in a formal manner. Alternate translation: “I am blasphemed … me” (2) speaking of himself and all other Christians. Alternate translation: “we Christians are blasphemed … us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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3:8 klaa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive βλασφημούμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people blaspheme us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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@ -477,7 +476,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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3:12 b3g1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χρηστότητα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **kindness**, you could express the same idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “what is kind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:13 xr4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τάφος ἀνεῳγμένος ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν; ταῖς γλώσσαις αὐτῶν ἐδολιοῦσαν 1 These two sentences are a quotation from [Psalm 5:10](../psa/005/010.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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3:13 c7rh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism τάφος ἀνεῳγμένος ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν; ταῖς γλώσσαις αὐτῶν ἐδολιοῦσαν; ἰὸς ἀσπίδων ὑπὸ τὰ χείλη αὐτῶν 1 These three sentences mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing three times, in slightly different ways, to show how harmful the words are that these people say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “The things they say are deadly, deceptive, and damaging” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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3:13 nmrs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν 1 Paul quotes David speaking of these people’s throats in general, not of one particular **throat**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “throats” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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3:13 nmrs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν 1 Paul quotes David speaking of these people’s throats in general, not of one particular **throat**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “Each of their throats” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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3:13 sx6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν 1 Here Paul quotes David using **throat** to describe something people would say by using their throats to say it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “What they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:13 bbq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τάφος ἀνεῳγμένος ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν 1 Paul quotes David using **opened grave** to describe these people’s **throat** as if it were a deep hole containing rotting corpses. He means that the things these people say are morally corrupt and offend God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “Their words express moral corruption” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:13 pemg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ταῖς γλώσσαις αὐτῶν 1 Here Paul quotes David using **tongues** to describe something people would say to deceive someone, using their tongues to say it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with what they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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@ -489,7 +488,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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3:14 ujjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τὸ στόμα 1 Paul quotes David speaking of these people’s mouths in general, not of one particular **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “speech” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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3:14 sqr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὧν τὸ στόμα 1 Here Paul quotes David using **mouth** to describe people speaking curses and bitter things by using their **mouth** to say them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what they say” or "whose speech" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:14 j0sg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀρᾶς καὶ πικρίας γέμει 1 Paul quotes David using **cursing and bitterness** as if these concepts were things with which people could fill or load their **mouth**. He means that these people habitually curse and say bitter things against others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “habitually curses and says bitter things against others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:15 e67d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 15–17 are Paul’s paraphrase of [Isaiah 59:7–8](../isa/59/07.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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3:15-17 e67d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 15–17 are Paul’s paraphrase of [Isaiah 59:7–8](../isa/59/07.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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3:15 vds1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche οἱ πόδες αὐτῶν 1 Paul quotes Isaiah using **feet**, a part of the human body, to refer to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “These people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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3:15 quph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐκχέαι αἷμα 1 Paul quotes Isaiah using **pour out blood** to refer to violently murdering people, which usually causes blood to come out of the people who are murdered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to murder others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:16 bc96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns σύντριμμα καὶ ταλαιπωρία 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Destruction** and **suffering**, you could express the same ideas with other expressions. Alternate translation: “Demolishing lives and making people suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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@ -497,8 +496,8 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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3:17 zbrd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὁδὸν 1 See how you translated “ways” in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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3:17 jb6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁδὸν εἰρήνης 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **a way** that is characterized by **peace**. He means that these people do not understand how to live peacefully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a peaceful way” or “a peaceful way to behave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:18 wr0x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks οὐκ ἔστιν φόβος Θεοῦ ἀπέναντι τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Psalm 36:1](../psa/036/001.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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3:18 bx27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οὐκ ἔστιν φόβος Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **fear**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “They are not afraid of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:18 frt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession φόβος Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **fear** that people should feel toward for **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “fear for God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:18 bx27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οὐκ ἔστιν φόβος Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **fear**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “There are no fearful feelings about God before their eyes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:18 frt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession φόβος Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **fear** that people should feel toward for **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “fear for God” or “fear about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:18 m89o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἀπέναντι τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν 1 Here,**before their eyes** is an idiom that refers to thinking about something. Paul means that these people do not think at all about how terrifying God is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “in their minds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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3:19 lrdp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 **Now** here indicates that what follows summarizes Paul’s teachings about **the law** and “the righteousness of God” in [verses 1–9](../03/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Indeed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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3:19 gc8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive οἴδαμεν 1 Here, **we** is used exclusively to speak of Paul and other Jews. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “we Jews know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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@ -548,9 +547,9 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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3:25 ci0v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὃν προέθετο ὁ Θεὸς ἱλαστήριον 1 Here Paul uses **presented** as if Jesus were an Old Testament atonement sacrifice that was **presented** to God in the temple. He means that Jesus’ death was a sacrifice for the sins of humankind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “whom God offered to atone for the sins of humanity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:25 t2d8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἱλαστήριον, διὰ πίστεως & εἰς ἔνδειξιν τῆς δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **propitiation**, **faith**, **demonstration**, or **righteousness**, you could express the same ideas with different forms. Alternate translation: “to atone for people’s sins by trusting … to demonstrate how he makes people righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:25 m159 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ αὐτοῦ αἵματι 1 Here Paul uses **his blood** to refer to Jesus’ death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in Christ’s death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:25 ieq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς ἔνδειξιν 1 Here, **for** indicates that the phrase that follows is the purpose for which God **presented** Jesus as **a propitiation**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order to demonstrate” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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3:25 ieq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς ἔνδειξιν τῆς δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ 1 Here, **for** indicates that the phrase that follows is the purpose for which God **presented** Jesus as **a propitiation**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order to demonstrate his righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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3:25 ze9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ 1 See how you translated “the righteousness of God” in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:25 siri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὴν πάρεσιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **overlooking**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “because he overlooked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:25 siri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὴν πάρεσιν τῶν & ἁμαρτημάτων 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **overlooking**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “because he overlooked the sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:25 ydoj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῶν προγεγονότων ἁμαρτημάτων 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sin**, you could express the same idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “how they had sinned previously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:26 b2f6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐν 1 Here, **in** introduces a reason clause. Paul is giving the reason for God “overlooking of the sins that happened previously,” as stated in the previous verse. Starting a new sentence, use a natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “The reason for this is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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3:26 lm1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ ἀνοχῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **forbearance**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “because God is so forbearing” or “since God forbears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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@ -561,7 +560,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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3:26 x6cf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τὸν ἐκ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ 1 Paul is speaking of all people who have **faith in Jesus**, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “anyone who is from faith in Jesus” or “every person who trusts in Jesus”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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3:26 qdkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸν ἐκ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ 1 Here Paul is using the possessive form to describe a person who is characterized by **faith in Jesus**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the one who is characterized by faith in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:26 ab0w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πίστεως Ἰησοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 22](../03/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:27 emwi Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nIn [verses 27–31](../03/27.md) Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions and answers in order to emphasize that God alone makes people righteous through faith in Jesus. Like in [verses 1–9](../03/01.md), Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew when he asks the rhetorical questions, but he is speaking as himself when he answers those questions.
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3:27-31 emwi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nIn [verses 27–31](../03/27.md) Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions and answers in order to emphasize that God alone makes people righteous through faith in Jesus. Like in [verses 1–9](../03/01.md), Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew when he asks the rhetorical questions, but he is speaking as himself when he answers those questions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:27 e0wc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in [verses 21–26](../03/21.md). If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, inserting a parenthetical phrase between commas. Alternate translation: “, if it is God who makes people righteous through faith in Jesus,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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3:27 fjm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ποῦ οὖν ἡ καύχησις? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using this question to express an objection that a Jew might have to what Paul said in [verses 21–26](../03/21.md). If you would not use rhetorical questions for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “There then is no grounds for boasting!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:27 mvs0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ποῦ οὖν ἡ καύχησις 1 Here Paul speaks of **boasting** as if it were an object that could be in a location. He means that no one can boast, because only God makes people righteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “Then can anyone boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -580,7 +579,6 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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3:28 t8um rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπον 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in the generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “humankind” or “a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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3:28 ph88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δικαιοῦσθαι & ἄνθρωπον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in an active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “that God justifies a man” or “that God makes a man righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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3:28 jb14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “by believing in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:28 s747 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession χωρὶς ἔργων νόμου 1 See how you translated “apart from the law” in [verse 21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:28 ycx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἔργων νόμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to refer to **the works** that God requires in **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the works that the law requires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:29 hdbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἢ 1 **Or** here indicates that the next two sentences are the responses that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Or you Jews might say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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3:29 ineu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐχὶ καὶ ἐθνῶν? ναὶ, καὶ ἐθνῶν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that these sentences would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Is he not also God of Gentiles? Yes, he is also God of Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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@ -605,14 +603,14 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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3:31 ppvo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive νόμον ἱστάνομεν 1 Here, **we** is used exclusively to refer to Paul and other Christians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “we Christians uphold the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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3:31 c295 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor νόμον ἱστάνομεν 1 Paul uses **uphold** to refer to **the law** as if it were an object that people could hold up high. The meaning of **uphold** here is the opposite meaning of **nullify**, used earlier in the verse. It could mean: (1) Christians fulfill the requirements of the law by trusting in Jesus, who fulfilled the law for them. Alternate translation: “we fulfill the law by faith” (2) Christians value **the law** and affirm that it is useful. Alternative translation: “we confirm that the law is useful” or “we affirm that the law has value”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:intro f9jc 0 # Romans 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n4. Righteousness is received through Jesus Christ by trusting in him (3:21–5:21)\n * God’s righteousness is received through faith (3:21–26)\n * No one can boast in works (3:27–31)\n * The examples of Abraham and David (4:1–25)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with [verses 7–8](../04/07.md) of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The purpose of the law of Moses\n\nIn this chapter Paul continues to develop his argument based on what he wrote in the previous chapter. He explains how God made Abraham, the ancestor of all Jews, righteous a long time before God gave the law of Moses to the Jews. Even Abraham could not become righteous by what he did. Rather, God made Abraham righteous on the basis of Abraham’s faith. Obeying the law of Moses does not make a person righteous. People have always become righteous only by faith. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n### Circumcision\n\nCircumcision was important to the Israelites. It identified a person as a descendant of Abraham. It was also a sign of the covenant between Abraham and Yahweh. However, being circumcised never made anyone righteous. In this chapter Paul uses “circumcision” to refer to Jews and “uncircumcision” to refer to non-Jews. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nIn [verses 1](../04/01.md), [3](../04/03.md), and [9–10](../04/09.md) Paul continues using rhetorical questions like he did in the previous chapter. He does this in order to answer objections that Jews might make about what he is saying.
