diff --git a/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv b/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv index dc018f617a..d28fcce0ba 100644 --- a/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv +++ b/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote ISA front intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Isaiah

1. Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12)
1. Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23)
1. Universal judgment and promise of redemption (24–27)
1. The people of Yahweh judged (28–31)
1. The righteous kingdom (32–33)
1. The nations judged; the ransomed will be restored (34–35)
1. Hezekiah and Sennacherib (36–39)
1. Yahweh comforts his people and will restore them (40–45)
1. Prophecies against Babylon (46–48)
1. The servant of Yahweh (49–55)
1. Ethics of Yahweh’s kingdom (56–59)
1. Restored Jerusalem (60–66)


### What is the Book of Isaiah about?

The first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1-39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah’s prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36-39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem.

The second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40-66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators can use the traditional title, “The Book of Isaiah” or just “Isaiah.” Or they may call it “The Book about Isaiah” or “The Sayings of Isaiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### When was the Book of Isaiah written?

Isaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36-39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel?

Jews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1-7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David’s kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God’s spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40-66 are about “the servant.” This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ.

### What did Isaiah mean by the “last days”?

Isaiah prophesied of the “last days” (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The New Testament writers understood the “last days” to be the church age (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2). The Book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah explained that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city. And people from all over the world will go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?

The name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])

### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah?

Most of Isaiah’s prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that were meant to be remembered.

Sometimes Isaiah’s messages are hard to understand. He assumed his original hearers would know what he was talking about. But readers today do not always understand what he meant. However, Isaiah’s basic messages are still clear to us today. These messages are about how God’s people sinned against him, how he would punish them, and how he would eventually comfort and restore them.

Isaiah also speaks about the Servant of Yahweh, in four different poems that are today called the “Four Servant Songs.” Christians understand these very clearly as prophecies about Jesus Christ, the Messiah. These “songs” are in Isaiah 42:1-9; 49:1-7; 50:4-9; and 52:13-53:12. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ISA 1 intro q326 0 # Isaiah 1 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-31, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Woe
The prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors
There are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah’s sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Rhetorical Questions
Yahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 1 1 qur5 0 The vision of Isaiah … that he saw “This is the vision of Isaiah … that Yahweh showed him” or “This is what God showed Isaiah” +ISA 1 1 qur5 0 The vision of Isaiah … that he saw Alternate translation: “This is the vision of Isaiah … that Yahweh showed him” or “This is what God showed Isaiah” ISA 1 1 zfq5 translate-names 0 Amoz Amoz was the father of Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 1 1 i66y figs-metonymy 0 Judah and Jerusalem “Judah” refers to the southern kingdom of Israel. “Jerusalem” was its most important city. The names of the places represent the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” or “the people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 1 1 qsh3 figs-idiom 0 in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah This is an idiom and refers to the time when each king reigned. They reigned one after the other, not all at the same time. Alternate translation: “when Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah were kings of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ ISA 1 4 blg2 0 Nation, sinners This could mean: (1) Isaiah is saying two diffe ISA 1 4 w37n figs-metaphor 0 a people weighed down with iniquity Something very heavy that a person might carry is a metaphor for their many sins. Alternate translation: “their sin is like a heavy bag on their shoulders that makes it hard for them to walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 4 j97s figs-metaphor 0 offspring of evildoers The word “offspring” is a metaphor for people who do what others have done. Alternate translation: “people who do the same evil they see others doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 4 bwr8 0 act corruptly do evil deeds -ISA 1 4 at1f 0 They have abandoned Yahweh “They have gone away from Yahweh” -ISA 1 4 na87 0 have despised “have refused to obey” or “have refused to respect” +ISA 1 4 at1f 0 They have abandoned Yahweh Alternate translation: “They have gone away from Yahweh” +ISA 1 4 na87 0 have despised Alternate translation: “have refused to obey” or “have refused to respect” ISA 1 4 z7gi 0 Israel Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel. ISA 1 4 kv93 0 they have estranged themselves from him Though at one time they were friends, they now treat him as though they do not know him. ISA 1 5 epw9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ ISA 1 6 txm6 figs-metaphor 0 they have not been closed, cleansed, bandaged, nor ISA 1 7 ei5u figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 7 e6tr figs-activepassive 0 Your country is ruined This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They have ruined your country” or “Your enemies have ruined your country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 7 gv8j figs-activepassive 0 your cities are burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they have burned your cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 1 7 r1um 0 your fields—in your presence, strangers are destroying them “people who are not from your own country steal the crops from your fields while you watch” +ISA 1 7 r1um 0 your fields—in your presence, strangers are destroying them Alternate translation: “people who are not from your own country steal the crops from your fields while you watch” ISA 1 7 l3um figs-abstractnouns 0 abandoned devastation “empty and devastated.” This abstract noun phrase can be expressed as verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “they have destroyed the land and no one lives there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 1 7 ygn5 figs-activepassive 0 overthrown by strangers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “strangers have overthrown your country” or “a foreign army has completely conquered it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 1 8 c1rf figs-activepassive 0 The daughter of Zion is left This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have left the daughter of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ ISA 1 8 xl8k figs-simile 0 is left like a hut in a vineyard, like a shed in a g ISA 1 8 qnb3 0 like … cucumbers, like a besieged city Another possible meaning is “like … cucumbers. She is a besieged city” ISA 1 9 cf1d figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 9 a3aq figs-hypo 0 If Yahweh This describes something that could have happened in the past but did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -ISA 1 9 cy37 0 a small remnant “a few survivors” +ISA 1 9 cy37 0 a small remnant Alternate translation: “a few survivors” ISA 1 9 qe2a figs-exclusive 0 us … we Here these words refer to Isaiah and includes all the people of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 1 9 y4cq figs-explicit 0 we would have been like Sodom, we would have been like Gomorrah How Judah would have been like Sodom and Gomorrah can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God would have destroyed us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 1 10 p3g9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ ISA 1 10 vtc9 figs-metaphor 0 you rulers of Sodom … you people of Gomorrah Is ISA 1 11 r739 figs-rquestion 0 What is the multitude of your sacrifices to me? God is using a question to scold the people. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your many sacrifices mean nothing to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 1 12 z32c figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 12 p91g figs-rquestion 0 who has required this of you, to trample my courts? The word “trample” means to step on and crush with one’s feet. God is using a question to scold the people who live in Judah. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one told you to stomp around in my courtyards!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 1 13 a4yw 0 Bring no more meaningless offerings “Do not bring me any more of your worthless gifts” +ISA 1 13 a4yw 0 Bring no more meaningless offerings Alternate translation: “Do not bring me any more of your worthless gifts” ISA 1 13 qg5t figs-abstractnouns 0 incense is an abomination to me Here the abstract noun “abomination” can expressed as the verb “hate.” Alternate translation: “I hate the incense the priests burn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 1 13 y2mq 0 I cannot tolerate these wicked assemblies This could mean: (1) “I cannot allow you to gather together because of the wicked things you do” or (2) “I cannot allow myself to watch you gather together because of the wicked things you do.” ISA 1 14 x2u9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ ISA 1 16 tc5d figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s ISA 1 16 kug1 figs-metaphor 0 Wash, cleanse yourselves Here God compares a person who stops sinning with one who washes his body. Alternate translation: “Repent and wash the sin from your heart like you wash the dirt from your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 16 i5wc figs-metaphor 0 remove the evil of your deeds from my sight God was not telling them to do their evil deeds somewhere else, but to stop doing them. Alternate translation: “stop doing the evil deeds that I see you doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 17 h8bt figs-metaphor 0 make straight the oppression God speaks of people who oppress others as if they had made crooked something that should be straight, and he calls on them to make that object straight again. The abstract noun “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “make sure that those helpless people you have harmed no longer suffer from the bad things you have done to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 1 17 btn7 0 give justice to the fatherless “be fair to the children who do not have fathers” -ISA 1 17 q1c7 0 defend the widow “protect the women whose husbands have died” +ISA 1 17 btn7 0 give justice to the fatherless Alternate translation: “be fair to the children who do not have fathers” +ISA 1 17 q1c7 0 defend the widow Alternate translation: “protect the women whose husbands have died” ISA 1 18 uns1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Judah. ISA 1 18 nj1x 0 Come now, and let Yahweh graciously and lovingly invites the people to listen to what he is about to say. “Please listen to me. Let” or “Pay attention; I want to help you. Let” ISA 1 18 j1pw figs-exclusive 0 let us reason together “let us think about this together” or “we need to discuss this” or “what are we going to do?” Yahweh invites the people to discuss the future. Here the word “us” refers to Yahweh and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) @@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ ISA 1 18 qe12 figs-simile 0 red like crimson Crimson is a dark red color. Alter ISA 1 18 e5qz figs-explicit 0 like wool Wool is the hair of a sheep or goat. How they will be like wool can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “white like wool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 1 19 pj53 0 General Information: God continues to speak to the people of Judah. ISA 1 19 wgy5 figs-hendiadys 0 If you are willing and obedient Here, “willing” and “obedient” are used together to express one idea. Alternate translation: “If you willingly obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -ISA 1 19 wz1z 0 you will eat the good of the land “the land will produce good food for you to eat” -ISA 1 20 e2cf 0 but if you refuse and rebel “but if you refuse to listen and instead disobey me” +ISA 1 19 wz1z 0 you will eat the good of the land Alternate translation: “the land will produce good food for you to eat” +ISA 1 20 e2cf 0 but if you refuse and rebel Alternate translation: “but if you refuse to listen and instead disobey me” ISA 1 20 qs1e figs-metonymy 0 the sword will devour you The word “sword” refers to Judah’s enemies. Also, the word “devour” compares Judah’s enemies coming to kill them to a wild animal that attacks and eats other animals. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 1 20 m82k figs-synecdoche 0 the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it The word “mouth” emphasizes that Yahweh has spoken and what he says will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has spoken” or “Yahweh has said that this will happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 1 21 lhv6 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -86,14 +86,14 @@ ISA 1 22 n46w figs-metaphor 0 Your silver has become impure, your wine mixed wi ISA 1 22 tbh7 0 silver … impure Someone needs to clean silver often or it will no longer shine brightly. ISA 1 22 b14q 0 wine … water Wine with water in it has little taste and so is no better than water. ISA 1 23 jw4m figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 23 z59p 0 Your princes are rebels “Your leaders rebel against God” -ISA 1 23 r6i3 0 companions of thieves “they are friends with people who steal from others” +ISA 1 23 z59p 0 Your princes are rebels Alternate translation: “Your leaders rebel against God” +ISA 1 23 r6i3 0 companions of thieves Alternate translation: “they are friends with people who steal from others” ISA 1 23 auk9 0 bribes … payoffs People give “bribes” as gifts to dishonest rulers so the rulers will then act unjustly. Rulers receive “payoffs” as gifts from those who make profits from unjust laws that the ruler has passed. ISA 1 23 q1cz figs-metaphor 0 runs after payoffs A person eagerly desiring for someone to give him a bribe is spoken of as if the payoff were running away and the person were running after it. Alternate translation: “everyone desires for someone to pay money to them to make dishonest decisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 23 qzn3 0 They do not defend the fatherless “they do not protect those who do not have fathers” -ISA 1 23 yi82 0 nor does the widow’s legal plea come before them “nor do they listen when widows go to them for help against those who break the law” or “and they do not help widows who go to them for help against those who break the law” +ISA 1 23 qzn3 0 They do not defend the fatherless Alternate translation: “they do not protect those who do not have fathers” +ISA 1 23 yi82 0 nor does the widow’s legal plea come before them Alternate translation: “nor do they listen when widows go to them for help against those who break the law” or “and they do not help widows who go to them for help against those who break the law” ISA 1 24 ez3r figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah begins to speak Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 24 g1g2 0 Therefore “For that reason” +ISA 1 24 g1g2 0 Therefore Alternate translation: “For that reason” ISA 1 24 iza8 figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, the Mighty One of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 1 24 qk17 figs-parallelism 0 I will take vengeance against my adversaries, and avenge myself against my enemies Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. The words “take vengeance against my adversaries” speak more of Yahweh doing whatever he needs to do to those who work against him so he can be happy. The words “avenge myself against my enemies” speak more of Yahweh justly punishing his enemies. Alternate translation: “I will punish those who opposed me” or “I will do what pleases me to those who work against me, and I will justly punish my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 1 25 f62p figs-metonymy 0 I will turn my hand against you Here “hand” refers to God’s power which he would use to punish his people. Alternate translation: “I will begin to use all my power against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ ISA 1 31 a5w2 figs-simile 0 his work like a spark This compares the person’s ISA 2 intro pr4a 0 # Isaiah 2 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:2-22.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Latter days
This is probably a reference to the “last days.” This makes parts of this prophecy reference events near the end of this world. Most scholars expect these prophecies to be fulfilled by Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])

### Idolatry
While the first prophecy of Isaiah concerned the lack of justice in Judah, this chapter focuses on the presence of idolatry in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) ISA 2 1 tt88 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 1 p86l figs-metonymy 0 Judah and Jerusalem “Judah” and “Jerusalem” are metonyms for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 2 2 dw9n 0 in the last days “in the future” +ISA 2 2 dw9n 0 in the last days Alternate translation: “in the future” ISA 2 2 f17l figs-activepassive 0 the mountain of Yahweh’s house will be established This can be stated (1) as a description. Alternate translation: “The mountain of Yahweh’s house will stand” or (2) in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will establish the mountain on which his temple is built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 2 2 i5hb figs-metaphor 0 as the highest of the mountains Isaiah speaks of importance as if it were physical height. Alternate translation: “the most important of the mountains” or “the most important place in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 2 h16p figs-metaphor 0 it will be raised up above the hills Isaiah speaks of honor in metaphor as if it were physical height. This can be stated (1) in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will honor it more than any other hill” or (2) as a metonym for the people who worship there. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will honor the people who worship there more than he honors any other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -132,8 +132,8 @@ ISA 2 3 qq6t figs-parallelism 0 For out of Zion will go the law, and the word o ISA 2 3 w2vd figs-metaphor 0 For out of Zion will go the law “For the law will go out from Zion.” Isaiah speaks as if the law were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the law will go out from Zion” or “Yahweh will proclaim his law from Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 3 t76v figs-metaphor 0 the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem “the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem.” Isaiah speaks as if the word of Yahweh were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem” or “Yahweh will proclaim his word from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 2 4 u4wn figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 4 d9yw 0 He will judge “Yahweh will judge” -ISA 2 4 xfs3 0 will render decisions “will solve disputes” +ISA 2 4 d9yw 0 He will judge Alternate translation: “Yahweh will judge” +ISA 2 4 xfs3 0 will render decisions Alternate translation: “will solve disputes” ISA 2 4 htf9 0 they will hammer their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks The people of the nations will turn their weapons of war into tools for farming. ISA 2 4 j77g figs-synecdoche 0 swords … spears … sword These words are synecdoches for weapons of any kind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 2 4 i5uh figs-synecdoche 0 plowshares … pruning hooks These words are synecdoches for tools of any kind that people use in peaceful activity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ ISA 2 8 sup5 figs-synecdoche 0 things that their own fingers have made The word ISA 2 9 uqg2 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: In 2:9 Isaiah finishes speaking to Yahweh. In 2:10-11 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 9 itw7 figs-metaphor 0 The people will be bowed down, and individuals will fall down Here being low to the ground represents people who are completely humiliated because they realize all they trusted in is worthless, and they can do nothing to help themselves. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will make the people ashamed, and they will realize that all they trusted in is worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 2 9 gq1x 0 The people human beings, as opposed to animals -ISA 2 9 vjx5 0 individuals “each person” +ISA 2 9 vjx5 0 individuals Alternate translation: “each person” ISA 2 9 rbg3 figs-metaphor 0 do not raise them up The words “raise them up” are a metaphor for Yahweh forgiving the people. Alternate translation: “do not forgive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 10 gxz3 0 Go into the rocky places Possible meanings are the people should go into: (1) caves on steep hillsides or (2) places where there are many large rocks among which to hide. ISA 2 10 y6bc 0 hide in the ground Possible meanings are that the people should hide: (1) in natural holes in the ground or (2) in pits that they dig in the ground. @@ -178,20 +178,20 @@ ISA 2 14 d97m 0 against In 2:14-16 Isaiah lists things that God will destroy. ISA 2 14 mud8 figs-metaphor 0 mountains … hills These words are metaphors for the pride of the Israelites. They also appear in [Isaiah 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 2 14 td8x figs-idiom 0 that are lifted up This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that are very high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 2 15 u56r figs-metaphor 0 high tower … impregnable wall These refer to things people would build around their cities so they could defend themselves against their enemies. They are a metaphor for the Israelites’ pride and belief that they had no need for Yahweh and could stand against any punishment Yahweh would mete out to them for their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 2 15 y975 0 impregnable wall “wall that nothing can break down or go through” +ISA 2 15 y975 0 impregnable wall Alternate translation: “wall that nothing can break down or go through” ISA 2 16 ns89 0 ships of Tarshish … beautiful sailing vessels These refer to large boats that people used to travel far on the sea and bring back goods to the cities. -ISA 2 16 a8gz 0 ships of Tarshish “ships on which they go to Tarshish” +ISA 2 16 a8gz 0 ships of Tarshish Alternate translation: “ships on which they go to Tarshish” ISA 2 17 q2z3 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts ([Isaiah 2:12](../02/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 17 dx3l figs-activepassive 0 The pride of man will be brought low This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will bring low every proud man” or “He will humiliate every proud man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 2 17 sjb9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the haughtiness of men will fall The abstract noun “haughtiness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those people who are haughty will stop being haughty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 2 17 ij1n figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh alone will be exalted This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 2 18 t75w 0 The idols will completely pass away “All idols will disappear” or “There will be no more idols” +ISA 2 18 t75w 0 The idols will completely pass away Alternate translation: “All idols will disappear” or “There will be no more idols” ISA 2 19 ii4y figs-explicit 0 Men will go … from the terror The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Men will go … to hide from the terror” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 2 19 w4lw 0 the caves of the rocks “the caves in the rocks.” These are large rocks, not small stones that can be held in the hand. ISA 2 19 r7kz 0 from the terror of Yahweh, and from the glory of his majesty See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md). ISA 2 19 ul48 0 from the terror of Yahweh because they are very afraid of Yahweh ISA 2 19 dm1h figs-hendiadys 0 the glory of his majesty Here the word “glory” describes “majesty.” Alternate translation: “the beauty he has as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -ISA 2 19 p1ch 0 when he rises to terrify the earth “when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him” +ISA 2 19 p1ch 0 when he rises to terrify the earth Alternate translation: “when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him” ISA 2 20 dw5p figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts ([Isaiah 2:12](../02/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 2 20 x4cz translate-unknown 0 to the moles and bats Moles are small animals that dig and live underground. Bats are small flying animals that sometimes live in caves. Alternate translation: “to the animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 2 21 hs4f 0 the crevices in the rocks … the clefts of the ragged rocks If your language does not have two different words for “crevice” and “cleft,” the space that appears between the two parts of a rock when it splits, you can combine these two phrases into one. @@ -212,8 +212,8 @@ ISA 3 3 jms3 translate-numbers 0 fifty “50” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translat ISA 3 4 y5ha figs-parallelism 0 I will place mere youths as their leaders, and the young will rule over them These phrases mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) “I will place young people as their leaders, and those young people will rule over them” or (2) “youths” is a metaphor for simple and foolish men. Alternate translation: “I will place over them leaders who are immature, like young people, and those bad leaders will rule over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 4 l2g7 figs-explicit 0 I will place Here the word “I” refers to Yahweh. This can also be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh says, ‘I will place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 3 5 f5ah figs-activepassive 0 The people will be oppressed, every one by another, and every one by his neighbor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Everyone will be cruel to others and will mistreat his neighbor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 3 5 rs6x 0 the degraded “the people who are without honor” or “the people whom no one respects” -ISA 3 5 c8vy 0 the honorable “the people with honor” or “the people whom everyone respects” +ISA 3 5 rs6x 0 the degraded Alternate translation: “the people who are without honor” or “the people whom no one respects” +ISA 3 5 c8vy 0 the honorable Alternate translation: “the people with honor” or “the people whom everyone respects” ISA 3 6 erd8 figs-metaphor 0 let this ruin be in your hands Here “hands” represents authority. Alternate translation: “take charge of this ruin” or “rule over this ruin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 6 l4fv figs-metaphor 0 this ruin This could mean: (1) many or most of the buildings in the city of Jerusalem were destroyed or (2) the people in Jerusalem have no more prosperity or leadership. Alternate translation: “this city, which is now ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 7 p9fr figs-metaphor 0 I will not be a healer Solving the people’s troubles is spoken of as if it were healing them. Alternate translation: “No, I cannot fix this problem” or “No, I cannot help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ ISA 3 8 c8ii figs-synecdoche 0 the eyes of his glory Here “the eyes” stands ISA 3 9 j4qh figs-personification 0 The look on their faces witnesses against them Expressions of arrogance on people’s faces are spoken of as if the expressions were persons who could testify against the proud people. Alternate translation: “The prideful looks on their faces show that they oppose Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 3 9 iu71 figs-simile 0 they tell of their sin like Sodom; they do not hide it Here the people of Judah are said to be like the people of Sodom, because they openly boasted about their sins. Alternate translation: “like the people of Sodom, they talk about their sins and let everyone know about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 3 9 p1nv figs-metonymy 0 For they have completed a catastrophe for themselves The catastrophe is still coming, but the people have finished doing what will cause it to come. The catastrophe’s causes are spoken of here as if they were the catastrophe itself. Alternate translation: “For they have done everything that will cause a catastrophe to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 3 10 s8ek 0 Tell the righteous person that it will be well “Tell the one who is doing what is right that I will make things good for him” +ISA 3 10 s8ek 0 Tell the righteous person that it will be well Alternate translation: “Tell the one who is doing what is right that I will make things good for him” ISA 3 10 yki9 figs-genericnoun 0 the righteous person This refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 3 10 s5vz figs-metaphor 0 for they will eat the fruit of their deeds Deeds are spoken of as if they were trees giving fruit that can be eaten. The fruit stands for the reward for doing good deeds. Alternate translation: “for they will receive their reward for their good deeds” or “for they will receive their reward for the good things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 10 i1nt 0 they will eat the fruit of their deeds The Hebrew text has these plural pronouns here, but they refer to any righteous person. Translators can choose to translate them as singular: “he will eat the fruit of his deeds.” @@ -235,14 +235,14 @@ ISA 3 12 t5bp figs-metaphor 0 those who guide you lead you astray and confuse t ISA 3 13 c84g figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh stands up for an accusation; he is standing to accuse the people Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s decision to harm the people as if Yahweh were bringing a legal accusation in a courtroom against the people of Israel. The second part of this line means the same thing as the first part, but it says it a little more completely. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh had taken his place in a courtroom and were ready to accuse the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 3 14 exq5 figs-metaphor 0 will come with judgment Judgment is spoken of as if it were an object that one could bring to another person. Alternate translation: “will announce his judgment” or “will declare his judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 14 j6us figs-you 0 You have ruined the vineyard Here “you” refers to the elders and rulers. Yahweh is speaking of his people as if they were a vineyard. Like someone who fails to care for a vineyard so that the vines give no more grapes, the elders and leaders are discouraging the Israelites from serving God. Alternate translation: “My people are like a vineyard, and you have ruined it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 14 cn9b 0 the plunder from the poor is in your houses “the things you have taken from the poor are in your houses” +ISA 3 14 cn9b 0 the plunder from the poor is in your houses Alternate translation: “the things you have taken from the poor are in your houses” ISA 3 14 k6ua figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 3 15 k4yw figs-rquestion 0 Why do you crush my people and grind the faces of the poor? Yahweh asks this question in order to accuse the leaders of the people. This accusation can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am angry with you evil men because you are crushing my people and grinding the faces of the poor!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 3 15 jjf2 figs-metaphor 0 crush my people Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were crushing them with a very heavy weight. Alternate translation: “cruelly harm my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 15 df4t figs-metaphor 0 grind the faces of the poor Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were rubbing their faces into the ground. Alternate translation: “harm the poor and make them suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 3 15 a6jh figs-123person 0 This is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 3 16 u9pn figs-metaphor 0 the daughters of Zion Zion, meaning here the city of Jerusalem, is spoken of as if it were a woman with her daughters. Alternate translation: “the women of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 16 hb7z 0 with their necks extended “in an arrogant way”” +ISA 3 16 hb7z 0 with their necks extended Alternate translation: “in an arrogant way”” ISA 3 16 fv4y 0 with flirting eyes Looking at men in a way that makes the men think the women want sexual relations. ISA 3 16 ip6r 0 walking with tiny steps as they go This is how they would walk to attract men, possibly because the bracelets on their ankles were connected by chains decorated with bells so they could not take normal steps. ISA 3 18 m1u8 translate-unknown 0 General Information: This continues to describe how Yahweh will judge the women of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -270,14 +270,14 @@ ISA 3 23 p3s4 0 head pieces a cloth or small hat worn over the hair ISA 3 23 g51h 0 wraps a decorative cloth that a woman would wrap around herself to make her beautiful ISA 3 24 cn6w 0 sash a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:20](../03/20.md). ISA 3 24 b6ca 0 a rope This may refer to a rope that enemies would tie on the people of Judah when they captured them. Or it might mean that Jerusalem’s women would have nothing to wear but rough clothing secured with ropes. -ISA 3 24 c3sv 0 well-arranged hair, baldness “pretty hair, their heads will be bald” +ISA 3 24 c3sv 0 well-arranged hair, baldness Alternate translation: “pretty hair, their heads will be bald” ISA 3 25 ng43 figs-metonymy 0 Your men will fall by the sword, and your strong men will fall in war Falling represents being killed, and the sword represents battle. Alternate translation: “Your men will be killed in battle, and your strong men will be killed in war” or “Enemies will kill your soldiers in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 3 26 kz3l figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem’s gates will lament and mourn Here the city gates represent the people who sit at the public places near the city gates. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem will sit at the city gates and cry and mourn” (See:- [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 3 26 qeu2 figs-personification 0 she will be alone and sit upon the ground Isaiah speaks of the people of Jerusalem, whom no one will save from their enemies, as if they were the city itself and as if they were a woman who sits on the ground because all her friends have deserted her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 4 intro xy1x 0 # Isaiah 4 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### More women than men
This chapter describes a time when there will be many more women than men in Judah. This is because so many of Judah’s fighting men will have died before the exile. Those who come through this difficult time will be a holy remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Branch of Yahweh
Scholars are divided over the possible meaning of this metaphor. Some believe it is a reference to the Messiah, while others believe it is a reference to the faithful remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) ISA 4 1 ke3e figs-idiom 0 let us take your name This phrase means “let us marry you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 4 2 ki64 figs-synecdoche 0 the branch of Yahweh will be beautiful This could mean: (1) “branch” is a synecdoche that represents the crops Yahweh will cause to grow in the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the crops in Israel to be beautiful” or (2) “branch” is a metaphor that refers to the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 4 2 egm3 0 will be beautiful and glorious “will be full of beauty and glory” +ISA 4 2 egm3 0 will be beautiful and glorious Alternate translation: “will be full of beauty and glory” ISA 4 2 ree3 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of the land will be tasty and delightful for those survivors in Israel “Fruit” sometimes simply represents food produced in the land, and sometimes it represents spiritual blessings. This could mean: (1) God will cause the land to produce good food again. Alternate translation: “the people who are still in Israel will enjoy the best food from the land” or (2) the future Messiah will bring spiritual blessings to the people in the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 4 3 z8mg figs-parallelism 0 the one who is left in Zion and the one who remains in Jerusalem Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here “the one who” does not refer to a specific person but to people in general who are still alive in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “everyone who remains in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 4 3 gb1i figs-activepassive 0 will be called holy This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call them holy” or “will belong to the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -292,12 +292,12 @@ ISA 4 5 yk4j 0 a canopy over all the glory This could mean: (1) a canopy for p ISA 4 5 h7ct 0 canopy This is a cloth that is hung over something to cover it for protecton. ISA 5 intro g25h 0 # Isaiah 5 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Woe
This chapter presents a series of woes, or judgments against those who are spoken against. Most of these judgements are due to the lack of justice in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Allegory
This chapter begins as an allegory. An allegory is a story with a symbolic meaning. This allegory is meant to teach the Jews that they sinned against Yahweh and that there was nothing more he could have done for them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

==Animals being present where people once lived==
Verse 17 (“Then the sheep will feed as in their own pasture, and in the ruins of the rich people, lambs will graze”) is an example of the Old Testament’s prophets’ habit of describing complete ruin and desolation in terms of a picture of animals--usually wild animals, but here sheep and lambs--living in or feeding in those places. Whether the picture is of flocks or wild animals, the purpose is to say that the human habitation has gone back to wild nature, and that this has happened because of God’s punishment on the people. ISA 5 1 wd3z figs-parables 0 General Information: Isaiah tells a parable about a farmer and his vineyard. The farmer represents God and the vineyard represents the people of Judah, the southern kingdom of the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -ISA 5 1 csd3 0 my well beloved “my dear friend” -ISA 5 1 y5t9 0 on a very fertile hill “on a hill where very good crops could grow” +ISA 5 1 csd3 0 my well beloved Alternate translation: “my dear friend” +ISA 5 1 y5t9 0 on a very fertile hill Alternate translation: “on a hill where very good crops could grow” ISA 5 2 ac25 0 He spaded it “He prepared the soil.” This expresson refers to using a tool to dig into the ground to prepare it for planting. ISA 5 2 qk26 figs-explicit 0 He built a tower in the middle of it “He made a tall building in the middle of the vineyard to watch over it.” Someone would stand at the top of the tower to watch the vineyard and make sure that no animals or people went into it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 5 2 qfu3 0 built a winepress “dug a pit to squeeze out the grape juice.” A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice. -ISA 5 2 feu4 0 wild grapes “worthless grapes” or “bad tasting grapes” +ISA 5 2 feu4 0 wild grapes Alternate translation: “worthless grapes” or “bad tasting grapes” ISA 5 3 crw5 figs-parables 0 General Information: In Isaiah’s parable of the vineyard, the owner of the vineyard, who represents God, speaks to the people of Jerusalem and Judah about his vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) ISA 5 3 x6tw figs-genericnoun 0 inhabitant of Jerusalem and man of Judah These expressions refer in general to all people living in Jerusalem and Judah, so they can be translated with plural nouns. Alternate translation: “all of you who live in Jerusalem and Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 5 3 v4cu 0 Jerusalem … Judah “Judah” was the name of the southern kingdom of Israelites, and Jerusalem was the capital city. @@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ ISA 5 5 j11d figs-parables 0 General Information: In Isaiah’s parable, the ow ISA 5 5 d9l9 0 remove the hedge “take away the border of bushes.” A hedge is a row of bushes or small trees that have been planted in order to protect a garden or some other kind of area. Here “hedge” probably refers to the thorn bushes that were planted to grow on the stone wall surrounding the vineyard. ISA 5 5 msh2 0 I will turn it into a pasture “I will allow animals to go there and eat.” This is a grassy place where animals feed. ISA 5 5 b6y6 figs-activepassive 0 it will be trampled down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “animals will trample it down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 5 6 b9b1 0 I will lay it waste “I will destroy it” +ISA 5 6 b9b1 0 I will lay it waste Alternate translation: “I will destroy it” ISA 5 6 vvv3 figs-activepassive 0 it will not be pruned nor hoed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will prune it or hoe it” or “no one will cut off the branches that are not needed, and no one will take care of the soil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 5 6 e15p writing-symlanguage 0 briers and thorns will spring up Briers and thorns are often used as symbols of ruined cities and land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) ISA 5 7 ba1g 0 General Information: Isaiah explains the parable of the vineyard. @@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ ISA 5 7 s93f figs-genericnoun 0 a shout This expression probably stands for man ISA 5 8 cm7e 0 General Information: Isaiah announces God’s judgment. ISA 5 8 m6ai figs-explicit 0 to those who join house to house, who join field to field “to those who take more and more houses, and who take more and more fields.” Isaiah assumes that his audience knows that the law forbids someone from taking land from a family permanently. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 5 9 tu9i 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 5 9 f6yx 0 without any inhabitant “without anyone living in it” +ISA 5 9 f6yx 0 without any inhabitant Alternate translation: “without anyone living in it” ISA 5 10 x1d1 figs-explicit 0 a ten-yoke vineyard The size of the vineyard is represented by the number of pairs of oxen that could plow it in one day. Each pair of oxen would be connected by a yoke. Alternate translation: “a vineyard that is large enough for ten pairs of oxen to plow it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 5 10 xm5c translate-bvolume 0 one bath “one bath of wine” or “22 liters of wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) ISA 5 10 wyg4 translate-bvolume 0 one homer of seed will yield only an ephah “220 liters of seed will produce only 22 liters of grain.” One homer equals ten ephahs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) @@ -356,11 +356,11 @@ ISA 5 19 fg4f figs-metaphor 0 let the plans of the Holy One of Israel come God ISA 5 19 czd2 0 the Holy One of Israel Translate “the Holy One” as in [Isaiah 5:16](../05/16.md). ISA 5 20 wfp3 figs-metaphor 0 who represent darkness as light, and light as darkness … bitter as sweet, and sweet as bitter Those who do these things are the same as those “who call evil good, and good evil.” These things are opposites and people know the difference between them, but some people lie and say that bad things are good. Alternate translation: “They are like people who call darkness light and light darkness. They are like people who call bitter things sweet and sweet things bitter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 21 ivi4 figs-metonymy 0 to those who are wise in their own eyes Here the metonym “eyes” refers to their thoughts. Alternate translation: “to those who consider themselves to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 5 21 k28f 0 prudent in their own understanding “think they understand everything” +ISA 5 21 k28f 0 prudent in their own understanding Alternate translation: “think they understand everything” ISA 5 23 cpy5 0 who acquit the wicked for payment This passage is speaking about corrupt judges in courts of law. -ISA 5 23 zv59 0 acquit the wicked “declare guilty people innocent” -ISA 5 23 x4u8 0 deprive the innocent of his rights “do not treat innocent people fairly” -ISA 5 24 c3qz 0 tongue of fire “flame of fire” or “flame” +ISA 5 23 zv59 0 acquit the wicked Alternate translation: “declare guilty people innocent” +ISA 5 23 x4u8 0 deprive the innocent of his rights Alternate translation: “do not treat innocent people fairly” +ISA 5 24 c3qz 0 tongue of fire Alternate translation: “flame of fire” or “flame” ISA 5 24 k429 figs-parallelism 0 as the tongue of fire devours stubble, and as the dry grass goes down in flame These phrases mean basically the same thing. God will punish the people described in [Isaiah 5:18-23](./18.md). Alternate translation: “as a fire burns up stubble and grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 5 24 ngz1 0 stubble The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut. ISA 5 24 mbt4 figs-metaphor 0 their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust Isaiah speaks of these people as if they were a dying plant. Alternate translation: “they will die like a plant whose roots have rotted and whose blossom has dried up and blown away in the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -369,16 +369,16 @@ ISA 5 25 u4m4 figs-pastforfuture 0 He has reached out with his hand against the ISA 5 25 k8d7 figs-metonymy 0 has reached out with his hand against them Here “hand” refers to God’s power and control. Alternate translation: “has shown his power against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 5 25 vu7e 0 corpses dead bodies ISA 5 25 lyq9 figs-simile 0 their corpses are like garbage in the streets The dead bodies are allowed to lie in the streets as if they were garbage. This implies that many will die but that no one will be there to bury them. The word “garbage” can also be translated as “refuse” or “manure.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 5 25 sgw7 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand” +ISA 5 25 sgw7 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand Alternate translation: “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand” ISA 5 25 b3v6 figs-metonymy 0 his hand is still stretched out Here “hand” represents God’s power and control. Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 26 jin3 figs-parallelism 0 He will lift up a signal flag for far away nations and will whistle for those at the end of the earth Isaiah says the same thing in two different ways. God causing the armies of nations that are far away from Judah to come and attack is spoken of as if he would raise a flag and whistle to call them to Judah Alternate translation: “He will call for the armies of nations that are far away from Judah and tell them to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 5 26 abj6 0 whistle a loud, high pitched noise a person makes with their mouth to call a person or animal that is far away -ISA 5 26 pqh3 0 they will come “the enemy army will come” +ISA 5 26 pqh3 0 they will come Alternate translation: “the enemy army will come” ISA 5 26 i94d figs-doublet 0 speedily and promptly These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how quickly they will come. Alternate translation: “very quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 5 27 m2qf 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the army that will attack Judah. He describes it as if it were already existing ([Isaiah 5:26](../05/26.md)). ISA 5 27 q27w 0 tire … stumble … slumbers … sleeps These four words progress from being tired from work to being unable to walk well, to being unable to stay awake, to full sleep, so all four should appear in the translation. ISA 5 27 hac2 0 Nor are their belts loose The soldiers kept their clothes tight so it would easier to move and fight. -ISA 5 27 xx4t 0 the thongs of their sandals “the straps of their sandals” +ISA 5 27 xx4t 0 the thongs of their sandals Alternate translation: “the straps of their sandals” ISA 5 28 j18k figs-simile 0 their horses’ hooves are like flint “their hooves are like hard stone.” Isaiah compares the hard part of a horse’s foot to flint, which is a hard stone that can cause sparks when struck. This could mean: (1) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint so to describe the frightening image of their feet causing sparks as they run or (2) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint to emphasize how strong their hooves are which enables the horse to do whatever their master want them to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 5 28 a4f3 figs-simile 0 their chariot wheels like storms Isaiah compares the chariot wheels to storms in order to imply that they will destroy everything in their path. Alternate translation: “the wheels of the chariots will spin like a windstorm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 5 28 x4c6 0 chariot wheels These wheels often had sharp blades attached to them that would cut to pieces anyone the chariot passed close to. @@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ ISA 5 29 v8gp 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the army tha ISA 5 29 dv1u figs-metonymy 0 young lions A young age is a metonym for strength. Alternate translation: “the strongest lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 5 29 jhq5 figs-metaphor 0 They will growl and seize the prey Isaiah compares the enemy killing the people of Judah to a lion killing a weaker animal. This could mean: (1) lions make a sound not as loud as a roar just before they strike, or (2) the writer is using two words to mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 5 29 kw8f 0 prey animals that another animal wants to catch and kill -ISA 5 29 ixb3 0 with none to rescue “and no one will be able to save them” +ISA 5 29 ixb3 0 with none to rescue Alternate translation: “and no one will be able to save them” ISA 5 30 x52f 0 will roar … sea roars The word “roar” here is translated “growl” in verse 29. Use your language’s word for the sound of waves in a storm or heavy rain or some other frightening natural sound. ISA 5 30 rw65 figs-metaphor 0 even the light will be made dark by the clouds Here darkness represents suffering and disaster. This metaphor can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the dark clouds will completely block the light of the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 6 intro g9bq 0 # Isaiah 6 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 6:3-4,7, 9-13.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Heaven
This vision described in this chapter is probably a scene in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])