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4:1 q7wc Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\n[Verses 1–12](../04/01.md) are a series of rhetorical questions and answers that Paul uses to emphasize that even **Abraham**, the ancestor of the Jewish people, was made righteous by God “through faith.”
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4:1-12 q7wc 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\n[Verses 1–12](../04/01.md) are a series of rhetorical questions and answers that Paul uses to emphasize that even **Abraham**, the ancestor of the Jewish people, was made righteous by God “through faith.”
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4:1 gxv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous chapter, especially what he said in [3:27–31](../03/27.md). See how you translated **What then** in [3:1](../03/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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4:1 gw29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν, εὑρηκέναι Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα? 1 In this verse Paul is not asking for information, but is using a question to express the objections that a Jew might have to what Paul said in the previous chapter, especially what he said in [3:27–31](../03/27.md). If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we will say that Abraham, our forefather according to the flesh, has surely discovered something!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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4:1 rhrp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν, εὑρηκέναι Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα? 1 In this verse and the first part of the next verse, Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Christian Jew arguing against Paul. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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4:1 s4b5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐροῦμεν 1 In [verses 1–9](../04/01.md) Paul uses **we** exclusively to speak of himself and other Jews. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “will we Jews say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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4:1 ot88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure εὑρηκέναι Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “that Abraham has discovered, who is our forefather according to the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
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4:1 fk5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ σάρκα 1 See how you translated **according to the flesh** in [1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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4:2 pmua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks εἰ γὰρ Ἀβραὰμ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἔχει καύχημα 1 These clauses continue the the statements that a Jew might have to against Paul that began in the previous verse. You may need to indicate this with a closing quotation mark at the end of these clauses or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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4:2 pmua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks εἰ γὰρ Ἀβραὰμ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἔχει καύχημα 1 These clauses continue the the statements that an unbelieving Jew might make against Paul that began in the previous verse. You may need to indicate this with a closing quotation mark at the end of these clauses or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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4:2 ka9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason for the statement in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This must be the case because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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4:2 oe12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & Ἀβραὰμ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἔχει καύχημα 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that the unbelieving Jew might think that this is actually true. In Paul’s time some Jewish teachers taught that Abraham had a right to boast because of his faith. However, since translating this as if it were true might confuse your readers, it is best to use a hypothetical sentence, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
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4:2 wvmh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Ἀβραὰμ & ἐδικαιώθη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God justified Abraham” or “God made Abraham right with himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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@ -644,7 +642,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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4:6 vyse rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸν μακαρισμὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the man** that is characterized by **blessedness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the blessed man” or “the happy man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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4:6 x40j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 1 Paul is speaking of people in general, not of one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “of a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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4:6 c6zs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ᾧ ὁ Θεὸς λογίζεται δικαιοσύνην χωρὶς ἔργων 1 This phrase gives further information about the **the man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “that is, the man God credits as righteous apart from works” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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4:6 lilj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “being righteous” or “being right with himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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4:6 lilj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns λογίζεται δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “counts being righteous” or “counts being right with himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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4:6 o260 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession χωρὶς ἔργων 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:28](../03/28.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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4:7 zqwl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks μακάριοι, ὧν ἀφέθησαν αἱ ἀνομίαι καὶ ὧν ἐπεκαλύφθησαν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι 1 This verse is the beginning of a quotation from [Psalm 31:1–2](../psa/031/001.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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4:7 dur6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism μακάριοι, ὧν ἀφέθησαν αἱ ἀνομίαι καὶ ὧν ἐπεκαλύφθησαν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι 1 These two clauses mean the same thing. Paul says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to show how **Blessed** these people are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “How blessed are those people whom God forgives completely for all their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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@ -688,14 +686,14 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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4:11 y88e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἰς τὸ λογισθῆναι αὐτοῖς τὴν δικαιοσύνην 1 See how you translated **counted** in [verses 3–5](../04/03.md) and [9–10](../04/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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4:11 ehib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν δικαιοσύνην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with a different form. Alternate translation: “being righteous” or “being right with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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4:12 v9bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ πατέρα περιτομῆς 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is another purpose for God commanding Abraham to be circumcised after he trusted in God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could repeat some of the information from the previous sentence and start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “and also so that he would be the father of circumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:12 u8j3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πατέρα περιτομῆς & τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν 1 Paul uses **father of circumcision** to indicate that Abraham is both the physical ancestor and spiritual ancestor of Jewish people. They are both physically circumcised and have the “circumcision of the heart,” which Paul refers to in [2:29](../02/29.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the spiritual representative of those who are physically and spiritually circumcised … our spiritual representative” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:12 u8j3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πατέρα περιτομῆς τοῖς οὐκ ἐκ περιτομῆς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς στοιχοῦσιν τοῖς ἴχνεσιν τῆς ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ πίστεως, τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ 1 Paul uses **father of circumcision** to indicate that Abraham is both the physical ancestor and spiritual ancestor of Jewish people who believe in Jesus. They are both physically circumcised and have the “circumcision of the heart,” which Paul refers to in [2:29](../02/29.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to those Jews who are not only circumcised, but who also follow in the steps of the faith of our father Abraham in his uncircumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:12 krkf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῖς οὐκ ἐκ περιτομῆς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς στοιχοῦσιν τοῖς ἴχνεσιν τῆς ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ πίστεως, τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ 1 Paul assumes that his readers will know that these two clauses refer to those Jews who are **not only** circumcised in their bodies, but also have the same **faith** in God that Abraham had before he was circumcised. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to those Jews who are not only circumcised, but who also follow in the steps of the faith of our father Abraham in uncircumcision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:12 s9jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom καὶ τοῖς στοιχοῦσιν τοῖς ἴχνεσιν τῆς & πίστεως, τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ 1 Here, **follow in the steps** is an idiom that means to follow someone’s example. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “who follow the example of the faith of our father Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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4:12 btrd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς & πίστεως, τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the faith** that **our father Abraham** had. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of our father Abraham’s faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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4:12 u5ur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ 1 Here, **our** refers to Paul and his fellow believing Jews, as in [3:9](../03/09.md). Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “of our Jewish father Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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4:12 ykdc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ 1 Here, **in uncircumcision** has the same meaning as “through circumcision” stated in the previous verse. See how you translated the phrase there. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:13 i6xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here gives the reason why Abraham is the spiritual “father” of both non-Jews and Jews, as stated in [verses 11–12](../04/11.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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4:13 e0a3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἐπαγγελία & τὸ κληρονόμον αὐτὸν εἶναι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **promise** and **heir**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “God promised … that he would inherit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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4:13 e0a3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἐπαγγελία & τὸ κληρονόμον αὐτὸν εἶναι κόσμου 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **promise** and **heir**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “God promised … that he would inherit the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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4:13 yqxx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἢ 1 Here, the world translated **or** indicates that **the promise** is **to Abraham** and **his seed**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and also” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:13 ew13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῷ σπέρματι αὐτοῦ 1 Here Paul uses **seed** to refer to “offspring.” Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many offspring. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to his descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:13 ct1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche κόσμου 1 Here **the world** could refer to: (1) all the land of **the world**. Although God had promised to give the land of Canaan to Abraham’s descendants, the Jews in Paul’s time understood that this promise included the whole earth. This will indeed take place when Jesus, a descendent of Abraham, rules over the whole world. Alternate expression: “of all the land in the world” (2) the people who live in the world, as in [3:19](../03/19.md). Alternate translation: “of the people who live in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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@ -706,7 +704,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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4:14 n0x6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ & οἱ ἐκ νόμου κληρονόμοι, κεκένωται ἡ πίστις 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers recognize the serious implications of how people inherit God’s promises. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “suppose the heirs are from the law, then the faith has been emptied” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
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4:14 ksui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οἱ ἐκ νόμου κληρονόμοι & ἡ πίστις & ἡ ἐπαγγελία 1 See how you translated “heir”, **the law**, and **faith** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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4:14 k4ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κληρονόμοι 1 Here, **heirs** refers to “Abraham” and “his seed” from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the heirs, Abraham or his seed, are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:14 w977 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ ἐκ νόμου κληρονόμοι 1 Here, **from the law** refers to those who try to obey the law of Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the heirs are those who try to obey the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:14 w977 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ ἐκ νόμου κληρονόμοι 1 Here, **from the law** refers to those who try to obey the law of Moses so that God will count them as righteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the heirs are those who try to obey the law so that God will count them as righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:14 hxvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κεκένωται ἡ πίστις 1 Paul speaks of **faith** as if it were a container that could be emptied. He means that **faith** would become powerless or useless to make a person righteous if simply obeying**the law** allows a person to inherit God’s promises. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “then it would be impossible to become righteous by trusting in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:15 v1ow rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that the rest of the verse gives the reason why inheriting God’s promise by obeying the law would nullify faith and the promise, as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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4:15 qma4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὁ & νόμος ὀργὴν κατεργάζεται 1 Here Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a person who could produce something. He means that the **law** causes God to punish people because they cannot obey it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “the law results in wrath for those who do not obey it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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@ -722,7 +720,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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4:16 qalp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν 1 See how you translated **promise** in [verse 13](../04/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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4:16 r8ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns παντὶ τῷ σπέρματι 1 The phrase **all the seed** is singular but refers to a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “all the descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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4:16 xzsp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παντὶ τῷ σπέρματι 1 See how you translated **seed** in [4:13](../04/13.md).(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:16 a4ai rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οὐ τῷ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ ἐκ πίστεως Ἀβραάμ 1 These clauses give further information about the phrase **all the seed**. They distinguish between a **seed** associated with **the law** and a **seed** associated with **the faith**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “both from those believers associated with Abraham through the law and those associated with the faith of Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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4:16 a4ai rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οὐ τῷ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ ἐκ πίστεως Ἀβραάμ 1 These clauses give further information about the phrase **all the seed**. They distinguish between **the seed** associated with **the law** and **the seed** associated with **the faith**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “both from those believers associated with Abraham through the law and those associated with the faith of Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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4:16 ns6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ τοῦ νόμου 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 14](../04/14.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:16 qctv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ πίστεως Ἀβραάμ 1 Here, **from the faith of Abraham** refers to those who trust in God the way Abraham did. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who has the same faith as Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:16 welr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὅς ἐστιν πατὴρ πάντων ἡμῶν 1 Paul uses **father** to refer to Abraham as if he physically produced all human beings. Paul means that Abraham is the physical ancestor of all believing Jews and the spiritual ancestor of all believing non-Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “who spiritually represents all of us who believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -909,7 +907,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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5:16 m5k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐκ πολλῶν παραπτωμάτων 1 Here, **from many trespasses** could indicate: (1) that **the gracious gift** happened after **many trespasses**. Alternate translation: “after many trespasses” (2) that **the gracious gift** happened because of **many trespasses**. Alternate translation: “because of many trespasses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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5:16 jarb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς δικαίωμα 1 Here, **to** indicates that was follows is the result of God’s **gracious gift**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “to the resulting justification” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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5:17 n5zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces a further explanation of the difference between the trespass and the gracious gift, as discussed in [verses15–16](../05/15.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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5:17 mhtc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is true. He has concluded that the benefits of **the gift** are superior to the consequences of **the trespass**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a condition that the speaker believes is true. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
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5:17 mhtc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is true. He has concluded that the benefits of **the gift** are superior to the consequences of **the trespass**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a condition that the speaker believes is true. Alternate translation: “considering that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
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5:17 lcyd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 15](../05/15.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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5:17 whbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τοῦ ἑνὸς & τοῦ ἑνός & τοῦ ἑνὸς 1 See how you translated the first occurrence of **one** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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5:17 yvq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῷ τοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι, ὁ θάνατος & τὴν περισσείαν τῆς χάριτος καὶ τῆς δωρεᾶς τῆς δικαιοσύνης & ἐν ζωῇ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for these ideas, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “because the one man trespassed, the fact that people die … how abundantly kind God is and how he makes people righteous … by living” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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@ -1023,14 +1021,14 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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6:10 ehi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why Christ “no longer dies,” as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language for indicating a reason, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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6:10 e290 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὃ 1 Here, **that which** refers to Christ’s death and life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the death which” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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6:10 aw31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ ἀπέθανεν 1 Here, **to sin** implies that Christ died for the sake of freeing humanity from being “enslaved to sin.” It does not mean that Jesus himself was ever controlled by sin before he died. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternative translation: “he died for the sake of removing sin’s control over people” or “he died to stop sin from controlling people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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6:10 j7bl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὃ 2 Here, **that which** refers to Christ’s life after God raised him from the dead. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the life which” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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6:10 j7bl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὃ δὲ ζῇ 1 Here, **what he lives** refers to Christ’s life after God raised him from the dead. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “But the life which” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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6:10 z4yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζῇ τῷ Θεῷ 1 Here, **to God** implies that Christ now lives for the sake of glorifying God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternative translation: “he lives for the sake of glorifying God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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6:11 zjjv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμεῖς 1 Throughout [verses 11–23](../06/11.md), the pronouns **you** and “your” are plural and refer to the believers in Rome to whom Paul wrote this letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you believers at Rome” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
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6:11 dw6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἶναι νεκροὺς μὲν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ 1 See how you translated “died to sin” in [verse 2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:11 bjxg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζῶντας & τῷ Θεῷ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “he lives to God” in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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6:11 nkvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:24](../03/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:12 pp2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 **Therefore** here introduces a result clause. Paul is stating how he wants his readers to act in response to what he said in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a result clause. Alternate translation: “This is why” or “Because of this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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6:12 s6h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification μὴ & βασιλευέτω ἡ ἁμαρτία ἐν τῷ θνητῷ ὑμῶν σώματι 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a king who rules over a place called **mortal body**. By *(*do not let sin rule**, Paul means that Christians should not allow **sin** to control the way they use their bodies. See how you translated a similar use of **rule** in [5:21](../05/21.md). Alternate translation: “do not let your physical body become controlled by sinning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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6:12 s6h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification μὴ & βασιλευέτω ἡ ἁμαρτία ἐν τῷ θνητῷ ὑμῶν σώματι 1 Here Paul speaks of **sin** as if it were a king who rules over a place called **mortal body**. By **do not let sin rule**, Paul means that Christians should not allow **sin** to control the way they use their bodies. See how you translated a similar use of **rule** in [5:21](../05/21.md). Alternate translation: “do not let your physical body become controlled by sinning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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6:12 z1ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ἐν τῷ θνητῷ ὑμῶν σώματι, 1 Although **body** here is a singular noun, Paul is referring to the bodies of his readers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a plural form. Alternate translation: “in your mortal bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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6:12 cm8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ἐν τῷ θνητῷ ὑμῶν σώματι 1 Here, **body** could refer to: (1) the whole person. Alternative translation: “in you” or “in your whole being” (2) the physical human body. Alternative translation: “in your physical body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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6:12 r462 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς τὸ ὑπακούειν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις αὐτοῦ 1 Here **to** indicates that what follows is the result of letting **sin rule**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “causing you to obey its lusts” or “resulting in you obeying your lusts”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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@ -1156,7 +1154,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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7:5 tvku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐνηργεῖτο ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ἡμῶν 1 Here Paul speaks of **the sinful passions** are if they were people who could work within someone’s body parts. He means that people’s sinful desires caused them to sin with their bodies. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “were causing us to use our members to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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7:5 denv τοῖς μέλεσιν 1 See how you translated **members** in [6:13](../06/13.md).