### Isaiah’s call
This chapter record Isaiah’s call to prophetic ministry. It recognizes the holiness of God and Isaiah recognizes his need for holiness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Inevitability
The way Yahweh speaks in this chapter shows the inevitability of the punishment of Yahweh against the people of Judah. The punishment must now come. It is too late for repentance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) @@ -394,14 +394,14 @@ ISA 6 1 fpg5 figs-doublet 0 he was high and elevated The words “high” and ISA 6 1 s9gi 0 filled the temple “filled the palace.” The word used for temple here is often used to refer to the palace of kings. ISA 6 2 rmg2 0 Above him were the seraphim The word “seraphim” is the plural of seraph. This means the Lord was seated on the throne and the seraphim were standing or flying near the Lord ready to serve him. ISA 6 2 rar1 translate-unknown 0 seraphim This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what “seraphim” means, you could translate this as “winged creatures” or “winged living things.” Or, you can borrow the word and use it in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -ISA 6 2 x82m 0 each one had six wings “each seraph had six wings” or “each creature had six wings” +ISA 6 2 x82m 0 each one had six wings Alternate translation: “each seraph had six wings” or “each creature had six wings” ISA 6 2 jct3 figs-ellipsis 0 with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew The words “wings” and “seraph” are understood. Alternate translation: “with two wings each seraph covered his face, and with two wings he covered his feet, and with two wings he flew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 6 3 ie28 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe his vision. -ISA 6 3 d6y7 0 Each one called to another and said “The seraphim called out to one another and said” or “The winged creatures proclaimed to one another” +ISA 6 3 d6y7 0 Each one called to another and said Alternate translation: “The seraphim called out to one another and said” or “The winged creatures proclaimed to one another” ISA 6 3 vxd8 0 Holy, holy, holy, is Yahweh of hosts Repeating the word “holy” three times indicates God is completely holy. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts is holy beyond all else” or “Yahweh of hosts is completely holy” ISA 6 3 m7tr figs-metaphor 0 The whole earth is full of his glory This speaks of the earth as if it were a container and glory were the contents in the container. Alternate translation: “Everything on the earth is evidence of God’s glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 6 4 pjk8 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe his vision. -ISA 6 4 dki2 0 The foundations of the thresholds shook at the voices of those who were crying out “When the seraphim called out, their voices shook the doorways and their foundations” +ISA 6 4 dki2 0 The foundations of the thresholds shook at the voices of those who were crying out Alternate translation: “When the seraphim called out, their voices shook the doorways and their foundations” ISA 6 4 tz4y figs-activepassive 0 the house was filled with smoke This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “smoke filled the temple” or “smoke filled the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 6 5 v2ty figs-activepassive 0 Woe is me! For I am doomed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am in great trouble! Terrible things will happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 6 5 ws6z figs-metonymy 0 of unclean lips Here “lips” represent what a person speaks. And, people saying things that are unacceptable to God is spoken of as if their lips were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ ISA 6 8 xf27 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe his vision. ISA 6 8 n956 figs-synecdoche 0 the voice of the Lord say Here “voice” represents the Lord himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 6 8 at9k figs-explicit 0 Whom shall I send It is implied that Yahweh will send someone to speak his message to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Whom shall I send to be a messenger to my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 6 8 ria2 figs-exclusive 0 who will go for us It seems “us” refers to Yahweh and the members of his heavenly council to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ISA 6 9 vja4 0 this people “the people of Israel” +ISA 6 9 vja4 0 this people Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” ISA 6 9 iq3c figs-imperative 0 Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive This could mean: (1) the imperatives “do not understand” and “do not perceive” express what God is causing to happen. Alternate translation: “You will listen, but Yahweh will not let you understand; you will look carefully, but Yahweh will not allow you to understand” or (2) the imperatives “Listen” and “see” express the idea of “if.” Alternate translation: “Even if you listen you will not understand; even if you look carefully, you will not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) ISA 6 9 m1yh figs-ellipsis 0 Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “Listen to Yahweh’s message, but do not understand what it means; look at what Yahweh is doing, but do not realize what it means” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 6 10 j69r 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he must do when Yahweh sends him to preach to the people. @@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ ISA 6 10 qi8r figs-metaphor 0 they might see with their eyes, hear with their e ISA 6 10 sbg9 figs-metonymy 0 understand with their heart Here “heart” represents as person’s mind. Truly understanding something and caring about what is happening is spoken of as if the people were to understand with their hearts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 6 10 fs74 figs-metaphor 0 then turn Repenting and starting to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were physically to turn towards him. Alternate translation: “follow me again” or “then start trusting in me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 6 10 h53y figs-activepassive 0 be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would heal them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 6 11 wx9r 0 Until cities crash into ruins and are without inhabitants, and the houses are without people “Until all the cities and houses are ruined and no one lives there” +ISA 6 11 wx9r 0 Until cities crash into ruins and are without inhabitants, and the houses are without people Alternate translation: “Until all the cities and houses are ruined and no one lives there” ISA 6 11 b56y figs-idiom 0 the land falls into a desolate waste Here “falls into” is an idiom that means to become something worse. Alternate translation: “the land becomes a desolate waste” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 6 12 wed8 figs-123person 0 until Yahweh has sent the people far away, and the solitude of the land is great Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “until I, Yahweh, have sent all the people far away from their land, so that no one is left” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 6 13 p7xa figs-activepassive 0 it will again be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “armies will again destroy the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -447,12 +447,12 @@ ISA 7 2 y882 figs-metonymy 0 that Aram was allied with Ephraim Here “Aram” ISA 7 2 k9yy figs-simile 0 His heart trembled, and the heart of his people, as the trees of the forest shake in the wind The trembling of their hearts at this news is compared to the way trees shake when the wind blows through them. Alternate translation: “Ahaz and his people were very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 7 3 zh23 0 General Information: Isaiah writes about what happened to him as if it had happened to someone else. ISA 7 3 u3qa translate-names 0 Shear-Jashub Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name Shear-Jashub means ‘a remnant will return.’” The meaning may have given hope to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 7 3 dcs8 0 at the end of the conduit of the upper pool “where the water flows out of the tunnel and enters the upper pool” +ISA 7 3 dcs8 0 at the end of the conduit of the upper pool Alternate translation: “where the water flows out of the tunnel and enters the upper pool” ISA 7 3 jx5e 0 conduit man-made ditch or tunnel through which water flows ISA 7 3 iiu7 0 road If your language has a word for a road or path that people have made smooth by filling in the low places and lowering the high places, you can use it here. ISA 7 3 v3uw translate-names 0 Launderer’s Field This could mean: (1) this is the proper name by which the people called the field or (2) this is the common noun that the people used to talk about the field, “the launderer’s field” or “the field where men wash wool” or “the field where women wash clothes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 7 3 cts4 translate-names 0 Launderer’s Field A launderer is either: (1) a man who washes wool that someone has cut from the sheep, “Wool Washer Field,” or (2) a woman who washes dirty clothes, “Clothes Washer Field.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 7 4 tuu2 0 Tell him “Tell Ahaz” +ISA 7 4 tuu2 0 Tell him Alternate translation: “Tell Ahaz” ISA 7 4 ze8i figs-metaphor 0 do not be afraid or intimidated by these two smoldering firebrands, by the fierce anger of Rezin and Aram, and of Pekah son of Remaliah God compares Rezin and Pekah to burning sticks whose fire has gone out and are making smoke now. God is emphasizing that they are not real threats to Judah. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “do not let Rezin and Pekah make you afraid; their fierce anger is like a burning stick whose fire has gone out and there is only smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 7 4 uy6n figs-doublet 0 afraid or intimidated The words “afraid” and “intimidated” mean the same thing and can be translated as one word. Alternate translation: “afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 7 5 m5i9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he should tell Ahaz ([Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md)). @@ -466,10 +466,10 @@ ISA 7 8 y681 translate-numbers 0 sixty-five years “65 years” (See: [[rc://e ISA 7 8 gc27 figs-activepassive 0 Ephraim will be shattered and will no longer be a people Here “Ephraim” refers to all of the northern kingdom of Israel. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “an army will destroy Ephraim, and there will no longer be a people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 7 9 el5p figs-explicit 0 the head of Samaria is Remaliah’s son This means Pekah is the king of Samaria and all of Israel. Alternate translation: “the king of Samaria is Pekah, who is a weak man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 7 9 z477 figs-doublenegatives 0 If you do not remain firm in faith, surely you will not remain secure This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “If you continue to believe in me, you will certainly remain safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ISA 7 9 nt63 0 If you do not remain “Unless you remain” +ISA 7 9 nt63 0 If you do not remain Alternate translation: “Unless you remain” ISA 7 11 f2n6 figs-merism 0 ask for it in the depths or in the height above Yahweh uses the word “depths” and “height” to mean Ahaz could ask him for anything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 7 11 li4c figs-abstractnouns 0 depths … height The abstract nouns “depths” and “height” can be translated with prepositions. “places far below you … places far above you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 7 12 cr1k 0 will not ask “will not ask Yahweh for a sign” +ISA 7 12 cr1k 0 will not ask Alternate translation: “will not ask Yahweh for a sign” ISA 7 13 zw34 figs-metonymy 0 house of David The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:2](../07/02.md). Alternate translation: “King Ahaz, you and your counselors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 7 13 v36u figs-rquestion 0 Is it not enough for you people to test the patience of people? Must you also test the patience of my God? These questions emphasize that the king has sinned greatly. Alternate translation: “You test the patience of people! Now you even test the patience of my God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 7 14 ecy9 0 the young woman will conceive Some ancient versions and some contemporary versions translate, “the virgin will conceive,” while others translate “the young woman will conceive.” @@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ ISA 7 16 dht9 figs-nominaladj 0 refuse the evil and choose the good Here “the ISA 7 16 f8jq figs-you 0 you dread “you fear.” Here “you” is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 7 17 z85k 0 your people This refers to the people of Judah. ISA 7 18 nk5k 0 At that time before the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good ([Isaiah 7:15](../07/15.md)) -ISA 7 18 n7m9 0 Yahweh will whistle for “Yahweh will call” or “Yahweh will summon” +ISA 7 18 n7m9 0 Yahweh will whistle for Alternate translation: “Yahweh will call” or “Yahweh will summon” ISA 7 18 qve8 figs-metaphor 0 for a fly from the distant streams of Egypt, and for a bee from the land of Assyria Here the armies of Egypt and Assyria are spoken of as if they are insects that will invade the land of Israel. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “for the armies of Egypt and Assyria, and their soldiers will be everywhere like flies and bees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 7 20 l6c2 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the time when the army of Assyria will attack Israel. ISA 7 20 v8kp figs-metaphor 0 the Lord will shave with a razor that was hired beyond the Euphrates River—the king of Assyria The word “razor” is a metaphor for the king of Assyria and his army, and Yahweh speaks of the king as if the king were a man who would do Yahweh’s work and then receive money from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call the king of Assyria from beyond the Euphrates River to work for him to shave you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ ISA 7 20 yli5 0 the head … the hair of the legs … also … the beard It wa ISA 7 20 y3tv figs-metaphor 0 the head … the hair of the legs … the beard Isaiah does not say whose head, hair, and beard the Lord is going to shave, but Ahaz and the reader would understand that this is a man; the man is a metaphor for the people living in the land of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 7 20 tyl9 figs-metonymy 0 the head Here “the head” represents the hair that grows on it. Alternate translation: “the hair on the head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 7 20 tkw6 figs-euphemism 0 the hair of the legs This could mean: (1) this is a polite way to speak of the hair on the lower body or (2) this speaks of the hair on the legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ISA 7 20 a1pl 0 it will also sweep “the razor will also sweep.” If your language requires a person to be the subject of “will … sweep,” you can say, “the Lord will also sweep.” +ISA 7 20 a1pl 0 it will also sweep If your language requires a person to be the subject of “will … sweep,” you can say, “the Lord will also sweep.” Alternate translation: “the razor will also sweep” ISA 7 22 tsx4 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the abundance of milk which they shall give The abstract noun “abundance” can be translated as a clause. Alternate translation: “because they will give so much milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 7 23 h6cj 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the time when the army from Assyria will attack the land of Israel. ISA 7 23 b3ry translate-numbers 0 there were a thousand vines … briers and thorns “there were 1,000 vines.” That is, when Isaiah wrote, there were vineyards, in some of which were 1,000 vines or more each. He says that these vineyards will become full of briers and thorns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -505,11 +505,11 @@ ISA 8 2 x1fq 0 I will summon faithful witnesses to attest for me This could me ISA 8 3 j2ld figs-euphemism 0 I went to the prophetess It can be stated explicitly that Isaiah is married to the prophetess. Alternate translation: “I slept with my wife, the prophetess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 8 4 g5hy figs-activepassive 0 the riches of Damascus and the plunder of Samaria will be carried away by the king of Assyria This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will carry away all the treasures of Damascus and Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 8 6 k9mk figs-metaphor 0 Because this people has refused the gentle waters of Shiloah The words “gentle waters” are a metaphor for the law of the Lord. Alternate translation: “Because this people has rejected Yahweh’s law, which is like the gentle waters of Shiloah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 8 6 x9t3 0 this people “this people group.” If your language needs a plural here, you can translate this phrase and the following verbs as “these people have refused … are happy.” +ISA 8 6 x9t3 0 this people If your language needs a plural here, you can translate this phrase and the following verbs as “these people have refused … are happy.” Alternate translation: “this people group” ISA 8 6 mbx4 figs-explicit 0 is happy over Rezin and Remaliah’s son The full meaning can be made explicit. See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “is happy that the armies of Assyria have defeated Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, Remaliah’s son, king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 8 7 l4ii figs-pronouns 0 therefore the Lord is Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else to remind the people of who he is. Alternate translation: “therefore I, the Lord, am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) ISA 8 7 pbf5 0 bring up on them The verb is “bring up”; the adverb is “on them.” -ISA 8 7 ctu2 0 on them “on the people of Judah” +ISA 8 7 ctu2 0 on them Alternate translation: “on the people of Judah” ISA 8 7 t9mv figs-metaphor 0 the waters of the River, mighty and many, the king of Assyria and all his glory The river symbolizes the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the army from Assyria, which is powerful like a mighty river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 8 7 x441 0 the River the Euphrates River in Assyria ISA 8 8 ek4i 0 General Information: The Lord continues to describe the army of Assyria as a river that will flood Judah ([Isaiah 8:7](../08/07.md)). @@ -548,9 +548,9 @@ ISA 8 19 zsh8 figs-rquestion 0 But should a people not consult their God? Shoul ISA 8 20 i7kp 0 To the law and to the testimony This could mean: (1) “Pay attention to God’s instructions and teaching” or (2) “Then you must remember the teaching and testimony I gave.” ([Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md)). ISA 8 20 fav3 0 the law This is the same word translated “official record” in [Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md). ISA 8 20 qpm5 0 the testimony See how you translated this in [Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md). -ISA 8 20 i61u 0 If they do not say such things “If they do not speak of the law and the testimony” +ISA 8 20 i61u 0 If they do not say such things Alternate translation: “If they do not speak of the law and the testimony” ISA 8 20 vr4u figs-metaphor 0 it is because they have no light of dawn Isaiah speaks of people who do not know God as if they were people walking in darkness without any light. Alternate translation: “it is because they are like a person lost in the dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 8 22 d61f 0 oppressive gloom “terrible sadness” +ISA 8 22 d61f 0 oppressive gloom Alternate translation: “terrible sadness” ISA 8 22 c4e1 figs-activepassive 0 They will be driven into a land of darkness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will drive them out into complete darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 9 intro e336 0 # Isaiah 9 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy concluding the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:1-21. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Messiah
The prophecy in 9:1-7 is about the coming Messiah. Parts of this prophecy were fulfilled when he first came to earth. Other parts are to be fulfilled when he will return in glory to earth. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Fulfillment of prophecies
Some of the prophecies in this chapter were fulfilled in Isaiah’s lifetime while others are fulfilled in the distant future. Some scholars believe that there can be multiple fulfillments of each of these prophecies, while others see only one complete fulfillment. ISA 9 1 c7zh figs-metaphor 0 The gloom will be dispelled from her who was in anguish Isaiah speaks of people who are spiritually lost as if they were walking around in total darkness. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the darkness from her who was in anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ ISA 9 6 i19i figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to desc ISA 9 6 h5x2 figs-parallelism 0 For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The word “us” refers to both the speaker and the hearer and so is inclusive. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For the Lord will give to us a child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 9 6 g3lc figs-metaphor 0 the rule will be on his shoulder His authority to rule is spoken of as if it were the robe that is a symbol of his authority. Alternate translation: “he will wear his royal robe on his shoulder” or “he will have authority to rule as king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 9 6 r5cf 0 Counselor one who advises kings -ISA 9 7 nq8j 0 Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end “As time passes he will rule over more and more people and enable them to live more and more peacefully” +ISA 9 7 nq8j 0 Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end Alternate translation: “As time passes he will rule over more and more people and enable them to live more and more peacefully” ISA 9 7 yu3r figs-metonymy 0 rules on the throne of David Sitting on the “throne of David” is a metonym for having the right to rule; only David’s descendants could be king over Israel. Alternate translation: “has the right to rule as David’s descendant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 9 7 k8w3 0 his kingdom, to establish it and sustain it with justice and with righteousness This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “his kingdom. He will establish and protect his kingdom, and he will do what is fair and just” ISA 9 7 ge32 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). @@ -612,24 +612,24 @@ ISA 9 21 gxv7 figs-metaphor 0 his hand is still stretched out Isaiah speaks as ISA 10 intro dc9a 0 # Isaiah 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy beginning in 8:21. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 10:1-11, 13-14, 15-19, 27-34.
(See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s sovereignty
Yahweh has so much power and authority that he controls all of the nations. He even controls the nations who do not worship him. He uses Assyria to punish the kingdom of Israel.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions
There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to make statements about Israel’s sin. The Assyrians use rhetorical questions in order to boast in their pride. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ISA 10 1 gwe8 figs-parallelism 0 to those who enact unjust laws and write unfair decrees These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “to those who make laws and decrees that are not fair to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 10 2 qr4b figs-parallelism 0 They deprive the needy of justice, rob the poor of my people of their rights These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “They are unjust to the poor and needy among my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 10 2 rlv2 0 the needy “poor people” -ISA 10 2 mv4z 0 plunder widows “take everything from women whose husbands have died” +ISA 10 2 rlv2 0 the needy Alternate translation: “poor people” +ISA 10 2 mv4z 0 plunder widows Alternate translation: “take everything from women whose husbands have died” ISA 10 2 w83u figs-metaphor 0 make the fatherless their prey Isaiah compares orphans to animals that other animals hunt and eat. This emphasizes that orphans are powerless and judges can easily harm them. Alternate translation: “harm children who do not have parents like an animal that goes after its prey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 2 jwk2 0 prey Translated “prey” as in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md). ISA 10 3 gdt3 figs-rquestion 0 What will you do on judgment day … away? Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You will be able to do nothing on judgment day … away!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 10 3 xh3w 0 judgment day “the day when Yahweh comes to judge you” or “the day when Yahweh punishes you” +ISA 10 3 xh3w 0 judgment day Alternate translation: “the day when Yahweh comes to judge you” or “the day when Yahweh punishes you” ISA 10 3 u4fv figs-rquestion 0 To whom will you flee for help, and where will you leave your wealth? Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You have nowhere to run for help, and you will have nowhere to hide your riches!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 10 4 iw4t 0 Nothing remains, and you crouch This could mean: (1) “None of your wealth remains as you crouch” or (2) “You can do nothing else but crouch.” -ISA 10 4 p3u9 0 you crouch among the prisoners or fall among the killed “your enemies will either take you as a prisoner or will kill you” +ISA 10 4 p3u9 0 you crouch among the prisoners or fall among the killed Alternate translation: “your enemies will either take you as a prisoner or will kill you” ISA 10 4 f4fy 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). ISA 10 4 dg4p figs-metaphor 0 his hand is still stretched out Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 5 fhx7 0 Woe This word marks the beginning of God’s announcement about a severe punishment against Assyria. ISA 10 5 e1zg 0 the Assyrian This refers to the king of Assyria. ISA 10 5 rrc2 figs-parallelism 0 the club of my anger, the rod by whom I wield my fury Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh compares the king of Assyria to a weapon a person holds in his hand and hits other people with. It emphasizes that the king of Assyria and his army are a tool that Yahweh uses to punish Israel. Alternate translation: “who will be like a weapon in my hands that I will use to show my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 6 bn37 figs-synecdoche 0 I send him … I order him The word “him” here also refers to the king of Assyria. But it does not mean God is only sending the king; he is sending with him the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I send the army of Assyria … I order them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 10 6 nvq3 0 against an arrogant nation and against the people who bear my overflowing wrath “to attack a nation full of proud people who have made me very angry” +ISA 10 6 nvq3 0 against an arrogant nation and against the people who bear my overflowing wrath Alternate translation: “to attack a nation full of proud people who have made me very angry” ISA 10 6 i3fl figs-metaphor 0 who bear my overflowing wrath Yahweh speaks of his wrath as if it were more liquid than a container could hold; “the people” are trying to carry this container, but it is heavy, and Yahweh keeps pouring liquid in even after it starts to spill out. Alternate translation: “at whom I continue to be angry even after I have punished them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 6 tam5 0 to take the spoil “to take everything they have” +ISA 10 6 tam5 0 to take the spoil Alternate translation: “to take everything they have” ISA 10 6 wy5h 0 to take the prey to take the people like prey. See how you translated “prey” in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md). ISA 10 6 ay7c figs-simile 0 trample them like mud This could mean: (1) Yahweh compares the army of Assyria attacking Israel to people stomping through mud who do not care what happens to the mud. Alternate translation: “trample them until they become like mud” or (2) the people are stomping on other people so they are lying in the mud and unable to rise. This is a metaphor for completely defeating them. Alternate translation: “completely defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 7 y94n figs-explicit 0 But this is not what he intends, nor does he think this way The meaning of “this” and “this way” can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “But the king of Assyria does not intend to do what I tell him, nor does he think that I am using him as my weapon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -645,8 +645,8 @@ ISA 10 11 g79t figs-metonymy 0 just as I did to Samaria and her worthless idols ISA 10 11 y8en figs-rquestion 0 will I not also do the same to Jerusalem and to her idols? The king of Assyria used this question to emphasize the certainty that he will conquer the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will certainly do the same to Jerusalem and her idols!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 10 12 g3hp 0 When the Lord has finished his work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else. “When I, the Lord, have finished my work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish” ISA 10 12 yv7l 0 his work on … and on his work of punishing. “punishing … and punishing” -ISA 10 12 ly8r 0 I will punish the speech of the arrogant heart of the king of Assyria and his prideful looks “I will punish the king of Assyria for the arrogant things he said and the look of pride on his face” -ISA 10 13 ty9n 0 For he says “For the king of Assyria says” +ISA 10 12 ly8r 0 I will punish the speech of the arrogant heart of the king of Assyria and his prideful looks Alternate translation: “I will punish the king of Assyria for the arrogant things he said and the look of pride on his face” +ISA 10 13 ty9n 0 For he says Alternate translation: “For the king of Assyria says” ISA 10 13 f9lx figs-metonymy 0 I have removed … I have stolen Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “my army has removed … They have stolen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 10 13 bqh5 figs-simile 0 like a bull “as strong as a bull.” Some ancient texts read, “like a mighty man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 10 13 y4e1 figs-metaphor 0 I have brought down the inhabitants This could mean: (1) the king of Assyria has shamed the people of the countries he conquered or (2) he has removed the kings of the nations so they no longer rule. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -668,17 +668,17 @@ ISA 10 17 a8i4 figs-doublet 0 thorns … briers The words “briers” and “t ISA 10 18 e4pz figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will consume the glory of his forest and of his fruitful land This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will destroy the great forests and farmlands in the nation of Assyria” or (2) “Yahweh will destroy the army of Assyria as a fire burns up great forests and farmlands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 18 ice3 figs-merism 0 both soul and body This could mean: (1) this emphasizes that God will completely destroy the forests and farmlands. Alternate translation: “completely” or (2) this means God will completely destroy the people of Assyria. The phrase “soul and body” refers to the spiritual part and the physical part of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 10 18 r1h9 figs-simile 0 it will be like when a sick man’s life wastes away This compares either the forests and farmlands of Assyria or the army of Assyria to a sick man as he lies in bed dying. This emphasizes how something so great can become weak and dying. Alternate translation: “they will be like a sick man who grows weak and dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 10 19 li2a 0 The remnant of the trees of his forest will be so few “What remains of the trees in the king’s forest will be so few” +ISA 10 19 li2a 0 The remnant of the trees of his forest will be so few Alternate translation: “What remains of the trees in the king’s forest will be so few” ISA 10 20 whj2 figs-idiom 0 On that day This refers to the time when God does the things that are described in [Isaiah 10:16-19](./16.md). Alternate translation: “At that time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 10 20 jx5m figs-explicit 0 that has escaped The meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “that has escaped from the army of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 10 20 t38g 0 will no longer rely on the one who defeated them “will no longer rely on the king of Assyria, who harmed them” +ISA 10 20 t38g 0 will no longer rely on the one who defeated them Alternate translation: “will no longer rely on the king of Assyria, who harmed them” ISA 10 20 j4ug 0 Holy One See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 10 22 l3hy figs-you 0 your people, Israel, are Here, **your** is singular. Possible meanings are: (1) God is speaking to Isaiah and “your” refers to Isaiah. Alternate translation: “your people Israel are” or (2) Isaiah or God is speaking to the nation of Israel and “your” refers to the nation. Alternate translation: “your people, O Israel, are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 10 22 tmc6 figs-simile 0 are like the sand of the seashore This emphasizes that there were a great number of people of Israel. Alternate translation: “are too many to count, like the sand on the seashore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 10 22 xt1x figs-activepassive 0 Destruction is decreed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has decreed that he will destroy most of those who live in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 10 22 gb5g 0 as overflowing righteousness demands This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “This must be done for the sake of perfect righteousness” or “Yahweh must do this because he is completely righteous” ISA 10 23 m3jr figs-activepassive 0 carry out the destruction determined throughout the land This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “destroy everything in the land just as he has determined to do” or (2) Alternate translation: “destroy the people in the land just as he has determined to do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 10 23 b19q 0 determined “decided” +ISA 10 23 b19q 0 determined Alternate translation: “decided” ISA 10 24 ww5n figs-personification 0 the Assyrian Isaiah speaks of the king of Assyria and his army as if he were one man. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 10 24 i2ep figs-metaphor 0 He will strike you with the rod and raise his staff against you The words “rod” and “staff” refer to pieces of wood that people use as clubs to beat animals and other people. Isaiah speaks of the way the Assyrians will rule over the Israelites as if the Assyrians were beating the Israelites with clubs. Alternate translation: “He will rule over you and make slaves of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 10 24 an2d figs-synecdoche 0 He will strike The word “He” refers to “the Assyrian” which represents the king of Assyria and his army. Alternate translation: “He and his army will strike” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ ISA 11 6 z96c 0 A little child will lead them A child will take care of them a ISA 11 7 u4nf figs-genericnoun 0 the bear … The lion These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions … bears … Lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 11 7 i5nr figs-genericnoun 0 The cow … the ox The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 11 7 u76u translate-unknown 0 bear a very large animal with thick hair and sharp claws that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 11 7 jf3m 0 will graze together “will eat grass together” +ISA 11 7 jf3m 0 will graze together Alternate translation: “will eat grass together” ISA 11 7 shd9 0 their young This refers to the animals’ offspring shortly after they are born. ISA 11 8 hu82 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the complete peace in the world when the king rules. ISA 11 8 bkr7 figs-explicit 0 A baby will play over the hole of the snake It can be stated clearly that the baby will be safe because the snake will not bite it. Alternate translation: “Babies will play safely over the hole of the snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -746,15 +746,15 @@ ISA 11 8 nmp6 figs-genericnoun 0 the snake … the serpent’s den These phrase ISA 11 8 c4md 0 the weaned child a child who no longer drinks its mother’s milk ISA 11 9 czb2 0 on all my holy mountain The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “on all of Yahweh’s holy mountain” ISA 11 9 zv3a figs-metonymy 0 the earth will be full of knowledge of Yahweh The phrase “knowledge of Yahweh” represents people who know Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the earth will be full of those who know Yahweh” or “those who know Yahweh will cover the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 11 9 asy7 figs-simile 0 as the waters cover the sea This phrase is used to show how full the earth will be of people who know Yahweh. You may want to help your readers to understand that it does this by using words that are similar to the words in the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “as the seas are full of water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +ISA 11 9 asy7 figs-simile 0 as the waters cover the sea This phrase is used to show how full the earth will be of people who know Yahweh. You may want to help your readers to understand that it does this by using words that are similar to the words in the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “as the seas are full of water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 11 10 b699 figs-metonymy 0 the root of Jesse This refers to Jesse’s and King David’s descendant who would become the king that was told about in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Jesse’s descendant king” or “the king descended from Jesse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 11 10 x6gn figs-simile 0 will stand as a banner for the peoples A banner is a flag that a king would raise as a sign for people to see it and come to him. Alternate translation: “will be like a sign for the peoples” or “will attract the peoples to come to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 11 10 e7wp 0 The nations “The people of the nations” +ISA 11 10 e7wp 0 The nations Alternate translation: “The people of the nations” ISA 11 11 g27p figs-metonymy 0 the Lord will again extend his hand to recover the remnant of his people The hand is a reference to God’s power. Alternate translation: “the Lord will again use his power to bring back the remnant of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 11 11 nr2i translate-names 0 Pathros … Elam … Hamath These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 11 12 f68i figs-metaphor 0 He will set up a banner for the nations This could mean: (1) “The Lord will set up the king as a banner for the nations” or (2) “The king will set up a banner for the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 11 12 n5uv 0 a banner for the nations “a flag for the nations to see” or “a flag to call the nations to himself” -ISA 11 12 wg94 0 the dispersed of Judah “the people of Judah who had been scattered around the world” +ISA 11 12 n5uv 0 a banner for the nations Alternate translation: “a flag for the nations to see” or “a flag to call the nations to himself” +ISA 11 12 wg94 0 the dispersed of Judah Alternate translation: “the people of Judah who had been scattered around the world” ISA 11 12 n4s1 figs-synecdoche 0 from the four corners of the earth The earth is pictured as if it has four corners, and those corners are its most distant places. This refers to everywhere on earth where those people might be. Alternate translation: “from even the most distant places of the earth” or “from all over the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 11 13 tv6k figs-abstractnouns 0 He will turn aside the envy of Ephraim Ephraim here refers to the descendants of the northern kingdom of Israel. The noun “envy” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “He will stop the people of Ephraim from being envious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 11 13 f12r figs-activepassive 0 Judah will no longer be hostile to Ephraim Judah here refers to the descendants of the southern kingdom. This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will stop the people of Judah from being hostile” or “he will stop the people of Judah from hating” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -762,9 +762,9 @@ ISA 11 14 j77a figs-metaphor 0 they will swoop down on the Philistine hills The ISA 11 15 cx6x 0 the gulf of the Sea of Egypt A “gulf” is a large area of water that land partly surrounds. ISA 11 15 u6da figs-metaphor 0 With his scorching wind he will wave his hand over the Euphrates River Waving his hand over something represents his power to change it. Alternate translation: “By his power he will cause a scorching wind to blow on the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 11 15 k4y5 0 his scorching wind This is a strong or hot wind that causes some of the water in rivers to dry up. -ISA 11 15 hj6s 0 so it can be crossed over in sandals “so that people can cross over it even while wearing their sandals” +ISA 11 15 hj6s 0 so it can be crossed over in sandals Alternate translation: “so that people can cross over it even while wearing their sandals” ISA 11 16 e52k 0 There will be a highway A highway is a large road that many people can travel on. “Yahweh will make a road” -ISA 11 16 b1xk 0 in their coming up from the land of Egypt “when they came up from the land of Egypt” +ISA 11 16 b1xk 0 in their coming up from the land of Egypt Alternate translation: “when they came up from the land of Egypt” ISA 12 intro x9cy 0 # Isaiah 12 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### “That day”
The time of this day is unclear. It may be a time in the near future for Isaiah, or a time in the distant future for him. In the latter case, it would reference the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Tense
Extra care must be taken in translating the tense of this chapter. The author talks about the future, but frequently changes to speak in the present tense. Some languages will have difficulty speaking in this way. ISA 12 1 yv6k 0 General Information: Here Isaiah continues to describe what it will be like when the king that God has chosen rules ([Isaiah 11:1-2](../11/01.md)). ISA 12 1 b681 figs-explicit 0 On that day It can be stated clearly what time is being referred to. Alternate translation: “At that time” or “When the king rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -772,26 +772,26 @@ ISA 12 1 cgh8 figs-personification 0 your wrath has turned away God’s wrath i ISA 12 2 il35 figs-metaphor 0 God is my salvation God causing someone’s salvation is spoken of as if God were that salvation. The abstract noun “salvation” can be expressed with the noun “savior” or the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “God causes my salvation” or “God is my savior” or “God is the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 12 2 g2h1 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my strength God causing someone to be strong is spoken of as if Yahweh were their strength. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes me strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 12 2 d9eg figs-metaphor 0 song The word “song” here represents what a person sings about. Alternate translation: “the one I joyfully sing about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 12 2 bt8a 0 He has become my salvation “He has saved me” +ISA 12 2 bt8a 0 He has become my salvation Alternate translation: “He has saved me” ISA 12 3 ig6e figs-metaphor 0 With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation Isaiah speaks of people being saved as if they were getting salvation the way people get water out of well. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice when he saves you, as people rejoice when they draw water from a well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 12 4 ut6u figs-metonymy 0 call upon his name Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Calling on him represents either praising him or asking him for help. Alternate translation: “praise him loudly” or “call to him to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 12 4 jq63 figs-abstractnouns 0 declare his deeds among the peoples The noun “deeds” can be expressed with the phrase “what he has done.” Alternate translation: “Tell the peoples about the great things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 12 4 wi1x figs-metonymy 0 proclaim that his name is exalted Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “proclaim that he is exalted” or “proclaim that he is great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 12 5 b7hk 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to tell what the people will say when the king rules. -ISA 12 6 b2j7 0 for great in your midst is the Holy One of Israel “because the Holy One of Israel, who lives among you, is mighty” or “because the Holy One of Israel is mighty and he lives among you” +ISA 12 6 b2j7 0 for great in your midst is the Holy One of Israel Alternate translation: “because the Holy One of Israel, who lives among you, is mighty” or “because the Holy One of Israel is mighty and he lives among you” ISA 13 intro qak7 0 # Isaiah 13 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Prophecies
It is unclear who is addressed by these prophecies. At times, it appears to be the people of Judah, while at other times it seems to reference the last days. This ambiguity should remain in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) ISA 13 1 ifl8 figs-metonymy 0 about Babylon The name of the city stands for the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “about the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 13 1 t34a translate-names 0 Amoz Amoz was the father of Isaiah. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 13 2 she6 0 cry aloud to them The word “them” refers to soldiers from another country. ISA 13 2 dkx5 figs-metonymy 0 the gates of the nobles This could mean: (1) “the gates of Babylon where the nobles live” or (2) “the gates of the nobles’ large houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 13 2 tsg1 0 the nobles “the respected people” or “the rulers” -ISA 13 3 tw9g 0 my holy ones “the ones I have set apart for myself” or “the army that I have set apart for myself” +ISA 13 2 tsg1 0 the nobles Alternate translation: “the respected people” or “the rulers” +ISA 13 3 tw9g 0 my holy ones Alternate translation: “the ones I have set apart for myself” or “the army that I have set apart for myself” ISA 13 3 mlu4 figs-metonymy 0 I have called my mighty men to execute my anger Executing God’s anger represents punishing people because of God’s anger. Alternate translation: “I have called my mighty soldiers to punish the people of Babylon because they have made me angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 13 3 ye22 figs-explicit 0 even my proudly exulting ones “even those who proudly exult.” Why they proudly exult can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “even my people who proudly exult because of the great things I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 13 4 pl8f figs-ellipsis 0 The noise of a multitude in the mountains, as of many people The words “there is” are understood. The phrases “multitude” and “many people” mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “There is the noise of many people in the mountains” or “There is the noise of a great crowd of people in the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 13 4 gi1h figs-ellipsis 0 The noise of a tumult of the kingdoms like many nations gathered together The words “there is” are understood. The words “kingdoms” and “nations” here refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “There is the noisy commotion of many kingdoms gathered together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 13 4 h5sg 0 is mustering “is gathering” -ISA 13 5 d44z 0 from way over the horizon “from places far beyond the horizon” or “from very distant places” +ISA 13 4 h5sg 0 is mustering Alternate translation: “is gathering” +ISA 13 5 d44z 0 from way over the horizon Alternate translation: “from places far beyond the horizon” or “from very distant places” ISA 13 5 dlj9 figs-metaphor 0 his instruments of judgment The soldiers that God is sending to attack Babylon are spoken of as if they were weapons. “Judgment” represents punishment because God has judged Babylon. Alternate translation: “the army that he will use to punish Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 13 6 qux3 0 Howl cry out loud. The word is usually used of an animal making a sound because it is in pain. ISA 13 6 dff2 figs-metaphor 0 the day of Yahweh is near Something that is about to happen soon is spoken of as if it is coming near. Alternate translation: “the day of Yahweh will happen soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -804,13 +804,13 @@ ISA 13 8 ixg7 figs-metaphor 0 their faces will be aflame Their faces being hot ISA 13 9 wx9a figs-metaphor 0 the day of Yahweh comes with cruel wrath and overflowing anger The day coming with wrath and anger means that there will be wrath and anger on that day. The abstract nouns “wrath” and “anger” can be expressed with the adjectives “furious” and “angry.” Alternate translation: “on the day of Yahweh, he will be furious and extremely angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 13 9 g4nq figs-metaphor 0 overflowing anger Anger here is spoken of as if the one who is angry is a container filled with anger. Overflowing anger means that he is extremely angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 13 9 i8e4 figs-abstractnouns 0 to make the land a desolation This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “desolation” is expressed with the verb “ruin.” Alternate translation: “to ruin the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 13 10 d93q 0 The stars of heaven and the constellations “The stars in the sky” +ISA 13 10 d93q 0 The stars of heaven and the constellations Alternate translation: “The stars in the sky” ISA 13 10 njr5 figs-idiom 0 will not give their light Giving light represents “shining.” Alternate translation: “will not shine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 13 10 mgq5 figs-activepassive 0 The sun will be darkened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will darken the sun” or “The sun will be dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 13 11 s3b1 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to talk about what he will do on the day of Yahweh. ISA 13 11 n1em figs-metonymy 0 the world This refers to people. Alternate translation: “the people of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 13 11 e48c figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked … the proud … the ruthless These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “wicked people … proud people … ruthless people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 13 11 d1ab 0 the ruthless “cruel people” +ISA 13 11 d1ab 0 the ruthless Alternate translation: “cruel people” ISA 13 11 j6vq figs-metaphor 0 will bring down the arrogance of the ruthless Being low often represents being humble. Bringing down people’s arrogance represents making them humble. Alternate translation: “will humble the ruthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 13 12 myy1 figs-explicit 0 I will make men more rare than fine gold Why there will be so few people can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will cause so many people to die that living people will be more rare than fine gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 13 12 fe8w figs-parallelism 0 men more rare than fine gold … mankind harder to find than the pure gold of Ophir These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -835,8 +835,8 @@ ISA 13 20 lb19 figs-doublet 0 It will not be inhabited or lived in The two verb ISA 13 20 zgq2 figs-idiom 0 from generation to generation The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. Alternate translation: “for ever” or “ever again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 13 20 vjg1 figs-genericnoun 0 The Arab This refers to Arab people in general, not one person. Alternate translation: “Arabs” or “Arab people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 13 21 aq3d 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Babylon. -ISA 13 21 t272 0 will lie there “will lie in Babylon” -ISA 13 21 ym5w 0 Their houses “The people’s houses” +ISA 13 21 t272 0 will lie there Alternate translation: “will lie in Babylon” +ISA 13 21 ym5w 0 Their houses Alternate translation: “The people’s houses” ISA 13 21 a5fz translate-unknown 0 owls Owls are wild birds that hunt at night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 13 21 tw7k translate-unknown 0 ostriches Ostriches are large wild birds that run fast and cannot fly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 13 22 r81d translate-unknown 0 Hyenas Hyenas are large wild animals that look like dogs and eat dead animals. Their loud cry sounds like a person laughing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -846,9 +846,9 @@ ISA 13 22 wym1 figs-parallelism 0 Her time is near, and her days will not be de ISA 14 intro k7wp 0 # Isaiah 14 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:4-27, 29-32.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Satan
It is believed that this chapter references Satan. It describes Satan as a star fallen from heaven. There are five important statements beginning with the words “I will” which appear to show the essence of Satan’s sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Babylon
This is the name of the kingdom that conquered Judah, but it is also the name representing Satan’s kingdom in prophecies. They were not yet a world power when these words were spoken. It should be translated as “Babylon,” but translators should be aware of its dual meaning.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Israel
The use of Israel in this chapter is in reference to the nation or people group of Israel. It is this Israel who will be restored and not the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ISA 14 1 i59z figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will have compassion on Jacob Here “Jacob” refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will have mercy on the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 1 i2au figs-metonymy 0 attach themselves to the house of Jacob The house of Jacob refers to the descendants of Jacob, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “unite with the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 2 s7ge 0 The nations will bring them to their own place “The nations will bring the descendants of Jacob back to the land of Israel” +ISA 14 2 s7ge 0 The nations will bring them to their own place Alternate translation: “The nations will bring the descendants of Jacob back to the land of Israel” ISA 14 2 v647 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel This refers to the Israelites, the descendants of Israel. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 2 v5tj 0 They will take captive those who had captured them “The Israelite soldiers will take as captives those who had captured Israelites” +ISA 14 2 v5tj 0 They will take captive those who had captured them Alternate translation: “The Israelite soldiers will take as captives those who had captured Israelites” ISA 14 3 alz7 figs-you 0 from your suffering and anguish The word “your” is singular, but it refers to the people of Israel. Also, “suffering” and “anguish” mean basically the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “from the things that have caused you to suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 14 4 nfw3 0 How the oppressor has come to an end “The oppressor has come to an end.” This is an exclamation. ISA 14 4 bb3j figs-ellipsis 0 the proud fury ended The words “how and “has” are understood. Alternate translation: “how the proud fury has ended” or “his pride and fury have ended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -857,9 +857,9 @@ ISA 14 5 v7xw 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the taunt song that the ISA 14 5 gb7c figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh has broken the staff of the wicked The staff of the wicked probably refers to a stick that wicked people would hit other people with. Breaking that stick represents destroying their power to treat people cruelly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 5 bz1k figs-metonymy 0 the scepter of those rulers A scepter represents a ruler’s power to rule. Breaking the scepter represents destroying the ruler’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 6 yr4l 0 that struck the peoples “who struck the peoples.” Wicked people struck the peoples with their staff. -ISA 14 6 u5vx 0 with unceasing blows “without stopping” or “again and again” -ISA 14 6 te29 0 that ruled the nations “who conquered other nations” -ISA 14 6 xy5f 0 with an attack that was unrestrained “attacking them without stopping” +ISA 14 6 u5vx 0 with unceasing blows Alternate translation: “without stopping” or “again and again” +ISA 14 6 te29 0 that ruled the nations Alternate translation: “who conquered other nations” +ISA 14 6 xy5f 0 with an attack that was unrestrained Alternate translation: “attacking them without stopping” ISA 14 7 efq4 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. ISA 14 7 sk3p figs-metonymy 0 The whole earth This refers to everyone on earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 8 w8ty figs-personification 0 Even the cypress trees rejoice over you with the cedars of Lebanon Isaiah speaks of the trees as if they were people who could rejoice. This emphasizes that it is such a great thing that God has stopped the king of Babylon that even nature would rejoice if it could. Alternate translation: “It will be as if even the cyprus trees and the cedars of Lebanon rejoice over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -877,13 +877,13 @@ ISA 14 12 ecp6 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the taunt song that the ISA 14 12 g41s figs-metaphor 0 How you are fallen from heaven, daystar, son of the morning The daystar is a bright star that rises just before morning. The people of Israel will refer to the king of Babylon in terms of this star in order to imply that he once was great, but now he was not. Alternate translation: “You were like the bright morning star, but you have fallen from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 12 tms3 figs-metaphor 0 How you are cut down to the ground The people of Israel will speak of the king of Babylon as if he were a tree that was cut down. Alternate translation: “You are defeated like a tree that someone has cut down to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 13 fum9 figs-explicit 0 I will sit on the mount of assembly This alludes to the myth that many people in the Ancient Near East knew, that the Canaanite gods met in council on the top of a mountain in the northern part of Syria. Sitting on the mountain represents ruling with the gods. Alternate translation: “I will rule on the mountain where the gods assemble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 14 13 fr5j 0 in the far reaches of the north “in the most northern places.” The mountain in the north was apparently called Zaphon. Some modern versions say “far away on the sides of Zaphon.” +ISA 14 13 fr5j 0 in the far reaches of the north The mountain in the north was apparently called Zaphon. Some modern versions say “far away on the sides of Zaphon.” Alternate translation: “in the most northern places” ISA 14 15 ytw5 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. ISA 14 15 lyk7 figs-activepassive 0 Yet you are now brought down to Sheol This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But now God has sent you down to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 14 16 ne9m figs-rquestion 0 Is this the man The people will use this question either to mock the king of Babylon, or to express their shock at what has happened to him. Alternate translation: “Surely, this is not the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 14 16 uu7r figs-metonymy 0 who made the earth tremble This could mean: (1) the earth trembled as the king’s army marched to conquer people, or (2) this refers to the people of the earth trembling in fear of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 14 16 i1pd figs-metaphor 0 shook kingdoms This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for “conquered kingdoms” or (2) this is metonymy for “terrified the people of kingdoms.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 17 n2f9 0 who made the world like a wilderness “who made the places where people lived into a wilderness” +ISA 14 17 n2f9 0 who made the world like a wilderness Alternate translation: “who made the places where people lived into a wilderness” ISA 14 18 hj9m 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. ISA 14 18 k97g figs-explicit 0 all of them lie down in honor This means that their bodies were buried in an honorable way. Alternate translation: “all the kings who have died are buried in an honorable way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 14 19 s2s8 figs-metaphor 0 But you are cast out of your grave Being thrown out of the grave represents not being buried. Alternate translation: “But you are not buried. Your body is left on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -929,14 +929,14 @@ ISA 14 31 i9fx figs-metonymy 0 Howl, gate; cry, city Here “gate” and “cit ISA 14 31 t4fi figs-metaphor 0 you will melt away Melting away represents becoming weak because of fear. Alternate translation: “you will grow weak with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 14 31 re77 figs-explicit 0 For out of the north comes a cloud of smoke This implies that a large army is coming from the north. Alternate translation: “For from the north comes a large army with a cloud of smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 14 31 m73z figs-metaphor 0 a cloud of smoke This could mean: (1) this represents a cloud of dust that the army stirs up as they travel on dry dirt roads. Alternate translation: “a cloud of dust” or (2) there is a lot of smoke because of all the things that the army destroys and burns. Alternate translation: “much smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 31 az3q 0 there is no straggler in his ranks “no one in his ranks walks slowly behind the others” +ISA 14 31 az3q 0 there is no straggler in his ranks Alternate translation: “no one in his ranks walks slowly behind the others” ISA 14 32 ld7h figs-rquestion 0 How will they respond to the messengers of that nation? The author uses this question to introduce his instruction about how the Israelites should speak to the messengers. Alternate translation: “This is how we will answer the messengers of Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 14 32 geq9 0 Yahweh has founded Zion “Yahweh started Zion” -ISA 14 32 q7h8 0 in her “in Jerusalem” or “there” -ISA 14 32 k8ir 0 the afflicted of his people “those of his people who have been afflicted” +ISA 14 32 geq9 0 Yahweh has founded Zion Alternate translation: “Yahweh started Zion” +ISA 14 32 q7h8 0 in her Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” or “there” +ISA 14 32 k8ir 0 the afflicted of his people Alternate translation: “those of his people who have been afflicted” ISA 15 intro u6k8 0 # Isaiah 15 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

This chapter shifts from discussing Judah to the nation of Moab. Moab is punished by Yahweh, even though he is not a god they worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/god]]) ISA 15 1 ss3j figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Often in prophecy events that will happen in future are described as happening now or in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 15 1 y2ws 0 A declaration “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh” +ISA 15 1 y2ws 0 A declaration Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh” ISA 15 1 y4g4 translate-names 0 Ar … Kir These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 1 x1z2 figs-doublet 0 Ar of Moab is laid waste and destroyed The words “laid waste” and “destroyed” mean the same thing and emphasize that the city was completely ruined. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemy armies will completely destroy Ar of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 15 2 z4py translate-names 0 Dibon … Nebo … Medeba These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ ISA 15 5 ubi2 0 her fugitives flee “the fugitives from Moab will flee.” A ISA 15 5 nqe8 translate-names 0 Zoar … Eglath Shelishiyah … Luhith … Horonaim These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 15 5 y7d7 figs-abstractnouns 0 over their destruction This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “destruction” is expressed as the verb “destroyed.” Alternate translation: “because their city is destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 15 6 yr4r translate-names 0 Nimrim This is the name of a city or town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 15 7 t1qa 0 The abundance “Everything” +ISA 15 7 t1qa 0 The abundance Alternate translation: “Everything” ISA 15 7 cqq1 0 brook of the poplars This may refer to the river at the southern border of Moab. ISA 15 8 p12d 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](./01.md)). ISA 15 8 me26 figs-metaphor 0 The cry has gone around the territory of Moab People’s crying out and others hearing it is spoken of as if the cry had gone out. Alternate translation: “People all over the territory of Moab cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -979,9 +979,9 @@ ISA 16 5 e78m figs-metaphor 0 as he seeks justice Seeking justice represents wa ISA 16 6 fy9x 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](../15/01.md)). ISA 16 6 k39y figs-metonymy 0 We have heard of Moab’s pride, his arrogance, his boasting, and his anger The words “Moab’s” and “his” refer to the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “We have heard that the people of Moab are proud and arrogant, boastful and angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 6 w42t 0 We have heard Possible meanings are that: (1) Isaiah is speaking and “We” refers to him and the people of Judah, or (2) God is speaking and “We” refers to God. -ISA 16 6 h6ze 0 But his boastings are empty words “But what they say about themselves means nothing” or “But what they boast about is not true” +ISA 16 6 h6ze 0 But his boastings are empty words Alternate translation: “But what they say about themselves means nothing” or “But what they boast about is not true” ISA 16 7 p8b8 figs-metonymy 0 So Moab wails for Moab—they all wail “Moab” represents the people of Moab. “So all the people of Moab will cry out loud over what has happened to their cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 7 pea5 0 for the raisin cakes of Kir Hareseth “because there are no raisin cakes in Kir Hareseth” +ISA 16 7 pea5 0 for the raisin cakes of Kir Hareseth Alternate translation: “because there are no raisin cakes in Kir Hareseth” ISA 16 7 hn3v 0 raisin cakes The Hebrew word used here means either “raisin cakes” or “men.” ISA 16 7 u3tz translate-names 0 Kir Hareseth “Kir Hareseth” is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 16 8 v7h6 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it happened in the past ([Isaiah 15:1-2](../15/01.md)). @@ -1001,10 +1001,10 @@ ISA 16 11 bc51 figs-metonymy 0 Moab This refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[r ISA 16 11 r8w1 figs-ellipsis 0 my inward being for Kir Hareseth The phrase “my inward being” represents Yahweh. The word “sighs” is understood from the previous phrase. See how you translated Kir Hareseth in [Isaiah 16:7](../16/07.md). Alternate translation: “my inward being sighs for Kir Hareseth” or “I am very sad for the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 16 11 q54t figs-metonymy 0 Kir Hareseth This is a metonym for the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 16 12 r3gm figs-metonymy 0 Moab … himself … his All of these words refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 12 i9ei 0 his prayers will accomplish nothing “his prayers will not be answered” +ISA 16 12 i9ei 0 his prayers will accomplish nothing Alternate translation: “his prayers will not be answered” ISA 16 13 q3qj 0 This is the word “This is the message.” This refers to all he said in 15:1-16:12. ISA 16 13 t123 figs-metonymy 0 concerning Moab The word “Moab” refers to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 14 ubw7 0 the glory of Moab will disappear “The country of Moab will no longer be glorious” +ISA 16 14 ubw7 0 the glory of Moab will disappear Alternate translation: “The country of Moab will no longer be glorious” ISA 17 intro uhu9 0 # Isaiah 17 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

The ULT sets the lines in 17:1-6, 9-14 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Damascus
This chapter prophesies destruction against the people of Damascus. Damascus was the capital of Aram. The people of Damascus worship gods other than Yahweh and have fought Yahweh’s people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Ephraim
This chapter prophesied destruction against the kingdom of Israel. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter. Both the northern kingdom of Israel and Aram were conquered at about the same time in history. ISA 17 1 c1yu translate-names 0 about Damascus Damascus is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:8](../07/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 17 2 ez1z figs-activepassive 0 The cities of Aroer will be abandoned This can be stated in active form. “All the people will abandon the cities of Aroer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1031,9 +1031,9 @@ ISA 17 8 gg5j figs-synecdoche 0 the work of their hands Here the people are rep ISA 17 8 g7l9 figs-metonymy 0 what their fingers have made … the Asherah poles or the sun images The second phrase identifies the things that the people made. Speaking of the fingers here emphasizes that the people made them, so these things are not real gods. Alternate translation: “the Asherah poles or the sun images, which they themselves made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 17 9 c6p6 figs-explicit 0 that were forsaken because of the people of Israel It can be made explicit who left these lands. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the Hivites and Amorites left after the people of Israel came” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 17 10 y72p 0 For you have forgotten Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. The word “forgotten” does not mean they have no memory of God. It means they no longer obey him. Alternate translation: “For you no longer obey” -ISA 17 10 y983 0 the God of your salvation “the God who saves you” +ISA 17 10 y983 0 the God of your salvation Alternate translation: “the God who saves you” ISA 17 10 s6lq figs-metaphor 0 have ignored the rock of your strength This compares God to a large rock which people could climb on to get away from their enemies or hide behind. Alternate translation: “have ignored God, who is like a rock that protects you” or “have ignored the one who protects you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 17 11 mec4 0 the harvest will fail “there will not be much fruit for you to harvest” +ISA 17 11 mec4 0 the harvest will fail Alternate translation: “there will not be much fruit for you to harvest” ISA 17 12 kh1i figs-simile 0 The uproar of many peoples, that roar like the roaring of the seas An uproar is a very loud noise. Alternate translation: “The sound of many people, that is very loud like the seas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 17 12 cbz3 figs-simile 0 the rushing of nations, that rush like the rushing of mighty waters The enemy armies appear to be a powerful force that no one can stop. Alternate translation: “the nations come rushing in like the mighty waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 17 12 u4ze figs-synecdoche 0 the rushing of nations The word “nations” refers to the armies of those nations. Alternate translation: “the rushing of the enemy armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1065,15 +1065,15 @@ ISA 18 5 p7u7 0 pruning hooks A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut ISA 18 5 pg5q 0 he will cut down and take away the spreading branches Yahweh will throw away the branches in judgment. ISA 18 6 dev6 figs-parables 0 They will be left together God seems to change from telling the parable to speaking more directly about the nation. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Those who are killed will be left together” or “Like branches that are cut off and thrown away, the bodies of those who are killed will be left on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) ISA 18 6 f1vz 0 The birds will summer on them “The birds will eat them during the summer.” The word “birds” refers to birds that eat the flesh of dead bodies. -ISA 18 6 dh75 0 all the animals of the earth “all kinds of wild animals” -ISA 18 6 lpf3 0 will winter on them “will eat them in the winter” +ISA 18 6 dh75 0 all the animals of the earth Alternate translation: “all kinds of wild animals” +ISA 18 6 lpf3 0 will winter on them Alternate translation: “will eat them in the winter” ISA 18 7 y8hc 0 a people tall and smooth … a people feared far and near … a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide These phrases all describe the people of one nation. See how you translated these phrases in [Isaiah 18:2](../18/02.md). -ISA 18 7 ggw4 0 a people tall and smooth “a people who are tall and have smooth skin” +ISA 18 7 ggw4 0 a people tall and smooth Alternate translation: “a people who are tall and have smooth skin” ISA 18 7 gc7i figs-merism 0 a people feared far and near The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 18 7 n6h8 figs-metonymy 0 a nation strong and trampling down Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 18 7 wrg1 figs-metonymy 0 to the place of the name of Yahweh of hosts, to Mount Zion The word “name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to Mount Zion, where Yahweh of hosts dwells” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 intro y3c4 0 # Isaiah 19 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 19:1-18.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Egypt

This chapter prophesied destruction against the nation of Egypt. Their destruction will come from internal division instead of being conquered by another nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Imagery

Some of the imagery used in this chapter may be connected to the worship of specific false gods. One important god the people of Canaan worshiped was Baal, the god of rain or storms. One of the important gods the Egyptians worshiped was Ra, the god of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “In that day”
This changes the reference from the time when Assyria comes to dominate the world and looks to a more distant future day. -ISA 19 1 iz8p 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” +ISA 19 1 iz8p 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” ISA 19 1 pi3g figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh rides on a swift cloud Yahweh seems to be pictured here as riding on a cloud as if he was riding in a chariot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 19 1 st7u figs-personification 0 the idols of Egypt quake before him The idols are described as having feelings of fear as Yahweh approaches. Alternate translation: “the idols of Egypt tremble in fear before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 19 1 qi24 figs-metaphor 0 the hearts of the Egyptians melt within themselves The heart melting represents losing their courage. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians have no more courage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1083,27 +1083,27 @@ ISA 19 2 k42s figs-ellipsis 0 kingdom against kingdom The words “will be” o ISA 19 2 usw7 figs-metonymy 0 kingdom against kingdom The word “kingdom” refers to a smaller kingdom within Egypt. It may also be called a province. It represents the people of that kingdom or province. Alternate translation: “the people of one province will be against the people of another province” or “people from different provinces will fight against one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 3 k6nj figs-personification 0 The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within. I will destroy his advice The nation of Egypt is spoken of here as if it was a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 19 3 h9az figs-activepassive 0 The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “I will weaken the spirit of Egypt from within” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 19 3 t2yv 0 I will destroy his advice, though they sought the advice of … spiritualists “They sought the advice of … spiritualists, but that will do them no good. It will not stop me from destroying his advice” +ISA 19 3 t2yv 0 I will destroy his advice, though they sought the advice of … spiritualists Alternate translation: “They sought the advice of … spiritualists, but that will do them no good. It will not stop me from destroying his advice” ISA 19 3 j1kh figs-abstractnouns 0 I will destroy his advice This could mean: (1) Yahweh will cause the advice that he gives to be ineffective or (2) Yahweh will cause him to be unable to give any advice. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “advice” is expressed as the verb “advise.” Alternate translation: “I will confuse those who advise the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 19 3 cz3n 0 mediums … spiritualists These are people who claim to speak with those who have died. ISA 19 4 e7zd figs-metonymy 0 I will give the Egyptians into the hand of a harsh master Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “I will give the Egyptians over to the control of a harsh master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 4 f37v figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 3:15](../03/15.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 19 5 buc6 figs-parallelism 0 The waters of the sea will dry up, and the river will dry up and become empty Egyptians referred to the Nile River as “the sea.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “The Nile River will completely dry up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 19 6 mqq8 0 become foul “become foul-smelling” or “stink” -ISA 19 6 v3vr 0 will dwindle “become smaller and smaller” -ISA 19 6 by1b 0 the reeds and flags will wither away “Reeds” and “flags” refer to two similar kinds of water plants. Alternate translation: “the plants along the river will die and decay” -ISA 19 7 tkv1 0 every sown field beside the Nile “the fields near the Nile where people have planted crops” +ISA 19 6 mqq8 0 become foul Alternate translation: “become foul-smelling” or “stink” +ISA 19 6 v3vr 0 will dwindle Alternate translation: “become smaller and smaller” +ISA 19 6 by1b 0 the reeds and flags will wither away Here, **reeds** and **flags** refer to two similar kinds of water plants. Alternate translation: “the plants along the river will die and decay” +ISA 19 7 tkv1 0 every sown field beside the Nile Alternate translation: “the fields near the Nile where people have planted crops” ISA 19 8 wx4h figs-explicit 0 The fishermen will wail and mourn, and all who cast a hook into the Nile will mourn, and those who spread nets on the waters will grieve These three phrases mean basically the same thing. If necessary, the reason they will grieve can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The fishermen who catch fish with hooks or nets will cry in despair because the fish in the Nile have died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 19 8 u2jx translate-unknown 0 cast a hook into the Nile In order to catch fish, some people put a little food on a hook, tie the hook to a string, and throw the hook into the water. When a fish tries to eat the food, its mouth gets stuck on the hook, and the person pulls the fish out of the water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 19 8 meh3 0 cast throw ISA 19 8 u1tx translate-unknown 0 spread nets on the waters In order to catch fish, some people toss a net on the water. When fish get caught in it, they pull the net with the fish out of the water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 19 9 dnw4 0 The workers in combed flax “Those who work with combed flax” +ISA 19 9 dnw4 0 The workers in combed flax Alternate translation: “Those who work with combed flax” ISA 19 9 ram5 translate-unknown 0 combed flax Flax is a plant that grows along the Nile River. People comb its fibers in order to separate them, and use them to make thread for linen cloth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 19 9 kjj4 0 will turn pale “will be ashamed” -ISA 19 10 h4de 0 The cloth workers of Egypt “The people of Egypt who make cloth” +ISA 19 9 kjj4 0 will turn pale Alternate translation: “will be ashamed” +ISA 19 10 h4de 0 The cloth workers of Egypt Alternate translation: “The people of Egypt who make cloth” ISA 19 10 m3g2 figs-metaphor 0 will be crushed Being crushed represents being discouraged. Alternate translation: “will be discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 19 10 fl3d 0 work for hire “work for pay” -ISA 19 10 mg9w 0 will be grieved within themselves “will feel very sad” +ISA 19 10 fl3d 0 work for hire Alternate translation: “work for pay” +ISA 19 10 mg9w 0 will be grieved within themselves Alternate translation: “will feel very sad” ISA 19 11 tj8g figs-parallelism 0 The princes of Zoan are completely foolish. The advice of the wisest advisors of Pharaoh has become senseless These two phrases are similar in meaning. Either the princes of Zoan are also the wisest advisors or Pharaoh, or they are another group of people that also are shown to be foolish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 19 11 ut1b translate-names 0 Zoan This is a city in northern Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 19 11 hg6z figs-rquestion 0 How can you say to Pharaoh … kings? Isaiah uses a question to mock those in Egypt who claim to be wise. Alternate translation: “You foolishly say to Pharaoh … kings.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@ ISA 19 13 i9nc 0 princes of Zoan Zoan is a city in northern Egypt. See how you ISA 19 13 ws7v translate-names 0 Memphis This is a city in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 19 13 wv4n figs-metonymy 0 made Egypt go astray The word “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt. Going astray represents doing what is wrong. Alternate translation: “made the people of Egypt go astray” or “made the people of Egypt do what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 19 14 djx6 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has mixed a spirit of distortion into her midst Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s judgment as if Egypt was a cup of wine. He speaks of Yahweh causing the leaders’ thoughts to be distorted as if their distorted thoughts were a liquid that Yahweh mixed in with the wine. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has judged them by distorting their thoughts” or “Yahweh has judged Egypt by distorting its leaders’ thoughts, as intoxicating drinks confuse people’s thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 19 14 i24q 0 distortion “perverseness” or “confusion” +ISA 19 14 i24q 0 distortion Alternate translation: “perverseness” or “confusion” ISA 19 14 d2iu figs-personification 0 into her midst Here “her” refers to Egypt. Nations are sometimes spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “within Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 19 14 pf3i figs-metonymy 0 they have led Egypt astray Here, “they” refers to the leaders described in the previous verses. The word “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the princes have led the people of Egypt astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 14 veh2 figs-metaphor 0 have led Egypt astray Leading people astray represents influencing them to do what is wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1127,22 +1127,22 @@ ISA 19 17 zin3 figs-metonymy 0 The land of Judah will become a cause of stagger ISA 19 17 ad9e 0 Whenever anyone reminds them of her, they will be afraid Here, “them” and “they” refer to the Egyptians and “her” refers to the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Whenever anyone reminds the Egyptians of the people of Judah, the Egyptians will be afraid” ISA 19 18 n3bi figs-metonymy 0 there will be five cities in the land of Egypt that speak This refers to the people of those cities. Alternate translation: “the people in five Egyptian cities will speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 19 18 p6li figs-metonymy 0 the language of Canaan This refers to Hebrew, the language of the people of God living in the land of Canaan. Here Canaan represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the language of the people of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 19 18 w9p7 0 swear allegiance “promise to be loyal” +ISA 19 18 w9p7 0 swear allegiance Alternate translation: “promise to be loyal” ISA 19 18 hr4a figs-activepassive 0 One of these will be called This can be stated in active form. “People will call one of these cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 19 18 qu9b translate-textvariants 0 called The City of the Sun It is not clear whether the Hebrew word translated “Sun” here means “sun” or “destruction.” It is also not clear what the name tells us about the city. Alternate translation: “the city called Sun City” or “the city called Destruction City” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) ISA 19 19 mnu1 figs-explicit 0 a stone pillar at the border to Yahweh The phrase “the border” refers to the border of Egypt. Alternate translation: “a stone pillar to Yahweh at the border of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 19 20 vgv1 figs-abstractnouns 0 It will be as a sign and a witness to Yahweh of hosts in the land of Egypt The abstract nouns “sign” and “witness” can be expressed with the verbs “show” and prove.” Alternate translation: “The altar will show and prove that Yahweh of hosts is in the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 19 20 w4gy figs-explicit 0 to Yahweh of hosts in the land of Egypt Yahweh being in the land of Egypt represents the people of Egypt worshiping him. Alternate translation: “that the people in the land of Egypt worship Yahweh of hosts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 19 20 c365 0 When they cry “When the Egyptians cry” -ISA 19 20 bp9e 0 because of oppressors “because people are treating them harshly” or “because others are causing them to suffer” -ISA 19 20 e9e2 0 he will send them a savior and a defender “Yahweh will send someone to save and defend the Egyptians” +ISA 19 20 c365 0 When they cry Alternate translation: “When the Egyptians cry” +ISA 19 20 bp9e 0 because of oppressors Alternate translation: “because people are treating them harshly” or “because others are causing them to suffer” +ISA 19 20 e9e2 0 he will send them a savior and a defender Alternate translation: “Yahweh will send someone to save and defend the Egyptians” ISA 19 20 knh3 figs-explicit 0 he will deliver them Who Yahweh will deliver them from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will deliver the Egyptians from their oppressors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 19 21 rad5 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will become known to Egypt Here “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make the people of Egypt know him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 19 21 wc2k 0 will acknowledge Yahweh “will accept the truth about Yahweh” or “will agree to the truth about Yahweh” +ISA 19 21 wc2k 0 will acknowledge Yahweh Alternate translation: “will accept the truth about Yahweh” or “will agree to the truth about Yahweh” ISA 19 21 r2vl figs-explicit 0 They will worship The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “They will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 19 21 bcm9 0 will make vows to Yahweh and fulfill them “will make promises to Yahweh and keep them” or “they will make promises to Yahweh and they will do what they have promised to do” +ISA 19 21 bcm9 0 will make vows to Yahweh and fulfill them Alternate translation: “will make promises to Yahweh and keep them” or “they will make promises to Yahweh and they will do what they have promised to do” ISA 19 22 pvf9 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will afflict Egypt Here, “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will afflict the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 19 22 v3uj 0 afflict “strike” or “punish” +ISA 19 22 v3uj 0 afflict Alternate translation: “strike” or “punish” ISA 19 22 u4gc figs-ellipsis 0 afflicting and healing The word “them” is understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: “afflicting them and healing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 19 22 i7ek 0 afflicting and healing How this phrase relates to the phrase before it can be made clear with the words “after” and “also.” Alternate translation: “and after he afflicts them, he will also heal them” ISA 19 23 g1ca 0 there will be a highway A highway is a large road on which many people can travel. @@ -1159,24 +1159,24 @@ ISA 20 1 cw3v translate-names 0 Tartan the name of the chief commander of the a ISA 20 1 q4u1 0 Sargon the name of the king of Assyria ISA 20 1 g7u8 figs-metonymy 0 he fought against Ashdod and took it Ashdod refers to the army of Ashdod. Alternate translation: “he fought against the army of Ashdod and defeated it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 20 2 xk5u 0 walking naked and barefoot “walking around without clothes and without sandals.” Here the word “naked” probably refers to wearing only his undergarments. -ISA 20 3 mig7 0 an omen “a warning” +ISA 20 3 mig7 0 an omen Alternate translation: “a warning” ISA 20 4 k9su figs-metonymy 0 the king of Assyria will lead away the captives The king orders his army to do this task. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will have his army lead away the captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 20 4 y6cb figs-explicit 0 will lead away the captives of Egypt, and the exiles of Cush It can be stated clearly that they will first attack and capture people. Alternate translation: “will attack Egypt and Cush and capture their people and lead them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 20 4 j58w figs-metonymy 0 to the shame of Egypt Egypt refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “which will bring shame on the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 20 5 csg5 0 dismayed and ashamed “afraid and put to shame” +ISA 20 5 csg5 0 dismayed and ashamed Alternate translation: “afraid and put to shame” ISA 20 5 x6ix figs-metonymy 0 because of Cush their hope and of Egypt their glory Hope and glory refer to their trust in the military power of these countries. Alternate translation: “because they had trusted in the power of the armies of Cush and Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 20 6 ppe5 0 The inhabitants of these coasts the people who lived in the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea ISA 20 6 a114 figs-activepassive 0 where we fled for help to be rescued This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where we fled to so they would rescue us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 20 6 ul8x figs-rquestion 0 now, how can we escape? The author uses this question to emphasize how hopeless their situation was. Alternate translation: “now there is no way for us to escape!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 21 intro b7ty 0 # Isaiah 21 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 21:1-10, 13-17.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Cush
Dumah and Seir are places in Edom. Part of this chapter is a prophecy against Cush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### The desert by the sea
This is a metaphor for an unknown nation. Scholars are divided over the proper identity of this nation, but it is probably Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

### Mystery
The fulfillment of this chapter is very mysterious. It is unknown who is truly being addressed and how this is to be fulfilled in history. The translator should not attempt to give the reader insight into this prophecy’s fulfillment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 21 1 c5lv 0 A declaration “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message” +ISA 21 1 c5lv 0 A declaration Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message” ISA 21 1 x48q figs-metonymy 0 about the desert by the sea This refers to the people who live in Babylon as being a desert, even though God has not made it into a desert yet. This event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “about the people who live in a land that soon will be a desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 21 1 x94u figs-simile 0 Like stormwinds sweeping through the Negev Isaiah compares the army that will attack the people to a storm with strong winds. They will be quick and powerful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 21 1 k1uh figs-explicit 0 from the wilderness Here “wilderness” refers to the wilderness of Judea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 21 1 chs7 0 from a terrible land The army is from a people that cause great fear. ISA 21 2 gk1g figs-activepassive 0 A distressing vision has been given to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh showed me a troubling vision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 21 2 rpn1 0 the treacherous man deals treacherously “those who deceive will deceive” -ISA 21 2 ue2c 0 the destroyer destroys “those who destroy will destroy” +ISA 21 2 rpn1 0 the treacherous man deals treacherously Alternate translation: “those who deceive will deceive” +ISA 21 2 ue2c 0 the destroyer destroys Alternate translation: “those who destroy will destroy” ISA 21 2 y49p figs-apostrophe 0 Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media In the vision given to Isaiah, Yahweh speaks to the armies of Elam and Media as if they are there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 21 2 n5ct figs-ellipsis 0 Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media It is understood that they are to attack the Babylonians. Alternate translation: “Go up and attack the Babylonians, you soldiers of Elam; go and besiege the Babylonians, you soldiers of Media” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 21 2 x1bk figs-metonymy 0 Elam … Media Here “Elam” and “Media” represent the soldiers from these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1185,26 +1185,26 @@ ISA 21 3 sy98 0 my loins are filled with pain The vision that Isaiah sees is s ISA 21 3 lm8g figs-simile 0 pains like the pains of a woman in labor have taken hold of me Isaiah compares his pain to the pain of a woman giving birth. This emphasizes the great pain he is feeling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 21 3 dv2a figs-activepassive 0 I am bowed down by what I heard This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “What I heard has caused me to bend over in pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 21 3 eaj7 figs-activepassive 0 I am disturbed by what I saw This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what I saw has greatly troubled me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 21 4 b8pe 0 My heart pounds; I shake with fear “My heart beats fast and I am shaking” +ISA 21 4 b8pe 0 My heart pounds; I shake with fear Alternate translation: “My heart beats fast and I am shaking” ISA 21 5 y2mh 0 They prepare Here “They” refers to the leaders of Babylon. ISA 21 5 isa5 figs-metonymy 0 prepare the table Here “table” represents the food that people will eat at the feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 21 5 t2uh 0 arise, princes Here “princes” refers in general to men with authority and not necessarily to sons of kings. ISA 21 5 v634 figs-explicit 0 anoint your shields with oil Soldiers would put oil on their leather shields so they would stay soft and not crack during battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 21 6 m5sh 0 post a watchman “tell a watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem” -ISA 21 7 qai9 0 a chariot, a pair of horsemen “a soldier riding in a chariot, a pair of horses pulling it” +ISA 21 6 m5sh 0 post a watchman Alternate translation: “tell a watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem” +ISA 21 7 qai9 0 a chariot, a pair of horsemen Alternate translation: “a soldier riding in a chariot, a pair of horses pulling it” ISA 21 8 v2w1 0 Lord, on the watchtower I stand Here “Lord” refers to the person with authority that commanded the watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem. ISA 21 9 x4x6 figs-metaphor 0 Babylon has fallen, fallen Babylon being completely defeated by their enemies is spoken of as if Babylon has fallen. Here “Babylon” is a metonym that represents the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “The people of Babylon are completely defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 21 9 udx7 0 fallen, fallen The word “fallen” is repeated to emphasize that the people of Babylon were completely defeated by their enemies. ISA 21 10 yv9c figs-metaphor 0 My threshed and winnowed ones, children of my threshing floor The people of Israel suffering because of the Babylonians is spoken of as if the people were grain that was threshed and winnowed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 21 10 wdg3 0 My threshed The word “my” refers to Isaiah. ISA 21 10 nn8k 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 21 11 qk1a 0 A declaration “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh” +ISA 21 11 qk1a 0 A declaration Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh” ISA 21 11 f2ac translate-names 0 about Dumah This is another name for Edom. Here “Dumah” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “about the people of Dumah” or “about the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 21 11 z3e8 0 One calls to me Here “me” refers to Isaiah. ISA 21 11 z8pb translate-names 0 Seir This is the name of mountains west of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 21 11 fhv6 figs-parallelism 0 Watchman, what is left of the night? Watchman, what is left of the night? This is repeated to emphasize that the person asking the question is worried and nervous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 21 12 h8eg 0 If you want to ask, then ask; and come back again “Ask me now what you want to know, but also come back later and ask again” -ISA 21 13 qlh5 0 A declaration “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is the message of Yahweh” +ISA 21 12 h8eg 0 If you want to ask, then ask; and come back again Alternate translation: “Ask me now what you want to know, but also come back later and ask again” +ISA 21 13 qlh5 0 A declaration Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is the message of Yahweh” ISA 21 13 bs2m figs-metonymy 0 about Arabia Arabia refers to the population of Arabia. Alternate translation: “about the people of Arabia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 21 13 q4gt figs-explicit 0 In the wilderness of Arabia Arabia does not have a forest. Alternate translation: “Far off from the road in Arabia” or “Out in the bushes of Arabia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 21 13 wxn6 0 caravans a group of people traveling together @@ -1217,18 +1217,18 @@ ISA 21 15 tnx9 figs-metaphor 0 from the weight of war The terror and suffering ISA 21 16 y8lk figs-explicit 0 as a laborer hired for a year would see it “as a hired laborer would count the days of a year.” A hired worker is careful to count the days so that he works exactly the amount of time he is paid to work. This means Kedar will be defeated in exactly one year. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 21 16 z33f translate-names 0 of Kedar This is a region in Arabia. Kedar represents the population of Kedar. Alternate translation: “of the people of Kedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 intro j95f 0 # Isaiah 22 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Repentance
On this day of judgment, Judah should be repenting of their sin. Instead, they are celebrating it. Although Judah avoids Yahweh’s punishment through the Assyrians, their punishment will still come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “Valley of Visions”
This is a metaphor used in this prophecy against the nation of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -ISA 22 1 k9gg 0 A declaration “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message” +ISA 22 1 k9gg 0 A declaration Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message” ISA 22 1 r9lq figs-metonymy 0 about the Valley of Vision Here “Valley” refers to those who live in the valley, that is, Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “about those who live in the Valley of Vision” or “about those who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 1 eln4 figs-rquestion 0 What is the reason that you have all gone up to the housetops? Isaiah uses a question to scold the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “You should not go and stand on the tops of your houses.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 22 2 y1ul 0 a town full of revelry “a town full of people celebrating” +ISA 22 2 y1ul 0 a town full of revelry Alternate translation: “a town full of people celebrating” ISA 22 2 l5a8 figs-activepassive 0 Your dead were not killed with the sword This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemy soldiers did not kill your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 22 2 g7up figs-metonymy 0 with the sword Here “sword” represents the soldiers who fight in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 22 3 sd8r figs-activepassive 0 but they were captured without using a bow This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but the enemy captured your rulers who were not even carrying a bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 22 3 geh4 figs-activepassive 0 all of them were captured together This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy captured all of them together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 22 4 ud7n 0 Therefore I said Here “I” refers to Isaiah. ISA 22 4 yy7y figs-metonymy 0 of the daughter of my people Here “daughter” represents the people and may imply Isaiah’s feeling of love for them. Alternate translation: “of my people whom I love” or “of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 22 5 mv8s 0 For there is a day “For there will be a time” -ISA 22 5 b51a 0 of tumult, treading down, and confusion for the Lord Yahweh of hosts “when the Lord Yahweh of hosts will cause panic, treading down, and confusion” +ISA 22 5 mv8s 0 For there is a day Alternate translation: “For there will be a time” +ISA 22 5 b51a 0 of tumult, treading down, and confusion for the Lord Yahweh of hosts Alternate translation: “when the Lord Yahweh of hosts will cause panic, treading down, and confusion” ISA 22 5 p1ny 0 treading down This could mean: (1) this refers to soldiers marching or (2) people in general are running in panic and not sure where to go. ISA 22 5 nbr9 0 in the Valley of Vision This refers to Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 22:1](../22/01.md). ISA 22 5 q2i2 0 people crying out to the mountains This could mean: (1) “people in the mountains will hear their cries” or (2) “the people’s cries will echo off the mountains” @@ -1243,7 +1243,7 @@ ISA 22 8 mz5j 0 Palace of the Forest This was a part of the temple in Jerusale ISA 22 9 b84f figs-explicit 0 you collected the water of the lower pool The people will store water so that they will have enough to drink while their enemies surround the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 22 10 maq8 figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when an army will attack the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 22 10 ypg7 0 You counted the houses Here “counted” means they inspected the houses to find material to help them rebuild the city wall. -ISA 22 11 by9j 0 You made a reservoir “You made a storage place” +ISA 22 11 by9j 0 You made a reservoir Alternate translation: “You made a storage place” ISA 22 11 jt97 0 between the two walls It is unclear what two walls Isaiah meant. The main point is that they built the reservoir within the city walls. ISA 22 11 a66l 0 the city’s maker This could mean: (1) this refers to the original human builder of the city or (2) this refers to Yahweh. ISA 22 12 x4ws 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). @@ -1263,7 +1263,7 @@ ISA 22 18 i1nz figs-metonymy 0 you will be the shame of your master’s house H ISA 22 19 jhf3 figs-metaphor 0 I will thrust you from your office and from your station. You will be pulled down Yahweh causing Shebna to no longer work in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will throw him to the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 19 gg54 figs-activepassive 0 You will be pulled down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bring you down from your honored position” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 22 20 mt6s 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to speak God’s message to Shebna. -ISA 22 20 pfi1 0 It will come about on that day “It will happen at that time” +ISA 22 20 pfi1 0 It will come about on that day Alternate translation: “It will happen at that time” ISA 22 20 t9nz translate-names 0 Eliakim … Hilkiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 22 21 hnw8 figs-metaphor 0 I will clothe him with your tunic and put on him your sash Yahweh causing Eliakim to take Shebna’s place in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will dress Eliakim in Shebna’s clothes that represent his authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 22 21 rpb7 figs-metonymy 0 your tunic … your sash Here the tunic and sash represent authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1284,7 +1284,7 @@ ISA 22 25 tll3 figs-metaphor 0 the peg driven in a firm place … will be cut o ISA 22 25 l3m8 figs-metonymy 0 the weight that was on it will be cut off Here “weight” represents Shebna’s power and authority. It is spoken of as if it were an object hanging on the peg that represents Shebna. Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his power and authority is spoken of as if someone were to cut off the object that was hanging on the peg. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 intro zw88 0 # Isaiah 23 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Phoenicia
This chapter prophesies destruction against several cities in Phoenicia as well as in Tarshish. The exact location of Tarshish is unknown. Because of the locations mentioned in this chapter, it appears that the Assyrians will conquer many of the nations on the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ISA 23 1 jb83 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to tell what God has judged against the nations in 13:1-23:18. -ISA 23 1 p3kt 0 A declaration about Tyre “This is what Yahweh declares about Tyre” +ISA 23 1 p3kt 0 A declaration about Tyre Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares about Tyre” ISA 23 1 fmd1 figs-metonymy 0 Howl, you ships of Tarshish Here “ships” represents the men on the ships. Isaiah speaks to the men on the ships of Tarshish as if they could hear him. Alternate translation: “Cry out in despair you men on the ships of Tarshish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) ISA 23 1 ggd2 0 harbor an area of the sea that is near land and safe for ships ISA 23 1 vu39 translate-names 0 from the land of Cyprus it has been revealed to them This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the men heard about Tyre when they were in the land of Cyprus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1294,7 +1294,7 @@ ISA 23 2 e3zr 0 of the coast The “coast” is the land near or around the se ISA 23 2 x6g6 figs-genericnoun 0 the merchant of Sidon, who travels over the sea, has filled you Here “merchant” means “many merchants.” Alternate translation: “the merchants of Sidon, who travel over the sea, have made you rich” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 23 3 z18x translate-names 0 Upon the great waters was the grain of Shihor Shihor was the name of a valley near the Nile River in Egypt known for its production of grain. Alternate translation: “The men traveled on the large sea to transport the grain from Shihor in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 23 3 jsl4 figs-possession 0 the harvest of the Nile was her produce The “harvest of the Nile” refers to the grain that was harvested near the Nile River and transported on the river and then to Phoenicia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -ISA 23 3 yvg2 0 her produce “its produce.” It was common to refer to the river as “her.” +ISA 23 3 yvg2 0 her produce Alternate translation: “its produce.” It was common to refer to the river as “her.” ISA 23 3 hf67 figs-metonymy 0 it became the commerce of the nations Commerce is the activity of buying and selling goods. Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “you were where people from other nations came to buy and sell goods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 4 er55 figs-personification 0 for the sea has spoken, the mighty one of the sea … nor brought up young women This could mean: (1) Yahweh describes the city of Tyre as a mother who speaks about the people who live in the city as her children, or (2) Yahweh is describing the Mediterranean Sea as speaking. The people of Tyre considered the sea their god and father. In either meaning the speaker mourns because its children are destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 23 6 bk9d 0 Cross over to Tarshish “Make your way to Tarshish.” Tarshish was the farthest land the people of Tyre traveled to do business. It will be the only place of safety for those who escape from Tyre. @@ -1306,21 +1306,21 @@ ISA 23 8 q8gu figs-rquestion 0 Who has planned this against Tyre … of the ear ISA 23 8 lz33 figs-metonymy 0 the giver of crowns Here “crown” refers to the power a person has as a ruler over people. Alternate translation: “who gives people power to rule over others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 8 irz8 figs-metaphor 0 whose merchants are princes The merchants are compared to princes to emphasize how much power they had when they went to different lands. Alternate translation: “whose merchants are like princes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 8 qwj2 figs-activepassive 0 whose traders are the honored ones of the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whose traders the people of the earth give the highest honors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 23 9 h693 0 to dishonor her pride and all her glory “to dishonor them because they were proud of their own glory” +ISA 23 9 h693 0 to dishonor her pride and all her glory Alternate translation: “to dishonor them because they were proud of their own glory” ISA 23 9 fxa3 figs-metonymy 0 her pride … her glory … her honored ones Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their pride … their glory … their honored one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 10 h9st figs-simile 0 Plow your land, as one plows the Nile, daughter of Tarshish. There is no longer a marketplace in Tyre This could mean: (1) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish to start planting crops since they can no longer trade with Tyre or (2) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish they are free from Tyre’s control. Alternate translation: “Pass through your land like a river, daughter of Tarshish. The people of Tyre no longer have any power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 23 10 kfi3 figs-metonymy 0 daughter of Tarshish The “daughter” of a city represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Tarshish” or “the people who live in Tarshish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 11 tv4t figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has reached out with his hand over the sea, and he has shaken the kingdoms Yahweh using his power to control the sea and the people of mighty kingdoms is spoken of as if Yahweh reached out his hand and shook kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 11 vi8e figs-metonymy 0 has reached out with his hand over the sea Here “hand” refers to God’s power and control. Alternate translation: “has shown his power over the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 12 rx71 figs-metonymy 0 oppressed virgin daughter of Sidon Here “virgin daughter” represents the people of Sidon. Alternate translation: “people of Sidon, because other people will oppress you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 13 ns9f 0 See the land of the Chaldeans “Chaldeans” here is another name for Babylonians. Alternate translation: “See what happened to the land of the Babylonians” or “See what has happened to Babylonia” +ISA 23 13 ns9f 0 See the land of the Chaldeans Here, **Chaldeans** here is another name for Babylonians. Alternate translation: “See what happened to the land of the Babylonians” or “See what has happened to Babylonia” ISA 23 13 y57n 0 siege towers Soldiers built towers or dirt ramps to attack over the walls of a city. ISA 23 14 vas5 figs-metonymy 0 Howl, you ships of Tarshish Here “ships” represents the men on the ships. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 23:1](../23/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 14 mrm4 figs-activepassive 0 for your refuge has been destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for enemies have destroyed your refuge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 23 15 bg5c 0 In that day “At that time” or “Then” +ISA 23 15 bg5c 0 In that day Alternate translation: “At that time” or “Then” ISA 23 15 j3vb figs-activepassive 0 Tyre will be forgotten for seventy years Since people will no longer go to Tyre to buy or sell goods, it will be like they have forgotten about the city. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for seventy years it will be like the people have forgotten about Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 23 15 sm6g translate-numbers 0 for seventy years “for 70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ISA 23 15 eq3d 0 like the days of a king “like the years of a king” or “which is about as long as a king lives” +ISA 23 15 eq3d 0 like the days of a king Alternate translation: “like the years of a king” or “which is about as long as a king lives” ISA 23 15 y1ei figs-metaphor 0 like in the song of the prostitute This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 16 q76p figs-metaphor 0 Take a harp, go about the city, you forgotten prostitute … so that you may be remembered This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute (verse 15). Just as a prostitute who is no longer popular may sing in the streets to regain her former lovers, the people of Tyre will try to get people from other nations to return to them to continue trading so that the people of Tyre will be rich and powerful again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 16 sp8f figs-activepassive 0 so that you may be remembered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that people remember you” or “so that people return to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1329,22 +1329,22 @@ ISA 23 17 b4c1 translate-numbers 0 seventy years “70 years” (See: [[rc://en ISA 23 17 bpr9 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will help Tyre Here “Tyre” represents the people who live in Tyre. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will help the people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 23 17 au66 figs-metaphor 0 she will start making money again by doing the work of a prostitute … of the earth Isaiah compares the people of Tyre with a prostitute. Just as the prostitute sells herself for money to any man, the people of Tyre will again buy and sell to all kingdoms. Alternate translation: “And like a prostitute they will buy and sell will all the kingdoms of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 23 18 jdj2 figs-activepassive 0 They will not be stored up or kept This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The merchants will not store away their money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 23 18 if24 0 those who live in Yahweh’s presence “those who obey and serve Yahweh” -ISA 23 18 y9rb 0 to supply them with abundant food “so they will have enough food to eat” +ISA 23 18 if24 0 those who live in Yahweh’s presence Alternate translation: “those who obey and serve Yahweh” +ISA 23 18 y9rb 0 to supply them with abundant food Alternate translation: “so they will have enough food to eat” ISA 24 intro a6m4 0 # Isaiah 24 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