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7:5 pnw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς τὸ καρποφορῆσαι 1 Here, **to** introduces a result clause. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “which resulted in producing fruit” or “so that they would produce fruit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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7:5 xed9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς τὸ καρποφορῆσαι 1 Here Paul uses **fruit** to refer to the result or outcome of someone’s actions. Paul is using **fruit** differently than how he used it in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “so that the outcome was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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7:5 xed9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς τὸ καρποφορῆσαι τῷ θανάτῳ 1 Here Paul uses **fruit** to refer to the result or outcome of someone’s actions. Paul is using **fruit** differently than how he used it in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “so that the outcome was fruit for death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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7:5 m071 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῷ θανάτῳ 1 See how you translated **death** in [6:16](../06/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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7:5 ub7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ θανάτῳ 1 Here, **death** refers to spiritual **death**, which is eternal punishment in hell that occurs after physical death. See how you translated the same use of **death** in [6:16](../06/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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7:6 mze7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast νυνὶ δὲ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:22](../06/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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@ -1176,7 +1174,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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7:7 zl8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἁμαρτία & τὴν ἁμαρτίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sin**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “something sinful … what things are sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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7:7 erx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ γένοιτο 1 In this sentence Paul begins to respond to the rhetorical questions he wrote earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would respond by saying, ‘May it never be!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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7:7 u8gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:4](../03/04.md) and [6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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7:7 y92j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows is in contrast to what came before it. Here, **But** introduce the contrast to the idea that **the law** is sinful. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Nevertheless,” or “By contrast,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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7:7 y92j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows is in contrast to what came before it. Here, **But** introduces the contrast to the idea that **the law** is sinful. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Nevertheless,” or “By contrast,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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7:7 zzsf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it introduces an example from God’s law that illustrates the importance of **the law**. See how you translated the same use of **For** in [verse 2](../07/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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7:7 g0np rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τήν & ἐπιθυμίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **covetousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what it means to be covetous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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7:7 refv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ὁ νόμος ἔλεγεν 1 Here Paul uses **said** to indicate a quotation from **the law** that is written in the Old Testament ([Exodus 20:17](../exo/20/17.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “it had been written in the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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@ -1259,7 +1257,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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7:21 qae3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἄρα 1 Here, **then** introduces a result clause. [Verses 21–25](../07/21.md) describe the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in [verses 14–20](../07/14.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “as a result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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7:21 y5vo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν νόμον 1 Here, **law** refers to a rule or principle. It does not refer to the laws God gave the Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this rule” or “a different kind of law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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7:21 xxq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure τῷ θέλοντι ἐμοὶ ποιεῖν τὸ καλὸν, ὅτι ἐμοὶ τὸ κακὸν παράκειται 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “that evil is present in me, in me, the one wanting to do good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
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7:21 mo4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐμοὶ & ἐμοὶ τὸ κακὸν παράκειται 1 Here Paul speaks of **evil** as if it were an object that could be inside a person. Paul means that he does evil deeds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I … I do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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7:21 mo4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐμοὶ & ἐμοὶ τὸ κακὸν παράκειται 1 Here Paul speaks of **evil** as if it were an object that could be inside a person. Paul means that he does evil deeds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in me … I do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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7:21 qn1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τῷ θέλοντι & ποιεῖν τὸ καλὸν 1 Here, **the one wanting to do good** is giving further information about **me**, which refers to Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “who is the one wanting to do good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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7:21 hqp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ καλὸν & τὸ κακὸν 1 See how you translated **good** and **evil** in [verse 19](../07/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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7:22 mvod rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse is the reason why the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “What I have just said is true because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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@ -1432,7 +1430,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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8:19 dm6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν τῶν υἱῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for the time when God will reveal his sons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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8:19 sr2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῶν υἱῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 14](../08/14.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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8:20 nh58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in [verses 20–22](../08/20.md) is the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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8:20 zjl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ & ματαιότητι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **futility**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to being futile” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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8:20 zjl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ & ματαιότητι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **futility**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to the condition of being futile” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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8:20 gdfe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ κτίσις 1 See how you translated this in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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8:20 l9ab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ κτίσις ὑπετάγη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God subjugated the creation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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8:20 yvl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ κτίσις ὑπετάγη, οὐχ ἑκοῦσα 1 Here Paul speaks of **the creation** as if it were a person who could be **subjected** to someone and could have a will. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile. Alternate translation: “it is as if the creation were subjected against its will” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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@ -1447,7 +1445,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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8:21 ba5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῆς δουλείας τῆς φθορᾶς 1 Here Paul speaks of **decay** as if it could enslave someone. He means that **the creation** was certain to **decay**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being destined to decay” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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8:21 tx57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς τὴν ἐλευθερίαν 1 Here Paul speaks of **freedom** as if it were a location someone could enter **into**. Paul means that **the creation** will experience this **freedom**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to experience the freedom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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8:21 bv03 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν ἐλευθερίαν τῆς δόξης 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the freedom** that relates to **the glory**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the freedom that comes from the glory” or “the freedom pertaining to the glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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8:21 zsks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς δόξης 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form **the glory of the children of God** to refer to **the glory** that God shares with believers. This was the same **glory** that God shared with humans when he created them, but which they lost when the first humans sinned, as mentioned in [3:23](../03/23.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the glory that God gives the children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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8:21 zsks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῆς δόξης τῶν τέκνων τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form **the glory of the children of God** to refer to **the glory** that God shares with believers. This was the same **glory** that God shared with humans when he created them, but which they lost when the first humans sinned, as mentioned in [3:23](../03/23.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the glory that God gives the children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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8:21 a5ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῶν τέκνων τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the [verse 16](../08/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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8:22 pcay rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, it indicates that what follows in this verse gives further support for what Paul said about the miserable condition of **the creation** in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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8:22 l69k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification πᾶσα ἡ κτίσις συνστενάζει καὶ συνωδίνει 1 Here Paul speaks of **the creation** as if it were a woman who **groans and labors in pain** while giving birth to a baby. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the creation is like a woman groaning and laboring in pain while giving birth” or “all the creation is suffering greatly together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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@ -1493,7 +1491,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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8:29 s552 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοῖς 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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8:29 lxym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀδελφοῖς 1 Here, **brothers** refers to Christians, whom Paul calls “joint heirs with Christ” in [verse 17](../08/17.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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8:30 hg3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκάλεσεν & ἐκάλεσεν 1 Here, **called** refers to God choosing people to be his people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “chose to be his people … he chose” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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8:30 g29g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture ἐδόξασεν 1 Paul uses the past tense in order to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “will glorify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
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8:30 g29g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture καὶ ἐδόξασεν 1 Paul uses the past tense in order to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “will also glorify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
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8:31 uqou rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous verses. See how you translated this phrase in [6:1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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8:31 xpu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν πρὸς ταῦτα? εἰ ὁ Θεὸς ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, τίς καθ’ ἡμῶν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form in these two sentences to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Then we will say to these things: If God is for us, surely no one can be against us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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8:31 ovfz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he is already convinced that the condition is true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
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@ -1579,7 +1577,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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9:7 m5av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάντες τέκνα 1 Here, **children** refers specifically to “the children of Israel,” which is a name for the Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “all the children of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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9:7 kpls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πάντες τέκνα 1 Here, **children** refers to someone’s descendants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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9:7 y86t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ & σοι σπέρμα 1 Here, **seed** refers to refers to physical descendants of **Abraham** who trust in Jesus, as did the second occurrence of “Israel” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “true descendants of Abraham … your true seed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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9:7 kbnn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἀλλ’ 1 **But** here indicates that what follows is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Genesis 21:12](../gen/21/12.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “But God says in the Scriptures,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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9:7 kbnn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἀλλ’ 1 **But** ere indicates that what follows in some way contradicts what was said previously. Here, Paul is using a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Genesis 21:12](../gen/21/12.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “But God says in the Scriptures,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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9:7 z2f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ἐν Ἰσαὰκ κληθήσεταί σοι σπέρμα 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Genesis 21:12](../gen/21/12.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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9:7 wam8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ἐν Ἰσαὰκ κληθήσεταί σοι σπέρμα 1 Here, **your** refers to **Abraham**, and so, it is singular. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Abraham, in Isaac your seed will be called” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
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9:7 obgo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Ἰσαὰκ 1 Here, **in Isaac** means “through the descendants of Isaac.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “through Isaac’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -1597,7 +1595,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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9:9 vplh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐπαγγελίας & ὁ λόγος 1 Here, Paul used the term **word** to describe what God had said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God’s spoken promise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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9:9 sufo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον, ἐλεύσομαι, καὶ ἔσται τῇ Σάρρᾳ υἱός 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Genesis 18:10](../gen/18/10.md), [14](../gen/18/14.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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9:9 r9dw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐλεύσομαι 1 The pronoun **I** here refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, will come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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9:9 hxl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ 1 **And** indicates that what follows this word is related to what came before it. Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the result of what happened in the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a result. Alternate translation: “and the result will be that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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9:9 hxl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows this word is related to what came before it. Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the result of what happened in the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a result. Alternate translation: “and the result will be that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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9:9 h4kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἔσται τῇ Σάρρᾳ υἱός 1 This clause is leaving out a word that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “a son will be born to Sarah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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9:9 wqb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἔσται τῇ Σάρρᾳ υἱός 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Sarah will have a son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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9:10 icc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὐ μόνον δέ 1 Here, **this** refers to what Paul said in the previous verse, which was an example of God’s promises. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Now, this is not the only example” or “Now, what God promised Abraham is not the only example” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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@ -1610,7 +1608,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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9:11 a1gz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ & πρόθεσις τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **purpose**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what God had purposed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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9:11 ts50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατ’ ἐκλογὴν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **election**, you could express the same idea in another way. The context indicates that Paul is referring to **God** electing people. Alternate translation: “according to electing people” or “in relation to choosing people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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9:12 ze3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων, ἀλλ’ ἐκ τοῦ καλοῦντος 1 Here Paul is referring to the election of one of Rebekah’s sons, Jacob, as stated in the next verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God did not elect Jacob by works, but by the one who calls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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9:12 h6uj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔργων 1 Here, **works** refers to human actions in general. It does not refer to “the works of the law” because God had not yet given the law of Moses when Jacob and Esau lived. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what people do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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9:12 h6uj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔργων 1 Here, **works** refers to human actions in general. It does not refer to “the works of the law” because God had not yet given his law to Moses when Jacob and Esau lived. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what people do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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9:12 d6mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ καλοῦντος 1 Here, **the one who calls** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who calls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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9:12 sie3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τοῦ καλοῦντος 1 Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply the word from the context. Alternate translation: “the one who calls people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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9:12 wv7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐρρέθη αὐτῇ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God said to her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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@ -1641,7 +1639,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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9:16 hn5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὐ 1 Here, **it** refers to God acting mercifully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God’s mercy is not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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9:16 d4f5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τοῦ θέλοντος, οὐδὲ τοῦ τρέχοντος, ἀλλὰ & Θεοῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe what God’s mercy does or does not depend on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “depending on the one who wills, nor depending on the one who runs, but depending on God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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9:16 ues3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοῦ τρέχοντος 1 Here Paul uses **the one who runs** to refer to a person who does good things to try to gain God’s favor as if that person were running a race. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who tries to gain favor” or “the one who works very hard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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9:16 plbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τοῦ ἐλεῶντος 1 This phrase gives further information about **God**. If it might be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “he is the one who has mercy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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9:16 plbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τοῦ ἐλεῶντος 1 This phrase gives further information about **God**. If it might be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “he being the one who has mercy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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9:16 p1fn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τοῦ ἐλεῶντος 1 See how you translated **mercy** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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9:17 st77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the another reason why what Paul said in [verse 14](../09/14.md) is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “What I said previously is also true, due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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9:17 x1cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification λέγει & ἡ Γραφὴ τῷ Φαραὼ 1 Here Paul uses **the scripture** as if it were a person who could speak. He means that the scripture he is about to quote contains information that God said to **Pharaoh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God says to Pharaoh in the scripture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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@ -1686,16 +1684,16 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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9:21 falq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἢ οὐκ ἔχει ἐξουσίαν ὁ κεραμεὺς τοῦ πηλοῦ, ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ φυράματος ποιῆσαι ὃ μὲν εἰς τιμὴν σκεῦος, ὃ δὲ εἰς ἀτιμίαν? 1 A **potter** is a person who makes containers out of a type of soil called **clay** that becomes hard after it is heated. The **potter** takes a **lump** of **clay** and forms it into different kinds of containers that are used for various purposes. If your readers would not be familiar with **clay** containers, you could use the name of a different type of material that is used in your area to make containers, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “Or does the person who makes something not have authority over his materials to make from those materials not only what is a vessel for honor, but also what is for dishonor?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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9:21 lm6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς τιμὴν σκεῦος & εἰς ἀτιμίαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **honor** and **dishonor**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “a vessel for what is honorable … for what is dishonorable” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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9:21 pe9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰς τιμὴν σκεῦος & εἰς ἀτιμίαν 1 Here, **honor** and **dishonor** refer to how these vessels will be used. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a vessel for honorable use … for dishonorable use” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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9:22 gk5u General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\n[Verses 22–24](../09/22.md) are one long sentence. If you divide these verses into multiple sentences, as the UST does, then you may need to repeat some phrases in order to make the meaning clear.
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9:22-24 gk5u 0 # General Information:\n\n[Verses 22–24](../09/22.md) are one long sentence. If you divide these verses into multiple sentences, as the UST does, then you may need to repeat some phrases in order to make the meaning clear.
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9:22 a9tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis εἰ 1 Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context, especially the idea in [verse 20](../09/20.md) that no one can speak against God. Alternate translation: “what can you say against God if” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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9:22 afmb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion εἰ 1 Here, **what if** indicates the beginning of one long rhetorical question that extends from [verse 22](../09/22.md) to [verse 24](../09/24.md). If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “you cannot possibly say anything against God if” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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9:22 dzpq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Here, **if** indicates the beginning of a conditional sentence that extends from [verse 22](../09/22.md) to [verse 24](../09/24.md). Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “you cannot possibly say anything against God since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
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9:22 cqto rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure θέλων & ἐνδείξασθαι τὴν ὀργὴν, καὶ γνωρίσαι τὸ δυνατὸν αὐτοῦ, ἤνεγκεν ἐν πολλῇ μακροθυμίᾳ, σκεύη ὀργῆς κατηρτισμένα εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “endured with much patience vessels of wrath prepared for destruction, willing to demonstrate his wrath and to make his power known” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
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9:22 bqkv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result θέλων & ἐνδείξασθαι τὴν ὀργὴν 1 This clause could indicate: (1) the reason why God **endured vessels of wrath**. Alternate translation: “as a result of being willing to demonstrate his wrath” (2) a contrast between God being **willing to demonstrate his wrath** and **enduring vessels of wrath**. Alternate translation: “even though he was willing to demonstrate his wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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9:22 yyyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ὀργὴν & τὸ δυνατὸν αὐτοῦ & πολλῇ μακροθυμίᾳ & ὀργῆς & εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wrath**, **power**, **patience**, and **destruction**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how wrathful he is … how powerful he is … being very patient … for being wrathful against … for being destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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9:22 yyyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ὀργὴν, καὶ γνωρίσαι τὸ δυνατὸν αὐτοῦ, ἤνεγκεν ἐν πολλῇ μακροθυμίᾳ, σκεύη ὀργῆς κατηρτισμένα εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wrath**, **power**, **patience**, and **destruction**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how wrathful he is and to make known how powerful he is, being very patient, endured vessels for being wrathful against that were prepared for being destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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9:22 cj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γνωρίσαι τὸ δυνατὸν αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to make people know his power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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9:22 we86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σκεύη ὀργῆς 1 Paul refers to people as if they were **vessels**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people of wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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9:22 ba9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession σκεύη ὀργῆς 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **vessels** that deserve **wrath**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “vessels that deserve wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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||||
9:22 ba9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession σκεύη ὀργῆς 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **vessels** that deserve **wrath**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “vessels that deserve wrath” or “people who deserve wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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9:22 at71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish κατηρτισμένα εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 This phrase gives further information about the **vessels of wrath**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “who are the ones prepared for destruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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9:22 o4ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κατηρτισμένα εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The one who does the action could be: (1) God, who is the main subject of this verse. Alternate translation: “God prepared for destruction” (2) the people themselves. Alternate translation: “who prepared themselves for destruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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9:22 bney rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal κατηρτισμένα εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 The word **for** indicates that what follows this word connects to what came before it. Here, **for** indicates the purpose for which the **vessels of wrath** were **prepared**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “prepared for purpose of being destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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@ -1740,7 +1738,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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9:28 cm32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy λόγον 1 Here, **word** refers to God’s promise to both punish the Israelites and save a remnant from among them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his promise to punish and save” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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||||
9:28 pqri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit συντελῶν 1 Here, **finishing** refers to successfully completing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “successfully completing it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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||||
9:28 md3o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor συντέμνων 1 Here, **cutting it short** refers to finish doing something quickly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “ending it quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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9:28 x832 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks the Lord will carry out his sentence on the earth 0 The end of this verse is the end of a quotation from [Isaiah 10:22–23](../isa/10/22.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
|
||||
9:28 x832 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks συντελῶν καὶ συντέμνων 1 The end of this verse is the end of a quotation from [Isaiah 10:22–23](../isa/10/22.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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||||
9:29 gq8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καὶ καθὼς προείρηκεν Ἠσαΐας 1 This phrase indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 1:9](../isa/01/09.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “And just as Isaiah has said beforehand in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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||||
9:29 xem9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks εἰ μὴ Κύριος Σαβαὼθ ἐνκατέλιπεν ἡμῖν σπέρμα, ὡς Σόδομα ἂν ἐγενήθημεν, καὶ ὡς Γόμορρα ἂν ὡμοιώθημεν 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Isaiah 1:9](../isa/01/09.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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9:29 dl9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῖν & ἂν ἐγενήθημεν & ὡμοιώθημεν 1 In this verse **us** and **we** refer to Isaiah and those to whom he spoke, so **us** and **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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@ -1819,7 +1817,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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10:6 tf9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς ἀναβήσεται εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν? 1 Paul quotes Moses using a question to teach his audience. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely no one can ascend into heaven!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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10:6 gi7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦτ’ ἔστιν Χριστὸν καταγαγεῖν 1 In this clause Paul explains the meaning of the previous sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “meaning, to make Christ come down to earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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10:6 y5c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal Χριστὸν καταγαγεῖν 1 Here, **to** indicates that this is a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of bringing Christ down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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10:7 g827 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἤ 1 Paul uses **or** here to connect a quotation from [Deuteronomy 30:12](../deu/30/12.md) with a paraphrase of [Deuteronomy 30:13](../deu/30/13.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that shows this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses also said not to say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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10:7 g827 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἤ 1 Paul uses **or** here to connect a quotation from [Deuteronomy 30:12](../deu/30/12.md) with a paraphrase of [Deuteronomy 30:13](../deu/30/13.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that shows this explicitly. Alternate translation: “or do not to say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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10:7 j2t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τίς καταβήσεται εἰς τὴν Ἄβυσσον 1 In this sentence Paul paraphrases [Deuteronomy 30:13](../deu/30/13.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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10:7 w8xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς καταβήσεται εἰς τὴν Ἄβυσσον? 1 Paul quotes Moses using a question to teach his audience. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely no one can descend into the abyss!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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10:7 gw0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦτ’ ἔστιν Χριστὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναγαγεῖν 1 In this clause Paul explains the meaning of the previous sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “That means to make Christ come up from dead ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -1846,7 +1844,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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10:10 iv0v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here introduces the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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10:10 g7i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy καρδίᾳ & πιστεύεται 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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10:10 g3nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πιστεύεται & ὁμολογεῖται 1 The subjects of these phrases are implied from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “one believes that God raised Jesus from the dead … one confesses that Jesus is Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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10:10 o3a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς δικαιοσύνην & εἰς σωτηρίαν 1 Both occurrences of **to** in this verse indicate that what follows them are results. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “resulting in righteousness … resulting in salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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10:10 o3a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς δικαιοσύνην & εἰς σωτηρίαν 1 Both occurrences of **to** in this verse indicate that what follows them are results. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation (with a comma preceding both phrases): “resulting in righteousness … resulting in salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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10:10 h20k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δικαιοσύνην 1 See how you translated this abstract noun in [verse 6](../10/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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10:10 xs8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit στόματι & ὁμολογεῖται 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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10:10 uroy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns σωτηρίαν 1 See how you translated this abstract noun in [verse 1](../10/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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@ -1912,7 +1910,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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10:18 s5zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν 1 These two clauses mean the same thing. Paul quotes David saying the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “What they said went everywhere in the whole world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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10:18 g4vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ φθόγγος αὐτῶν; καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτῶν 1 In this sentence, both **Their** and **their** refer to the sun, moon, and stars as if they were people who could make a **sound** or speak **words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “The sun, moon, and the stars are proof that went out into all the earth, and they are proof to the ends of the world.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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10:18 e2nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης 1 The phrase **the ends of the world** is an idiom that refers to every place on the earth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everywhere on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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10:19 n3q8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀλλὰ 1 The word **But** introduces a contrast, Here, **But** indicates that what follows is in contrast to what Paul said [verse 17](../10/17.md) and also agrees with the statement in the previous verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use an expression that shows the agreement between this verse and the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Furthermore,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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10:19 n3q8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀλλὰ 1 Here, **But** indicates that what follows is in contrast to what Paul said in [verse 17](../10/17.md), in the same way that the statement in the previous verse contrasted [verse 17](../10/17.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could use an expression that shows the agreement between this verse and the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Furthermore,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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10:19 uu9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns λέγω 1 The pronoun **I** here refers to Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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10:19 imik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks μὴ Ἰσραὴλ οὐκ ἔγνω & ἐγὼ παραζηλώσω ὑμᾶς, ἐπ’ οὐκ ἔθνει, ἐπ’ ἔθνει ἀσυνέτῳ, παροργιῶ ὑμᾶς 1 In these two sentences Paul is quoting himself and then the Old Testament. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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10:19 ib4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μὴ Ἰσραὴλ οὐκ ἔγνω? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Israel most surely knew!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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@ -1962,7 +1960,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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11:2 dd1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή 1 See how you translated **the scripture says** in [10:11](../10/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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11:2 z5lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture λέγει & ἐντυγχάνει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verbs **says** and **pleads** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said … he pleaded” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