While it appears that this chapter is a continuation of the prophecy from the previous chapter, it actually looks at the whole of the Assyrian conquest as Yahweh’s punishment on the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Covenant
The mention of an “everlasting covenant” in this chapter is probably not to a specific covenant with Abraham or Moses. Instead, it is an expectation that mankind would obey Yahweh. Some consider this to be a covenant Yahweh made with Adam. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Reign of Yahweh
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -ISA 24 1 itu1 0 to empty the earth “to make the earth desolate” or “to destroy everything on the earth” +ISA 24 1 itu1 0 to empty the earth Alternate translation: “to make the earth desolate” or “to destroy everything on the earth” ISA 24 2 v1j9 0 It will come about that This phrase marks an important event. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. ISA 24 2 b89l figs-ellipsis 0 as with … so with What Yahweh will do is not stated here, but it is understood. This shows that God will treat all people the same way. Alternate translation: “as Yahweh scatters … so he will scatter”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 24 2 h3vp figs-genericnoun 0 the priest … the giver of interest In 24:2 Isaiah lists several classes of people. They can be expressed as plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the priests … those who give interest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 24 2 bb46 0 the receiver of interest “the one who owes money.” The word “interest” means the extra money someone has to pay so that he may borrow money. -ISA 24 2 i24e 0 the giver of interest “the one who is owed money” +ISA 24 2 i24e 0 the giver of interest Alternate translation: “the one who is owed money” ISA 24 3 w1xb figs-activepassive 0 The earth will be completely devastated and completely stripped This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will completely devastate the earth and he will remove everything with value” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 24 3 ie7i 0 Yahweh has spoken this word “Yahweh has said he would” +ISA 24 3 ie7i 0 Yahweh has spoken this word Alternate translation: “Yahweh has said he would” ISA 24 3 fpt4 figs-metonymy 0 The earth everything that is on the earth (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 24 4 br27 figs-parallelism 0 The earth dries up and withers, the world shrivels up and fades away These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Everything on earth will dry up and die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 24 4 hpm9 figs-metonymy 0 The earth … the world Both of these represent everything that is on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 24 5 me5f figs-metaphor 0 The earth is polluted by its inhabitants The people sinning and making the earth unacceptable to God is spoken of as if the people made the earth physically unclean. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people have polluted the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 24 5 mw6f 0 they have transgressed the laws, violated the statutes, and broken the everlasting covenant “they have not obeyed God’s laws and statutes, and they have broken God’s eternal covenant” +ISA 24 5 mw6f 0 they have transgressed the laws, violated the statutes, and broken the everlasting covenant Alternate translation: “they have not obeyed God’s laws and statutes, and they have broken God’s eternal covenant” ISA 24 6 nq79 figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 24 6 kcu7 figs-metaphor 0 a curse devours the earth Yahweh cursing the earth and destroying it is spoken of as if a curse were either a wild animal that completely eats the earth or a fire that completely burns up the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 24 6 an7c figs-activepassive 0 its inhabitants are found guilty This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will declare that the people are guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1354,7 +1354,7 @@ ISA 24 10 cw66 figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to de ISA 24 10 nje8 figs-activepassive 0 The city of chaos has been broken down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will break down the city of chaos” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 10 q3a5 0 The city of chaos This could mean: (1) the city was in chaos before the Lord breaks it down; the people did not obey God, the government was corrupt, and the city was full of drinking and parties, or (2) the city will be in chaos after God breaks it down. The walls and buildings that were once built strong and tall are now in ruins on the ground. With either meaning it does not mean one city. It refers to cities in general. ISA 24 10 rk9d figs-activepassive 0 every house is closed up and empty This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people will close up their houses and leave them empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 24 11 s8c8 0 because of the wine “because there is no wine” +ISA 24 11 s8c8 0 because of the wine Alternate translation: “because there is no wine” ISA 24 11 wxr1 figs-parallelism 0 all joy is darkened, the gladness of the land has disappeared These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “all joy will be gone from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 24 11 y34e figs-metonymy 0 gladness of the land Here “land” represents the people of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 24 12 j1wn figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) @@ -1370,19 +1370,19 @@ ISA 24 15 ip1j figs-metonymy 0 to the name of Yahweh Here “name” represents ISA 24 16 zwk3 figs-exclusive 0 we have heard Here “we” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. Isaiah is describing something in the future as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “we will hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 24 16 zy21 figs-parallelism 0 I have wasted away, I have wasted away Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. He was very concerned because he saw people who deceived others and did not do what they promised to do. Alternate translation: “I have become very weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 24 16 u7aa figs-parallelism 0 The treacherous have dealt treacherously; yes, the treacherous have dealt very treacherously Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. Alternate translation: “Indeed, those who deceive are now deceiving others” or “Indeed, the deceivers have acted deceitfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 24 17 ec2n 0 Terror, the pit, and the snare are upon you, inhabitants of the earth “You people of the earth will experience terror, the pit, and the snare” +ISA 24 17 ec2n 0 Terror, the pit, and the snare are upon you, inhabitants of the earth Alternate translation: “You people of the earth will experience terror, the pit, and the snare” ISA 24 17 f3ea figs-synecdoche 0 the pit, and the snare Here “pit” and “snare” represent all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 24 18 gix7 figs-synecdoche 0 caught in the snare Here the “snare” represents all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 24 18 y2vm 0 the sound of terror “the terrifying sound” +ISA 24 18 y2vm 0 the sound of terror Alternate translation: “the terrifying sound” ISA 24 18 v3vg figs-activepassive 0 will be caught in the snare This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the snare will catch him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 18 h1cr figs-metaphor 0 The windows of the heavens will be opened This speaks of large amounts of rain falling from the sky as if Yahweh opened a window in the sky and let the water pour through. Alternate translation: “The sky will split open and torrents of rain will fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 24 18 irf6 0 the foundations of the earth will shake The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. Isaiah says even the structure that holds the earth will shake. Alternate translation: “the earth will shake terribly” or “there will be a terrible earthquake” ISA 24 19 r4mc figs-activepassive 0 The earth will be completely broken, the earth ripped apart; the earth will be violently shaken These passive clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The earth will break and split apart; the earth will shake violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 20 gqx5 figs-simile 0 The earth will stagger like a drunken man and it will sway back and forth like a hut These similes emphasize how the earth will shake back and forth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 24 20 j3i5 figs-metaphor 0 Its sin will be heavy on it and it will fall and never rise again This speaks of the earth as if it were a person and transgressions were a heavy object. The person tries to carry the heavy weight but the weight causes the person to fall and not be able to stand back up. Here the earth represents the people of the earth who cause Yahweh to destroy the earth because of their sins. Alternate translation: “The sins of the people are many and so Yahweh will destroy the earth, and the earth will be like a person who falls and cannot get back up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 24 21 dsm9 0 On that day “At that time” +ISA 24 21 dsm9 0 On that day Alternate translation: “At that time” ISA 24 21 l4tv figs-explicit 0 the host of the heaven A host is an army. Here “the host of the heaven” refers to the many powerful spirits in the heavens. It can be stated clearly that they are evil. Alternate translation: “the powerful beings” or “the evil spiritual beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 24 21 vwu5 0 in the heavens “in the sky” +ISA 24 21 vwu5 0 in the heavens Alternate translation: “in the sky” ISA 24 22 m1h2 figs-activepassive 0 They will be gathered together, prisoners in a pit, and will be shut up in a prison Here “pit” refers to a dark room or hole in a prison. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather them together as his prisoners and lock them in the dungeon of a prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 22 a1hh figs-activepassive 0 they will be punished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 24 23 jhu9 figs-personification 0 Then the moon will be ashamed, and the sun disgraced The sun and the moon are described as a person who is ashamed of being in front of someone with greater power. In the presence of Yahweh, the light of the moon and sun will seem less bright. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -1391,11 +1391,11 @@ ISA 25 1 fw3y figs-metonymy 0 praise your name Here “name” represents Yahwe ISA 25 1 e938 figs-activepassive 0 things planned long ago This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “things you planned long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 25 1 th82 figs-abstractnouns 0 in perfect faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “because you are perfectly faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 25 2 a6p6 figs-genericnoun 0 the city This is not referring to a certain city. It means cities in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 25 2 f62g 0 a fortress of strangers “a fortress belonging to foreigners” +ISA 25 2 f62g 0 a fortress of strangers Alternate translation: “a fortress belonging to foreigners” ISA 25 3 s2dv figs-metonymy 0 a city of ruthless nations Here “city” and “nations” represent the people who live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 25 4 c6es figs-metaphor 0 you have been a place of safety … a shelter … a shelter from the storm … a shade from the heat Yahweh protecting his people is spoken of as if he were a place that the people could go to be safe and comforted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 25 4 n142 figs-simile 0 When the breath of the ruthless was like a storm against a wall Ruthless people oppressing the people of God is spoken of as if they were a storm beating against a wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 25 4 nhn3 0 When the breath “When the wind” or “When the blast” +ISA 25 4 nhn3 0 When the breath Alternate translation: “When the wind” or “When the blast” ISA 25 4 y8cs figs-nominaladj 0 the ruthless This is a nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “ruthless people” or “those who are ruthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 25 5 bf3r figs-simile 0 like heat in a dry land This compares the enemies of God’s people to the heat that dries up the land. This emphasizes how much the enemies cause the people of God to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 25 5 t81k figs-simile 0 as the heat is subdued … ruthless ones is answered Yahweh stopping ruthless people from singing and boasting is compared to a cloud providing shade on a hot day. This emphasizes that Yahweh comforts his people by stopping those who cause them to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -1409,19 +1409,19 @@ ISA 25 7 m1ll figs-metaphor 0 the covering over all peoples, the web woven over ISA 25 8 n8s2 figs-metaphor 0 He will swallow up death forever Yahweh causing people to live forever is spoken of as if he would swallow death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 25 8 p3ey figs-metaphor 0 the disgrace of his people he will take away from all the earth Yahweh causing the people to never be ashamed again is spoken of as if disgrace were an object that Yahweh would take away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 25 9 bh2b figs-activepassive 0 It will be said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 25 9 g6gj 0 on that day “at that time” +ISA 25 9 g6gj 0 on that day Alternate translation: “at that time” ISA 25 10 d1jb figs-metonymy 0 For on this mountain the hand of Yahweh will rest The “hand” represents God’s power. For Yahweh’s hand to rest on “this mountain” means he will protect his people Alternate translation: “The power of Yahweh will be on this mountain” or “For on Mount Zion Yahweh will protect his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 25 10 zd1u figs-metaphor 0 Moab will be trampled down in his place, even as straw is trampled down in a pit filled with manure Yahweh destroying the people of Moab is spoken of as if he would step on them and crush them. This is compared to how people trampled on straw to mix it with manure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 25 10 liv7 figs-metonymy 0 Moab will be trampled down in his place Here Moab represents the people of Moab. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will trample the people in the land of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 25 11 dsp1 figs-simile 0 They will spread their hands … his hands to swim This simile emphasizes how badly Yahweh will humiliate the people of Moab. They will spread their hands in dung like a swimmer spreads his hands in water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 25 11 y282 0 They will spread their hands in the midst of it “The people of Moab will push their hands through the dung” -ISA 25 11 zg36 0 as a swimmer spreads his hands to swim “as if they were swimming” +ISA 25 11 y282 0 They will spread their hands in the midst of it Alternate translation: “The people of Moab will push their hands through the dung” +ISA 25 11 zg36 0 as a swimmer spreads his hands to swim Alternate translation: “as if they were swimming” ISA 25 11 kk8y figs-metaphor 0 will bring down their pride Yahweh humiliating a proud person is spoken of as if pride were something high and Yahweh would cause it to be low. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 25 11 cmz8 figs-metonymy 0 in spite of the skill of their hands Here “hands” represents the power to do or make something. Alternate translation: “in spite of the great things they have built” or “in spite of the great things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 25 12 i3tb figs-metonymy 0 Your high fortress walls he will bring down to the ground, to the dust This speaks of Yahweh causing armies to bring down the walls as if he himself were going to bring them down. Alternate translation: “He will send an army to bring your high fortress walls to the ground, to the dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 25 12 m6re figs-123person 0 Your high fortress Here “Your” refers to the people of Moab. It can be stated in third person to be consistent with the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Their high fortress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 26 intro im4d 0 # Isaiah 26 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “That day”
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 26 1 u2d5 0 In that day “At that time” +ISA 26 1 u2d5 0 In that day Alternate translation: “At that time” ISA 26 1 p5n8 figs-activepassive 0 this song will be sung in the land of Judah This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people in the land of Judah will sing this song” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 26 1 u7ja 0 We have a strong city This refers to the city of Jerusalem. ISA 26 1 vc1e figs-metaphor 0 God has made salvation its walls and ramparts God’s power to protect and save his people is spoken of as if his salvation were walls around a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1435,7 +1435,7 @@ ISA 26 5 mc9n figs-metonymy 0 he will lay low … he will level Yahweh causing ISA 26 6 uu7e figs-parallelism 0 It will be trampled down by the feet of the poor and the treading of the needy Both statements mean the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The poor and oppressed people will trample on the ruins of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 26 7 a6cq figs-parallelism 0 The path of the righteous is level … the path of the righteous you make straight These two phrases mean basically the same thing. People obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking on his path. Yahweh ensuring the people that what they do is right is spoken of as if he were making the path level and straight for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 8 xz29 figs-metaphor 0 in the path of your judgments, Yahweh, we wait for you Doing what Yahweh judged to be right is spoken of walking on his path. Alternate translation: “we wait for you, Yahweh, as we continue to do what you judged to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 8 xu1v 0 of your judgments “of your laws” or “of your teachings” +ISA 26 8 xu1v 0 of your judgments Alternate translation: “of your laws” or “of your teachings” ISA 26 8 xk92 figs-exclusive 0 we wait Here “we” refers to Isaiah and all righteous people who are speaking to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 26 8 cn7i figs-metonymy 0 your name and your reputation are our desire Here “name” and “reputation” represent Yahweh’s character which represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “our only desire is to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 26 9 uq9i figs-metaphor 0 my spirit within me seeks you earnestly Wanting to know Yahweh and his laws better is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I earnestly want to know you better” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1445,14 +1445,14 @@ ISA 26 10 v6id figs-genericnoun 0 the wicked one This means wicked people in ge ISA 26 10 we5i figs-metonymy 0 In the land of uprightness Here “land” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “In the land where the people do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 26 10 cl5a figs-metonymy 0 does not see the majesty of Yahweh Here “see” represents realizing something. Alternate translation: “does not realize that Yahweh is great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 26 11 nvi7 figs-metaphor 0 your hand is lifted up Yahweh preparing to punish wicked people is spoken of as if his hand were raised and about to hit the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 11 izk8 0 but they do not notice “but the wicked people do not notice” +ISA 26 11 izk8 0 but they do not notice Alternate translation: “but the wicked people do not notice” ISA 26 11 c1n1 figs-metonymy 0 they will see your zeal for the people Here “see” represents realizing something. Alternate translation: “they will realize that you are eager to bless your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 26 11 q4xz figs-activepassive 0 be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 26 11 bh8p figs-metaphor 0 fire of your adversaries will devour them Yahweh punishing and completely destroying his adversaries is spoken of as if he would send a fire that will completely burn them up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 11 b1pq 0 fire of your adversaries Here “of” does not mean the fire belongs to the adversaries but that the fire is intended to be used against the adversaries. Alternate translation: “your fire will completely burn them up” ISA 26 12 f2jb figs-exclusive 0 for us Here “us” refers to Isaiah and includes all the righteous people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 26 13 pb5l figs-metonymy 0 but we praise your name alone Here “name” represents the person of God. Alternate translation: “but we praise you alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 26 14 uj52 0 they will not arise “they will not come back to life” +ISA 26 14 uj52 0 they will not arise Alternate translation: “they will not come back to life” ISA 26 14 yt3t figs-metaphor 0 made every memory of them to perish Yahweh causing people to no longer remember those he destroyed is spoken of as if Yahweh made their memory perish or die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 26 15 mic5 figs-parallelism 0 You have increased the nation, Yahweh, you have increased the nation This clause is repeated for emphasis. Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “You have greatly increased the number of people in our nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 26 16 m26y figs-123person 0 they looked to you Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. This would include Isaiah. Alternate translation: “we looked to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -1463,7 +1463,7 @@ ISA 26 18 z3re figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to compare ISA 26 18 j8g2 figs-simile 0 but it is as if we have only given birth to wind “but it is as if we have only given birth to air” or “it is like we gave birth to nothing.” This is a simile that emphasizes that the people’s suffering resulted in nothing. Alternate translation: “but nothing good resulted from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 26 18 qd8n figs-metonymy 0 We have not brought salvation to the earth, and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen Here “earth” represents the people who live on the earth. The meaning is unclear, but it seems to mean that the people of Israel have not been able to save themselves or other people by defeating their enemy in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 26 18 v5pe figs-abstractnouns 0 We have not brought salvation to the earth This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “salvation” is expressed as the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “We have not saved the inhabitants of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 26 18 il5k 0 and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen “nor have we caused the wicked people of the world to fall in battle” +ISA 26 18 il5k 0 and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen Alternate translation: “nor have we caused the wicked people of the world to fall in battle” ISA 26 19 tuj5 figs-nominaladj 0 Your dead will live This can be reworded so that the nominal adjective “dead” is expressed as the verb “have died.” Alternate translation: “Your people who have died will live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 26 19 ak1f 0 Your dead This could mean: (1) “Your” refers to Yahweh or (2) “Your” refers to the people of Israel. If you choose option two you could translate it as “Our dead.” ISA 26 19 d48t figs-metaphor 0 Awake This speaks of dead people coming back to life as if they were waking up from sleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1476,21 +1476,21 @@ ISA 26 20 z699 0 my people Here “my” refers to Isaiah. Also “people” r ISA 26 20 k2ad figs-abstractnouns 0 until the indignation has passed by Translate the abstract noun “indignation” as the adjective “angry.” Alternate translation: “until Yahweh is no longer angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 26 21 rcq2 figs-personification 0 the earth will uncover her bloodshed, and will no longer conceal her slain Yahweh revealing all murders that have happened on the earth so that he can punish the murderers is spoken of as if the earth itself will reveal everyone who has been murdered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 27 intro p2zg 0 # Isaiah 27 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Leviathan
This was an ancient type of dragon or serpent. It is possible that this is a reference to Satan, who is also described as a serpent and a dragon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “That day”
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 27 1 u82j 0 On that day “At that time” +ISA 27 1 u82j 0 On that day Alternate translation: “At that time” ISA 27 1 zm2d figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh with his hard, great and fierce sword will punish Yahweh having the power to destroy his enemies is spoken of as if he had strong, large sword. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 1 tj3b 0 the monster that is in the sea This refers to Leviathan. ISA 27 2 w1yf figs-metaphor 0 A vineyard of wine, sing of it “Sing about the vineyard of wine.” This speaks about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced fruit. Alternate translation: “Sing about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced grapes for wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 3 cy2e 0 I, Yahweh, am its protector “I, Yahweh, protect the vineyard” +ISA 27 3 cy2e 0 I, Yahweh, am its protector Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, protect the vineyard” ISA 27 3 rpd8 figs-merism 0 night and day The words “night” and “day” are combined here to mean “all the time.” Alternate translation: “all the time” or “continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 27 4 av5d 0 Connecting Statement: This continues to speak about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard ([Isaiah 27:2-3](./02.md)). -ISA 27 4 s3xp 0 I am not angry, Oh, that there were briers and thorns! In battle I would march against them “I am not angry. If there were briers and thorns I would march against them in battle” +ISA 27 4 s3xp 0 I am not angry, Oh, that there were briers and thorns! In battle I would march against them Alternate translation: “I am not angry. If there were briers and thorns I would march against them in battle” ISA 27 4 z6jj figs-ellipsis 0 I am not angry It is understood that Yahweh is not angry with his people any longer. Alternate translation: “I am not angry with my people any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 27 4 v9e5 figs-metaphor 0 that there were briers and thorns The enemies of the people of Israel are spoken of as if they were briers and thorns growing in the vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 4 tw3t 0 briers and thorns See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:6](../05/06.md). ISA 27 4 bic8 figs-metaphor 0 In battle I would march against them Yahweh fighting his enemies is spoken of as if he were a warrior in an army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 4 ij4d figs-metaphor 0 I would march against them; I would burn them all together Here Isaiah combines different images to speak of Yahweh’s enemies. He speaks of them as if they are briers and thorns but also as soldiers in an army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 5 j31l figs-abstractnouns 0 unless they grasp my protection This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “protection” is expressed as the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “unless they ask me to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 27 5 je5d 0 make peace with me; let them make peace with me “they ask to live peacefully with me; I want them to live peacefully with me” +ISA 27 5 je5d 0 make peace with me; let them make peace with me Alternate translation: “they ask to live peacefully with me; I want them to live peacefully with me” ISA 27 6 n2nh 0 General Information: Isaiah is speaking. He continues to describe the people of Israel as a vineyard ([Isaiah 27:2](../27/02.md)). ISA 27 6 cx3i figs-metaphor 0 In the coming day This speaks about a day as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “In the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 6 f8jg figs-metaphor 0 Jacob will take root; Israel will blossom and bud Yahweh blessing the people of Israel and causing them to prosper is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows roots and blossoms. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel will prosper like a vine that has taken root and blossomed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1518,18 +1518,18 @@ ISA 27 11 pi5e figs-explicit 0 this is not a people of understanding This can b ISA 27 11 js5n 0 a people This could mean: (1) “people” refers to the people of Israel or (2) “people” refers the people of foreign nations who oppress the people of Israel. ISA 27 11 v3yx figs-parallelism 0 Therefore their Maker will not have compassion on them, and he who made them will not be merciful to them Both clauses mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “Because they do not understand, Yahweh, the one who made them, will not be merciful to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 27 12 f19u 0 It will come about This phrase marks an important event that will happen. -ISA 27 12 g87l 0 on that day “at that time” +ISA 27 12 g87l 0 on that day Alternate translation: “at that time” ISA 27 12 n43h figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will thresh Yahweh gathering his people to bring them back from the foreign nations to the land of Israel is spoken of as if he were threshing wheat to separate the grain from the chaff. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 27 12 nx3t 0 from the Euphrates River to the Wadi of Egypt Isaiah mentions the Euphrates River and the Wadi of Egypt to mean that Yahweh will bring back the people of Israel who were exiled in lands near those waters, that is, Assyria and Egypt. The Euphrates River is northeast of Israel, and the Wadi of Egypt is southwest of Israel. -ISA 27 12 v8t2 0 the Wadi of Egypt “the brook of Egypt” +ISA 27 12 v8t2 0 the Wadi of Egypt Alternate translation: “the brook of Egypt” ISA 27 12 gz3e figs-activepassive 0 you … will be gathered together one by one This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather you together one by one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 27 13 i56v figs-activepassive 0 a great trumpet will be blown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone will blow a trumpet loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 27 13 qs1g figs-ellipsis 0 the perishing ones in the land of Assyria will come, and the outcasts in the land of Egypt The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “those who are in exile and dying in the land of Assyria and the land of Egypt will return to the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 27 13 bdq2 0 holy mountain The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). ISA 28 intro np8h 0 # Isaiah 28 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors
There are many metaphors used to describe Yahweh’s punishment as well as the sin of the people of Ephraim. In one such metaphor, they are described as being drunk. Construction and weather metaphors are also used in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “That day”
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 28 1 j6gg figs-metaphor 0 Woe to the proud garland … on the head of the lush Valley of those who are overcome with wine A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. Samaria and its people being destroyed is spoken of as if the flowers in the garland will grow old and stop being beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 1 i15u 0 who are overcome with wine “who are drunk with wine” -ISA 28 2 yjl9 0 Behold “Listen” or “Pay attention” +ISA 28 1 i15u 0 who are overcome with wine Alternate translation: “who are drunk with wine” +ISA 28 2 yjl9 0 Behold Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention” ISA 28 2 s6hx figs-synecdoche 0 the Lord sends one who is mighty and strong Here “one” refers to a mighty king who also represents his powerful army. Alternate translation: “the Lord sends a king with his powerful army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 28 2 xf11 figs-simile 0 storm of hail A “storm of hail” or hailstorm happens when hard pieces of ice fall from the sky. Here it is a simile that refers to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 28 2 ew8c figs-metaphor 0 he will throw each garland crown down to the ground The king and his powerful army destroying the people of Samaria and their city is spoken of as if the king will throw the people’s garlands onto the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1545,7 +1545,7 @@ ISA 28 6 mx85 figs-abstractnouns 0 a spirit of justice for him who sits in judg ISA 28 6 bay6 figs-idiom 0 a spirit of justice A person who has a “spirit of justice” is someone who has the characteristic of justice and is a just person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 28 6 sak7 figs-idiom 0 sits in judgment This idiom means the person has the authority to judge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 28 6 t37f figs-idiom 0 strength for those who turn back their enemies at their gates Here “to turn back” is an idiom that means to defeat in battle. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the soldiers to be strong so that they defeat their enemies when the enemies attack their city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 28 7 jcw4 0 But even these “But even the leaders” +ISA 28 7 jcw4 0 But even these Alternate translation: “But even the leaders” ISA 28 7 a7gn figs-genericnoun 0 The priest and the prophet This does not mean a specific priest or prophet. It refers to priests and prophets in general. Alternate translation: “The priests and the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 28 7 lfv9 figs-parallelism 0 reel with wine, and stagger with strong drink These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the priests and the prophets cannot do their job because they are very drunk. Alternate translation: “stumble around because they are drunk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 28 7 v8we figs-metaphor 0 they are swallowed up by wine Their drinking so much that they can no longer think properly is spoken of as if the wine swallowed them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the wine is causing them to be confused” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1554,25 +1554,25 @@ ISA 28 9 ny13 figs-rquestion 0 To whom will he teach knowledge, and to whom wil ISA 28 9 t6vi figs-rquestion 0 To those who are weaned from milk or to those just taken from the breasts? The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, because they feel that he is treating them like babies. Alternate translation: “He should not treat us like babies!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 10 fb5v 0 For it is command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little The drunk prophets and priests criticize Isaiah because they feel that Isaiah is repeating simple commands as if he were talking to a child. ISA 28 11 hfl6 figs-synecdoche 0 with mocking lips and a foreign tongue he will speak to this people Here “lips” and “tongue” represent the foreigners who speak a different language than the Israelites do. It is implied that this refers to the Assyrian army that will attack Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will speak to this people through enemy soldiers who will speak a foreign language” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 11 kb8u 0 mocking lips “stammering lips” +ISA 28 11 kb8u 0 mocking lips Alternate translation: “stammering lips” ISA 28 12 gkx1 figs-abstractnouns 0 This is the rest The abstract noun “rest” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “This is the resting place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 28 12 se68 figs-abstractnouns 0 give rest to him who is weary The abstract noun “rest” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “let whoever is tired come and rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 28 12 v7ew figs-abstractnouns 0 this is the refreshing The abstract noun “refreshing” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “this is the place where you can be refreshed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 28 13 z6r4 0 So the word of Yahweh “So Yahweh’s message” +ISA 28 13 z6r4 0 So the word of Yahweh Alternate translation: “So Yahweh’s message” ISA 28 13 ds6z 0 command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little These are the words that the drunk priests and prophets used to criticize how Isaiah teaches them. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:10](../28/10.md). ISA 28 13 i6sd figs-activepassive 0 so that they may go and fall backward, and be broken, ensnared, and captured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “in order that the army of Assyria will come and defeat them and take them as captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 13 b7le figs-metaphor 0 go and fall backward, and be broken People losing in battle to the enemy army is spoken of as if the people will fall down and break. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 13 c32b figs-metaphor 0 ensnared The enemy soldiers capturing the people of Israel is spoken of as if they were hunters that catch an animal in a snare. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 14 y37t 0 So listen to the word of Yahweh “So listen to Yahweh’s message” +ISA 28 14 y37t 0 So listen to the word of Yahweh Alternate translation: “So listen to Yahweh’s message” ISA 28 15 u1bd figs-parallelism 0 We have made a covenant with death, and with Sheol we have reached an agreement Both of these statements mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem have used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 15 x2p3 figs-metaphor 0 So when the overwhelming whip passes through, it will not reach us This speaks of Yahweh’s judgment and punishment as if it were a whip that would strike the people. And the whip is spoken of as if it were a flood that would pass through Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “As a result, when everyone else is suffering and dying, nothing will harm us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 15 r8ix figs-parallelism 0 For we have made a lie our refuge, and taken shelter in falsehood These two phrases mean basically the same thing. A “lie” and “falsehood” are spoken of as if they were places where a person could go to hide. The leaders in Jerusalem would not have said they trust in a lie. They believed they were truly safe. But Isaiah knows they are not safe, because they trust in lies. Alternate translation: “For lies and falsehoods have become like a place where we can hide from danger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 15 ux1b 0 a lie our refuge … taken shelter in falsehood This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. -ISA 28 16 ff3c 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” +ISA 28 16 ff3c 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” ISA 28 16 tf5e figs-metaphor 0 I will lay in Zion a foundation stone … sure foundation Yahweh sending a strong person to help the people of Israel is spoken of as if Yahweh is constructing a strong foundation for a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 16 js3j 0 a tried stone “a stone that is solid” -ISA 28 16 mc8y 0 a sure foundation “a firm support” -ISA 28 16 pkf8 0 He who believes will not be ashamed “Anyone who trusts in this foundation stone will not be sorry” +ISA 28 16 js3j 0 a tried stone Alternate translation: “a stone that is solid” +ISA 28 16 mc8y 0 a sure foundation Alternate translation: “a firm support” +ISA 28 16 pkf8 0 He who believes will not be ashamed Alternate translation: “Anyone who trusts in this foundation stone will not be sorry” ISA 28 17 n7kr 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to compare what he will do for the people in Jerusalem to a builder setting up a building ([Isaiah 28:16](../28/16.md)). ISA 28 17 yd66 figs-metaphor 0 I will make justice the measuring stick, and righteousness the plumbline Yahweh testing according to his justice and righteousness to determine if the people are just and righteous is spoken of as if he were a builder using tools to determine that something is the correct length and perfectly level. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 17 xhn1 0 the measuring stick A builder uses a measuring stick to determine if something is the correct length. @@ -1584,7 +1584,7 @@ ISA 28 17 adc4 figs-metaphor 0 the refuge of lies … the hiding place This spe ISA 28 18 l9w6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Jerusalem. ISA 28 18 ah82 figs-activepassive 0 Your covenant with death will be dissolved, and your agreement with Sheol will not stand This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cancel the covenant you have with death, and I will cancel the agreement you have with Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 18 fvw2 figs-metaphor 0 covenant with death … agreement with Sheol This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem had used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 18 n9he 0 will not stand “will not last” +ISA 28 18 n9he 0 will not stand Alternate translation: “will not last” ISA 28 18 mry1 figs-synecdoche 0 When the raging flood passes through This could mean: (1) “flood” is a synecdoche that represents anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) “flood” is a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 28 18 var2 figs-activepassive 0 you will be overwhelmed by it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will overwhelm you” or “it will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 28 19 g9nc figs-idiom 0 morning by morning This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1593,7 +1593,7 @@ ISA 28 20 xx4i 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people ISA 28 20 ex86 writing-proverbs 0 For the bed is too short for a man to stretch out on, and the blanket too narrow for him to wrap himself in This was probably a proverb that the people knew at the time. It means that what they believe will keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment will disappoint them like a bed that is too short or a blanket that is too narrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) ISA 28 21 pp9n figs-idiom 0 Yahweh will rise up Yahweh preparing to act is spoken of as if he were sitting and then rising up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 28 21 e2cw figs-explicit 0 Mount Perazim … Valley of Gibeon These refer to places where God miraculously defeated enemy armies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 28 21 l5tw 0 he will rouse himself “he will become very angry” +ISA 28 21 l5tw 0 he will rouse himself Alternate translation: “he will become very angry” ISA 28 21 l963 figs-doublet 0 his strange work … his strange deed These two phrases mean the same thing. This work is strange because God is using a foreign army to defeat the people of Jerusalem rather than helping the people of Jerusalem defeat their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 28 22 w3au 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. ISA 28 22 upp3 figs-metaphor 0 your bonds will be tightened Yahweh punishing the people even more severely is spoken of as if he would tighten their bonds. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will tighten your bonds” or “Yahweh will punish you even more severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1602,10 +1602,10 @@ ISA 28 22 fdu9 figs-abstractnouns 0 a decree of destruction on the earth This c ISA 28 23 bjv1 figs-parables 0 General Information: This begins a parable that ends in 28:29. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) ISA 28 23 twz5 figs-parallelism 0 Pay attention and listen to my voice; be attentive and listen to my words These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second phrase is used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 28 23 lsh4 figs-metonymy 0 to my voice Here “voice” represents what Isaiah says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 28 23 s1kf 0 to my words “to my message” +ISA 28 23 s1kf 0 to my words Alternate translation: “to my message” ISA 28 24 nvu3 figs-rquestion 0 Does a farmer who plows all day to sow, only plow the ground? Does he continually break up and harrow the field? Isaiah uses rhetorical questions to make the people think deeply. Alternate translation: “A farmer does not plow the ground over and over and continually work the soil without ever sowing seed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 28 25 dam8 figs-parables 0 General Information: Isaiah continues telling a parable to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -ISA 28 25 uq3a 0 When he has prepared the ground “When the farmer has plowed the soil” +ISA 28 25 uq3a 0 When he has prepared the ground Alternate translation: “When the farmer has plowed the soil” ISA 28 25 fsr6 figs-rquestion 0 does he not scatter caraway seed, sow the cumin, put in the wheat in rows and the barley in the right place, and the spelt at its edges? Isaiah uses a question to make the people of Jerusalem think deeply. If your language does not have a word for each of these seeds, they can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “he will certainly plant each kind of seed in the correct way and in the proper places.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 28 25 pd1v translate-unknown 0 caraway … cumin These are names of plants that are spices. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of spices used to spice food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 28 25 v8fq translate-unknown 0 wheat … barley … spelt These are all names of plants that are grains. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of grains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -1622,7 +1622,7 @@ ISA 28 29 fh5n 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](. ISA 29 intro e58i 0 # Isaiah 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