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11:2 ki3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ἰσραήλ 1 See how you translated **Israel** in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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11:3 rnut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks they have killed 0 This sentence is a quotation from [1 Kings 19:10](../1ki/19/10.md), [14](../1ki/19/14.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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11:3 rnut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks τοὺς προφήτας σου ἀπέκτειναν 1 This sentence is a quotation from [1 Kings 19:10](../1ki/19/10.md), [14](../1ki/19/14.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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11:3 fh9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἀπέκτειναν & κατέσκαψαν & ζητοῦσιν 1 In this verse **they** refers to the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel killed … they tore down … those people of Israel seek” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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11:3 fd5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns κἀγὼ ὑπελείφθην μόνος & μου 1 In this verse **I** and **my** refer to Elijah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and only I, Elijah, was left behind … my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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11:3 ut1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κἀγὼ ὑπελείφθην μόνος 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I alone am remaining” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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@ -1987,7 +1985,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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11:7 k94b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “This is what we should conclude:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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11:7 crpn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὃ & τοῦτο 1 **The thing** and **this** here refer to righteousness, as indicated in [9:30–31](../09/30.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The righteousness … this righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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11:7 ctkj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ἰσραήλ 1 See how you translated this name in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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11:7 xbkh rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐπέτυχεν & οἱ & λοιποὶ 1 Here, **it** and **them** refer to the people of **Israel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel … the rest of the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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11:7 xbkh rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὐκ ἐπέτυχεν & οἱ & λοιποὶ 1 Here, **it** and **them** refer to the people of **Israel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel did not obtain … the rest of the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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11:7 rzet rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ & ἐκλογὴ & οἱ & λοιποὶ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **elect** and **rest**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the ones who have been elected … the ones of them who remain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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11:7 jib7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπωρώθησαν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The next verse indicates that God is the one who did the action. Alternate translation: “God hardened” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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11:7 bp19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπωρώθησαν 1 Here, **hardened** refers to being made stubborn. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “were made stubborn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -2021,7 +2019,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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11:12 ew4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet εἰ & τὸ παράπτωμα αὐτῶν, πλοῦτος κόσμου, καὶ τὸ ἥττημα αὐτῶν, πλοῦτος ἐθνῶν 1 Both of these clauses mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize what he is saying. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “if their transgression certainly resulted in wealth for the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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11:12 v024 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what John is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
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11:12 zibw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ παράπτωμα αὐτῶν 1 See how you translated **transgression** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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11:12 rnsk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πλοῦτος κόσμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **wealth** that is for **the world**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the adjective “true” instead of the noun “truth.” Alternate translation: “is wealth for the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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11:12 rnsk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πλοῦτος κόσμου 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **wealth** that is for **the world**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is wealth for the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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11:12 it9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy κόσμου 1 Here, **world** refers to the people living in the world, especially the Gentiles. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of the people living in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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11:12 hqch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ ἥττημα αὐτῶν & τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **loss** and **fullness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what they lost … how full they are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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11:12 fxoo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ ἥττημα αὐτῶν & τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτῶν 1 Here, **loss** refers to Israel’s failure to make themselves righteous, and **fullness** refers to the complete number of Israelites who will become righteous by trusting in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their failure … their full number of believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -2047,7 +2045,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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11:15 jn4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 See how you translated a similar phrase in [4:24](../04/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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11:16 ao3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & εἰ 1 See how you translated **if** in [verse 12](../11/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
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11:16 bi5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ τὸ φύραμα & καὶ οἱ κλάδοι 1 In these clauses Paul implies that **the lump of dough** and **the branches** are **also** holy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the lump of dough is also holy … the branches are also holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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11:16 b2s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰ & ἡ ἀπαρχὴ ἁγία, καὶ τὸ φύραμα; 1 Paul is speaking of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the Israelites’ ancestors, as if they were the **firstfruits** to be harvested. He is also speaking of the Israelites who descended from those men as if they were a **lump of dough** that was made from the grain as the **firstfruits**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this idea with a simile. Alternate translation: “if Abraham is like the first of what has been offered to God, all of his descendants should also be considered an offering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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11:16 b2s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰ & ἡ ἀπαρχὴ ἁγία, καὶ τὸ φύραμα; 1 Paul is speaking of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the Israelites’ ancestors, as if they were the **firstfruits** to be harvested. He is also speaking of the Israelites who descended from those men, as if they were a **lump of dough** that was made from the **firstfruits** that had been harvested. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this idea with a simile. Alternate translation: “if Abraham is like the first of what has been offered to God, all of his descendants should also be considered an offering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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11:16 dci1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰ ἡ ῥίζα ἁγία, καὶ οἱ κλάδοι 1 Paul is speaking of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the Israelites’ ancestors, as if they were the **root** of a tree. He is also speaking of the Israelites who descended from those men as if they were **the branches** of that same tree. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this idea with a simile. Alternate translation: “if Abraham is like the root of a tree, all of his descendants should also be considered branches of that tree” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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11:17 qkc0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure εἰ 1 Here, **if** indicates that this verse and the next verse are one conditional sentence. You may need to adjust the words to divide these verses into separate sentences. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
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11:17 imrh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
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@ -2126,10 +2124,10 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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11:26 dm4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Σιὼν 1 See how you translated **Zion** in [9:33](../09/33.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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11:26 at55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀποστρέψει ἀσεβείας 1 Paul quotes Isaiah speaking of **ungodly things** as if they were an object that someone could **turn away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will cause ungodly activity to stop” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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11:26 bkr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ἰακώβ 1 Here, **Jacob** refers to the descendants of Jacob, who are also called Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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11:27 cie8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks from Jacob 0 This verse is a quotation of [Isaiah 59:20–21](../isa/59/20.md) and [27:9](../isa/27/09.md) in which God is speaking. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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11:27 cie8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks καὶ αὕτη αὐτοῖς, ἡ παρ’ ἐμοῦ διαθήκη, ὅταν ἀφέλωμαι τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν 1 This verse is a quotation of [Isaiah 59:20–21](../isa/59/20.md) and [27:9](../isa/27/09.md) in which God is speaking. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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11:27 q7e3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς & παρ’ ἐμοῦ & ἀφέλωμαι & αὐτῶν 1 The pronouns **I** and **me** here refer to God, and **them** and **their** refer to the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the people of Israel … with me, God, … I take away Israel’s” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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11:27 ll39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀφέλωμαι τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν 1 Paul quotes God speaking of **sins** as if they were objects that someone could **take away**. He means that people are forgiven for the **sins** they have done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will remove the guilt of their sins” or “I will forgive them for their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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11:28 ctn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ & τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 Here Paul implies the Jewish people rejecting the **gospel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “according to the Jews rejecting the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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11:28 ctn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ & τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 Here Paul implies that the Jewish people are rejecting the **gospel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “according to the Jews rejecting the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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11:28 girf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐχθροὶ & ὑμᾶς & ἀγαπητοὶ & τοὺς πατέρας 1 The pronouns **they** and **their** refer to the people of Israel, and **your** refers to Gentile Christians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel are enemies … you non-Jews' … the people of Israel are beloved … their forefathers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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11:28 x6aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐχθροὶ 1 Paul implies that the Jewish people are **enemies** of God because they rejected the gospel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “they are God’s enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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11:28 dr2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ & τὴν ἐκλογὴν 2 See how you translated this phrase in [9:11](../09/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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@ -2184,15 +2182,14 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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12:1 fwds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμᾶς & ὑμῶν & ὑμῶν 1 The pronouns **you** and **your** here and throughout most of this chapter are plural and refer to the believers in Rome to whom Paul wrote this letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you believers … your … your” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
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12:1 xgcr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result παρακαλῶ οὖν ὑμᾶς 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is a logical conclusion. Here, **therefore** indicates that what follows in the rest of this letter is what Paul wants his readers to do in response to what he has written in chapters 1–11. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a fuller expression. Alternate translation: “Since everything I have said is true, I urge you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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12:1 kr1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated this word in [1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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12:1 d50i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν & θυσίαν ζῶσαν & τὴν λογικὴν λατρείαν ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **compassions**, **sacrifice**, and **service**, you could express the same ideas in another way. These words indicate different ways in which people serve God. Alternate translation: “what is compassionate … a living one that is sacrificed … which is how you reasonably serve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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12:1 d50i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν & θυσίαν ζῶσαν & τὴν λογικὴν λατρείαν ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **compassions**, **sacrifice**, and **service**, you could express the same ideas in another way. These words indicate different ways in which people serve God. Alternate translation: “the ways that God is compassionate … a living one that is sacrificed … which is how you reasonably serve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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12:1 wuyl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παραστῆσαι τὰ σώματα ὑμῶν θυσίαν ζῶσαν 1 Here Paul refers to a believer in Christ who obeys God as if that person were one of the animals that the Jews killed and then offered to God as a **sacrifice**, except that this **sacrifice** is still **living**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “to offer yourselves completely to God while you are alive, as if you were a living sacrifice on the temple altar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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12:1 w1mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche τὰ σώματα ὑμῶν 1 Here, **bodies** refers to whole people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your whole selves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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12:2 pyb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ συνσχηματίζεσθε & μεταμορφοῦσθε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “do not conform yourselves … let God transform you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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12:2 clc6 μὴ συνσχηματίζεσθε 1 Alternate translation: “do not become alike”