This chapter begins a series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the kingdoms of Ephraim and eventually Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Ariel
This is another name for Jerusalem. It is an uncommon name.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Prophecies
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 29 1 p34x figs-metonymy 0 Woe to Ariel Here “Ariel” represents the people who live in the city of Ariel. Alternate translation: “How terrible it will be for the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 1 kp7k translate-names 0 Ariel This is another name for Jerusalem, and it means “altar.” If possible translate this as “Ariel” rather than “Jerusalem” since the meaning of “Ariel” is important in 29:2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 29 1 bhl8 0 David encamped “David dwelled” or “David lived” +ISA 29 1 bhl8 0 David encamped Alternate translation: “David dwelled” or “David lived” ISA 29 1 wh6s figs-irony 0 Add year to year; let the festivals come round “Keep celebrating your festival year after year.” This is an ironic statement. Yahweh tells the people to keep celebrating their festivals where they sacrifice to him, but he knows it will not prevent him from destroying them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 29 2 rhv8 figs-metonymy 0 But I will besiege The word “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to besiege Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 2 fh77 figs-metonymy 0 she will Here “she” refers to Ariel, which represents the people of Ariel. Alternate translation: “the people of Ariel will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1633,11 +1633,11 @@ ISA 29 3 z8vg translate-unknown 0 palisade … siege works A “palisade” is ISA 29 4 xp4f figs-activepassive 0 You will be brought down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your enemy will bring you down” or “Your enemy will humble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 29 4 ak9b figs-simile 0 will speak from the ground; your speech will be low from the dust. Your voice will sound like a spirit that speaks from the ground, and out of the dust your speech will whisper All of these statements mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that the people who once spoke with proud words will be weak and grieving after the enemy defeats them. Alternate translation: “you will only be able to speak with weak whispers like a spirit speaking from where dead people dwell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 29 5 ei77 figs-simile 0 The great number of your invaders will become like fine dust, and the multitude of the ruthless ones as chaff that passes away This emphasizes how weak and insignificant the invading army is before God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will easily remove the horde of your invaders and the multitude of the ruthless ones”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 29 5 w2d7 0 great number of your invaders “many soldiers that will attack you” +ISA 29 5 w2d7 0 great number of your invaders Alternate translation: “many soldiers that will attack you” ISA 29 5 vl7f figs-ellipsis 0 the ruthless ones as chaff The translator can supply the verb “will become.” Alternate translation: “the soldiers who show you no mercy will become as chaff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 29 6 gh4q figs-you 0 Yahweh of hosts will come to you The word “you” refers to the people of Jerusalem. This could mean: (1) “Yahweh of hosts will come to help you” or (2) “Yahweh of hosts will come to punish you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 29 7 th7g figs-doublet 0 It will be like a dream, a vision of the night The phrase “a vision of the night” is the same thing as “a dream.” The two phrases emphasize that soon it will be like the invading army was never there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 29 7 l4s8 0 A horde of all the nations “Large armies from all the nations” +ISA 29 7 l4s8 0 A horde of all the nations Alternate translation: “Large armies from all the nations” ISA 29 7 t56e figs-metonymy 0 fight against Ariel The name “Ariel” is another name for Jerusalem, and it represents the people who live there. See how you translated “Ariel” in [Isaiah 29:1](../29/01.md). Alternate translation: “fight against the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 7 h99v figs-metonymy 0 her stronghold. They will attack her and her fortifications to press upon her The word “her” refers to Ariel which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their stronghold. They will attack the city of Ariel and its defenses and cause the people to be in great distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 8 ncq1 figs-simile 0 It will be like when a hungry man dreams he is eating … his thirst not quenched These similes mean that the enemy will expect victory but they will fail because God will not allow them to conquer Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -1653,7 +1653,7 @@ ISA 29 12 z14w figs-activepassive 0 If the book is given to one who cannot read ISA 29 13 hp14 figs-metonymy 0 This people comes close to me with their mouths and honors me with their lips The words “mouths” and “lips” represent what people say. Here it also represents saying something but not truly meaning it. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem pretend to worship me and honor me with what they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 29 13 z6q5 figs-metonymy 0 but their heart is far from me Here “heart” is a metonym that represents a person’s thoughts and emotions. The people not being truly devoted to Yahweh is spoken of as if their hearts were far away from him. Alternate translation: “but they do not honor me in their thoughts” or “but they are not truly devoted to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 29 13 u7h6 figs-activepassive 0 Their honor for me is only a commandment of men that has been taught This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They honor me only because that is what people tell them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 29 14 ya7e 0 Therefore, see, I will proceed to do a marvelous thing among this people, wonder after wonder “Therefore, look and see! I am going to do wonderful and marvelous things among you that you will not be able to explain” +ISA 29 14 ya7e 0 Therefore, see, I will proceed to do a marvelous thing among this people, wonder after wonder Alternate translation: “Therefore, look and see! I am going to do wonderful and marvelous things among you that you will not be able to explain” ISA 29 14 cb9j figs-parallelism 0 The wisdom of their wise men will perish, and the understanding of their prudent men will disappear Both of these statements mean the same thing. Yahweh showing that the wise people cannot understand or explain what Yahweh does is spoken of as if their wisdom and understanding will vanish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 29 15 n74m 0 General Information: This may be Isaiah speaking or it may continue Yahweh’s speech in 29:13-14. ISA 29 15 a41v figs-metaphor 0 who deeply hide their plans from Yahweh People trying to make plans without Yahweh knowing about it is spoken of as if they hide their plans in a deep place where Yahweh cannot see. Alternate translation: “who try to hide their plans from Yahweh” or “who try to keep Yahweh from finding out what they are planning to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1700,23 +1700,23 @@ ISA 30 4 ax9t 0 their … their belonging to the people of Judah ISA 30 4 c3ut translate-names 0 Zoan … Hanes These were cities in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 30 4 apn6 figs-go 0 have come to Hanes Here “come” can be stated as “gone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) ISA 30 5 vs3d 0 They … them These words refer to the people of Judah. -ISA 30 5 pp3g 0 because of a people “because of the people of Egypt” +ISA 30 5 pp3g 0 because of a people Alternate translation: “because of the people of Egypt” ISA 30 6 h34s 0 General Information: This continues God’s declaration concerning the people of Judah. -ISA 30 6 i8pw 0 A declaration “This is what Yahweh declares” +ISA 30 6 i8pw 0 A declaration Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares” ISA 30 6 h1jl figs-genericnoun 0 of the lioness and the lion, the viper and fiery flying serpent This refers to these types of animals in general. Alternate translation: “where lionesses and lions dwell, and where there are vipers and serpents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) ISA 30 6 ian2 0 fiery flying serpent Here the word “fiery” probably refers to the serpent’s poisonous bite and the word “flying” refers to its quick movements. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 14:29](../14/29.md). -ISA 30 6 rmj1 0 they carry their riches “the people of Judah carry their riches” +ISA 30 6 rmj1 0 they carry their riches Alternate translation: “the people of Judah carry their riches” ISA 30 7 x8ua translate-names 0 I have called her Rahab, who sits still There were popular stories about a sea monster named Rahab. The name Rahab means “strength” or “arrogance.” Alternate translation: “I call Egypt a loud boaster who does nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 30 8 u3jb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Isaiah. ISA 30 8 umq8 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in Yahweh’s declaration about Judah. Here he tells Isaiah to do something. -ISA 30 8 uql1 0 in their presence “in the presence of the people of Judah” +ISA 30 8 uql1 0 in their presence Alternate translation: “in the presence of the people of Judah” ISA 30 8 x97k figs-metaphor 0 for the time to come This speaks of time as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “for a future time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 9 v3bl figs-metaphor 0 lying children, children who will not hear the instruction of Yahweh This speaks of Yahweh’s people as if they were his children. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “They behave like children who lie and do not listen to what Yahweh commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 10 y449 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Judah. ISA 30 11 x6bb figs-metaphor 0 Turn aside from the way, stray off the path How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which to walk. To disobey Yahweh is spoken of as if the person strays away from Yahweh’s path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 11 s3c9 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 30 12 c9xs 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 30 12 q3x7 0 you reject this word “you reject this message” +ISA 30 12 q3x7 0 you reject this word Alternate translation: “you reject this message” ISA 30 12 hd23 figs-metonymy 0 trust in oppression and deceit and lean on it This could mean: (1) the leaders of Judah are trusting in the Egyptian leaders who rule by oppressing and deceiving others or (2) the leaders of Judah have oppressed and deceived their own people in order to take their money and send it to the Egyptians leaders as payment for protection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 30 12 t871 figs-123person 0 lean on it Here the word “it” refers to “oppression and deceit.” Alternate translation: “lean on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 30 12 km37 figs-idiom 0 lean on This is an idiom that means to trust or rely on something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1729,7 +1729,7 @@ ISA 30 14 amd2 figs-metaphor 0 He will break it Here “it” refers to the par ISA 30 14 id9b figs-simile 0 as a potter’s vessel is broken This simile means that the piece of wall will break as quickly and completely as a clay jar that falls to the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 14 dbk1 0 potter A potter is a person who makes pots and jars out of clay. ISA 30 14 k6fi figs-activepassive 0 there will not be found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to find” or “there will not be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 30 14 c129 0 a shard with which to scrape “a shard big enough to scrape” +ISA 30 14 c129 0 a shard with which to scrape Alternate translation: “a shard big enough to scrape” ISA 30 14 gs9n figs-metonymy 0 fire from the hearth The word “fire” here refers here to ashes. Alternate translation: “ashes from the fireplace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 30 15 fd1v 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 30 15 jh13 figs-metaphor 0 In returning and resting you will be saved Repenting is spoken of as if it were physically returning to Yahweh. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will save you from your enemies if you will repent and rest knowing that I will take care of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1741,29 +1741,29 @@ ISA 30 17 l2rt translate-numbers 0 One thousand “1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/ ISA 30 17 g8ks figs-simile 0 until your remnant will be like a flagstaff on the top of a mountain, or like a flag on a hill This simile means there will be so few people left that they will be like a single flag on top of a hill. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 18 a5tl 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. ISA 30 19 nsp6 0 you will … to you … answer you Here “you” refers to the people who will live in Zion. -ISA 30 19 k2dh 0 he will answer you “he will help you” +ISA 30 19 k2dh 0 he will answer you Alternate translation: “he will help you” ISA 30 20 u2ns 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. ISA 30 20 s89h figs-metonymy 0 the bread of adversity and the water of affliction Here “bread” and “water” make up the diet of a very poor person. The whole phrase represents the hard times and poverty of the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 30 20 j37h 0 your teacher This refers to Yahweh. ISA 30 20 m8au figs-synecdoche 0 you will see your teacher with your own eyes Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “you yourselves will see your teacher” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 30 21 yk8d figs-synecdoche 0 Your ears will hear Here “ears” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “You will hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 30 21 gx8s 0 a word behind you saying “him speaking behind you saying” +ISA 30 21 gx8s 0 a word behind you saying Alternate translation: “him speaking behind you saying” ISA 30 21 n9ys figs-metaphor 0 This is the way, walk in it How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path. To obey Yahweh is spoken of as if it were a person walking on his path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 21 day3 figs-metaphor 0 when you turn to the right or when you turn to the left Disobeying Yahweh is spoken of as if the person turned left or right off of Yahweh’s path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 22 eg6r 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. ISA 30 22 z2re figs-simile 0 You will throw them away like a menstrual rag This simile means they will throw away their idols like they were garbage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 30 22 n2zf figs-personification 0 You will say to them, “Get out of here.” This speaks of the idols as if they could hear and get up and leave a place. Yahweh means that the people will no longer need or want the idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 30 23 g68j 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. -ISA 30 23 w7ij 0 He will give “Yahweh will give” +ISA 30 23 w7ij 0 He will give Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give” ISA 30 23 hjh1 figs-synecdoche 0 bread with abundance from the ground Here “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “he will cause the ground to produce plenty of food for you to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 30 23 llp6 0 In that day “At that time” +ISA 30 23 llp6 0 In that day Alternate translation: “At that time” ISA 30 24 e7ff figs-activepassive 0 that has been winnowed with a shovel and a fork Shovels and forks were used to throw the grain in the air so the wind would blow away the chaff, leaving only the part that could be eaten. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you have winnowed with a shovel and a pitchfork” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 25 nb4s 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. ISA 30 25 n5xk 0 On every high mountain … every high hill Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it. -ISA 30 25 lg8s 0 in the day of the great slaughter when the towers fall “when Yahweh slaughters your enemies and causes their strong towers to fall” -ISA 30 25 k7p7 0 in the day “at the time” +ISA 30 25 lg8s 0 in the day of the great slaughter when the towers fall Alternate translation: “when Yahweh slaughters your enemies and causes their strong towers to fall” +ISA 30 25 k7p7 0 in the day Alternate translation: “at the time” ISA 30 26 bbc3 0 The light of the moon will be like the light of the sun, and the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it. -ISA 30 26 vup8 0 the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days “the sun will shine as bright as seven suns” or “the sun will give as much light in one day as it normally does in seven days” +ISA 30 26 vup8 0 the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days Alternate translation: “the sun will shine as bright as seven suns” or “the sun will give as much light in one day as it normally does in seven days” ISA 30 26 s1jc figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will bind up the breaking of his people and heal the bruises of his wounding them Yahweh comforting his people and causing their suffering to end is spoken of as if he would put bandages on their wounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 27 q2s3 figs-metaphor 0 the name of Yahweh … like a devouring fire Yahweh being extremely angry is spoken of as if he were a large fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 27 vs12 figs-metonymy 0 the name of Yahweh comes Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh comes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1781,7 +1781,7 @@ ISA 30 29 esh8 figs-simile 0 as when one goes … Rock of Israel This simile em ISA 30 29 u4kf figs-metaphor 0 to the Rock of Israel Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a rock on which the people could climb and escape from enemies. Alternate translation: “to Israel’s protective rock” or “which is like a protective rock for Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 30 30 h7qb figs-metonymy 0 show the motion of his arm Here “arm” represents the power of God. It is implied that Yahweh will show his power by destroying his people’s enemies. Alternate translation: “show that he is powerful by destroying your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 30 30 mr74 figs-metaphor 0 in storming anger and flames of fire Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it were a storm or a fire. Alternate translation: “in anger that is like a storm and flames of fire” or “in great anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 30 d2cp 0 with windstorm, rainstorm, and hailstones “with storms full of wind, rain, and hail” +ISA 30 30 d2cp 0 with windstorm, rainstorm, and hailstones Alternate translation: “with storms full of wind, rain, and hail” ISA 30 30 ty89 0 hailstones hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky like rain ISA 30 31 aq83 figs-activepassive 0 For at the voice of Yahweh, Assyria will be shattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For when Yahweh speaks he will shatter the soldiers of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 31 x1az figs-metaphor 0 Assyria will be shattered Isaiah speaks of Assyria’s fear as if Assyria is an object that Yahweh’s voice shatters. Alternate translation: “Assyria will be terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1793,18 +1793,18 @@ ISA 30 32 vj9i figs-metaphor 0 he battles and fights with them Yahweh causing t ISA 30 33 z2rq figs-activepassive 0 For a place of burning was prepared long ago This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For long ago Yahweh prepared a place for burning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 30 33 ry8p figs-explicit 0 a place of burning This phrase is the meaning of the word “Topheth.” Topheth is a place in the Hinnom Valley, south of Jerusalem, where at one time people burned their children as sacrifices to a false god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 30 33 lpk7 figs-explicit 0 it is prepared for the king It is implied that this refers to the king of Assyria. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh prepared it for the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 30 33 nue1 0 The pile is ready with a fire and much wood “The pile is ready with much wood to make a fire” +ISA 30 33 nue1 0 The pile is ready with a fire and much wood Alternate translation: “The pile is ready with much wood to make a fire” ISA 30 33 dbe3 figs-simile 0 The breath of Yahweh, like a stream of brimstone, will set it on fire This speaks of Yahweh’s breath as if it were a river of fire that will set the pile on fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 31 intro a5pj 0 # Isaiah 31 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

This chapter continues the series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. It also prophesies the destruction of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust
The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. They were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “That day”
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])

### Israel
The use of the term “Israel” in this chapter is in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel exclusively. ISA 31 1 h5ig 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. ISA 31 1 mn6p 0 go down to Egypt The phrase “go down” is used here because Egypt is lower in Elevation than Jerusalem. -ISA 31 1 u5k2 0 those who go down “those people of Judah who go down” +ISA 31 1 u5k2 0 those who go down Alternate translation: “those people of Judah who go down” ISA 31 1 fq71 figs-metaphor 0 lean on horses This speaks about people relying on their horses to help them as if they were leaning on their horses. Alternate translation: “rely on their horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 31 1 lv3b 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 31 1 p83a 0 nor do they seek Yahweh “nor do they ask Yahweh to help them” +ISA 31 1 p83a 0 nor do they seek Yahweh Alternate translation: “nor do they ask Yahweh to help them” ISA 31 2 rf4c figs-idiom 0 he will bring disaster Here the word “bring” means to “cause.” Alternate translation: “he will cause disasters to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 31 2 uq3q figs-metaphor 0 will not retract his words The phrase “retract his words” speaks of a person not fulfilling what they said they will do as if the words that he had said were something that he could pull back to himself. Here it says that Yahweh will not do this, meaning he will fulfill what he has said. Alternate translation: “he will do what he said he would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 31 2 wni6 0 arise against “punish” +ISA 31 2 wni6 0 arise against Alternate translation: “punish” ISA 31 2 ncg3 figs-metonymy 0 evil house This refers to evil people who live there. Alternate translation: “all who do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 31 3 qmy9 figs-metonymy 0 Egypt is a man Here Egypt refers to the soldiers of Egypt. Alternate translation: “The soldiers of Egypt are men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 31 3 al1h figs-explicit 0 their horses flesh and not spirit This means that their horses are only horses and not spiritual beings. Alternate translation: “their horses are only horses; they are not powerful spirits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1825,14 +1825,14 @@ ISA 31 5 yn4w figs-simile 0 Like birds in flight, so Yahweh of hosts will prote ISA 31 5 s9xj figs-metaphor 0 he will protect and rescue as he passes over it and preserves it This speaks of how Yahweh protects and rescues Jerusalem, describing him as a bird that flies over the city. Alternate translation: “he will protect and rescue the city from it’s enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 31 5 q5mx 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 31 5 hd1t figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem This refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 31 6 puw5 0 Return to him from whom you have deeply turned away “Return to the one against whom you have rebelled” +ISA 31 6 puw5 0 Return to him from whom you have deeply turned away Alternate translation: “Return to the one against whom you have rebelled” ISA 31 7 f2zn figs-synecdoche 0 that your own hands have sinfully made Here the people are referred to by their “hands” the emphasize that they made something with their hands. Alternate translation: “that you have sinned by making with you own hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 31 8 n2d8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Judah, referring to the Assyrians as though they are one person. ISA 31 8 vll3 figs-metonymy 0 Assyria will fall by the sword; a sword not wielded by man will consume him “Sword” refers to military might. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God’s sword, and not a man’s sword, will destroy the Assyrian army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 31 8 f6pa 0 He will flee “The Assyrians will flee” +ISA 31 8 f6pa 0 He will flee Alternate translation: “The Assyrians will flee” ISA 31 8 ib91 figs-activepassive 0 his young men will be forced to do hard labor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “enemies will capture their young men and force them to do hard labor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 31 9 cb3x figs-abstractnouns 0 They will lose all confidence because of terror The word “confidence” can be expressed with the adjective “confident.” The word “terror” can be expressed with the adjective “terrified.” Alternate translation: “They will no longer be confident because they are so terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 31 9 eqd6 0 his princes “their leaders” +ISA 31 9 eqd6 0 his princes Alternate translation: “their leaders” ISA 31 9 awn7 figs-parallelism 0 whose fire is in Zion and whose firepot is in Jerusalem Both of these clauses mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Here God’s presence and his power to judge and destroy are spoken of as if they were a fire. Alternate translation: “whose powerful presence is in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 32 intro qg44 0 # Isaiah 32 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Reign of the Messiah
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 32 1 bfx3 0 Look This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” @@ -1840,7 +1840,7 @@ ISA 32 2 he1m figs-simile 0 Each one will be like a shelter from the wind and a ISA 32 2 i91q figs-simile 0 like streams of water in a dry place This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide for the needs of the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide for the people like streams of water in a dry place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 32 2 vxn9 figs-simile 0 like the shade of a great rock in a land of weariness This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide comfort and rest for the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide rest for the people like a huge rock gives shade to weary people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 32 3 d51u figs-metaphor 0 Then the eyes … attentively Both of these phrases emphasize that the leaders will enable the people to understand God’s truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 32 3 ile5 0 will not be dim “will see clearly” +ISA 32 3 ile5 0 will not be dim Alternate translation: “will see clearly” ISA 32 4 v44b 0 General Information: Isaiah continues describing the people after God restores righteous rulers in Judah ([Isaiah 32:1-3](./01.md)). ISA 32 4 byg3 figs-nominaladj 0 The rash … the stutterer This refers to people who act rashly and people who stutter. Alternate translation: “The rash person … the stuttering person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 32 5 dap4 figs-activepassive 0 The fool will no longer be called honorable This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will give honor to the fool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1853,15 +1853,15 @@ ISA 32 6 b6mz figs-nominaladj 0 the thirsty he causes to lack drink “The thir ISA 32 7 br91 figs-nominaladj 0 The deceiver’s This refers to a person who deceives others. Alternate translation: “The deceptive person’s” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 32 7 fwx8 figs-nominaladj 0 to ruin the poor with lies “The poor” refers to poor people. Also, the phrase “to ruin” does not means to kill them but to harm them by telling lies about them. Alternate translation: “to harm the poor people by telling lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ISA 32 8 em4r figs-idiom 0 he will stand This means that he will be successful. Alternate translation: “he will be successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 32 9 ut5j 0 Rise up “Stand up” or “Pay attention” -ISA 32 9 a31y 0 at ease “secure” or “carefree” +ISA 32 9 ut5j 0 Rise up Alternate translation: “Stand up” or “Pay attention” +ISA 32 9 a31y 0 at ease Alternate translation: “secure” or “carefree” ISA 32 9 yi6d figs-metonymy 0 my voice Isaiah refers to himself by his voice to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “me speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 32 10 g6m5 figs-activepassive 0 your confidence will be broken This can be stated in active form. Also, Isaiah speaks of them no longer being confident as if their confidence were a physical object that is broken. Alternate translation: “you will no longer be confident” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 32 10 t219 figs-explicit 0 the grape harvest will fail This means that there would not be good grapes to harvest. Alternate translation: “there will be no grapes for you to harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 32 10 d5c3 0 the ingathering will not come “the time for gathering crops will not happen” +ISA 32 10 d5c3 0 the ingathering will not come Alternate translation: “the time for gathering crops will not happen” ISA 32 11 b3cb 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. ISA 32 11 aq71 0 Tremble shake from fear -ISA 32 11 m37x 0 at ease “secure” or “carefree” +ISA 32 11 m37x 0 at ease Alternate translation: “secure” or “carefree” ISA 32 11 suv5 figs-explicit 0 take off your fine clothes and make yourselves bare Here “bare” does not necessarily mean naked, but to wear minimal covering such as undergarments. Alternate translation: “take off you fine clothes and make yourself unclothed” or “take off your fancy clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 32 11 dhb7 translate-symaction 0 put on sackcloth around your waists This is an act of grieving or mourning. Alternate translation: “put sackcloth around waists as you grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 32 12 n8hm figs-explicit 0 You will wail for the pleasant fields, for the fruitful vines This means that they will cry out loudly as they grieve what happens to their fruitful fields and vines. Alternate translation: “You will wail because of what happens to your pleasant fields and fruitful vines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1889,7 +1889,7 @@ ISA 33 intro bx2g 0 # Isaiah 33 General Notes
## Structure and formatting< ISA 33 1 uq8j figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks in poetry for Yahweh to the Assyrians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 33 1 vi89 figs-activepassive 0 who has not been destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom others have not destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 1 uz7b figs-activepassive 0 you will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “others will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 33 1 t9ig 0 they will betray “others will betray” +ISA 33 1 t9ig 0 they will betray Alternate translation: “others will betray” ISA 33 2 ktn1 figs-metonymy 0 be our arm Here Yahweh’s arm refers to his strength. This speaks of Yahweh strengthening them as if Yahweh would use his strength to act for them. Alternate translation: “give us strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 33 2 k72t figs-synecdoche 0 every morning This refers to the whole day, not just the morning. Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 33 2 zfi5 figs-ellipsis 0 our salvation This understood verb “be” may be supplied. Also, the word “salvation” may be expressed with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “be our salvation” or “save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1932,20 +1932,20 @@ ISA 33 15 kmw5 figs-abstractnouns 0 who despises the gain of oppression The nou ISA 33 16 jr9e figs-metaphor 0 this is the man who will dwell on the heights, his place of defense will be the fortress among the cliffs This speaks of the man being safe as if he lived in a home on a high hill. These two phrase are parallel and the second phrase describes the place where the man lives. Alternate translation: “he will be safe, like a man who home is built on a high hill, in a rocky place that is easy to defend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 33 16 t3ae figs-metonymy 0 the heights This refers to a high hill or mountainside. Alternate translation: “the high hill” or “the mountainside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 33 16 p4zt figs-metaphor 0 the fortress among the cliffs This speaks of rocky areas that are easy to defend as if they were actually fortresses. Alternate translation: “the large piles of rocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 33 16 v96k 0 will be in steady supply “will always be available” +ISA 33 16 v96k 0 will be in steady supply Alternate translation: “will always be available” ISA 33 17 vd1r figs-synecdoche 0 Your eyes will see … they will see This refers the audience by their “eyes.” Alternate translation: “You will see … you will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 33 17 d8s5 figs-metonymy 0 the king in his beauty The king’s royal robes are referred to as “his beauty.” Alternate translation: “the king in his beautiful robes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 33 18 h85u figs-synecdoche 0 Your heart will recall the terror This refers to the audience by their “hearts.” “The terror” refers to their war with the Assyrians. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You will remember the terror that the Assyrians caused you when they attacked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 33 18 m1ib figs-rquestion 0 where is the scribe, where is he who weighed the money? Where is he who counted the towers? These rhetorical question are asked to emphasize that the Assyrian officials are gone. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “The officers of Assyria who counted the tax money that we were forced to pay to them have disappeared! Those men who counted our towers are gone!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 33 18 v7nn 0 weighed the money Money was valuable metal; its value was determined by its weight. -ISA 33 19 b6t2 0 the defiant people, a people of a strange language that you do not understand “a fierce people who speak a language that you do not understand” +ISA 33 19 b6t2 0 the defiant people, a people of a strange language that you do not understand Alternate translation: “a fierce people who speak a language that you do not understand” ISA 33 20 km19 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to speak to the people of Judah. ISA 33 20 ex3i figs-possession 0 the city of our feasts This means that they have their festival and feasts at this city. Alternate translation: “the city where we have our feasts” or “they city where we celebrate our festivals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) ISA 33 20 gq29 figs-synecdoche 0 your eyes will see The people are referred to by their “eyes” to emphasize what they are seeing. Alternate translation: “you will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 33 20 tj7h figs-metaphor 0 a tent that will not be removed This speaks of Zion being secure and well establish as if it were secure tent. This can be stated in active form and written as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “it will be secure, like a tent that no one will ever remove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 20 z75i figs-metaphor 0 whose stakes will never be pulled up nor will any of its cords be broken This is part of the metaphor that compares Zion to a secure tent. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whose stakes no one will ever pull up and whose cords no one will ever break” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 33 21 js4c figs-exclusive 0 Yahweh in majesty will be with us, in a place of broad rivers and streams Here “us” refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. This speaks of the safety of living with Yahweh as if it were a place that has rivers around it so that enemies cannot attack it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh who is majestic will be with us, and we will be safe as if we were in a place surrounded by broad rivers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 33 21 z6si 0 will travel it “will travel the river” +ISA 33 21 z6si 0 will travel it Alternate translation: “will travel the river” ISA 33 22 x9zc figs-exclusive 0 our … us This refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 33 23 er96 figs-metaphor 0 Your riggings are slack; they cannot hold the mast in place; they cannot spread the sail This could mean: (1) The Assyrian army is like a boat that is unable to move through the water: the ropes that support the mast and sail have come loose and no longer support the mast, so the sail is useless ([Isaiah 33:1](../33/01.md)) or (2) the people of Judah are no longer at war: “You have loosened the cords that supported your flagpole; the flag no longer flies” ([Isaiah 33:17](./17.md)-[Isaiah 22](./22.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 33 23 b3bn 0 mast tall poles that support the sail @@ -1960,7 +1960,7 @@ ISA 34 1 q1g4 figs-ellipsis 0 the world, and all things that come from it This ISA 34 2 maf7 figs-pastforfuture 0 he has completely destroyed them, he has handed them over to the slaughter Often prophets speak of things that will happen in the future as if they have already happened. This emphasizes the event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “he will completely destroy them, he will give them over to the slaughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ISA 34 3 g8nr figs-activepassive 0 The bodies of their dead will be thrown out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will bury their dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 34 3 kc9q figs-nominaladj 0 their dead This refers to the dead people. Alternate translation: “those who died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 34 3 alg3 0 the mountains will soak up their blood “the mountains will be covered in their blood” +ISA 34 3 alg3 0 the mountains will soak up their blood Alternate translation: “the mountains will be covered in their blood” ISA 34 4 ta5s figs-activepassive 0 the sky will be rolled up like a scroll This can be stated in active form. This compares what Yahweh will do to the sky to a person rolling up a scroll. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will roll up the sky in the same way that a person rolls up a scroll” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 34 4 g3vj figs-simile 0 all their stars will fade away, as the leaf fades from off the vine, and as the overripe figs from the fig tree This emphasizes even the things in the sky that people thought would be there forever will fall as easily as a leaf. Alternate translation: “all the stars will fall from the sky like a leaf falls from a vine or a fig falls from a tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 34 5 zep4 figs-metaphor 0 when my sword will have drunk its fill in heaven Yahweh describes himself as a warrior bearing a sword. The phrase “drunk its fill” speaks of Yahweh’s sword as if it were a person who has eaten and become satisfied. Yahweh uses this imagery to emphasize that there will be a lot of destruction in heaven and to state its completion. Alternate translation: “when I am finished destroying things in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -1970,23 +1970,23 @@ ISA 34 5 n7uq figs-metonymy 0 on Edom Edom refers to the people who live there. ISA 34 6 z82l figs-metaphor 0 The sword of Yahweh is dripping with blood and covered with fat … of rams This speaks of Yahweh killing the people as if he were a priest sacrificing animals. He does this by describing the sword of a priest. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sacrifices them as a priest sacrifices animals, whose sword drips with the blood and fat of lambs, goats, and rams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 34 6 e9tg figs-abstractnouns 0 For Yahweh has a sacrifice in Bozrah and a great slaughter in the land of Edom The words “sacrifice” and “slaughter” may be expressed here as verbs. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will sacrifice many people in Bozrah and kill many people in the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 34 6 hx1f translate-names 0 Bozrah This is an important city in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 34 7 ruc9 0 will fall “will die” +ISA 34 7 ruc9 0 will fall Alternate translation: “will die” ISA 34 7 x9xv figs-personification 0 Their land will be drunk with blood This describes the amount of blood that will soak into the ground by comparing the land to a drunk person. Alternate translation: “Their land will be soaked with blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 34 7 cw9p figs-personification 0 their dust made fat with fatness Here “dust” means the dirt on the ground. This describes the amount of fat that will soak into the dirt by comparing it to a person that has become fat from eating so much animal fat. Alternate translation: “the dirt will be full of the fat of the animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 34 8 ypt1 figs-idiom 0 it will be a day of vengeance for Yahweh Here “day” is an idiom for a point in time; it is not a literal “day.” Alternate translation: “it will be the time when Yahweh gets revenge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 34 8 f6ru figs-explicit 0 he will pay them back for the cause of Zion This means that he will take revenge on them for how they had previously waged war against the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “he will give them the punishment they deserve for what they had done to the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 34 9 b8cq figs-metaphor 0 The streams of Edom will be turned into pitch … become burning pitch The water and land becoming useless for drinking or growing food because it is burnt and covered in pitch and sulfur is spoken of as if their streams and land will actually become pitch and sulfur. Alternate translation: “The streams in Edom will be full of pitch and the ground will be covered with burning sulfur and burning pitch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 34 9 yfh4 0 her dust … her land “Edom’s dust … Edom’s land” +ISA 34 9 yfh4 0 her dust … her land Alternate translation: “Edom’s dust … Edom’s land” ISA 34 9 fd7g 0 pitch a thick, black substance that burns for a long time ISA 34 10 smi7 figs-merism 0 It will burn night and day This means all of the time. Alternate translation: “It will burn throughout the night and the day” or “It will burn constantly, all night and all day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 34 10 tvh4 figs-idiom 0 from generation to generation The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 13:20](../13/20.md). Alternate translation: “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 34 11 yd3v 0 will live there “will live in the land of Edom” +ISA 34 11 yd3v 0 will live there Alternate translation: “will live in the land of Edom” ISA 34 11 drt9 0 owl See how you translated this in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md). ISA 34 11 q1gl 0 raven This is a large black bird. It is difficult to identify some of the precise kinds of birds mentioned in this passage. However, they were all birds that preferred to live in places where there were no people, so they symbolize deserted places. ISA 34 11 p68y 0 in it “there.” This refers to Edom. ISA 34 11 pgr3 figs-metaphor 0 He will stretch over it the measuring line of ruin and the plumbline of destruction This speaks of Yahweh as if he were a careful builder as he causes destruction in Edom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will measure that land carefully; he will measure it to decide where to cause ruin and destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 34 11 z1ph 0 measuring line … plumbline These are builders’ tools. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 28:17](../28/17.md). -ISA 34 12 xsb8 0 Her nobles … her princes “The nobles of Edom … the princes of Edom” +ISA 34 12 xsb8 0 Her nobles … her princes Alternate translation: “The nobles of Edom … the princes of Edom” ISA 34 12 t7ih figs-hyperbole 0 all her princes will be nothing This exaggerates the princes losing their royal status by saying that they will become nothing. Alternate translation: “all her princes will no longer rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 34 13 ayh3 0 Thorns … nettles … thistles These are all weeds with thorns. Nettles’ thorns have poison that causes itching. ISA 34 13 pt3i 0 jackals Translate the name of this animal the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:22](../13/22.md). @@ -1997,7 +1997,7 @@ ISA 34 14 y56u 0 Nocturnal animals animals that are awake and active at night ISA 34 15 z2sp 0 Owls Translate this word the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md). ISA 34 15 ty8k 0 hawks birds that kill small animals for food ISA 34 16 qji5 figs-possession 0 Search through the scroll of Yahweh The phrase “the scroll of Yahweh” means that it contains the messages spoken by Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Read carefully what is written in this scroll that contains the messages of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -ISA 34 16 me3v 0 not one of these “not one of the animals” +ISA 34 16 me3v 0 not one of these Alternate translation: “not one of the animals” ISA 34 16 w98b figs-doublenegatives 0 None will lack for a mate This can be written as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “Each animal will have a mate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ISA 34 16 zh4w figs-synecdoche 0 for his mouth has commanded it Yahweh is referred to by his “mouth” to emphasize what he has said. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has commanded it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 34 17 wiz7 figs-metaphor 0 He has cast lots for their places This speaks of Yahweh deciding where to cause the animals to live as if he actually cast lots for their places. Alternate translation: “He has determined where they will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2052,7 +2052,7 @@ ISA 36 2 ilm6 translate-names 0 the launderers’ field Here, **the launderers* ISA 36 3 in74 translate-names 0 Hilkiah … Eliakim See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 22:20](../22/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 3 pc89 translate-names 0 Shebna See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 22:15](../22/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 36 3 ch95 translate-names 0 Asaph … Joah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 4 js58 0 said to them “said to Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah” +ISA 36 4 js58 0 said to them Alternate translation: “said to Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah” ISA 36 4 p18f figs-rquestion 0 What is the source of your confidence? The king of Assyria uses this question to challenge Hezekiah and to say that he does not have a good source for confidence. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have no reliable source for your confidence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 36 5 qam5 figs-metonymy 0 there is counsel and strength for war “you have the council and the strength to go to war.” The phrase “strength for war” refers to having a large enough and strong enough army with weapons. Alternate translation: “you have enough military council, strong men, and weapons to go to war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 36 5 cx3g figs-rquestion 0 Now in whom are you trusting? Who has given you courage to rebel against me? The king of Assyria uses questions to ridicule Hezekiah for believing he has the strength to rebel. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No matter in whom you trust, you will not have the courage to rebel against me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -2109,7 +2109,7 @@ ISA 37 1 qkd2 translate-symaction 0 he tore his clothes, covered himself with s ISA 37 2 he14 translate-names 0 Eliakim … Shebna Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:3](../36/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 2 u8m9 figs-idiom 0 over the household This is an idiom that means that he was in charge of the affairs of the palace household. Alternate translation: “in charge of the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 2 vd87 translate-symaction 0 all covered with sackcloth This is a sign of mourning and distress. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 37 3 vt7q 0 They said to him “The men sent by Hezekiah said to Isaiah” +ISA 37 3 vt7q 0 They said to him Alternate translation: “The men sent by Hezekiah said to Isaiah” ISA 37 3 nm3p figs-simile 0 like when a child is ready to be born, but the mother has no strength to give birth to her child This comparison is made to emphasizes that they are in a time of extreme difficulty. Alternate translation: “It is as terrible as the day when a child is ready to be born, but the mother has no strength to give birth to her child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 37 4 k27f figs-explicit 0 It may be Yahweh your God will hear the words Hezekiah is indirectly suggesting that if the people pray Yahweh may listen and act upon what the chief commander had said. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Maybe if you pray to Yahweh your God will hear the message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 37 4 rr63 0 the chief commander See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 36:2](../36/02.md). @@ -2139,7 +2139,7 @@ ISA 37 14 ex2e figs-synecdoche 0 from hand of the messengers Here the messenger ISA 37 14 a1u4 0 he went up to the house of Yahweh The house of Yahweh was at the highest place in Jerusalem, so it is spoken of as “up.” ISA 37 14 c2pf 0 spread it before him “spread out the letter in front of Yahweh.” Being in the house of Yahweh is considered the same as being in Yahweh’s presence. The letter was a scroll that could be unrolled and spread out. ISA 37 16 m4vb figs-explicit 0 you who sit above the cherubim You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “you who sit on your throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 37 16 bcb9 0 you are God alone “only you are God” +ISA 37 16 bcb9 0 you are God alone Alternate translation: “only you are God” ISA 37 16 z5zj figs-idiom 0 over all the kingdoms This idiom means to have authority and to rule over all the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “have authority over all the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 16 bl43 figs-merism 0 You made the heavens and the earth This means that he created everything. Alternate translation: “You made everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 37 17 x59g 0 General Information: Hezekiah continues praying to Yahweh. @@ -2149,12 +2149,12 @@ ISA 37 17 rq3a translate-names 0 Sennacherib See how you translated this man’ ISA 37 18 vwq4 figs-hyperbole 0 all the nations and their lands This is a generalization. The kings had destroyed many of the nearby lands, but not necessarily all lands. Alternate translation: “many of the nations and their lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 37 19 ymw5 0 General Information: Hezekiah continues praying to Yahweh. ISA 37 19 xdh5 figs-synecdoche 0 for they were not gods but the work of men’s hands, just wood and stone This emphasizes that humans made these idols with their own hands and are therefore worthless. Alternate translation: “because they were false gods that men made out of wood and stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 37 20 t78q 0 from his power “from the king of Assyria’s power” +ISA 37 20 t78q 0 from his power Alternate translation: “from the king of Assyria’s power” ISA 37 20 d95t figs-metonymy 0 all the kingdoms This refers to the people in the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “all the people in the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 37 20 y5e4 0 you are Yahweh alone “only you, Yahweh, are God” +ISA 37 20 y5e4 0 you are Yahweh alone Alternate translation: “only you, Yahweh, are God” ISA 37 21 rbj3 figs-metonymy 0 sent a message This means that he sent a messenger to give a message to the king. Alternate translation: “sent someone to give a message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 37 22 ha6t 0 is the word that Yahweh has spoken “is what Yahweh has said” -ISA 37 22 hdv5 0 laughs you to scorn “laughs at you” or “makes fun of you” +ISA 37 22 ha6t 0 is the word that Yahweh has spoken Alternate translation: “is what Yahweh has said” +ISA 37 22 hdv5 0 laughs you to scorn Alternate translation: “laughs at you” or “makes fun of you” ISA 37 22 d2ht translate-symaction 0 shakes her head This is a gesture of scorn. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ISA 37 22 f4jf figs-idiom 0 The virgin daughter of Zion … the daughter of Jerusalem These are idioms. Both of these phrases have the same meaning. The “daughter” of a city means the people who live in the city. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “The people of Zion … the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 23 xes7 figs-rquestion 0 Whom have you defied and insulted?…Against the Holy One of Israel. Yahweh uses these rhetorical questions to ridicule the king of Assyria. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “You have defied and insulted Yahweh, you have shouted at and acted pridefully against the Holy One of Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -2163,7 +2163,7 @@ ISA 37 23 xz28 figs-idiom 0 lifted up your eyes in pride This is an idiom that ISA 37 24 f2gc 0 General Information: This continues Yahweh’s message to the king of Assyria. ISA 37 24 dt18 figs-explicit 0 By your servants This refers to the servants that he had sent to Hezekiah with a message. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “In the messages you sent with your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 37 24 k4e1 figs-synecdoche 0 I have gone … I will cut … I will enter Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have gone … We will cut … we will enter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 37 24 wv8g 0 its tall cedars “Lebanon’s tall cedars” +ISA 37 24 wv8g 0 its tall cedars Alternate translation: “Lebanon’s tall cedars” ISA 37 24 vey3 figs-ellipsis 0 its most fruitful forest Here the word “fruitful” refers to the forest being dense and full of healthy trees. The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “and into its most fruitful forest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 37 25 gwm7 figs-synecdoche 0 I have dug … I dried … my feet Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have dug … we dried … our feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 25 u9gt figs-hyperbole 0 I dried up all the rivers of Egypt under the soles of my feet Here Sennachrib is exaggerating his conquest and travels across the rivers of Egypt by claiming to have dried up the rivers when he marched his army through them. Alternate translation: “I have marched through all the rivers of Egypt as if they were dry under my feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -2172,7 +2172,7 @@ ISA 37 26 k4vl figs-rquestion 0 Have you not heard how … times? Yahweh uses t ISA 37 26 vpm5 figs-explicit 0 You are here to reduce impregnable cities into heaps of ruins Yahweh had planned for Sennacherib’s army to destroy the cities that they had destroyed. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I planned that your army would destroy cities and cause them to become piles of rubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 37 26 ru16 0 impregnable strong and heavily guarded ISA 37 26 lbt8 figs-idiom 0 I am bringing it to pass The idiom “to bring something to pass” means to cause a specific thing to happen. Alternate translation: “I am causing it to happen” or “I am causing these things to take place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 37 27 abl4 0 of little strength “who are weak” +ISA 37 27 abl4 0 of little strength Alternate translation: “who are weak” ISA 37 27 z86i figs-metaphor 0 shattered broken into small pieces. This is a metaphor for being greatly discouraged. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 37 27 lp95 figs-metaphor 0 They are plants in the field, green grass, the grass on the roof or in the field, before the east wind This speaks of how weak and vulnerable the cities are before the Assryian army by comparing the cities to grass. Alternate translation: “The cities are as weak as the grass in the fields before your armies. They are as weak as the grass that grows on the roofs of houses and is scorched by the hot east wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 37 27 u4kj 0 before the east wind The east wind is hot and dry from the desert and plants die when it blows. @@ -2187,7 +2187,7 @@ ISA 37 30 cu1m 0 General Information: This continues Yahweh’s message to Hez ISA 37 30 hyd8 figs-you 0 sign for you “sign for you, Hezekiah.” Here “you” is singular and refers to Hezekiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 37 30 c1n3 figs-you 0 you will eat … you must plant Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 37 30 hw94 figs-ellipsis 0 in the second year what grows This describes what the people will eat. The words “you will eat” are understood from the previous phrase Alternate translation: “in the second year you will eat what grows” or “next year you will eat what grows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -ISA 37 30 b6di 0 what grows from that “what grows wild from that” or “what grows wild” +ISA 37 30 b6di 0 what grows from that Alternate translation: “what grows wild from that” or “what grows wild” ISA 37 30 ipd7 translate-ordinal 0 in the third year This refers to the year after the second year. Alternate translation: “the year after that” or “in the following year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) ISA 37 31 cp8q 0 General Information: This continues Yahweh’s message to Hezekiah. ISA 37 31 frk4 0 remnant A “remnant” is a part of something that remains after the rest is gone. Here this refers to the people who are left in Judah. @@ -2196,20 +2196,20 @@ ISA 37 31 jez8 figs-metaphor 0 will again take root and bear fruit This speaks ISA 37 32 sc29 figs-parallelism 0 For from Jerusalem a remnant will come out; from Mount Zion survivors will come These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize the remnant of people who will survive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 37 32 vre3 figs-metonymy 0 The zeal of Yahweh of hosts will do this This speaks of Yahweh doing something because of his zeal as if his “zeal” were actually doing the action. Alternate translation: “Because of his zeal, Yahweh of hosts will do this” or “Yahweh of hosts will do this because of his zeal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 37 33 i11q figs-synecdoche 0 He will not come … He will not come Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: “His army will not come … They will not come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 37 33 gun8 0 with shield “with shields” +ISA 37 33 gun8 0 with shield Alternate translation: “with shields” ISA 37 33 vdw6 0 siege ramp a large mound of dirt built against the wall of a city that better enables an army to attach the city ISA 37 34 yz62 figs-synecdoche 0 he came … he will not enter Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: “they came … they will not enter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 34 zq4h figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 37 35 vmq8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 37 35 fz1d 0 for my own sake and for David my servant’s sake “so that things will be better for me and for my servant David” +ISA 37 35 fz1d 0 for my own sake and for David my servant’s sake Alternate translation: “so that things will be better for me and for my servant David” ISA 37 36 c1n2 figs-idiom 0 putting to death This idiom means to kill. Alternate translation: “killing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 37 36 v98a translate-numbers 0 185,000 soldiers “one hundred and eighty-five thousand soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ISA 37 37 x3e4 figs-synecdoche 0 Sennacherib king of Assyria left Israel and went home and stayed in Nineveh Here Sennacherib refers to both him and his army. They all left Israel and returned home to Assryia. Sennacherib returned to the city Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Sennacherib and his army left Israel and went home, and Sennacherib stayed in Nineveh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 37 37 ft9a translate-names 0 Sennacherib See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:1](../36/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 38 m18l 0 as he was worshiping “as Sennacherib was worshiping” +ISA 37 38 m18l 0 as he was worshiping Alternate translation: “as Sennacherib was worshiping” ISA 37 38 m2c7 translate-names 0 Nisrok This is the name of a false god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 37 38 id3l translate-names 0 Adrammelek … Sharezer … Esarhaddon These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 38 fbz6 0 with the sword “with their swords” +ISA 37 38 fbz6 0 with the sword Alternate translation: “with their swords” ISA 38 intro s3fq 0 # Isaiah 38 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 38:10-20.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Poetry
This chapter is written as a narrative, but the section including Hezekiah’s prayer is written as poetry. The tone of this prayer shifts from sorrow to praise. ISA 38 1 g1p4 figs-explicit 0 Set your house in order This means to prepare your family and those in charge of your affairs so that they know what to do after you die. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: “You should tell the people in your palace what you want them to do after you die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 38 3 c5ru figs-idiom 0 call to mind This idiom means to remember. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -2242,27 +2242,27 @@ ISA 38 14 l1ah figs-activepassive 0 I am oppressed This can be stated in active ISA 38 15 f5ku figs-rquestion 0 What shall I say? Hezekiah uses a question to emphasize he has nothing left to say. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have nothing left to say.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 38 15 hd6w figs-idiom 0 I will walk slowly This is an idiom. Here “walking” refers to living. Alternate translation: “I will like humbly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 38 15 ph65 figs-explicit 0 all my years This refers to the rest of his life. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “the rest of my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 38 15 gm6e 0 because I am overcome with grief “because I am full of grief” or “because I am very sad” +ISA 38 15 gm6e 0 because I am overcome with grief Alternate translation: “because I am full of grief” or “because I am very sad” ISA 38 16 iyk1 0 General Information: Hezekiah continues his written prayer. ISA 38 16 wak7 figs-activepassive 0 may my life be given back to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may you give my life back to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 38 17 wz18 figs-explicit 0 from the pit of destruction Hezekiah did not die but he was close to dying. This refers Yahweh saving him from dying. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “from dying and going to the pit of destruction” or “so that I did not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 38 17 f8fu figs-metaphor 0 for you have thrown all my sins behind your back Hezekiah speaks of Yahweh forgiving his sins as if they were objects that Yahweh threw behind himself and forgot about. Alternate translation: “for you have forgiven all my sins and no longer think about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 38 18 nm81 0 General Information: Hezekiah continues his written prayer. ISA 38 18 n9p4 figs-metonymy 0 For Sheol does not thank you; death does not praise you Here “Sheol” and “death” refer to “dead people.” Alternate translation: “For those in Sheol do not thank you; dead people do not praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 38 18 ps5x 0 those who go down into the pit “those who go down to the grave” +ISA 38 18 ps5x 0 those who go down into the pit Alternate translation: “those who go down to the grave” ISA 38 18 nf2c figs-you 0 do not hope in your trustworthiness “do not have hope in your faithfulness.” Here “your” is singular and refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 38 19 ye1q figs-parallelism 0 The living person, the living person Hezekiah repeats this phrase to emphasize that only a living person, not a dead person, can give thanks to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 38 20 nw4z 0 General Information: Hezekiah continues his written prayer. ISA 38 20 j3ts figs-explicit 0 save me This refers to him being saved from dying. It can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “save me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 38 20 k672 figs-exclusive 0 we will celebrate Here “we” refers to Hezekiah and the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 38 21 b3bq writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. This gives background information about Isaiah and Hezekiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ISA 38 21 x8d3 0 Let them “Let Hezekiah’s servants” +ISA 38 21 x8d3 0 Let them Alternate translation: “Let Hezekiah’s servants” ISA 38 21 drf6 figs-explicit 0 a lump of figs This was used as an ointment. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “use an ointment of mashed figs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 38 21 t3l6 0 boil a painful area on the skin that is infected ISA 39 intro lz5x 0 # Isaiah 39 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pride
Although it is not said why it was sinful for Hezekiah to show the king of Babylon his riches, the sin was probably because of his pride. It can be viewed as bragging to another king about how rich and powerful he was without giving proper credit to Yahweh. Because of this sin, Yahweh punished him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Babylon
At this time, Babylon was not very powerful, but was little more than a city. In a short time, however, Babylon became a very powerful nation and conquered Assyria. ISA 39 1 z1d1 translate-names 0 Marduk-Baladan … Baladan These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 39 2 x7xe figs-explicit 0 Hezekiah was pleased by these things This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “When the king’s messengers arrived, Hezekiah was pleased with what they brought to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 39 2 ig2z 0 showed the messengers his storehouse of valuable things “he showed the messengers everything of value he had” +ISA 39 2 ig2z 0 showed the messengers his storehouse of valuable things Alternate translation: “he showed the messengers everything of value he had” ISA 39 2 i69i 0 storehouse a building where goods are kept ISA 39 2 bg44 figs-activepassive 0 all that was found in his storehouses This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everything that was in his storehouses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 39 2 k5u7 figs-doublenegatives 0 There was nothing in his house, nor in all his kingdom, that Hezekiah did not show them This is a slight exaggeration as Hezekiah showed them many things, but not everything. Also, this can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah showed them almost everything in his house and in his kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -2270,12 +2270,12 @@ ISA 39 4 lp83 figs-parallelism 0 They have seen everything in my house. There i ISA 39 4 u3hm figs-hyperbole 0 everything in my house This is a generalization, as Hezekiah showed them many things, but not necessarily everything in the palace. Alternate translation: “almost everything in my house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 39 4 k738 figs-doublenegatives 0 There is nothing among my valuable things that I have not shown them This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I showed them all the valuable things in my palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ISA 39 5 rsm5 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 39 5 hh3d 0 the word “the message” +ISA 39 5 hh3d 0 the word Alternate translation: “the message” ISA 39 6 w6ck 0 Look This word is used here to draw Hezekiah’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” ISA 39 6 y5e5 figs-activepassive 0 when everything in your palace … will be carried to Babylon This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “when the enemy army will take everything in your palace … back to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 39 7 wtl9 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to speak Yahweh’s message to Hezekiah. -ISA 39 7 mls8 0 The sons born from you “Your sons” -ISA 39 7 tb9y 0 they will take them “the Babylonians will take them” +ISA 39 7 mls8 0 The sons born from you Alternate translation: “Your sons” +ISA 39 7 tb9y 0 they will take them Alternate translation: “the Babylonians will take them” ISA 40 intro xc5h 0 # Isaiah 40 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions
Yahweh uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These rhetorical questions help to prove the point he is making and convince the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “She has received double from Yahweh’s hand for all her sins”
It is common in many languages to use the feminine “she” to refer to a nation, rather than the word “it,” which is neither masculine or feminine. The translator should use the pronoun that aligns with the common usage in the target language. Therefore, it is acceptable to use “he,” “she,” or “it” in reference to a nation.

The phrase “received double” indicates that Jerusalem was punished more severely than the other nations. This is because they had the privilege of a special relationship to Yahweh and had more knowledge than the other nations.

### Reign of Yahweh
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. It does not appear that this prophecy was fulfilled in the days of Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ISA 40 1 uzv6 0 Comfort, comfort The word “comfort” is repeated for emphasis. ISA 40 1 wa9a figs-you 0 says your God Here “your” is plural and refers to those whom the prophet tells to comfort God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -2322,7 +2322,7 @@ ISA 40 15 c6k1 figs-activepassive 0 are regarded like the dust on the scales Th ISA 40 17 bap7 figs-activepassive 0 they are regarded by him as nothing This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he regards them as nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 40 18 pv1a figs-rquestion 0 To whom then will you compare God? To what idol will you liken him? Isaiah uses two similar questions to emphasize that there is no idol that can compare with God. Alternate translation: “There is no one to whom you can compare God. There is no idol to which you can liken him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 40 18 q6aj figs-you 0 you This is plural and refers to all of God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 40 19 t66l 0 A craftsman casts it: The goldsmith overlays it with gold and forges silver chains for it “A skilled worker forms it, another covers it with gold and makes a silver chain for it” +ISA 40 19 t66l 0 A craftsman casts it: The goldsmith overlays it with gold and forges silver chains for it Alternate translation: “A skilled worker forms it, another covers it with gold and makes a silver chain for it” ISA 40 21 ru6j 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to God’s people. ISA 40 21 nm2t figs-rquestion 0 Have you not known? Have you not heard? Has it not been told you from the beginning? Have you not understood from the foundations of the earth? Isaiah uses these questions to emphasize that the people should know Yahweh’s greatness as the creator. Alternate translation: “You certainly know and have heard! It has been told to you from the beginning; you have understood from the foundations of the earth!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 40 21 p4gz figs-activepassive 0 Has it not been told you from the beginning? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Have people not told you from the beginning?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2330,7 +2330,7 @@ ISA 40 21 w7gd figs-metaphor 0 from the foundations of the earth The prophet sp ISA 40 22 vwb7 figs-metaphor 0 He is the one who sits above the horizon of the earth The prophet speaks of Yahweh ruling the earth as if Yahweh were seated on a throne above the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 22 r4cn figs-simile 0 the inhabitants are like grasshoppers before him The prophet compares the way Yahweh considers humans to the way humans would consider grasshoppers. Just as grasshoppers are small to humans, humans are small and weak before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 40 22 jtu6 figs-parallelism 0 He stretches out the heavens like a curtain and spreads them out as a tent to live in These two lines share similar meanings. The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the heavens as if he had erected a tent in which to live. Alternate translation: “He spreads out the heavens as easily as a person would stretch out a curtain or erect a tent in which to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 40 23 sfc9 0 He reduces “Yahweh reduces” +ISA 40 23 sfc9 0 He reduces Alternate translation: “Yahweh reduces” ISA 40 24 d2lf figs-metaphor 0 They are barely planted … and they wither The prophet speaks of rulers being helpless before Yahweh as if they were new plants that wither away when a hot wind blows on them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 24 n61k figs-parallelism 0 They are barely planted, barely sown These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to the point at which the plants or seeds are placed into the ground. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “As soon as someone plants them … as soon as someone sows them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 40 24 pcb5 figs-metaphor 0 he blows upon them The prophet speaks of Yahweh removing the rulers from power as if Yahweh were a scorching wind that blows upon the plants and causes them to wither. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2347,7 +2347,7 @@ ISA 40 27 r58k 0 my God is not concerned about my vindication This could mean: ISA 40 28 v4f1 figs-rquestion 0 Have you not known? Have you not heard? Isaiah uses these questions to emphasize that the people should know Yahweh’s greatness. See how you translated these in [Isaiah 40:21](../40/21.md). Alternate translation: “You certainly know and have heard!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 40 28 d991 figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. AT “the farthest places of the earth” or “the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 40 29 gt6k figs-parallelism 0 He gives strength to the tired; and to the weak he gives renewed energy These two lines share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh strengthens those who have no strength. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 40 29 l1wl 0 He gives strength “Yahweh gives strength” +ISA 40 29 l1wl 0 He gives strength Alternate translation: “Yahweh gives strength” ISA 40 31 gu6x figs-metaphor 0 they will soar with wings like eagles People receiving strength from Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were able to fly like eagles fly. An eagle is a bird often used as a symbol for strength and power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 40 31 vgd6 figs-parallelism 0 they will run and not be weary; they will walk and not faint These two lines share similar meanings. People receiving strength from Yahweh is spoken of as if they were able to run and walk without tiring. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 intro mwf4 0 # Isaiah 41 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Mocking
Yahweh tells the people to present their best arguments in favor of honoring their idols. In this Yahweh challenges the people. Yahweh mocks or insults these false gods because they are not real and have no power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) @@ -2356,10 +2356,10 @@ ISA 41 1 gik7 figs-metonymy 0 you coastlands This refers to the people who live ISA 41 1 w3dd 0 renew their strength See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 40:31](../40/31.md). ISA 41 1 kfx1 figs-parallelism 0 let them come near and speak; let us come near together to argue a dispute These two phrases share similar meanings. The second explains the reason for the first. Alternate translation: “then let them come near so they may speak and reason with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 41 2 ji73 figs-rquestion 0 Who has stirred up one from the east, calling him in righteousness to his service? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who caused this ruler from the east to be victorious. Alternate translation: “I am the one who called this powerful ruler from the east and put him in my good service.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 41 2 ckc3 0 He hands nations over to him “I give the nations over to him” or “The one who does these things hands nations over to him” +ISA 41 2 ckc3 0 He hands nations over to him Alternate translation: “I give the nations over to him” or “The one who does these things hands nations over to him” ISA 41 2 n5yz figs-metaphor 0 He turns them to dust with his sword, like windblown stubble with his bow Turning them to dust and stubble is a metaphor or exaggeration for completely destroying everything the people of these nations have made. The armies of one from the east will conquer these nations and scatter the people easily. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 41 3 a4li 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the coastlands and the nations. -ISA 41 3 dk7c 0 He pursues them and passes by safely “The ruler from the east pursues the nations” +ISA 41 3 dk7c 0 He pursues them and passes by safely Alternate translation: “The ruler from the east pursues the nations” ISA 41 3 iyl6 figs-metaphor 0 by a swift path that his feet scarcely touch This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which he and his army moving very quickly is spoken of as if his feet barely touch the ground. Alternate translation: “by a path on which he moves with great speed” or (2) “feet” represents the whole person and the phrase indicates that this is a path that they have not traveled before. Alternate translation: “by a path that he has never traveled before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 41 4 xap2 figs-rquestion 0 Who has performed and accomplished these deeds? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who has done these things. Alternate translation: “I have performed and accomplished these deeds.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 41 4 lw9z figs-rquestion 0 Who has summoned the generations from the beginning? Here the word “generations” represents all of human history, which Yahweh created and directed throughout history. The rhetorical question anticipates the answer, Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I have summoned the generations of humanity from the beginning.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -2381,9 +2381,9 @@ ISA 41 10 sv29 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people ISA 41 10 y2hx figs-metaphor 0 I will uphold you with my righteous right hand Yahweh strengthening his people is spoken of as if he were holding them with his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 10 m5ra figs-metonymy 0 my righteous right hand Here “right hand” represents Yahweh’s power. This could mean: (1) Yahweh’s right hand is righteous in that he will always do the right thing. Alternate translation: “my righteous power” or (2) Yahweh’s right hand is victorious in that he will always succeed in what he does. Alternate translation: “my victorious power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 41 11 fup1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 41 11 i38z 0 they will be ashamed and disgraced, all who have been angry with you “all who have been angry with you will be ashamed and disgraced” +ISA 41 11 i38z 0 they will be ashamed and disgraced, all who have been angry with you Alternate translation: “all who have been angry with you will be ashamed and disgraced” ISA 41 11 acy9 figs-doublet 0 ashamed and disgraced These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of their shame. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 41 11 bm8s 0 they will be as nothing and will perish, those who oppose you “those who oppose you will be as nothing and will perish” +ISA 41 11 bm8s 0 they will be as nothing and will perish, those who oppose you Alternate translation: “those who oppose you will be as nothing and will perish” ISA 41 12 rr8g 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 41 13 mcq1 figs-metaphor 0 I … will hold your right hand Yahweh helping the people of Israel is spoken of as if he were holding their right hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 14 nw9b 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. @@ -2414,18 +2414,18 @@ ISA 41 25 i891 0 him who calls on my name This could mean: (1) that this perso ISA 41 25 bb4s figs-metaphor 0 he will trample the rulers Conquering the rulers of other nations is spoken of as if it were trampling them under foot. Alternate translation: “he will conquer the rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 41 25 q8p3 figs-simile 0 like a potter who is treading on the clay Yahweh compares the way in which this person will trample the other rulers with the way that a potter tramples on clay to mix it with water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 41 26 u3i7 figs-rquestion 0 Who announced this from the beginning, that we might know? Before this time, that we may say, “He is right”? Yahweh uses these rhetorical questions to mock the idols that the people worship. The implied answers are: (1) that the idols have not done these things and (2) that Yahweh is the one who has done these things. Alternate translation: “None of the idols announced this from the beginning, that we might know. And none of them announced this before time, that we may say, ‘He is right.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 41 26 xn3y 0 Indeed none of them decreed it, yes, none heard you say anything “Indeed, none of the idols decreed it. Indeed, no one heard you idols say anything” +ISA 41 26 xn3y 0 Indeed none of them decreed it, yes, none heard you say anything Alternate translation: “Indeed, none of the idols decreed it. Indeed, no one heard you idols say anything” ISA 41 27 b6xr 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 41 28 k8tv 0 not one among them “not one idol” +ISA 41 28 k8tv 0 not one among them Alternate translation: “not one idol” ISA 41 29 i3rp figs-metaphor 0 their cast metal figures are wind and emptiness Yahweh speaks of the worthlessness of the idols as if the idols are wind and nothing at all. Alternate translation: “their idols are all worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 intro q7al 0 # Isaiah 42 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 42:1-4 is the first of these songs. They are often called the “servant songs” because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Servant
Israel is called Yahweh’s servant. The Messiah is also called the servant of Yahweh. It is likely that the two different usages of the word “servant” are intended to contrast with one another. ISA 42 1 l3dq 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 42 1 e7j9 0 Behold, my servant “Look, my servant” or “Here is my servant” -ISA 42 1 d5ej 0 in him I take delight “with whom I am very happy” +ISA 42 1 e7j9 0 Behold, my servant Alternate translation: “Look, my servant” or “Here is my servant” +ISA 42 1 d5ej 0 in him I take delight Alternate translation: “with whom I am very happy” ISA 42 3 f9m4 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 42 3 w4sn figs-metaphor 0 A crushed reed he will not break, and a dimly burning wick he will not quench Yahweh speaks of weak and helpless people as if they were crushed reeds and dimly burning wicks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 3 blf9 0 crushed reed A reed is the long, thin stem of a plant like tall grass. If it is crushed, it cannot carry any weight. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 36:6](../36/06.md). -ISA 42 3 z56i 0 he will not break “My servant will not break” +ISA 42 3 z56i 0 he will not break Alternate translation: “My servant will not break” ISA 42 4 dhd4 figs-metonymy 0 the coastlands This refers to the people who live on the islands and in the lands bordering or beyond the Mediterranean Sea. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:1](../41/01.md). Alternate translation: “the people who live on the coastlands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 42 5 kf3j figs-metaphor 0 the one who created the heavens and stretched them out, the one who made the earth The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the heavens and the earth as if the heavens and earth were fabric which Yahweh stretched out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 5 jxn4 figs-parallelism 0 gives breath to the people on it and life to those who live on it These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh gives life to every person. The word “breath” is a metonym for life. Alternate translation: “gives life to the people who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2439,7 +2439,7 @@ ISA 42 8 cbp4 figs-ellipsis 0 nor my praise with carved idols The verb may be s ISA 42 8 s62b 0 my praise This refers to the praise that Yahweh receives from people. ISA 42 9 rdt7 figs-you 0 I will tell you Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 42 10 c3wi 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 42 10 qf1v 0 the sea, and all that is in it, the coastlands, and those who live there “and all the creatures that live in the sea, and all those who live on the coastlands” +ISA 42 10 qf1v 0 the sea, and all that is in it, the coastlands, and those who live there Alternate translation: “and all the creatures that live in the sea, and all those who live on the coastlands” ISA 42 11 liq4 figs-metonymy 0 Let the desert and the cities cry out This refers to the people who live in the desert and the cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 42 11 mtu1 0 Kedar This is a city north of Arabia. See how this was translated in [Isaiah 21:16](../21/16.md) ISA 42 11 sfh4 translate-names 0 Sela a city in Edom (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -2465,7 +2465,7 @@ ISA 42 18 q3rs figs-you 0 you deaf … you blind Here “you” is plural and r ISA 42 19 lx6z figs-rquestion 0 Who is blind but my servant? Or deaf like my messenger I send? Yahweh asks these rhetorical questions to scold his people and to emphasize that no one is as blind or deaf as they are. Alternate translation: “No one is as blind as my servant. No one is as deaf as my messenger whom I send.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 42 19 y1c1 figs-rquestion 0 Who is as blind as my covenant partner, or blind as Yahweh’s servant? Yahweh asks these rhetorical questions to scold his people and to emphasize that no one is as blind or deaf as they are. Alternate translation: “No one is as blind as my covenant partner. No one is as blind as Yahweh’s servant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 42 20 u76d 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 42 20 k16p 0 You see many things, but do not comprehend “Although you see many things, you do not understand what they mean” +ISA 42 20 k16p 0 You see many things, but do not comprehend Alternate translation: “Although you see many things, you do not understand what they mean” ISA 42 20 usp5 figs-metaphor 0 ears are open, but no one hears The ability to hear is spoken of as if the ears were open. Here the word “hears” refers to understanding what one hears. Alternate translation: “people hear, but no one understands what they hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 21 e9j8 0 It pleased Yahweh to praise his justice and to make his law glorious “Yahweh was pleased to honor his justice by making his law glorious.” The second part of the phrase explains how Yahweh accomplished the first part. ISA 42 22 hh18 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. @@ -2479,7 +2479,7 @@ ISA 42 24 q9du figs-rquestion 0 Was it not Yahweh … refused to obey? Isaiah u ISA 42 24 e8z2 figs-exclusive 0 against whom we have sinned Here the word “we” refers to the people of Israel and to Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ISA 42 24 dla2 figs-parallelism 0 in whose ways they refused to walk, and whose law they refused to obey The word “they” also refers to the people of Israel and to Isaiah. The two phrases mean the same thing. In the first, obeying Yahweh’s laws is spoken of as if it were walking in the paths in which Yahweh commanded them to walk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 25 al3a 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 42 25 r4nh 0 Therefore he “Therefore Yahweh” +ISA 42 25 r4nh 0 Therefore he Alternate translation: “Therefore Yahweh” ISA 42 25 uby1 figs-metaphor 0 he poured out on them his fierce anger Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a liquid that could be poured out. Alternate translation: “he showed them just how angry he was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 42 25 dqe8 0 on them “against us.” Here “them” refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah still included himself as part of the people. ISA 42 25 x8pk figs-abstractnouns 0 and the violence of war The word “devastation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “by devastating them with war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -2509,7 +2509,7 @@ ISA 43 9 n7pl figs-irony 0 Let them bring their witnesses to prove themselves r ISA 43 10 zvu7 figs-you 0 You … my servant Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. The phrase “my servant” refers to the nation, as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 43 10 ja9r 0 Before me … after me In speaking this way, Yahweh is not saying that there was a time before which he did not exist or a time after which he will not exist. He is asserting that he is eternal and that the gods whom the people of other nations worship are not. ISA 43 10 x2gj figs-explicit 0 Before me there was no god formed Here the word “formed” indicates that Yahweh is speaking of idols that people have made. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “None of the gods whom people have formed existed before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 43 10 v98y 0 there will be none after me “none of those gods will exist after me” +ISA 43 10 v98y 0 there will be none after me Alternate translation: “none of those gods will exist after me” ISA 43 11 f73s figs-doublet 0 I, I am Yahweh The word “I” is repeated to emphasize the focus on Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I alone am Yahweh” or “I myself am Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 43 11 m7ei 0 there is no savior but me This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I am the only savior” or “I am the only one who can save you” ISA 43 12 e51j 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. @@ -2518,7 +2518,7 @@ ISA 43 13 y176 figs-rquestion 0 who can turn it back? Yahweh uses this question ISA 43 14 t4z7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 43 14 e4rv 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 43 14 ly8f figs-explicit 0 I send to Babylon and lead them all down The object of the verb “send” may be supplied in translation. Alternate translation: “I send an army to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 43 14 jrg7 0 lead them all down as fugitives “lead all of the Babylonians down as fugitives” +ISA 43 14 jrg7 0 lead them all down as fugitives Alternate translation: “lead all of the Babylonians down as fugitives” ISA 43 14 lpy3 0 fugitives A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. ISA 43 16 qd5j figs-explicit 0 who opened a way … mighty waters Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 43 17 a8pu figs-explicit 0 who led out … a burning wick Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -2534,12 +2534,12 @@ ISA 43 22 h7vb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people ISA 43 24 ie2f 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 43 24 l4vk 0 sweet-smelling cane This is a plant with a pleasant smell used to make anointing oil. It did not grow in the land of Israel so the people had to buy it from other nations. ISA 43 24 up12 figs-parallelism 0 burdened me with your sins, you have wearied me with your evil deeds These both mean the same thing and emphasize the complaint Yahweh has with his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 43 24 t4mh 0 burdened me with your sins “troubled me with your sins” +ISA 43 24 t4mh 0 burdened me with your sins Alternate translation: “troubled me with your sins” ISA 43 25 vh3j 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 43 25 r2jt figs-doublet 0 I, yes, I The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 43 25 j91x figs-metaphor 0 who blots out your offenses Forgiving sins is spoken of as either: (1) blotting them out or wiping them away or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: “who forgives your offenses like someone wiping something away” or “who forgives your offenses like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 43 25 s5fa 0 for my own sake “for my own honor” or “for my own reputation” -ISA 43 25 l6uz 0 call to mind “remember” +ISA 43 25 s5fa 0 for my own sake Alternate translation: “for my own honor” or “for my own reputation” +ISA 43 25 l6uz 0 call to mind Alternate translation: “remember” ISA 43 26 w2ud figs-irony 0 present your cause, that you may be proved innocent Yahweh challenges the people to offer proof that they are innocent of the charges that he has brought against them, although he knows that they cannot do so. Alternate translation: “present your case, but you cannot prove yourselves to be innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) ISA 43 26 xn62 figs-activepassive 0 that you may be proved innocent This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you may prove yourselves innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 43 27 n7s2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. @@ -2560,9 +2560,9 @@ ISA 44 3 na48 figs-ellipsis 0 my blessing on your children The verb may be supp ISA 44 4 j6m5 figs-metaphor 0 They will spring up among the grass, like willows by the streams of water The people of Israel being prosperous and multiplying is spoken of as if they were plants that grow because they have plenty of water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 4 k6eb 0 willows A willow is a tree with thin branches that grows near the water. ISA 44 5 w27z 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel -ISA 44 5 lfi3 0 another will call out the name of Jacob “another person will say he is a descendant of Jacob” -ISA 44 5 y4il 0 name himself by the name of Israel “call himself a descendant of Israel” -ISA 44 6 q311 0 his Redeemer “Israel’s Redeemer” +ISA 44 5 lfi3 0 another will call out the name of Jacob Alternate translation: “another person will say he is a descendant of Jacob” +ISA 44 5 y4il 0 name himself by the name of Israel Alternate translation: “call himself a descendant of Israel” +ISA 44 6 q311 0 his Redeemer Alternate translation: “Israel’s Redeemer” ISA 44 6 tts3 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 44 6 j95i figs-merism 0 I am the first, and I am the last This phrase emphasizes Yahweh’s eternal nature. This could mean: (1) “I am the one who began all things, and I am the one who ends all things” or (2) “I am the one who has always lived, and I am the one who always will live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 44 7 zm2k 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. @@ -2573,7 +2573,7 @@ ISA 44 8 fb3i figs-rquestion 0 Have I not declared to you long ago, and announc ISA 44 8 lr9q figs-rquestion 0 Is there any God besides me? Yahweh uses a question again to emphasize that there is no other God. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no God besides me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 44 8 z7iv figs-metaphor 0 There is no other Rock Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were a large rock under which people can find shelter. This means he has the power to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 9 y8gz 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 44 9 uhp3 0 the things they delight in are worthless “the idols they delight in are worthless” +ISA 44 9 uhp3 0 the things they delight in are worthless Alternate translation: “the idols they delight in are worthless” ISA 44 9 ht3n figs-metaphor 0 their witnesses cannot see or know anything This phrase refers to those who worship these idols and who claim to be witnesses of the idols’ power. Yahweh speaks of their inability to understand the truth as if they were blind. Alternate translation: “those who serve as witnesses for these idols are like blind people who know nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 9 fps8 figs-activepassive 0 they will be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” or “their idols will put them to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 44 10 rn93 figs-rquestion 0 Who would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless? Yahweh is using this question to rebuke those who make idols. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only fools would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -2581,16 +2581,16 @@ ISA 44 10 tu2g figs-distinguish 0 cast an idol that is worthless The word “wo ISA 44 11 dnp6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 44 11 xq1i figs-explicit 0 all his associates This could mean: (1) this refers to the associates of the craftsman who makes the idol. Alternate translation: “all of the craftsman’s associates” or (2) this refers to those who associate themselves with the idol by worshiping it. Alternate translation: “all those who worship the idol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 44 11 ka7l figs-activepassive 0 be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 44 11 n21m 0 Let them take their stand together “Let them all come together before me” +ISA 44 11 n21m 0 Let them take their stand together Alternate translation: “Let them all come together before me” ISA 44 11 qc5v 0 they will cower “they will be terrified.” To “cower” is to bend over in fear. ISA 44 12 ui76 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 44 12 rl3h 0 forming it “forming the idol” or “creating the idol” +ISA 44 12 rl3h 0 forming it Alternate translation: “forming the idol” or “creating the idol” ISA 44 13 acg5 0 with a line A string was used to outline the shape of the idol in the wood. ISA 44 13 gzq3 0 stylus This is a sharp tool to scratch the wood so the craftsman can see where to cut. ISA 44 13 zt8q 0 a compass This is a tool with two points that spread out used to help mark the wood to make the idol. -ISA 44 14 uuw3 0 He cuts down “The carpenter cuts down” or “the woodcarver cuts down” +ISA 44 14 uuw3 0 He cuts down Alternate translation: “The carpenter cuts down” or “the woodcarver cuts down” ISA 44 14 xu2s translate-unknown 0 cypress tree a tall evergreen tree (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 44 15 gc6k 0 Then a man uses it “The man uses the wood” +ISA 44 15 gc6k 0 Then a man uses it Alternate translation: “The man uses the wood” ISA 44 15 pw7t figs-parallelism 0 he makes an idol and bows down to it This part of the sentence says basically the same as the first to emphasize it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 44 18 pm8e figs-metaphor 0 for their eyes are blind and cannot see Yahweh speaks of those who cannot understand the foolishness of worshiping idols as if they were blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 18 w7kp figs-synecdoche 0 for their eyes are blind Here “their eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “for they are blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -2598,7 +2598,7 @@ ISA 44 18 eri6 figs-synecdoche 0 their hearts cannot perceive Here the people a ISA 44 19 zz51 figs-rquestion 0 Now should I make … something disgusting to worship? Should I bow down to a block of wood? Yahweh says that these people should be asking themselves these rhetorical questions. The questions anticipate negative answers and emphasize how foolish it would be for a person to do these things. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “I should not now make … something disgusting to worship. I should not bow down to a block of wood.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 44 20 w2em figs-metaphor 0 It is as if he were eating ashes Yahweh speaks of a person worshiping an idol as if that person were eating the burned ashes of the wood from which he made the idol. Just as eating ashes does not benefit a person, neither does worshiping an idol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 44 20 lnq9 figs-metonymy 0 his deceived heart misleads him The heart represents the inner person. Alternate translation: “he misleads himself because he is deceived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 44 20 e7xc 0 He cannot rescue himself “The person who worships idols cannot save himself” +ISA 44 20 e7xc 0 He cannot rescue himself Alternate translation: “The person who worships idols cannot save himself” ISA 44 21 ach7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 44 21 t81a figs-metonymy 0 Jacob, and Israel This refers to people descended from Jacob, Israel. Alternate translation: “you descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 44 21 bng6 figs-activepassive 0 you will not be forgotten by me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not forget you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2657,7 +2657,7 @@ ISA 45 13 rhm5 0 He will build my city This refers to Jerusalem. ISA 45 13 ye47 figs-doublet 0 not for price nor bribe Here the words “price” and “bribe” share similar meanings. Cyrus will not do these things for financial gain. Alternate translation: “he will not do these things for money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 45 13 by1u 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). ISA 45 14 s5el figs-activepassive 0 The earnings of Egypt and the merchandise of Cush with the Sabeans, men of tall stature, will be brought to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Egypt, Cush, and the tall people of Seba, will bring to you their earnings and their merchandise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 45 14 x113 0 The earnings of Egypt “The profits of Egypt” +ISA 45 14 x113 0 The earnings of Egypt Alternate translation: “The profits of Egypt” ISA 45 14 iqy3 translate-names 0 Sabeans These are people from the nation of Seba. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 45 14 abe9 figs-you 0 to you Here “you” refers to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ISA 45 16 xv24 figs-parallelism 0 They will all be ashamed and disgraced together; those who carve idols will walk in humiliation These two lines share similar meanings, with the second clarifying the subject of the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -2684,7 +2684,7 @@ ISA 46 intro c5i1 0 # Isaiah 46 General Notes
## Structure and formatting< ISA 46 1 dtc9 figs-metaphor 0 Bel bows down, Nebo stoops; their idols … for weary animals Isaiah speaks of people placing the idols of Bel and Nebo into a cart for animals to transport as if these gods were made to “bow down” and “stoop.” These are both postures of humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 46 1 yx1v translate-names 0 Bel … Nebo These were the two primary gods whom the Babylonians worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 46 1 tyx5 0 their idols the idols that represented Bel and Nebo -ISA 46 2 sa1p 0 they cannot rescue the images “Bel and Nebo cannot rescue their images” +ISA 46 2 sa1p 0 they cannot rescue the images Alternate translation: “Bel and Nebo cannot rescue their images” ISA 46 2 wq5y figs-metaphor 0 they themselves have gone off into captivity Isaiah speaks of people carrying off these idols as if the false gods whom they represent are being carried off to captivity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 46 3 i31a 0 Listen to me Here “me” refers to Yahweh. ISA 46 3 pyi8 figs-metaphor 0 who have been carried by me from before your birth, carried from the womb Yahweh speaks of the nation of Israel as if it were a person, and of the nation’s beginning as if it were its birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2730,8 +2730,8 @@ ISA 47 8 tb6u figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her d ISA 47 8 s8dj 0 you who love pleasure “you luxurious one.” This refers to the many luxuries that Babylon enjoyed. ISA 47 8 k74f figs-idiom 0 sit securely This refers to Babylon’s false sense of security in thinking that she will never lose her position of wealth and honor. Alternate translation: “who think you are safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 47 8 u9jp figs-metaphor 0 I will never sit as a widow … loss of children Babylon believing that other nations will never be able to conquer her is spoken of as if she will never become a widow or never have children die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 47 8 h71w 0 I will never sit as a widow “I will never become a widow” -ISA 47 9 nwu5 0 in a moment in one day “suddenly at the same time” +ISA 47 8 h71w 0 I will never sit as a widow Alternate translation: “I will never become a widow” +ISA 47 9 nwu5 0 in a moment in one day Alternate translation: “suddenly at the same time” ISA 47 10 eql9 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 47 10 f9kb figs-metonymy 0 you say in your heart Here the word “heart” refers to the inner person. Alternate translation: “you say to yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 47 11 k9al figs-metaphor 0 Disaster will overcome you Yahweh speaks of disaster as if it were a person who captures Babylon. Alternate translation: “You will experience disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2748,7 +2748,7 @@ ISA 48 1 kwr6 0 Hear this “Listen to my message.” Yahweh is speaking. ISA 48 1 ur9w figs-metonymy 0 house of Jacob Here “house” refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 48 1 y5hd figs-activepassive 0 who are called by the name Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom everyone calls the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 48 1 b8ht figs-metaphor 0 have come from the sperm of Judah This phrase emphasizes that they are the direct, physical descendants of Judah. Alternate translation: “are the descendants of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 48 1 nzc1 0 invoke the God of Israel “call on the God of Israel” +ISA 48 1 nzc1 0 invoke the God of Israel Alternate translation: “call on the God of Israel” ISA 48 2 lqn2 figs-123person 0 they call themselves This refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “you call yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ISA 48 2 b2hj 0 the holy city This refers to Jerusalem. ISA 48 2 w8wb 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). @@ -2777,7 +2777,7 @@ ISA 48 13 x82p 0 when I call to them This could mean: (1) “when I call the e ISA 48 14 b3gm 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 48 14 ery6 figs-rquestion 0 Who among you has announced these things? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the idols have not told them these things. Alternate translation: “None of your idols has told this to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 48 14 fb8g figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh’s ally will accomplish his purpose against Babylon. He will carry out Yahweh’s will against the Chaldeans Here “ally” refers to Cyrus. Both of these sentences mean the same thing and are used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 48 14 iq1y 0 his purpose “Yahweh’s purpose” +ISA 48 14 iq1y 0 his purpose Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s purpose” ISA 48 15 u3l4 figs-doublet 0 I, I The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ISA 48 16 h55k 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 48 16 q1tx figs-doublenegatives 0 I have not spoken in secret This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I have spoken plainly and clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) @@ -2808,8 +2808,8 @@ ISA 49 2 uz4m figs-metaphor 0 he has made me into a polished arrow; in his quiv ISA 49 2 py5e figs-metaphor 0 in his quiver he has hidden me Yahweh protecting his servant and keeping his purpose secret is spoken of as if Yahweh kept him hidden in a quiver. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 49 2 kax8 0 quiver a case used to carry arrows ISA 49 3 ka59 0 General Information: Yahweh’s servant continues speaking. -ISA 49 3 l2za 0 He said “Yahweh said” -ISA 49 3 uwn2 0 You are my servant, Israel “You are my servant, whom I call Israel” +ISA 49 3 l2za 0 He said Alternate translation: “Yahweh said” +ISA 49 3 uwn2 0 You are my servant, Israel Alternate translation: “You are my servant, whom I call Israel” ISA 49 5 x2r8 0 General Information: Yahweh’s servant continues speaking. ISA 49 5 ic46 figs-activepassive 0 that Israel would be gathered to him This part of the sentence means the same as the part before it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to bring the people of Israel back to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 49 5 p83j figs-metaphor 0 I am honored in the eyes of Yahweh The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has honored me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2849,8 +2849,8 @@ ISA 49 20 u1bw 0 The place is too cramped for us This means that there will be ISA 49 21 bh2w figs-personification 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 49 21 pik2 figs-metaphor 0 Who has borne these children for me? Zion speaks of the people who are returning to inhabit the city as if those people were her children. Zion’s question expresses her surprise that so many children now belong to her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 49 21 ppt4 figs-metaphor 0 I was bereaved and barren, exiled and divorced Zion describes herself as a woman incapable of having more children. She indicates the reasons for her great surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 21 y88k 0 I was bereaved and barren “I was mourning over my dead children and unable to have more” -ISA 49 21 k6i8 0 exiled and divorced “I was sent away, without a husband” +ISA 49 21 y88k 0 I was bereaved and barren Alternate translation: “I was mourning over my dead children and unable to have more” +ISA 49 21 k6i8 0 exiled and divorced Alternate translation: “I was sent away, without a husband” ISA 49 21 h2kt figs-rquestion 0 Who has raised these children? Look, I was left all alone; where did these come from? Again, Zion uses questions to expresses her surprise. Alternate translation: “Look, I was left all alone; now all of these children that I did not raise have come to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 49 22 d1yu figs-personification 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. He explains how she is able to have so many children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 49 22 wx99 figs-parallelism 0 I will raise my hand to the nations; I will raise my signal flag to the peoples These two clauses mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will raise my hand and signal with a flag for the people of the nations to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -2878,7 +2878,7 @@ ISA 50 2 ait1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people o ISA 50 2 ie1n figs-parallelism 0 Why did I come but there was no one there? Why did I call but no one answered? These two sentences mean basically the same thing. Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that the people are in exile because they did not respond to him, not because he was unwilling to save them. Alternate translation: “When I came to you, you should have been there, but you were not. When I called you, you should have answered, but you did not.” or “When I came to speak to you, you did not respond to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 50 2 s2sd figs-parallelism 0 Was my hand too short to ransom you? Was there no power in me to rescue you? Yahweh uses two similar questions to rebuke the people for believing that he was not strong enough to rescue them. Alternate translation: “My hand was certainly not too short for me to ransom you, and I had the power to rescue you!” or “I certainly have the power to rescue you from your enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 50 2 cv6g figs-metonymy 0 Was my hand too short Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Yahweh not being strong enough is spoken of as if his hand were short. Alternate translation: “Was I not strong enough” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 2 lz41 0 Was there no power in me “Did I not have the power” +ISA 50 2 lz41 0 Was there no power in me Alternate translation: “Did I not have the power” ISA 50 2 cl62 figs-metaphor 0 I make the rivers a desert Yahweh speaks of drying up the rivers as if he were turning them into a desert. Alternate translation: “I make the rivers as dry as a desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 50 2 d3r6 0 their fish die for lack of water and rot “their fish die and rot for lack of water.” The word “their” refers to the sea and the rivers. ISA 50 3 y7n5 figs-metaphor 0 I clothe the sky with darkness; I cover it with sackcloth These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh speaks of causing the sky to become dark as if he were clothing it with sackcloth. Alternate translation: “I make the sky dark, as if it were wearing dark sackcloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -2911,7 +2911,7 @@ ISA 51 1 amf7 0 Listen to me Here the word “me” refers to Yahweh. ISA 51 1 uux8 figs-metaphor 0 look at the rock … and to the quarry Looking at something represents thinking about it. Alternate translation: “think about the rock … and the quarry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 1 xs1b figs-metaphor 0 the rock from which you were chiseled and to the quarry from which you were cut God speaks of the nation of Israel as if it were a building made of stones and as if their ancestors were a rock or quarry from which God cut them. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “your ancestors, who are like a rock from which you were chiseled and a quarry from which you were cut” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 1 c1ct figs-activepassive 0 the rock from which you were chiseled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the rock from which I chiseled you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 51 1 p5bj 0 chiseled “cut with a chisel” or “cut” +ISA 51 1 p5bj 0 chiseled Alternate translation: “cut with a chisel” or “cut” ISA 51 1 hik7 figs-activepassive 0 the quarry from which you were cut This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the quarry from which I cut you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 51 2 hqq2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 51 2 g6rc figs-metonymy 0 Abraham, your father God speaks of their ancestor as if he were their father. Alternate translation: “Abraham, your forefather” or “Abraham, your ancestor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2965,7 +2965,7 @@ ISA 51 13 ht5l figs-rquestion 0 Why have you forgotten Yahweh … earth? Yahweh ISA 51 13 q4ec 0 Maker See how you translated this name for Yahweh in [Isaiah 17:7](../17/07.md). ISA 51 13 ysh5 figs-metaphor 0 who stretched out the heavens “who spread out the sky.” This speaks of Yahweh having created the heavens as if he had stretched them out in the same way one would stretch out a large garment. Alternate translation: “who stretched out the heavens like a garment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 13 nx9y 0 the foundations of the earth The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 24:18](../24/18.md). -ISA 51 13 e7k3 0 the hot fury of the oppressor when he decides to destroy “the oppressor’s hot fury when he decides to cause destruction” +ISA 51 13 e7k3 0 the hot fury of the oppressor when he decides to destroy Alternate translation: “the oppressor’s hot fury when he decides to cause destruction” ISA 51 13 mu4c figs-idiom 0 hot fury Here the word “hot” means “strong” or “great.” Alternate translation: “great fury” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 51 13 f7jc figs-rquestion 0 Where is the fury of the oppressor? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people should not fear those who want to oppress them. Their oppressors are no longer a threat to them. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The fury of the oppressor is not a threat!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 51 14 n7t8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. @@ -2983,7 +2983,7 @@ ISA 51 17 pj9b 0 Awake, awake, stand up “Be alert and arise.” The repetiti ISA 51 17 efp6 figs-metaphor 0 you who have drunk out of the hand of Yahweh … from the cup of staggering Yahweh speaks of having punished his people as if he had forced them to drink from a bowl that was filled with his anger. And when they drank from the bowl of his anger, they staggered as if they had drank a lot of wine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 17 r4ck 0 down to the dregs The word “dregs” means the solid pieces at the very bottom of a container that has a liquid in it. Alternate translation: “down to the very bottom” ISA 51 17 k9wd figs-synecdoche 0 out of the hand of Yahweh Here Yahweh is referred to by his hand to emphasize that he is the one who gave the bowl to his people. Alternate translation: “that he gave to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 51 17 uw6s 0 from the cup of staggering “from the cup that caused you to stagger as if you were drunk on wine” +ISA 51 17 uw6s 0 from the cup of staggering Alternate translation: “from the cup that caused you to stagger as if you were drunk on wine” ISA 51 17 ca4r 0 staggering not walking straight, or stumbling while walking ISA 51 18 qz3k figs-parallelism 0 There is no one … to guide her; there is no one … to take her by the hand These two clauses have the same meaning and can be combined. This speaks of Jerusalem being helpless as if the city were a drunk woman without a son to help her walk safely. Alternate translation: “You have no one to help you! You are like a drunk old woman without a son to take her by the hand and guide her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 51 19 k1we 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. @@ -3061,7 +3061,7 @@ ISA 53 2 v5vm figs-simile 0 For he grew up before Yahweh like a sapling Here ISA 53 2 a2he figs-metaphor 0 out of parched earth “parched earth” is hard and dry ground that will not allow plants to grow and represents where the servant of Yahweh will come. Alternate translation: “out of an impossible situation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 53 3 t4ar 0 General Information: Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)). ISA 53 3 xp3g figs-activepassive 0 He was despised and rejected by people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People considered him as nothing and rejected him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 53 3 bkb5 0 a man of sorrows “a man knowing all kinds of sadness” +ISA 53 3 bkb5 0 a man of sorrows Alternate translation: “a man knowing all kinds of sadness” ISA 53 3 j3j9 figs-metonymy 0 from whom men hide their faces “Face” represents a person’s attention or fellowship. Hiding one’s face means to turn away from someone. Alternate translation: “from whom people turn away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 53 3 tj7i figs-activepassive 0 he was despised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they considered him to be worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 53 4 u1xa 0 General Information: Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)). @@ -3085,7 +3085,7 @@ ISA 53 8 yy4i 0 coercion The Hebrew word translated here as “coercion” is ISA 53 8 nqw6 figs-rquestion 0 who from that generation thought anymore about him? This question emphasizes that no one thinks about him. Alternate translation: “no one from his generation cared what happened to him.” or “no one among his contemporaries cared what happened to him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 53 8 e9ga 0 who from that generation thought anymore about him? Many versions interpret this passage in Hebrew differently: “Who can say anything about his descendants?” or “Who can say anything about his fate?” ISA 53 8 d1b3 figs-activepassive 0 But he was cut off from the land of the living “Cut off” here refers to death. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But he died” or “But death took him away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 53 8 j24p 0 of my people “of the people of Israel” +ISA 53 8 j24p 0 of my people Alternate translation: “of the people of Israel” ISA 53 9 y3uz figs-metonymy 0 nor had there been any deceit in his mouth “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “nor did he deceive anyone when he spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 53 10 mv7x 0 General Information: Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)). ISA 53 10 db99 figs-metaphor 0 he will see his offspring Here, “offspring” means those people that Yahweh has forgiven because of the servant’s sacrifice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3134,7 +3134,7 @@ ISA 54 10 h5qq figs-123person 0 says Yahweh, who has mercy on you Here Yahweh s ISA 54 11 m1w7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. ISA 54 11 dx8e figs-apostrophe 0 Afflicted one Here Yahweh speaks to the city of Jerusalem as if it were listening to him. Here Jerusalem represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “You afflicted people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 54 11 n2mb figs-metaphor 0 storm-driven Yahweh speaks of the people as if they were blown around and damaged by the winds and storms. This means the people were hurt and without stability. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 54 11 dk4c 0 uncomforted one “without comfort” +ISA 54 11 dk4c 0 uncomforted one Alternate translation: “without comfort” ISA 54 11 r3g9 0 I will set your pavement in turquoise … lay your foundations with sapphires Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it. ISA 54 11 ih34 translate-unknown 0 turquoise … sapphires These are precious gemstones. Turquoise is light blue-to-green, sapphires are typically dark blue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ISA 54 12 v6lh 0 I will make … beautiful stones Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it. @@ -3170,7 +3170,7 @@ ISA 55 6 qi9x figs-activepassive 0 Seek Yahweh while he may be found This can b ISA 55 7 c3wy figs-nominaladj 0 Let the wicked leave his path The word “wicked” refers to wicked people. Yahweh speaks of wicked people no longer sinning as if they were to stop walking along a path that they had been traveling. Alternate translation: “Let wicked people change the way they live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 55 7 y63b figs-ellipsis 0 the man of sin his thoughts The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “let the sinful man leave his thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 55 7 wj8e 0 his thoughts This could mean: (1) “the way he thinks” or (2) “his plans” -ISA 55 7 h5ht 0 he will pity him “Yahweh will pity him” +ISA 55 7 h5ht 0 he will pity him Alternate translation: “Yahweh will pity him” ISA 55 7 mq71 figs-ellipsis 0 to our God The verb may be supplied from the first phrase in this sentence. Alternate translation: “let him return to our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ISA 55 8 faw8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. ISA 55 9 gd6x figs-metaphor 0 for as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts Yahweh speaks of the things that he does and how he thinks as being far superior to or higher than what people do and think, just like the sky is much higher than the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3206,9 +3206,9 @@ ISA 57 intro miv3 0 # Isaiah 57 General Notes
## Structure and formatting< ISA 57 1 r38x figs-abstractnouns 0 the people of covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “the people who are faithful to the covenant” or “the people who are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 57 1 mfl3 figs-euphemism 0 are gathered away … is gathered away “die and go away … dies and goes away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ISA 57 1 u6v1 figs-activepassive 0 that the righteous is gathered away from the evil This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the righteous people die, and Yahweh takes them away from all that is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 57 2 zn46 0 He enters into peace “The righteous enter into peace” +ISA 57 2 zn46 0 He enters into peace Alternate translation: “The righteous enter into peace” ISA 57 2 gu23 figs-euphemism 0 they rest they die (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ISA 57 2 h6t8 0 those who walk in their uprightness “those who have done what is right” +ISA 57 2 h6t8 0 those who walk in their uprightness Alternate translation: “those who have done what is right” ISA 57 3 xix7 0 But come here God is calling all of the unfaithful people to come before him so he can judge them in a strong contrast to the promises for the righteous that came before. ISA 57 3 r3tv figs-metaphor 0 sons of the sorceress This is a strong insult against the people who practice sorcery because sorcery and magic includes idolatry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 57 3 z4xi 0 children of the adulterer and the woman who has prostituted herself This refers to actual and spiritual adultery. They have abandoned the worship of God and now worship other gods and idols along with actual prostitution in pagan Canaanite ceremonies. @@ -3222,7 +3222,7 @@ ISA 57 6 r76w figs-rquestion 0 In these things should I take pleasure? Yahweh u ISA 57 7 mdj3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel. ISA 57 7 h9pb figs-euphemism 0 You prepared your bed This refers to sleeping with prostitutes as a part of worshiping false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ISA 57 7 er5k figs-explicit 0 on a high mountain People often went on top of hills and mountains to worship false gods. They thought those were the best places for worship. This might even refer to Jerusalem, too. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 57 8 bg7e 0 You made a covenant with them “You made a contract with them” +ISA 57 8 bg7e 0 You made a covenant with them Alternate translation: “You made a contract with them” ISA 57 9 qkt8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel. ISA 57 9 ek3t figs-hyperbole 0 you went down to Sheol The people did not literally go to Sheol, the world of the dead. Instead, Yahweh is indicating by exaggeration that the people were willing to go anywhere to find new gods to worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ISA 57 10 yn3i figs-metaphor 0 You found life in your hand After trying so hard, the idolators found they still had strength to keep going. Here “hand” equals “strength” or “capacity.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3243,7 +3243,7 @@ ISA 57 17 kl3t figs-idiom 0 I hid my face This means God gave up on his people ISA 57 17 n312 figs-metonymy 0 he went backward in the way of his heart This means the Israelites kept rejecting the true God for false ones. Here “backward” and “way” are location words representing motivations and feelings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 57 18 p57m 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 57 18 utk3 0 his ways “their ways.” Here “his” refers to the people of Israel. -ISA 57 18 kfr6 0 comfort and console those who mourn for him “I will soothe and calm those who feel sad for the people’s suffering because of their sinful behavior” +ISA 57 18 kfr6 0 comfort and console those who mourn for him Alternate translation: “I will soothe and calm those who feel sad for the people’s suffering because of their sinful behavior” ISA 57 19 u422 figs-metonymy 0 I create the fruit of the lips Here “fruit of the lips” refers to what a person says. Alternate translation: “I cause them to praise and thank me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 57 19 nl5v 0 Peace, peace, to those who are far off “I have made peace with them who are far off.” The word “Peace” is repeated for emphasis. ISA 57 20 w5a6 figs-simile 0 But the wicked are like the tossing sea … mire and mud This compares the wicked to rough water on the shore that makes the water dirty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -3318,7 +3318,7 @@ ISA 59 14 wi7i figs-activepassive 0 Justice is driven back This can be stated i ISA 59 14 e1d8 figs-personification 0 Justice … righteousness … truth … right These are ideas that Isaiah describes as acting like persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 59 15 g3ak figs-personification 0 Trustworthiness Isaiah describes this idea as acting like a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 59 16 j6z8 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 59 16 qym5 0 He saw that there was no man, and wondered that there was no one to intervene. “Yahweh was appalled that no one came to help those who were suffering.” or “Yahweh was astonished that no one came to help those who were suffering.” +ISA 59 16 qym5 0 He saw that there was no man, and wondered that there was no one to intervene. Alternate translation: “Yahweh was appalled that no one came to help those who were suffering.” or “Yahweh was astonished that no one came to help those who were suffering.” ISA 59 16 ngp8 figs-metonymy 0 Therefore his own arm brought salvation for him Yahweh’s “arm” represents his ability and power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh used his own power to save the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 59 16 cty4 figs-personification 0 his righteousness sustained him “Righteousness” here is a quality that acts like a person. The word can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “he did right as he always would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ISA 59 17 c6gq figs-metaphor 0 He put on righteousness as a breastplate and a helmet of salvation upon his head. He clothed himself with garments of vengeance and wore zeal as a mantle “breastplate,” “helmet,” “garments,” and “mantle” are clothing for war and fighting. Isaiah describes Yahweh as putting these on to punish his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -3330,7 +3330,7 @@ ISA 59 19 a6vs figs-merism 0 from the west … from the sun’s rising Isaiah c ISA 59 19 s4n5 figs-simile 0 for he will come as a rushing stream Narrow valleys in Judah were dry most of the year until a sudden, heavy rain turned them into fast-moving water. When that happened there was a lot of noise and wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 59 19 v9b2 figs-activepassive 0 driven by the breath of Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which the breath of Yahweh drives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 59 20 sbk2 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 59 21 yj33 0 my words which I have put in your mouth “the message I have given you to speak” +ISA 59 21 yj33 0 my words which I have put in your mouth Alternate translation: “the message I have given you to speak” ISA 60 intro w59w 0 # Isaiah 60 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel’s restoration
This chapter pictures a time when Israel will be fully restored to Yahweh. They will be everything Yahweh intended them to be. All the nations will look to Israel and acknowledge her special relationship to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ISA 60 1 z5e6 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 60 1 dli2 figs-metaphor 0 Arise, shine; for your light has come, and the glory of Yahweh has risen on you This refers to the glorious things Yahweh has done for the inhabitants of Jerusalem. They are now to show that glory through what they do and say and have hope in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3345,18 +3345,18 @@ ISA 60 5 ku6b figs-parallelism 0 Then you will look and be radiant, and your he ISA 60 5 rnt2 0 the abundance of the sea This refers to the riches and goods that will come to Jerusalem by way of shipping, perhaps from along the Mediterranean Sea. ISA 60 5 dn2d figs-metaphor 0 be poured out to you This describes that the abundance will be like water that gushes out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 60 6 s2i2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 60 6 sn7y 0 the dromedaries “the young camels” +ISA 60 6 sn7y 0 the dromedaries Alternate translation: “the young camels” ISA 60 6 vu2u translate-names 0 Ephah an area in Arabia (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 60 7 g7av translate-names 0 Kedar … Nebaioth These are the names of areas in Arabia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ISA 60 7 vl7c figs-activepassive 0 All the flocks of Kedar will be gathered together to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Kedar will gather their flocks for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 60 7 pi4p 0 the rams of Nebaioth will serve your needs This refers to their need for sacrifices. -ISA 60 7 ec9a 0 they will be acceptable offerings on my altar “I, Yahweh, will accept them on my altar” +ISA 60 7 ec9a 0 they will be acceptable offerings on my altar Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, will accept them on my altar” ISA 60 8 tl1p 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 60 8 af2u figs-rquestion 0 Who are these who fly along like a cloud, and like the doves to their shelters? Yahweh uses questions and poetic images to draw attention here. He compares the sails of the ships to clouds and doves. This is also a picture of the Israelites returning to the country where they belong. Alternate translation: “Look, I see something like clouds moving quickly and like doves returning to their shelters.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ISA 60 9 vl72 figs-metonymy 0 The coastlands This refers to the people who live on the coastlands and describes the area of coastlands as if it was people looking out. Alternate translation: “The people from the coastlands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 60 9 liy6 0 the ships of Tarshish This expression usually means large merchant ships suitable for long voyages. ISA 60 9 z7pl 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 60 9 ywq6 0 he has honored you “Yahweh has honored you, the people of Israel” +ISA 60 9 ywq6 0 he has honored you Alternate translation: “Yahweh has honored you, the people of Israel” ISA 60 10 cy6u 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 60 11 eas5 figs-activepassive 0 they will not be shut day or night Here “day” and “night” together mean “all the time.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever shut them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 60 11 c5un figs-activepassive 0 so that the wealth of the nations may be brought, with their kings being led This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that the people of the nations may bring their wealth, along with their kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -3367,7 +3367,7 @@ ISA 60 13 e35k figs-metonymy 0 the place of my feet This refers to Yahweh’s t ISA 60 14 py1v 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. ISA 60 14 gb24 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). ISA 60 15 ihk5 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 60 15 an1x 0 with no one passing through you “with everyone avoiding your land” or “with all the foreigners avoiding your land” +ISA 60 15 an1x 0 with no one passing through you Alternate translation: “with everyone avoiding your land” or “with all the foreigners avoiding your land” ISA 60 16 njt8 figs-metaphor 0 You will also drink the milk of the nations, and will nurse at the breast of kings This refers to the wealth and plenty that will be drained from foreign nations. Both clauses repeat the same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 60 16 ygm4 0 Redeemer See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). ISA 60 16 fef8 0 the Mighty One of Jacob See how you translated this in [Isaiah 49:26](../49/26.md). @@ -3391,12 +3391,12 @@ ISA 61 1 xr6t 0 the afflicted This refers to poor people, those in great sorro ISA 61 1 n6cg figs-parallelism 0 liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison for those who are bound These two phrases mean the same thing. They state that God will certainly give freedom to captives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ISA 61 2 gds9 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. ISA 61 2 pj2e figs-metonymy 0 the year of Yahweh’s favor, the day of vengeance Both of these phrases refer to the same span of time. “Year” and “day” are both specific examples that represent the greater whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 61 2 b53s 0 year of Yahweh’s favor “time when Yahweh will act kindly toward his people” +ISA 61 2 b53s 0 year of Yahweh’s favor Alternate translation: “time when Yahweh will act kindly toward his people” ISA 61 3 c4hv 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. ISA 61 3 d5cz 0 to give … to give Isaiah repeats this for emphasis. ISA 61 3 a7bm 0 a turban “a headdress” or “a beautiful head covering.” This is a long piece of cloth that is wrapped around the head. ISA 61 3 qss6 figs-metonymy 0 oil of joy … a mantle of praise People put oil on themselves and dressed in beautiful, long robes during times of celebration and joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 61 3 x9dy 0 in place of a spirit of dullness “in place of sadness” or “in place of mourning” +ISA 61 3 x9dy 0 in place of a spirit of dullness Alternate translation: “in place of sadness” or “in place of mourning” ISA 61 3 s3uu figs-metaphor 0 oaks of righteousness, the planting of Yahweh This means Yahweh has caused the people to be strong and sturdy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 61 3 d2mz figs-activepassive 0 that he may be glorified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that the people’s lives may glorify him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 61 4 k3bl figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking using parallelisms in each line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -3435,7 +3435,7 @@ ISA 62 10 f159 0 Come through, come through the gates The phrase “come throu ISA 62 10 m5im figs-metonymy 0 Build it, build the highway The word “build” is repeated to emphasize that Yahweh urgently wants the road prepared. The “highway” represents the way the people can return. This is similar to [Isaiah 40:3](../40/03.md) and [Isaiah 57:14](../57/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 62 10 dxb2 figs-synecdoche 0 Gather out the stones “Take the stones out of the road to make it smooth.” Stones represent all the obstacles to quick travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ISA 62 10 cv7h figs-metonymy 0 Raise up a signal flag for the nations A signal flag represents something to draw the attention of others. This means Yahweh is calling the people of the other nations to take notice of the land of Israel and to see what Yahweh has accomplished as he said he would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 62 11 u2wh 0 Look “Take notice!” +ISA 62 11 u2wh 0 Look Alternate translation: “Take notice!” ISA 62 11 e6rw figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 40:28](../40/28.md). AT “the farthest places of the earth” or “the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 62 11 sa9m figs-idiom 0 the daughter of Zion “Daughter” represents the people of Jerusalem (Zion). See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ISA 62 11 n3g6 figs-parallelism 0 See, his reward is with him, and his recompense is going before him These clauses represent the same idea for emphasis. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 40:10](../40/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -3447,7 +3447,7 @@ ISA 63 1 j2ug 0 It is I Here “I” refers to Yahweh. ISA 63 2 tzm5 figs-rquestion 0 Why are your clothes red, and why … winepress? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The red on your clothing looks makes you look like you have been treading on grapes in a winepress.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ISA 63 2 nmf4 0 winepress A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice. ISA 63 3 ky69 figs-metaphor 0 I have trodden grapes Here “I” refers to Yahweh. This imagery refers to Yahweh destroying his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 63 4 ebb5 0 the day of vengeance “the time of vengeance” or “the time for vengeance” +ISA 63 4 ebb5 0 the day of vengeance Alternate translation: “the time of vengeance” or “the time for vengeance” ISA 63 4 z515 0 vengeance Yahweh will punish in an appropriate way to bring about justice. His kind of vengeance differs from man’s vengeance. ISA 63 4 p1bl figs-metonymy 0 the year for my redemption Here “year” refers to a specific time appointed by Yahweh for restoring Israel. Alternate translation: “the time for my redemption” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ISA 63 5 jj1f 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. @@ -3462,7 +3462,7 @@ ISA 63 9 xq2j 0 he suffered too Here “he” refers to Yahweh. ISA 63 9 zj13 0 the angel from his presence This is a representative who is sent from God’s presence. ISA 63 9 cf9k figs-metaphor 0 he lifted them up and carried them This refers to when God protected and saved the people of Israel from the Egyptians many years earlier. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 63 10 trm9 0 But they rebelled “but we rebelled.” Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people. -ISA 63 10 ff3h 0 his Holy Spirit “Yahweh’s Holy Spirit” +ISA 63 10 ff3h 0 his Holy Spirit Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s Holy Spirit” ISA 63 11 tt31 0 They said “we said.” Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people. ISA 63 11 xc8g figs-explicit 0 who brought them up out of the sea The story of Yahweh miraculously splitting the waters of the Sea of Reeds so that the Israelites could cross and escape the Egyptians is assumed knowledge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ISA 63 11 gjt5 figs-metaphor 0 the shepherds of his flock Leaders are sometimes referred to as “shepherds.” Alternate translation: “the leaders of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3519,7 +3519,7 @@ ISA 65 5 yf6i 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to and about th ISA 65 5 yf97 figs-metaphor 0 These things are smoke in my nose Yahweh compares these people who are continually annoying him to smoke that irritates a person’s breathing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 65 5 kfu5 figs-metaphor 0 a fire that burns all day long Yahweh compares the people of Israel to a slow-burning fire that sends out smoke without stopping as it irritates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 65 6 s3ji 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Israel. -ISA 65 6 e8dl 0 Look, it is written “Take notice and pay attention” +ISA 65 6 e8dl 0 Look, it is written Alternate translation: “Take notice and pay attention” ISA 65 6 ju68 figs-idiom 0 into their laps This means God will punish them to the fullest extent. This expression compares Yahweh punishing the people to dumping on their legs as they are sitting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 65 8 u28s figs-metaphor 0 As when juice is found in a cluster of grapes Yahweh compares the people of Israel to a cluster of grapes that still has some good juice in it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 65 8 p137 figs-activepassive 0 when juice is found in a cluster This can be stated in an active way. Alternate translation: “when you find juice in a cluster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -3545,7 +3545,7 @@ ISA 65 16 x8rm figs-activepassive 0 will be blessed by me, the God of truth Thi ISA 65 16 b3zy figs-activepassive 0 the former troubles will be forgotten … will be hidden These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will forget the former troubles, for these troubles will be out of my memory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 65 16 xcx8 figs-idiom 0 they will be hidden from my eyes “hidden from my eyes” represents the attention and memory of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will not even think about them again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ISA 65 17 ru1m 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 65 17 au5p 0 For see “Notice! Pay attention!” +ISA 65 17 au5p 0 For see Alternate translation: “Notice! Pay attention!” ISA 65 17 dn4a figs-merism 0 new heavens and a new earth Both are extremes that also represent everything between. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ISA 65 17 v792 figs-parallelism 0 the former things will not be remembered or be brought to mind Both of these clauses mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not even think about what happened in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 65 18 cdz7 figs-you 0 But you will be glad Here “you” refers to all of God’s servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -3555,7 +3555,7 @@ ISA 65 20 ars5 translate-numbers 0 one hundred years “100 years” (See: [[rc ISA 65 20 qsz1 figs-activepassive 0 will be considered a young person This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will consider him a young person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 65 20 fte4 figs-activepassive 0 will be considered cursed This can be stated this in active form. Alternate translation: “people will consider this person as cursed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 65 22 x44j 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about his faithful people. -ISA 65 22 t1rr 0 for as the days of trees will be the days of my people “for my people will live as long as trees live” +ISA 65 22 t1rr 0 for as the days of trees will be the days of my people Alternate translation: “for my people will live as long as trees live” ISA 65 23 ea83 figs-activepassive 0 they are the children of those blessed by Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they are the children of those whom Yahweh blessed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ISA 65 24 y69k 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about his faithful people. ISA 65 25 pu4h 0 holy mountain See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). @@ -3568,7 +3568,7 @@ ISA 66 2 js74 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of ISA 66 2 d8bv 0 the broken and contrite in spirit Here “broken” and “contrite” refers to a person who is truly humble and who suffers for his faith. ISA 66 3 us65 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. ISA 66 3 r9v8 figs-parallelism 0 He who slaughters … also blesses wickedness These four clauses all describe different ways evil people act and come to the same meaning for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 66 3 k536 0 They have chosen their own ways “They have chosen to do evil things that violate the ways of Yahweh” +ISA 66 3 k536 0 They have chosen their own ways Alternate translation: “They have chosen to do evil things that violate the ways of Yahweh” ISA 66 4 m1x2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the wicked people. ISA 66 4 l9qg figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in my sight Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what I consider to be evil” or “what is evil in my judgement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ISA 66 5 ssi3 figs-activepassive 0 May Yahweh be glorified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Glorify Yahweh” or “May Yahweh glorify himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) diff --git a/en_tn_24-JER.tsv b/en_tn_24-JER.tsv index c915f45734..6cbbe82281 100644 --- a/en_tn_24-JER.tsv +++ b/en_tn_24-JER.tsv @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote JER front intro l3xj 0 # Introduction to Jeremiah
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Jeremiah