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12:2 d2qq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ 1 Here, **this age** refers to the attitudes and actions of the unbelievers who live during this period of time. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the way people think and act in this age” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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12:2 na8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀνακαινώσει τοῦ νοός & τὸ θέλημα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **renewal** and **will**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “by renewing the mind … thing that God wills” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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12:2 na8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀνακαινώσει τοῦ νοός & τὸ θέλημα τοῦ Θεοῦ, τὸ ἀγαθὸν, καὶ εὐάρεστον, καὶ τέλειον 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **renewal** and **will**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “by renewing the mind … the good and well-pleasing and perfect thing that God wills” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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12:2 c6ch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ ἀνακαινώσει τοῦ νοός 1 Here Paul speaks of changing the way a person thinks as if that person’s mind is being renewed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by the changing of how one thinks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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12:2 w34l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὸ δοκιμάζειν ὑμᾶς 1 Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is the purpose for which someone should **be transformed**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose that you can approve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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12:3 cp9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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12:3 l6c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive διὰ τῆς χάριτος τῆς δοθείσης μοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “through the grace God has given to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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12:3 nyc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τῆς χάριτος τῆς δοθείσης μοι 1 Here, **grace** refers to God graciously choosing Paul to be an apostle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through the grace that caused me to become an apostle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -2230,8 +2227,8 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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12:12 l3es rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative τῇ ἐλπίδι χαίροντες, τῇ θλίψει ὑπομένοντες, τῇ προσευχῇ προσκαρτεροῦντες 1 Paul is using statements to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for commands. Alternate translation: “in hope, rejoice; in suffering, be patient; in prayer, persist” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
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12:12 wept rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τῇ ἐλπίδι 1 Here, **in** indicates that **hope** is the reason for **rejoicing**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “because of hope, rejoicing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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12:12 uv64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous τῇ θλίψει ὑπομένοντες 1 Here, **in** indicates the situation in which someone should be **patient**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the time of suffering, being patient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
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12:13 vk5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative ταῖς χρείαις τῶν ἁγίων κοινωνοῦντες, τὴν φιλοξενίαν διώκοντες 1 Paul is using statements to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for commands. Alternate translation: “in the needs of the saints, share; pursue hospitality” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
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12:12 xoy0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ προσευχῇ προσκαρτεροῦντες 1 Here, **in** indicates that **prayer** is what one needs to do persistently. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in regard to prayer, persisting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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12:13 vk5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative ταῖς χρείαις τῶν ἁγίων κοινωνοῦντες, τὴν φιλοξενίαν διώκοντες 1 Paul is using statements to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for commands. Alternate translation: “in the needs of the saints, share; pursue hospitality” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
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12:13 m53s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ταῖς χρείαις τῶν ἁγίων & τὴν φιλοξενίαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **needs** and **hospitality**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in the things the saints need … hospitable actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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12:13 i3nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ταῖς χρείαις τῶν ἁγίων κοινωνοῦντες 1 Here Paul implies sharing the things that a person has with those **saints** who have **needs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “sharing what you have to meet the needs of the saints” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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12:14 exd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet εὐλογεῖτε καὶ μὴ καταρᾶσθε 1 These two commands mean the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize what he is saying. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “you must absolutely bless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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@ -2345,12 +2342,12 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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13:11 rhdr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἐπιστεύσαμεν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “we believed in Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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13:12 ahn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ νὺξ 1 **The night** here refers the time period when people do evil deeds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This time when people act sinfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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13:12 dioj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor προέκοψεν 1 Here, **advanced** refers to the **night** being almost over. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will soon be over” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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13:12 p7xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ & ἡμέρα 2 Paul speaks of the time when Jesus will return to earth as **the day**. This event is referred to as “the day of the Lord” elsewhere in the Bible and is related to Paul’s reference to a future “salvation” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the time when Jesus returns” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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13:12 p7xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ δὲ ἡμέρα 1 Paul speaks of the time when Jesus will return to earth as **the day**. This event is referred to as “the day of the Lord” elsewhere in the Bible and is related to Paul’s reference to a future “salvation” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the time when Jesus returns” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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13:12 v3m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἤγγικεν 1 Here Paul speaks of **the day** as if it were an object that could **come near** a person. He means that the time when Jesus returns will be soon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is going to happen soon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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13:12 b4ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἀποθώμεθα & ἐνδυσώμεθα 1 In this verse **us** refers to Paul and his Christian readers, so **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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13:12 bb8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀποθώμεθα οὖν τὰ ἔργα τοῦ σκότους 1 Here, **put off** means to stop doing something, and **the works of the darkness** refers to evil deeds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let us therefore stop doing evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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13:12 bb8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀποθώμεθα οὖν τὰ ἔργα τοῦ σκότους 1 Here, **put off** means to completely stop doing something, and **the works of the darkness** refers to evil deeds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let us therefore stop doing evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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13:12 o888 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ ἔργα τοῦ σκότους 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **works** that are characteristic of **the darkness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the works that are characteristic of the darkness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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13:12 y5n4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐνδυσώμεθα 1 Here, **put on** means to start doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “let us therefore start doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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13:12 y5n4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐνδυσώμεθα 1 Here, **put on** means to start doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “let us therefore start using” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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13:12 rjz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ ὅπλα τοῦ φωτός 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **weapons** that are characteristic of **the light**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the weapons that are characteristic of the light” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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13:12 dw5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὰ ὅπλα τοῦ φωτός 1 Here, **weapons** refers to what Christians do to oppose evil, and **the light** refers to good deeds, which is in contrast to **the darkness** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “the good deeds used for opposing evil” or “the good deeds that are like weapons for fighting evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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13:13 gv4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive περιπατήσωμεν 1 Here, **us** refers to Paul and his Christian readers, so **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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@ -2393,7 +2390,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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14:7 t6q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous clause is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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14:7 u9ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **us** refers to Paul and his Christian readers, so **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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14:7 txm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἑαυτῷ & ἑαυτῷ 1 Here, **for himself** means to do something only to benefit oneself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the benefit of himself … for the benefit of himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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14:7 c9ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐδεὶς 2 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “none of us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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14:7 c9ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐδεὶς 2 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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14:8 gbxd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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14:8 s3lb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ζῶμεν & ζῶμεν & ἀποθνῄσκωμεν & ἀποθνῄσκομεν & ζῶμεν & ἀποθνῄσκωμεν & ἐσμέν 1 In this verse **we** refers to Paul and his Christian readers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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14:8 xf7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ Κυρίῳ -1 Here, **for the Lord** means to do something only to benefit **the Lord**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the benefit of the Lord … for the benefit of the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -2427,7 +2424,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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14:14 erfx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐδὲν κοινὸν & κοινὸν & κοινόν 1 The next verse indicates that here Paul is specifically referring to **unclean** foods, which were foods that Jews were forbidden to eat according to the law of Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “no food is forbidden to be eaten … forbidden … it is forbidden food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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14:14 fuk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐδὲν κοινὸν δι’ ἑαυτοῦ 1 If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “everything by itself is clean” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
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14:14 mjc5 δι’ ἑαυτοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “by its nature” or “because of what it is”
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14:15 vd20 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul’s readers should obey the command he gave in [verse 13](../14/13.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: ““Do not place a stumbling block before your brother because, if on account of food,”” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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14:15 vd20 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰ γὰρ διὰ βρῶμα 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul’s readers should obey the command he gave in [verse 13](../14/13.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: ““Do not place a stumbling block before your brother because, if on account of food,”” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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14:15 iw7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ βρῶμα 1 This phrase refers to a Christian eating food that another Christians thinks is unclean, as mentioned in the previous verse and [verses 2–6](../14/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “over the matter of food” or “because of what you eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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14:15 tfix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σου & περιπατεῖς & σου 1 Even though Paul is writing to a group of people, **your** and **you** here are singular. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural form of "you" in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
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14:15 ln42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ὁ ἀδελφός 1 Here, **brother** refers to a fellow Christian. See how you translated this word in [verse 10](../14/10.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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@ -2458,10 +2455,10 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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14:20 l75q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns κακὸν 1 Here, **it** refers to the act of eating a food that someone believes God has not permitted. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “eating those things is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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14:20 dk72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ τῷ διὰ προσκόμματος ἐσθίοντι 1 Here, **eats with a stumbling block** refers to tempting another believer to sin by eating food that the other believer thinks is sinful to eat. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the man to eat what causes another believer to stumble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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14:20 fz0m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor προσκόμματος 1 See how you translated **stumbling block** in [11:9](../11/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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14:21 mrr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis μηδὲ 2 Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply the word from the context. Alternate translation: “nor do anything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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14:21 mrr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis μηδὲ 2 Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply the word from the context. Alternate translation: “and it is good not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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14:21 e1du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd σου 1 Even though Paul is writing to a group of people, **your** here is singular. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural form of you in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
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14:21 iq9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ὁ ἀδελφός 1 Here, **brother** refers to a fellow Christian. See how you translated this word in [verse 10](../14/10.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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14:21 m5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor προσκόπτει 1 Here, **stumbles** refers to another believer being tempted to sin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is tempted to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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14:21 m5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor προσκόπτει 1 Here, **stumbles** refers to another believer succombing to the temptation to sin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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14:21 k1bn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ἢ σκανδαλίζεται, ἢ ἀσθενεῖ 1 These words are found in some traditional versions of the Bible, but they are not found in the most accurate ancient manuscripts of the Bible. ULT and UST indicate this by putting these words in brackets. If a translation of the Bible already exists in your area, you could consider including this verse if that translation does. If there is not already a Bible translation in your area, we recommend that you indicate in some way that this verse may not be original, such as by putting it in brackets or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
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14:21 o6kn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive σκανδαλίζεται, ἢ ἀσθενεῖ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that offends him or makes him weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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14:21 mnon rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀσθενεῖ 1 Here, **weak** refers to being spiritually immature. See how you translated “weak in the faith” in [verse 1](../14/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -2539,7 +2536,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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15:11 gk0i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks αἰνεῖτε πάντα τὰ ἔθνη τὸν Κύριον; καὶ ἐπαινεσάτωσαν αὐτὸν πάντες οἱ λαοί 1 This sentence is a quotation from [Psalm 117:1](../psa/117/001.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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15:12 inaw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations καὶ πάλιν Ἠσαΐας λέγει 1 This phrase indicates that what follows is a quotation of something **Isaiah** said in an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 11:10](../isa/11/10.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “And also in the Scriptures, Isaiah says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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15:12 u5kr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture Ἠσαΐας λέγει 1 Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “Isaiah said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
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15:12 lpf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ ῥίζα τοῦ Ἰεσσαί & ὁ ἀνιστάμενος & αὐτῷ 1 These three expressions all refer to the same person, the Messiah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The root of Jesse … he is the one who rises … that person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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15:12 lpf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ ῥίζα τοῦ Ἰεσσαί & ὁ ἀνιστάμενος & αὐτῷ 1 These three expressions all refer to the same person, the Messiah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The descendant of Jesse, the Messiah … Messiah is the one who rises … the Messiah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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15:12 fta5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ ῥίζα τοῦ Ἰεσσαί 1 Paul quotes Isaiah referring to a descendant of **Jesse** as if that person were a **root** or shoot that had grown out of a plant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The descendant of Jesse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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15:12 lgr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὁ ἀνιστάμενος 1 Paul quotes Isaiah using **rising** to refer to someone becoming a king. If it would be helpful in your language, you can use a comparable idiom or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who becomes king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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15:13 t3dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ & Θεὸς τῆς ἐλπίδος 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **God** as the source of **hope**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the God who gives hope” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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@ -2616,7 +2613,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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15:26 n0fb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κοινωνίαν τινὰ ποιήσασθαι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **contribution**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to contribute a certain amount” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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15:27 w5ap rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γάρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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15:27 px7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns εὐδόκησαν & ὀφειλέται εἰσὶν 1 The two occurrences of **they** in this verse refer to the Christians in Macedonia and Achaia, whom Paul mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the believers in Macedonia and Achaia were pleased … those people are obligated to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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15:27 tfz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτῶν & αὐτῶν & αὐτοῖς 1 In this verse, **them** and **their** refer to the Christians in Jerusalem. If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the believers in Jerusalem … their … those believers in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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15:27 tfz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτῶν & αὐτῶν & αὐτοῖς 1 In this verse, **them** and **their** refer to the Christians in Jerusalem. If it might be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Jewish believers … their … those Jewish believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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15:27 ipij rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason the believers in Macedonia and Achaia **are obligated** to help the believers in Jerusalem. Use the most natural form in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “The reason for this is that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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15:27 en7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul uses **if** as if the rest of the verse were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because it is true that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
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15:28 jj6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο 1 Here, **this** refers to Paul traveling to Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this trip to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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@ -2654,9 +2651,9 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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16:2 g7of rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal καὶ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is a second purpose for Paul to commend Phoebe to the believers in Rome. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and in order that you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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16:2 qp4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παραστῆτε αὐτῇ 1 Here, **stand by** refers to helping someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “might assist her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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16:2 i0fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word explains what came before it. **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul wants the Roman believers to help Phoebe. Use the most natural form in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “The reason I want you to do this is that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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16:2 inh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καὶ & προστάτις πολλῶν ἐγενήθη καὶ ἐμοῦ αὐτοῦ 2 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **benefactor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “has also benefited many, and myself as well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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16:3 na1k General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAs was customary in his culture, in [verses 3–16](../16/03.md) Paul begins to conclude the letter by extending greetings to the people to whom he is writing. Your language may have a particular way of sharing greetings in a letter. If so, you could use that form here. Alternate translation: “I enthusiastically ask to be remembered to” or “I send regards to”
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16:3 xigr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative ἀσπάσασθε 1 **Greet** here and throughout [verses 3–16](../16/03.md) is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. Alternate translation: “Make it your habit to greet” or “Make it your practice to greet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
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16:2 inh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καὶ γὰρ αὐτὴ προστάτις πολλῶν ἐγενήθη καὶ ἐμοῦ αὐτοῦ 2 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **benefactor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “For she has also benefited many, and myself as well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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16:3-16 na1k 0 # General Information:\n\nAs was customary in his culture, in [verses 3–16](../16/03.md) Paul begins to conclude the letter by extending greetings to the people to whom he is writing. Your language may have a particular way of sharing greetings in a letter. If so, you could use that form here. Alternate translation: “I enthusiastically ask to be remembered to” or “I send regards to”
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16:3 xigr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative ἀσπάσασθε 1 **Greet** here and throughout [verses 3–16](../16/03.md) is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. Alternate translation: “Please give my greetings to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
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16:3 c5lg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Πρίσκαν καὶ Ἀκύλαν 1 The word **Prisca** is the name of a woman who is also called “Priscilla” in [Acts 18:2](../act/18/02.md). **Aquila** is the name of her husband. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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16:3 fsk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοὺς συνεργούς μου 1 Here, **fellow workers** refers to people who work together with Paul to tell other people about Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who worked with me to preach the gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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16:3 uo3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, **in Christ Jesus** could refer to: (1) the kind of work that **Prisca and Aquila** did with Paul. Alternate translation: “in the service of Christ Jesus” (2) being united with Christ, as this phrase is used in [3:24](../03/24.md); [6:11](../06/11.md), [23](../06/23.md); [8:1–2](../08/01.md), [39](../08/39.md); and [15:17](../15/17.md). Alternate translation: “who are united to Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -2700,7 +2697,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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16:16 t1q4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole ἀσπάζονται ὑμᾶς αἱ ἐκκλησίαι πᾶσαι τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 **All** here could refer to: (1) all the **churches** that were in the area where Paul was working when he wrote this letter. Alternate translation: “All the churches of Christ in this region” (2) all the **churches** that Paul had authority over or represented. Alternate translation: “All the churches of Christ that I represent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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16:17 wx6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated this word in [1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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16:17 ztv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὰς διχοστασίας & τὰ σκάνδαλα & τὴν διδαχὴν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **divisions**, **obstacles**, and **teaching**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what divides … what obstructs … what is taught” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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16:17 n59l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰς διχοστασίας & ποιοῦντας 1 This phrase refers to causing believers to argue with each other. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who are causing believers to argue with one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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16:17 n59l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοὺς τὰς διχοστασίας καὶ τὰ σκάνδαλα & ποιοῦντας 1 This phrase refers to causing believers to argue with each other. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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16:17 atil rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὰ σκάνδαλα 1 See how you translated “trap” in [11:9](../11/09.md) and [14:13](../14/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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16:17 j9x7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρὰ τὴν διδαχὴν ἣν ὑμεῖς ἐμάθετε 1 This clause could refer to: (1) the **traps**. Alternate translation: “which are contrary to the teaching that you have learned” (2) the means by which these people are **causing divisions and traps**. Alternate translation: “by doing what is contrary to the teaching that you have learned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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16:17 b318 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐκκλίνετε ἀπ’ αὐτῶν 1 Here, **turn away** refers to avoiding someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “avoid them completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -2747,7 +2744,7 @@ front:intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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16:26 d7r5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish φανερωθέντος δὲ νῦν 1 This clause gives further information about “the mystery,” which is also the “gospel” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to make this connection clear. Alternate translation: “but now that mystery has been revealed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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16:26 kgs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive φανερωθέντος δὲ νῦν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but now God has revealed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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16:26 vrul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure διά τε Γραφῶν προφητικῶν, κατ’ ἐπιταγὴν τοῦ αἰωνίου Θεοῦ εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως, εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη γνωρισθέντος 1 The word translated as **and** here indicates that the following four phrases are connected to the fifth phrase. If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “and having been made known through the prophetic writings, according to the command of the eternal God, to the obedience of faith, to all the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
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16:26 efyy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Γραφῶν προφητικῶν & ἐπιταγὴν τοῦ αἰωνίου Θεοῦ εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **writings**, **command**, **obedience**, and **faith**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what was written by the prophets … what the eternal God commanded, to be obedient of what is faithful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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16:26 efyy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Γραφῶν προφητικῶν & ἐπιταγὴν τοῦ αἰωνίου Θεοῦ εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **writings**, **command**, **obedience**, and **faith**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what was written by the prophets … what the eternal God commanded, that we should obey as an act of faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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16:26 fbr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς ὑπακοὴν πίστεως 1 Here, **to** indicates that this is a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of the obedience of faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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16:26 lc6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὑπακοὴν πίστεως 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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16:26 cvi3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γνωρισθέντος 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God having made known” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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Reference in New Issue