1. Yahweh calls Jeremiah to be a prophet (1:1-19)
1. Yahweh will judge and punish Judah (2:1-29:32)
- Judah called to repent of spiritual adultery (2:1–6:30)
- Judah judged for its false religion (7:1–10:16)
- Jeremiah stands between Yahweh and his people (11:1–20:19)
- Jeremiah confronts his people (21:1–29:32)
1. Yahweh promises to restore Judah (30:1-33:26)
- Yahweh will bring the people of Judah back to their land (30:1–24)
- Yahweh will create a new covenant with them (31:1–40)
- The people will come back (32:1–44)
- Kings descended from David will rule again (33:1–26)
1. Jeremiah suffers (34:1-45:5)
- Before Yahweh punishes Judah (34:1–36:32)
- While Yahweh punishes Judah (37:1–39:18)
- After Yahweh punishes Judah (40:1–45:5)
1. Yahweh will judge and punish the nations (46:1-51:64)
- Egypt (46:1–28)
- Philistia (47:1–28)
- Moab (48:1–47)
- Ammon (49:1–6)
- Edom (49:7–22)
- Damascus (49:23–27)
- Kedar (49:28–33)
- Elam (49:34–39)
- Babylonia (50:1–51:64)
1. Jerusalem captured and destroyed (52:1–34)

### What is the Book of Jeremiah about?

The Book of Jeremiah gives the prophesies of a priest named Jeremiah. It also tells how Jeremiah suffered in different ways while he prophesied.

Jeremiah began prophesying about 626 B.C. After the death of King Josiah, many groups of people in Israel opposed Jeremiah. Some of these people wanted to depend on Egypt to protect the nation. Others were idol worshipers. They hated Jeremiah for denouncing their gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])

During the reign of King Jehoiakim, Jeremiah prophesied about the temple of Yahweh. King Jehoiakim received some of these prophecies in writing and burned the document. The next king, Zedekiah, put Jeremiah in prison when he told the king to surrender to Babylon.

King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia invaded Judah in 597 B.C. He conquered Jerusalem in 587 B.C. He offered Jeremiah housing and money if Jeremiah would go to Babylon. But Jeremiah remained in Jerusalem to help the few Jews left there.

Shortly after that, Gedaliah, whom Nebuchadnezzar had chosen to be governor over Judah, was murdered. Some Jewish rebels captured Jeremiah and took him to Egypt. Those rebels went to Egypt to be protected there rather than to live under Nebuchadnezzar’s rule. Jeremiah may have died soon after being taken to Egypt. But while in Egypt he prophesied that the Babylonians would invade and conquer Egypt.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

The traditional title of this book is “The Book of Jeremiah” or just “Jeremiah.” Translators may also call it the “The Book about Jeremiah” or “What the Prophet Jeremiah Said.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### Who wrote the Book of Jeremiah?

Jeremiah was a priest and a prophet living in Judah. He spoke the prophesies in the Book of Jeremiah. A friend named Baruch wrote down many of the prophecies as Jeremiah spoke them to him.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What is the new covenant that is presented in the Book of Jeremiah?

Jeremiah introduced a “new covenant” between Yahweh and Israel (chapter 31). Yahweh would “write this covenant on the hearts” of the people. This means that the covenant would be a part of the people instead of just written on stone or paper. The people would obey the new covenant with all their heart. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

### What relationship do Jeremiah’s prophecies have to the other nations besides Israel?

Much of the Old Testament before this time is only about the nation of Israel. But Jeremiah also spoke of how Yahweh would judge other nations of the world. Yahweh would also punish the other nations for their wicked deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### Are the events in the Book of Jeremiah told in the order that they actually happened?

Many of the events in the Book of Jeremiah are not told in the order that they actually happened. Instead, the various prophecies appear to be arranged by topic.

### Why does the Book of Jeremiah refer to this prophet as “he” or “him”?

Many times in the book, the author refers to Jeremiah as “Jeremiah” or “he.” This is unusual if Jeremiah wrote the book. The reason this occurs is perhaps because Baruch, Jeremiah’s secretary, wrote down some parts of the book. Translators should keep the words “Jeremiah” and “he.” JER 1 intro e235 0 # Jeremiah 1 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:4-10.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jeremiah appointed as prophet

God chose Jeremiah to be his prophet and although many powerful people would be against him, God promised to protect him. This chapter emphasizes that Jeremiah was chosen by God to be his prophet. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

### Northern kingdom
This was not a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel; it had already been conquered. It was a reference to a kingdom located north of Judah, that is, to Babylon. The Babylonian armies would attack Judah and conquer it.

### Opposition
The people were supposed to listen to God’s prophet. When he prophesied, they should have repented. Instead, they persecuted Jeremiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -JER 1 1 zm8t 0 Jeremiah son of Hilkiah, one of the priests “Jeremiah son of Hilkiah. Jeremiah was one of the priests” +JER 1 1 zm8t 0 Jeremiah son of Hilkiah, one of the priests Alternate translation: “Jeremiah son of Hilkiah. Jeremiah was one of the priests” JER 1 1 ynh2 translate-names 0 Hilkiah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 1 1 hbs3 translate-names 0 Anathoth This is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 1 1 m9zz 0 the land of Benjamin “the land that belongs to the tribe of Benjamin” +JER 1 1 m9zz 0 the land of Benjamin Alternate translation: “the land that belongs to the tribe of Benjamin” JER 1 2 qj8r figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to him This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave messages to him” or “Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 1 2 tdx8 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. JER 1 2 gg1j figs-idiom 0 in the days of Josiah son of Amon, king of Judah Here “in the days of” is an idiom that refers to the time when a king reigned. Alternate translation: “when Josiah son of Amon was king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 1 2 xy18 translate-ordinal 0 the thirteenth The word “thirteenth” is the ordinal form of “13.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 1 2 bvz7 translate-names 0 Amon This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 1 2 h452 0 his reign “Josiah’s reign” +JER 1 2 h452 0 his reign Alternate translation: “Josiah’s reign” JER 1 3 wl81 translate-ordinal 0 the eleventh The word “eleventh” is the ordinal form of “11.”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 1 3 vh91 0 It also came “The word of Yahweh also came” +JER 1 3 vh91 0 It also came Alternate translation: “The word of Yahweh also came” JER 1 3 iba7 figs-idiom 0 in the days of Jehoiakim son of Josiah, king of Judah Here “in the days of” is an idiom that refers to the time when a king reigned. Alternate translation: “when Johoiakim son of Josiah was king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 1 3 ui8x translate-hebrewmonths 0 the fifth month This is the fifth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of July and the first part of August on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 1 3 xqi2 figs-explicit 0 of Zedekiah This refers to the rule of Zedekiah. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the reign of Zedekiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 1 3 g4f3 figs-activepassive 0 when the people of Jerusalem were taken away as prisoners This can be stated in active form. It can be stated clearly that they were taken to Babylon. Alternate translation: “when the army of Babylon took the people of Jerusalem away as prisoners” or “when the army of Babylon took the people of Jerusalem as prisoners to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 1 4 vzg7 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 1 5 j2el 0 formed you “shaped you” +JER 1 5 j2el 0 formed you Alternate translation: “shaped you” JER 1 5 f9sn 0 before you came out from the womb This can also be expressed without referring to the womb. Alternate translation: “before you were born” JER 1 6 x52n 0 Ah, Lord Yahweh Here “Ah” shows Jeremiah’s fear of doing what God has said. JER 1 6 j6eh figs-hyperbole 0 I do not know how to speak Jeremiah may have been exaggerating to show his fear of speaking in public. Alternate translation: “I do not know how to speak in public” or “I do not know how to make announcements to people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 1 8 r2iu 0 Do not be afraid of them “Do not be afraid of the people I will send you to speak to” +JER 1 8 r2iu 0 Do not be afraid of them Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid of the people I will send you to speak to” JER 1 8 jk96 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration The word “this” refers to what Yahweh just said in verses 7 and 8. JER 1 8 tfp9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 1 9 gq1r figs-metaphor 0 Then Yahweh reached out with his hand, touched my mouth This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor representing Yahweh giving Jeremiah special authority to speak. Alternate translation: “Then it was as though Yahweh touched my mouth” or (2) Jeremiah was seeing a vision and Yahweh actually did this as a symbolic act of giving Jeremiah authority to speak. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh touched my mouth with his hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) @@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ JER 1 15 eu1c figs-hyperbole 0 everyone This generalization refers to the kings JER 1 15 duv8 figs-metaphor 0 will set his throne at the entrance of the gates of Jerusalem This could mean: (1) this represents ruling over Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “will rule at the gates of Jerusalem” or (2) this represents judging Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “will judge Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 1 15 j1zf figs-metonymy 0 against all the walls that surround it Setting their thrones “against all the walls that surround it” represents commanding their armies to destroy the walls surrounding Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “and they will command their armies to destroy the walls surrounding Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 1 15 d8i9 figs-metonymy 0 against all the cities of Judah Setting their thrones “against all the cities of Judah” represents commanding their armies to destroy all the cities of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 1 16 gg7p 0 I will pronounce sentence against them “I will announce how I will punish them” -JER 1 16 wrh7 0 I will pronounce sentence against them “I will pronounce sentence against the people of Judah” +JER 1 16 gg7p 0 I will pronounce sentence against them Alternate translation: “I will announce how I will punish them” +JER 1 16 wrh7 0 I will pronounce sentence against them Alternate translation: “I will pronounce sentence against the people of Judah” JER 1 16 s442 0 worshiping what they made with their own hands Since the people had made the idols with their own hands, they should have known that the idols are not worthy of worship. JER 1 17 k94h 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah. JER 1 17 qw4v figs-metaphor 0 Do not be shattered … I will shatter you Here “be shattered” represents being extremely afraid, and “shatter” represents causing Jeremiah to be extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “Do not be terrified … I will terrify you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 1 18 q32g 0 Behold! “Pay attention!” +JER 1 18 q32g 0 Behold! Alternate translation: “Pay attention!” JER 1 18 k16n figs-metaphor 0 Today I have made you a fortified city, an iron pillar, and bronze walls against the whole land Being strong like these things represents being confident and unchanging in saying what God had told him to say. Alternate translation: “I have made you strong against the whole land like a fortified city, an iron pillar, and bronze walls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 1 18 l1sl figs-metaphor 0 iron … bronze These were the strongest materials known at that time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 1 18 u7cf figs-metonymy 0 the whole land This represents all the people of the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ JER 1 19 zp53 0 They will fight against you This refers to the people of Judah JER 1 19 c3xx figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 2 intro cx16 0 # Jeremiah 2 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:1-31.

The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 2:1-3:5. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The people refuse to learn

The people worshiped other gods, particularly the fertility gods of Baal and Ashtoreth. Even when the nation was punished, the people did not learn. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor

Israel is compared to a female camel or a wild donkey for being unstable and lustful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 2 1 n8ww figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 2 2 g2d8 0 Go and proclaim in the hearing of Jerusalem “Go and speak where the people in Jerusalem can hear you” -JER 2 2 mz95 0 I have called to mind on your behalf “I remember about you” +JER 2 2 g2d8 0 Go and proclaim in the hearing of Jerusalem Alternate translation: “Go and speak where the people in Jerusalem can hear you” +JER 2 2 mz95 0 I have called to mind on your behalf Alternate translation: “I remember about you” JER 2 2 jw4x figs-abstractnouns 0 the covenant faithfulness in your youthfulness, your love The abstract nouns “faithfulness,” “youthfulness” and “love” can be expressed with the adjectives “faithful” and “young,” and the verb “love.” Alternate translation: “how, when you were young, you were faithful to our covenant, and how you loved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 2 2 p3v3 figs-metaphor 0 when we were engaged God speaks of his relationship with the people of Israel as though they had been engaged to be married. Alternate translation: “when we first agreed that we would marry each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 2 2 gl65 figs-activepassive 0 the land that was not sown This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “the land where no one had sown seed” or “the land where no food was growing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -81,14 +81,14 @@ JER 2 6 sb9y figs-rquestion 0 Where is Yahweh, who led us … lives? This rheto JER 2 6 xpu1 figs-metaphor 0 a land of drought and deep darkness A “land of drought” is a land that does not have enough water. Here “deep darkness” is a metaphor for danger. Alternate translation: “a dangerous land where there is not enough water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 2 7 e78y figs-parallelism 0 you defiled my land, you made my inheritance an abomination! These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “you sinned and made the land I gave you disgusting to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 2 7 z346 figs-metaphor 0 you defiled my land Here “defiled” represents making the land unacceptable to God. They did this by sinning against him there when they worshiped idols. Alternate translation: “by sinning, you made my land no good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 7 x8z6 0 you made my inheritance an abomination “you made my inheritance disgusting by your sin” or “by sinning, you made my inheritance repulsive” +JER 2 7 x8z6 0 you made my inheritance an abomination Alternate translation: “you made my inheritance disgusting by your sin” or “by sinning, you made my inheritance repulsive” JER 2 7 bs45 figs-metaphor 0 my inheritance This could mean: (1) God is speaking of his land as if he had inherited it. Alternate translation: “my land” or (2) God is speaking of the land he gave to Israel as if he had given it to them as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land I gave you” or “the land I gave you as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 2 8 kt1g figs-rquestion 0 Where is Yahweh? This question would have shown that they wanted to obey Yahweh. Alternate translation: “We need to obey Yahweh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 8 hl48 0 did not care about me “were not committed to me” or “rejected me” +JER 2 8 hl48 0 did not care about me Alternate translation: “were not committed to me” or “rejected me” JER 2 8 vv8y figs-metaphor 0 The shepherds transgressed against me The leaders are spoken of as if they were shepherds and the people who followed them were sheep. Alternate translation: “Their leaders sinned against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 2 8 fs7t figs-metaphor 0 walked after unprofitable things Here “walked after” represents obeying or worshiping. Alternate translation: “obeyed unprofitable things” or “worshiped unprofitable things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 2 8 b2si 0 unprofitable things Unprofitable things are things that cannot help a person. Here it refers to idols. -JER 2 9 wb2t 0 your sons’ sons “your future generations” +JER 2 9 wb2t 0 your sons’ sons Alternate translation: “your future generations” JER 2 10 m3dc translate-names 0 cross over to the coasts of Kittim Kittim was an island west of Israel. Today it is called Cyprus. It represented all the lands far to the west of Israel. Alternate translation: “go west across the ocean to Kittim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 2 10 r42k translate-names 0 Send messengers out to Kedar Kedar is the name of a land far to the east of Israel. Alternate translation: “Send messengers far east to the land of Kedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 2 11 g27j figs-rquestion 0 Has a nation exchanged gods … gods? God uses this question to tell the people of Israel that other nations continue to worship their own gods. They do not change and worship other gods. Alternate translation: “You will see that no nation has ever exchanged gods … gods.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ JER 2 20 i6lm 0 fetters chains used to restrain a person or an animal JER 2 20 e3b8 figs-metaphor 0 since you bowed down on every high hill and beneath every leafy tree, you adulterer What they bowed down to can be stated clearly. Here “adulterer” is a metaphor for someone who is unfaithful to God. Alternate translation: “You bowed down to idols and worshiped them instead of me, like an adulterous wife who is unfaithful to her husband” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 2 20 rwq2 0 beneath below JER 2 21 ppz2 figs-metaphor 0 I planted you as a choice vine, completely from pure seed God speaks of making his people into a great nation in Canaan as if they were the seed of a grapevine that he had planted. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, started you with a very good beginning, like a farmer who uses excellent seed to plant the best kind of vine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 21 w7eu 0 a choice vine “a vine of very good quality” +JER 2 21 w7eu 0 a choice vine Alternate translation: “a vine of very good quality” JER 2 21 ys3q 0 completely from pure seed Here “pure seed” is the best seed that has not been mixed with seed that is not good. Alternate translation: “that grew from excellent seed” JER 2 21 ht1q figs-rquestion 0 How then have you have changed yourself into a corrupt, worthless vine? God uses this question to rebuke his people for changing and becoming like a corrupt worthless vine. Alternate translation: “But you have changed yourself into a corrupt, worthless vine!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 2 22 d3qb figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -155,12 +155,12 @@ JER 2 31 r2gx figs-rquestion 0 Why would my people say, ‘Let us wander around JER 2 31 c46a 0 wander move around or go to different places usually without any particular purpose or direction JER 2 32 ajg9 figs-ellipsis 0 Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils The words “will” and “forget” are understood to be part of the second phrase also. Alternate translation: “Will a virgin forget her jewelry, and will a bride forget her veils” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 2 32 snl1 figs-rquestion 0 Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? God uses this question to introduce the idea of remembering things that are important to someone. Alternate translation: “You know that a virgin would never forget to put on her jewelry, and a bride would never forget to put on her veils.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 32 el7h 0 days without number “a very long time” +JER 2 32 el7h 0 days without number Alternate translation: “a very long time” JER 2 33 amu3 figs-irony 0 How well you make your way to look for love God appears to be praising his people for looking for love, but this is irony. He was showing that he was angry with them for being unfaithful to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JER 2 33 sl8c figs-metaphor 0 to look for love God speaks of his people worshiping other gods as if they were a woman who is unfaithful to her husband and is looking for other men to love her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 2 33 ymk8 figs-irony 0 You have even taught your ways to wicked women God speaks of how unfaithful his people are to him as though they were even teaching prostitutes how to be unfaithful to their husbands and find other men to be their lovers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JER 2 34 t7iw figs-explicit 0 The blood that was the life of innocent, poor people has been found on your clothes Blood on their clothes was evidence that they had killed people. Alternate translation: “The blood of innocent, poor people on your clothes shows that you are guilty of killing them” or “You are guilty of killing poor and innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 2 34 z8tn 0 The blood that was the life “The blood that represents the life” +JER 2 34 z8tn 0 The blood that was the life Alternate translation: “The blood that represents the life” JER 2 34 bb1t figs-activepassive 0 These people were not discovered in acts of burglary If they found people in an act of burglary, this might have been an excuse for killing them. But the people that they murdered were innocent. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You did not discover these people stealing things” or “But you killed them even though they were not even stealing anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 2 35 w9ip figs-personification 0 surely his anger has turned away from me Here anger is spoken of as if it were a person that could turn away from Israel. Its turning represents Yahweh’s stopping be angry with Israel. Alternate translation: “surely Yahweh has stopped being angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 2 35 w15i figs-metonymy 0 I will bring down judgment on you Here “judgment” represents punishment. Alternate translation: “I will punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ JER 2 36 s2aj 0 lightly without care or concern JER 2 36 gc4f 0 You will also be disappointed by Egypt This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Egypt will also disappoint you” JER 2 36 jiq5 figs-explicit 0 You will also be disappointed by Egypt The people of Israel will be sad because the army of Egypt will not be able protect them. Alternate translation: “You will be disappointed when Egypt does not protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 2 36 f9em figs-ellipsis 0 just as you were by Assyria The word “disappointed” is understood from the previous phrase. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “just as you were disappointed by Assyria” or “just as Assyria disappointed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 2 37 e943 0 You will also go out from there “You will go out from Egypt” +JER 2 37 e943 0 You will also go out from there Alternate translation: “You will go out from Egypt” JER 2 37 tk5j translate-symaction 0 with your hands on your head This is a symbol of shame. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 2 37 dzs3 figs-activepassive 0 so you will not be helped by them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so they will not help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 3 intro v6u2 0 # Jeremiah 3 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-5, 12-17, 19-25.

The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 2:1-3:5. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. The same is true for 3:19-4:3. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Judah told to repent

If Judah repents, God will bring the people back from the captivity into which he is going to send them. In this book, “Israel” serves as another name Judah because the northern kingdom of Israel no longer exists. The people group formed by these ten tribes had been scattered among the other nations by the Assyrians, who had conquered them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])

### Adultery
Judah’s faithlessness to God is often pictured as adultery. This is a common image in Scripture. When Judah does not worship God, their nation is spoken of as if it were a woman unfaithful to her husband. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) @@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ JER 3 3 ry2i figs-metonymy 0 you have the forehead of a prostitute The arroganc JER 3 5 gxd9 0 Connecting Statement: The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you not” in verse 4 ends here. JER 3 5 tm6g figs-rquestion 0 Will he … to the end?’ The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you not” in verse 4 ends here. God uses this question to rebuke his people for calling out to him and saying these things. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have just called out to me: ‘My father … youth! Will he … to the end?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 3 5 ks4c figs-rquestion 0 Will he always be angry? Will he always keep his wrath to the end? These questions express the people’s hope that God will not be angry with them forever. They can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “Surely he will not always be angry. Surely he will not always keep his wrath to the end.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 3 5 ad4m 0 Look! “pay attention” or “listen” +JER 3 5 ad4m 0 Look! Alternate translation: “pay attention” or “listen” JER 3 6 q6wm figs-rquestion 0 Do you see what faithless Israel has done? God uses this question to draw Jeremiah’s attention to Israel’s faithlessness. It can be translated as a command or a statement. Alternate translation: “See how faithless Israel is to me.” or “You see how faithless Israel is to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 3 6 pea6 figs-metaphor 0 She has gone up The people of Israel are spoken of as if Israel were a woman. Alternate translation: “Israel’s people have gone up” or “They have gone up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 3 6 q6pr figs-hyperbole 0 every high hill and under every leafy tree The tops of hills and under shade trees were common places for people to worship idols. The word “every” is used as a generalization to show that the people were worshiping idols in many different places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -227,15 +227,15 @@ JER 3 20 p93d figs-simile 0 But like a woman faithless to her husband, you have JER 3 20 ay61 figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “kingdom of Israel” or “people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 3 20 y4z7 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 3 21 jt6v figs-activepassive 0 A voice is heard This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People hear a noise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 3 21 n3ty 0 the weeping and pleading of the people of Israel “the people of Israel crying and begging loudly” +JER 3 21 n3ty 0 the weeping and pleading of the people of Israel Alternate translation: “the people of Israel crying and begging loudly” JER 3 21 kza9 figs-metaphor 0 they have forgotten Yahweh their God Here “have forgotten” represents neglecting or ignoring. Alternate translation: “They have ignored Yahweh their God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 3 22 y37e figs-metaphor 0 I will heal you of treachery! This could mean: (1) “heal you of treachery” represents causing Israel to stop being unfaithful to God. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to stop being unfaithful to me” or (2) “heal you of treachery” represents forgiving Israel for being unfaithful. Alternate translation: “I will forgive your treachery” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 22 n26k 0 heal you of treachery “heal you so you will stop being unfaithful to me” +JER 3 22 n26k 0 heal you of treachery Alternate translation: “heal you so you will stop being unfaithful to me” JER 3 22 z8l6 figs-ellipsis 0 Behold! We will come to you It is understood that this is what the people of Israel will say. Alternate translation: “The people will reply, ‘Behold! We will come to you” or “You will say “Behold! We will come to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 3 22 t3nz 0 Behold “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important” +JER 3 22 t3nz 0 Behold Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important” JER 3 23 az6h figs-metonymy 0 Surely lies come from the hills Here “the hills” represent the people’s worship of false gods on the hills. The people now realize that those false gods could not guide and help them. Alternate translation: “The false gods that we worshiped on the hills could not guide us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 3 23 uic1 figs-explicit 0 a confusing noise from the mountains People made a lot of noise on the hills and mountains when they worshiped false gods. Alternate translation: “We made a confusing noise on the mountains while we worshiped them, but they did not help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 3 23 n3uy 0 surely Yahweh our God is the salvation of Israel “surely Yahweh our God is the savior of Israel” or “surely Yahweh our God is the only one who can save Israel” +JER 3 23 n3uy 0 surely Yahweh our God is the salvation of Israel Alternate translation: “surely Yahweh our God is the savior of Israel” or “surely Yahweh our God is the only one who can save Israel” JER 3 24 q1yv 0 their flocks and cattle, their sons and daughters This is a list of animals and people that the people of Israel had killed and offered to the idols. JER 3 25 qy9p figs-parallelism 0 Let us lie down in shame. May our shame cover us These phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that the people are fully aware of their shameful behavior. Alternate translation: “Let us be completely humiliated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 3 25 ny7e figs-metaphor 0 May our shame cover us Being fully aware of their shame is spoken of as if shame were covering them like a blanket or a garment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ JER 4 3 u4kd figs-metaphor 0 Plow your own ground, and do not sow among thorns JER 4 4 wva4 figs-metaphor 0 Circumcise yourselves to Yahweh, and remove the foreskins of your heart Yahweh describes the people’s devotion to him in terms of the physical sign of covenant. Alternate translation: “Dedicate yourselves completely to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 4 4 pp1f figs-parallelism 0 Circumcise yourselves … remove the foreskins of your heart These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize the command. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 4 4 kf3t figs-simile 0 my fury will break out like fire, and burn with no one to quench it Yahweh speaks of becoming extremely angry as if his anger were fire. Alternate translation: “my anger will burn like a fire and no one will be able to stop it” or “I will be extremely angry, and no one will be able to stop me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 4 4 tw9h 0 fury “great anger” +JER 4 4 tw9h 0 fury Alternate translation: “great anger” JER 4 5 e8kp figs-parallelism 0 Report in Judah and let it be heard in Jerusalem These phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize the command. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 4 5 j19h figs-activepassive 0 let it be heard in Jerusalem This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “cause the people in Jerusalem to hear it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 4 5 lrv2 0 Blow the trumpet in the land The trumpet would warn the people that their enemies were coming to attack them. @@ -273,16 +273,16 @@ JER 4 9 l39s figs-metonymy 0 the hearts of the king and his officials will die JER 4 10 u3zu figs-personification 0 the sword is striking against their life Here enemies being ready to kill people is spoken of as if the sword was a person striking at people. Alternate translation: “our enemies are ready to slaughter us with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 4 11 eaf4 figs-activepassive 0 it will be said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 4 11 l2gl figs-metaphor 0 burning wind from the plains Here a “burning wind” represents a fierce and merciless enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 11 apu1 0 will make its way “will travel” or “will rush” +JER 4 11 apu1 0 will make its way Alternate translation: “will travel” or “will rush” JER 4 11 c8vv figs-metaphor 0 the daughter of my people Yahweh shows his love for his people by speaking of them as a daughter. Alternate translation: “my people, who are like a daughter to me” or “my dear people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 4 11 y4pq figs-doublet 0 It will not winnow or cleanse them The words “winnow” and “cleanse” refer to blowing away the useless skins from grain. Only a light wind was needed for that. Alternate translation: “It will not be a light wind for blowing the chaff away from the grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 4 12 xws1 figs-metaphor 0 A wind far stronger than that far stronger than the “burning wind” of verse 11. The wind is a metaphor for a fierce and merciless enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 12 s27n 0 will come at my command “will come when I command it to come” +JER 4 12 s27n 0 will come at my command Alternate translation: “will come when I command it to come” JER 4 12 rx21 0 at my command This expression in Hebrew is interpreted by some modern versions as “for me” or “from me.” -JER 4 12 y377 0 pass sentence against them “announce their punishment” +JER 4 12 y377 0 pass sentence against them Alternate translation: “announce their punishment” JER 4 13 t3g7 figs-simile 0 See, he is attacking like clouds The word “he” refers to the enemy king and his army. The great size of the army is spoken of as if they were giant storm clouds. Alternate translation: “See, great armies like giant clouds are gathering to attack” or “See, great armies are gathering to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 4 13 y26t figs-simile 0 his chariots are like a storm The enemies’ chariots are spoken of as if they were like a storm. Storms can be noisy, destructive, and fast-moving. Alternate translation: “the roar of their chariots coming is like a fierce storm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 4 13 pd5b 0 Woe to us “This is terrible” +JER 4 13 pd5b 0 Woe to us Alternate translation: “This is terrible” JER 4 13 rkz7 figs-activepassive 0 for we will be devastated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for they will devastate us” or “for they will destroy us all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 4 14 n8cb figs-metaphor 0 Cleanse your heart from wickedness, Jerusalem This is a warning to the people living in Jerusalem to repent. “Cleanse your heart” is a metaphor for removing evil from their lives. Alternate translation: “People of Jerusalem, stop being evil” or “People of Jerusalem, stop living wickedly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 4 14 wj5b figs-rquestion 0 How long will your deepest thoughts be about how to sin? This question is used to rebuke the people for always planning how to sin. Alternate translation: “Your deepest thoughts are about how to sin!” or “You are always thinking about how to sin!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -303,19 +303,19 @@ JER 4 20 eaz9 figs-activepassive 0 Suddenly my tents are destroyed This can be JER 4 20 edb5 figs-ellipsis 0 my curtains in a moment The words “are destroyed” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “my curtains are destroyed in a moment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 4 20 b4gs 0 my curtains Curtains are cloths that are hung to separate the rooms in the tents. JER 4 21 k2xu figs-rquestion 0 How long will I see the standard? Will I hear the sound of the horn? Jeremiah uses these questions to show his distress about seeing the battle flag and hearing the sound of the horn for such a long time. He wishes that the battle would end soon. It can be stated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Oh, how I wish that the battle would end, and the flag would be lowered, and the sound of the army’s horn would stop” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 4 21 cy1e 0 the standard “the battle flag” +JER 4 21 cy1e 0 the standard Alternate translation: “the battle flag” JER 4 21 bdm1 0 the sound of the horn Someone would blow the horn as a signal for battle. JER 4 22 q9tl figs-explicit 0 For the foolishness of my people … do not know to do good. It can be stated clearly that Yahweh says this. This is probably his reply to Jeremiah, telling why the battle is still happening. Alternate translation: “Yahweh replied, ‘It is because of the foolishness of my people … do not know to do good.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 4 22 ci3d 0 idiotic people “stupid people” +JER 4 22 ci3d 0 idiotic people Alternate translation: “stupid people” JER 4 23 lj51 0 General Information: Jeremiah describes a vision that God gave him about things that would happen later. JER 4 23 r4yf 0 Behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. JER 4 23 p6iz 0 formless and empty This vision is a prophecy of what the land of Israel would be like after the people were all taken into captivity. -JER 4 23 ex8r 0 there was no light for the heavens “there were no lights in the sky” -JER 4 26 y7ek 0 all the cities had been pulled down “all the cities had been destroyed” or “all the cities were a heap of ruins” +JER 4 23 ex8r 0 there was no light for the heavens Alternate translation: “there were no lights in the sky” +JER 4 26 y7ek 0 all the cities had been pulled down Alternate translation: “all the cities had been destroyed” or “all the cities were a heap of ruins” JER 4 26 zkf9 0 before Yahweh, before the fury of his wrath This indicates that all these things would happen because Yahweh was so angry with the people of Judah. -JER 4 27 zmu6 0 All the land will become a devastation “All the land of Judah will be devastated” or “all the land of Judah will be ruined” +JER 4 27 zmu6 0 All the land will become a devastation Alternate translation: “All the land of Judah will be devastated” or “all the land of Judah will be ruined” JER 4 28 a8f6 figs-personification 0 the land will mourn, and the heavens above will darken Jeremiah emphasizes Yahweh’s judgment by saying that the earth itself expresses great sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 4 28 p7nd 0 I will not hold back “I will not change my mind” +JER 4 28 p7nd 0 I will not hold back Alternate translation: “I will not change my mind” JER 4 28 nz7a figs-metaphor 0 I will not turn from carrying them out Here “turn” represents deciding not to do what he said he would do. Alternate translation: “I will not change my mind about doing what I said I would do” or “I will not refuse to do what I planned to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 4 29 s7su figs-metonymy 0 Every city Here “city” represents the people living in the city. Alternate translation: “The people of every city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 4 29 w9pv 0 cavalry a group of soldiers riding horses @@ -326,19 +326,19 @@ JER 4 30 n253 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Judah. JER 4 30 cmv6 figs-rquestion 0 Now that you have been devastated, what will you do? This question is used to tell the people of Judah that there is nothing they can do to help themselves. Alternate translation: “Now that your enemies have devastated you, there is nothing you can do to find help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 4 30 r96u figs-explicit 0 you dress in scarlet … gold jewelry … eyes … with paint God speaks of the people of Judah as if they were a prostitute making herself look beautiful in order to attract men to her. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Like a prostitute you dress in scarlet … good jewelry … eyes … with paint” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 4 30 qfd4 figs-metonymy 0 you dress in scarlet Here “scarlet” represents expensive, red clothing. Alternate translation: “you wear expensive red clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 4 30 r71v 0 adorn yourself with gold jewelry “you put on gold jewelry” +JER 4 30 r71v 0 adorn yourself with gold jewelry Alternate translation: “you put on gold jewelry” JER 4 30 z4md figs-metaphor 0 men who lusted for you now reject you God speaks of the nations that Judah had depended on for wealth and business as if they were men who lusted after Judah. Those nations would reject Judah when they see God’s judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 4 30 vu5x figs-metonymy 0 they are trying to take away your life Here “trying to take your life away” represents trying to kill the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “They are trying to kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 4 31 fqh9 figs-simile 0 distress as in the birth This simile is used to show how greatly distressed Judah will be. Alternate translation: “severe distress as in the pain and suffering a woman has while giving birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 4 31 l6l7 figs-metaphor 0 the daughter of Zion God shows his love for the people of Jerusalem by speaking of them as a daughter. Alternate translation: “my dear daughter, Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 31 j9ka 0 Woe to me “I am in great danger” -JER 4 31 r56w 0 I am fainting “I am becoming weak” +JER 4 31 j9ka 0 Woe to me Alternate translation: “I am in great danger” +JER 4 31 r56w 0 I am fainting Alternate translation: “I am becoming weak” JER 5 intro hq1g 0 # Jeremiah 5 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 5:1-31.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Hyperbole
It is possible that Yahweh is using the word “a” (meaning “even one”) as hyperbole when he states, “If you can find a man or anyone who is acting justly and trying to act faithfully, then I will forgive Jerusalem.” The purpose of this is to show how evil Jerusalem had become. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

### Rhetorical questions
Yahweh asks several rhetorical questions in this chapter. This is intended to show Jeremiah the justness of his actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 5 1 wtq8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 5 1 a164 0 Rush about through the streets “Go quickly through the streets” -JER 5 1 ig3t 0 Then look and think about this “look and find out” +JER 5 1 a164 0 Rush about through the streets Alternate translation: “Go quickly through the streets” +JER 5 1 ig3t 0 Then look and think about this Alternate translation: “look and find out” JER 5 1 qf12 0 city squares broad and open places in a city where people can gather -JER 5 1 rhm7 0 who is acting justly “who does what is just” +JER 5 1 rhm7 0 who is acting justly Alternate translation: “who does what is just” JER 5 2 y47l 0 Although they say The word “they” refers to the people of Jerusalem. JER 5 2 ey96 figs-idiom 0 As Yahweh lives “as surely as Yahweh is alive.” The people use this expression to show that what they say next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 5 3 cl5c figs-rquestion 0 do your eyes not look for faithfulness? Jeremiah uses this question to emphasize that what Yahweh really wants is faithfulness. Wanting people to be faithful is spoken of as looking for faithfulness. Alternate translation: “you look for faithfulness.” or “you want people to be faithful.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ JER 5 7 i1na 0 these people the people of Jerusalem JER 5 7 duz8 figs-personification 0 Your sons Yahweh is speaking to Jerusalem as though she were a woman who had children. Jerusalem’s “sons” represent the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 5 7 mvg1 figs-metaphor 0 I fed them fully Providing all they needed is spoken of as feeding them. Alternate translation: “I gave them everything they needed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 5 7 cc9s figs-metaphor 0 they committed adultery and walked in great numbers to the houses of prostitutes This may be a metaphor for being unfaithful to God and worshiping idols, but idol worship also included prostitution. Alternate translation: “they were unfaithful to me and went in large numbers to the houses of prostitutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 7 vq87 0 walked in great numbers to the houses of prostitutes “went in large groups to the houses of prostitutes” or “large groups of them went to the houses of prostitutes” +JER 5 7 vq87 0 walked in great numbers to the houses of prostitutes Alternate translation: “went in large groups to the houses of prostitutes” or “large groups of them went to the houses of prostitutes” JER 5 8 m3wt figs-metaphor 0 They were horses in heat … neighed to his neighbor’s wife Because the God speaks of them as if they were horses that wanted to mate with other horses. Alternate translation: “They were like horses in heat … neighed to his neighbor’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 5 8 yq1u 0 in heat ready to mate JER 5 8 u1ts 0 mate when animals breed to reproduce @@ -370,11 +370,11 @@ JER 5 9 l377 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of h JER 5 10 rwg3 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak. Here he speaks to the enemies of Israel. JER 5 10 uh17 figs-explicit 0 Go up onto her vineyards’ terraces In verses 10-13 Yahweh speaks to Israel’s enemies. This can be made clear in the quotation. Alternate translation: “You enemies of Israel, go up onto her vineyards’ terraces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 5 10 tnx6 figs-metaphor 0 Go up onto her vineyards’ terraces and destroy Yahweh speaks of Israel and Judah as if they were a vineyard and the people there were vines. Alternate translation: “Go up into Israel and Judah, which are like a vineyard to me, and destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 10 q848 0 do not bring complete destruction to them “do not completely destroy them” +JER 5 10 q848 0 do not bring complete destruction to them Alternate translation: “do not completely destroy them” JER 5 10 dtf8 figs-metaphor 0 Trim their vines, since those vines do not come from Yahweh The word “their” refers to the vineyards. Yahweh speaks of the people of Israel and Judah as if they were vines. Alternate translation: “like farmers who trim the vines of a vineyard, you must remove many of the people of Israel and Judah, because they do not belong to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 5 11 r8hw figs-metonymy 0 For the houses of Israel and Judah The word “house” is a metonym for a person’s descendants. In this case it refers to the people of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Alternate translation: “For the people of Israel and Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 5 11 b2gh figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 5 12 hy7p 0 They have spoken falsely about Yahweh and they said “They have spoken falsely about Yahweh by saying” +JER 5 12 hy7p 0 They have spoken falsely about Yahweh and they said Alternate translation: “They have spoken falsely about Yahweh by saying” JER 5 12 i2ai figs-parallelism 0 no harm will come upon us, and we will not see sword or famine These two sentences say the same thing, the second is more specific than the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 5 12 b9kn figs-idiom 0 no harm will come upon us The idiom “come upon us” means “happen to us.” Alternate translation: “No harm will happen to us” or “no one will harm us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 5 12 g399 figs-metaphor 0 we will not see sword or famine Here “see” is a metaphor for experience, and “sword” is a metonym for war. Alternate translation: “we will not experience war or famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -383,13 +383,13 @@ JER 5 13 z6ye figs-explicit 0 the word is not in them Here “the word” refer JER 5 13 nhv2 figs-explicit 0 so let what they say be done to them It can be stated clearly what kinds of things the prophets were talking about. Alternate translation: “so let the harm that the prophets talk about come to them” or “since the prophets say that bad things will happen to us, let those bad things happen to the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 5 14 r6t4 0 Because you The word “you” refers to the people of Israel and Judah. JER 5 14 x6w7 0 have said this See what the people said in [Jeremiah 5:12](../05/12.md). -JER 5 14 pet2 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you” +JER 5 14 pet2 0 see Alternate translation: “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 5 14 e41j figs-metaphor 0 I am about to place my word in your mouth Here “place my word in your mouth” represents causing Jeremiah to speak God’s message. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to speak my message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 5 14 bax7 figs-simile 0 It will be like a fire, and this people will be like wood Yahweh speaks of his message as if it were a fire, and of his people as if they were wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 5 14 th8l figs-metaphor 0 For it will consume them “For my message will consume them.” Yahweh’s message was about how he would punish his people, so he speaks as if his message would destroy them as a fire destroys wood. Alternate translation: “For when you speak my message, it will destroy the people of Israel as fire destroys wood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 5 15 hr3d 0 against you “to attack you.” The word “you” refers to the people of Israel. JER 5 15 w6v8 figs-doublet 0 it is a lasting nation, an ancient nation These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how long the nation has existed. This refers to the nation from far away that Yahweh will bring against Israel. Alternate translation: “it is a very old and enduring nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 5 15 f6kv 0 a lasting nation “an enduring nation” or “a very strong nation” +JER 5 15 f6kv 0 a lasting nation Alternate translation: “an enduring nation” or “a very strong nation” JER 5 15 c9wc figs-parallelism 0 It is a nation whose language you do not know, nor will you understand what they say These phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the Israelites do not know the language of those people. It may imply that the Israelites have not had much contact with them. Alternate translation: “It is a nation whose language you will not understand at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 5 16 ub23 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel. JER 5 16 yjs1 figs-metonymy 0 Its quiver … They are all soldiers Here “Its quiver” represents the enemy nation’s army, and the arrows in the quiver represent the soldiers in the army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -401,23 +401,23 @@ JER 5 17 ycw1 0 your sons and daughters also, and your food This could mean: ( JER 5 17 e76e 0 They will eat The word “They” refers to the army of that nation. JER 5 17 aj2t figs-synecdoche 0 They will beat down with a sword your fortified cities The sword is a synecdoche for all of the different weapons that people use in war. Alternate translation: “They will use their weapons to conquer your strong cities that you trusted to protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 5 17 fe1b 0 your fortified cities Fortified cities had a wall around them to protect the people inside from their enemies outside. -JER 5 17 evt5 0 that you trusted in “that you thought were strong enough to keep you safe” +JER 5 17 evt5 0 that you trusted in Alternate translation: “that you thought were strong enough to keep you safe” JER 5 18 hp6x 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel and Jeremiah. -JER 5 18 fq65 0 do not intend to destroy “will not destroy” +JER 5 18 fq65 0 do not intend to destroy Alternate translation: “will not destroy” JER 5 19 v6cs figs-explicit 0 done all these things to us The phrase “these things” refers to sending armies to attack them. Alternate translation: “done all these things to harm us” or “sent foreign armies to attack us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 5 19 f6pe figs-metaphor 0 Just as you … served foreign gods in your land, so you must also serve strangers Here “served foreign gods” represents worshiping foreign gods. God would punish them for serving foreign gods by making them serve foreign people. Alternate translation: “Because you … worshiped foreign gods in your land, you will have to serve foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 5 20 h8i5 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel. -JER 5 20 i1qw 0 Report this “Tell this” +JER 5 20 i1qw 0 Report this Alternate translation: “Tell this” JER 5 20 x88v figs-metonymy 0 the house of Jacob The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Translate “house of Jacob” as in [Jeremiah 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 5 20 c3ln figs-activepassive 0 let it be heard in Judah This can be expressed in active from. Alternate translation: “Let those in Judah hear it” or “announce it in Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 5 21 huc3 0 who have no understanding “who do not understand” or “who understand nothing” +JER 5 21 huc3 0 who have no understanding Alternate translation: “who do not understand” or “who understand nothing” JER 5 21 iqw3 figs-metonymy 0 you cannot see Here “cannot see” is a metonym for not understanding. Alternate translation: “you do not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 5 21 h6v9 figs-metonymy 0 you cannot hear Here “cannot hear” represents not understanding. “Alternate translation: “you do not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 5 22 y6ba figs-rquestion 0 Do you not fear me … face? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the people are extremely foolish because they do not fear Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It is foolish that you do not fear me … face!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 5 22 u7l9 figs-explicit 0 or tremble before my face The trembling would be because of fear, and being “before my face” represents being aware of who God is. Alternate translation: “or shake with fear because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 5 22 l6nf 0 I have placed a border of sand against the sea “I placed the sand as the border for the sea” +JER 5 22 l6nf 0 I have placed a border of sand against the sea Alternate translation: “I placed the sand as the border for the sea” JER 5 22 l23z figs-metaphor 0 an ongoing decree that it does not violate God speaks of the ocean not going past the border of sand as if the border were a law, and as if the ocean were a person who obeys the law. Alternate translation: “an everlasting limit that it cannot cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 22 ayh2 0 rises and falls “moves back and forth” +JER 5 22 ayh2 0 rises and falls Alternate translation: “moves back and forth” JER 5 22 kd3c figs-metaphor 0 it does not violate it “the ocean does not violate my decree.” God speaks of ocean not going past the border of sand as if the border were a law, and as if the ocean were a person who obeys the law. Alternate translation: “it does not succeed in going past the border” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 5 23 ic83 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel. JER 5 23 l32t figs-metaphor 0 this people has a stubborn heart. It turns The people’s heart represents their attitude toward God. If Yahweh is speaking to the people, this can also be expressed with the word “you.” Alternate translation: “but you people have a stubborn heart. You turn” or “but you people are stubborn. You turn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -435,15 +435,15 @@ JER 5 27 qx63 figs-simile 0 Like a cage full of birds, their houses are full of JER 5 27 ktf1 figs-metaphor 0 they grow large and become rich Here “large” represents powerful. Alternate translation: “these wicked people become powerful and rich” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 5 28 cw6j 0 they shine with well-being This could mean: (1) their skin shines because of the healthy food they eat, or (2) their body is smooth because of the muscle and fat between their bones and skin. It indicates that they eat well. JER 5 28 plb9 figs-metaphor 0 They crossed over all bounds of wickedness Doing all kinds of wicked things is spoken of as if there were a boundary separating some wicked things from things that are even more wicked. Alternate translation: “They do all kinds of wicked things” or “They even do the most wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 28 mc4l 0 They do not plead the cause of the people, or the cause of the orphan “They do not plead with the rulers to give the people and the orphans what they need” or “They do not plead with the rulers to give justice to the people and the orphans” -JER 5 28 fdb8 0 they have not given justice to the needy “they have not helped the needy by doing what is just for them” +JER 5 28 mc4l 0 They do not plead the cause of the people, or the cause of the orphan Alternate translation: “They do not plead with the rulers to give the people and the orphans what they need” or “They do not plead with the rulers to give justice to the people and the orphans” +JER 5 28 fdb8 0 they have not given justice to the needy Alternate translation: “they have not helped the needy by doing what is just for them” JER 5 29 pah8 figs-rquestion 0 Should I not punish … a nation like this? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the things that they are doing are so bad that he will no have mercy but will punish them. See how you translated a similar sentence in [Jeremiah 5:9](../05/09.md). Alternate translation: “So I will punish them, this is Yahweh’s declaration. I will certainly get revenge for myself against them.”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 5 29 s1ep figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 5 30 y4qb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak. JER 5 30 jnz7 figs-explicit 0 Atrocities and horrors have occurred This can be stated more actively. Alternate translation: “People do terrible and horrible things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 5 30 a5il figs-explicit 0 in the land Here “the land” refers to the land of Israel.’ Alternate translation: “in the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 5 31 m6tl 0 The prophets prophesy with deceit, and the priests rule with their own power These are the atrocities and horrors that are spoken of in verse 30. -JER 5 31 jd9n 0 The prophets prophesy with deceit “The prophets prophesy lies” or “The prophets tell lies when they prophesy” +JER 5 31 jd9n 0 The prophets prophesy with deceit Alternate translation: “The prophets prophesy lies” or “The prophets tell lies when they prophesy” JER 5 31 md9e figs-explicit 0 the priests rule with their own power This could mean: (1) the priests do not submit to God’s authority. Alternate translation: “the priests rule by their own authority” or (2) the priests rule according to the directions of the prophets (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 5 31 lf6j figs-rquestion 0 but what will happen in the end? “but what will you do at the end of all of this?” Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the people will regret being wicked when he punishes them for it. Alternate translation: “but in the end I will punish you and you will be regret your wicked behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 6 intro f4ic 0 # Jeremiah 6 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 6:1-30.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Gods and battle
In the ancient Near East, it was commonly believed that a nation’s gods were responsible for military victory. It may have been believed that a god would not defend an evil city. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) @@ -465,11 +465,11 @@ JER 6 4 u13f 0 General Information: A king from the attacking army is speaking JER 6 4 ejj3 figs-explicit 0 Dedicate yourselves It can be stated clearly that the kings say this. Alternate translation: “The kings say to their armies, ‘Dedicate yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 6 4 am3p figs-explicit 0 Dedicate yourselves to the gods for the battle The attacking army tries to ensure that their gods will help them during the war by performing ceremonies and making sacrifices to them. Alternate translation: “Prepare for war by purifying yourselves and sacrificing to the gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 6 4 l529 figs-metaphor 0 Arise, let us attack To arise or stand up is a metaphor for no longer watching and thinking and instead beginning to act. Alternate translation: “Let us stop thinking and begin to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 4 ldp8 0 let us attack at noon “Let us attack Jerusalem at noon” +JER 6 4 ldp8 0 let us attack at noon Alternate translation: “Let us attack Jerusalem at noon” JER 6 4 d1mc 0 It is too bad that the daylight is fading away, that the evening shadows are falling The kings say this later in the day when they want their army to keep fighting even though it is getting dark. JER 6 4 hnt2 figs-metonymy 0 the daylight is fading away The end of the day is spoken of in terms of its light becoming dark. Alternate translation: “the day is ending” or “it is beginning to get dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 6 4 su9l 0 are falling “are stretching out” or “are getting longer” -JER 6 5 jc1c 0 at night “during the night even though it is dark” +JER 6 4 su9l 0 are falling Alternate translation: “are stretching out” or “are getting longer” +JER 6 5 jc1c 0 at night Alternate translation: “during the night even though it is dark” JER 6 5 qmf3 figs-explicit 0 her fortresses People often spoke of cities as if they were women. Her the word “her” refers to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the strong buildings of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 6 6 unq2 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. JER 6 6 crp6 figs-personification 0 Cut her trees God says this to the army that will attack Jerusalem. The word “her” refers to Jerusalem; cities were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “Cut down the trees outside of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -480,16 +480,16 @@ JER 6 7 q16a figs-activepassive 0 Violence and disorder are heard within her Th JER 6 7 ky66 figs-idiom 0 sickness and wounds are continually before my face These things being “before” God’s face represents him seeing them. Alternate translation: “I constantly see sickness and wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 6 8 ctm4 figs-metonymy 0 Accept discipline, Jerusalem … make you into a ruin, an uninhabited land Here God speaks to the people of Jerusalem as if he were speaking to the city itself. Alternate translation: “Accept discipline, you people of Jerusalem … make your land into a ruin, an uninhabited land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 6 8 nn5k figs-metonymy 0 Accept discipline “Accept discipline” here is a metaphor for learning from discipline. Alternate translation: “Learn from your discipline” or “When I punish you, learn to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 6 8 vvn8 0 an uninhabited land “a land that has no people living in it” +JER 6 8 vvn8 0 an uninhabited land Alternate translation: “a land that has no people living in it” JER 6 9 sz1r figs-metaphor 0 They will certainly glean those who are left in Israel like a vineyard Yahweh speaks of the enemy attacking those who remain as if the enemy were to pick grapes that remain in a vineyard after others have harvested it. Alternate translation: “After destroying Israel, they will certainly come back to attack the people who are still alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 9 e5tr 0 They will certainly The word “They” refers to the enemy that Yahweh sends to destroy Israel. JER 6 9 kl5d figs-metaphor 0 Reach out again with your hand to pick grapes from the vines Yahweh commands the enemy to attack those who remain in Israel as if the enemy were pick to grapes that remain in a vineyard after others have harvested it. Alternate translation: “Come back and attack the people of Israel who remain” or “Like people who reach out again to pick grapes from vines that they have already harvested, come back and attack the people who remain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 10 g9ic figs-rquestion 0 To whom should I declare and warn so they will listen Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that none of the people of Israel would listen to him even after they survived the attack of their enemies. Alternate translation: “There is no one left for me to speak to and warn who might listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 6 10 uv57 0 Look “You can see it yourself” +JER 6 10 uv57 0 Look Alternate translation: “You can see it yourself” JER 6 10 p8ap figs-metaphor 0 Their ears are uncircumcised This represents their stubborn unwillingness to listen to God. Alternate translation: “Their ears are closed” or “They refuse to listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 10 n19z 0 Their ears The word “Their” refer to the people of Israel. JER 6 10 yw68 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh has come to them This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to them. He did this through his prophets. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has sent messages to them” or “Yahweh has spoken to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 6 10 p8sc 0 they do not want it “they do not want to listen to the word of Yahweh” +JER 6 10 p8sc 0 they do not want it Alternate translation: “they do not want to listen to the word of Yahweh” JER 6 11 dqg7 figs-idiom 0 But I am filled with Yahweh’s fury Jeremiah is speaking. He feels the same anger that Yahweh feels, and he speaks of being extremely angry as if he were filled with anger. Alternate translation: “I am completely angry as Yahweh is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 6 11 bdn3 figs-metaphor 0 I am tired of holding it in Jeremiah speaks of not showing Yahweh’s anger as if he were holding the anger inside himself. Alternate translation: “I am tired from not expressing this anger” or “I am tired of not doing anything about this anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 11 mm2e figs-metaphor 0 Pour it out on the children in the streets and on the groups of young men God speaks of punishing the people of Israel as if his anger were a liquid that he wanted Jeremiah to pour out on them. Alternate translation: “In anger punish the children in the streets and the groups of young men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -502,12 +502,12 @@ JER 6 12 efu6 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of JER 6 13 eyw7 figs-merism 0 that from the least to the greatest, all of them are greedy The phrase “from the least to the greatest” shows that all the people of Israel are included in the phrase “all of them,” regardless of how important they are. Alternate translation: “all of them, including the least powerful, the most powerful, and every one else, are greedy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) JER 6 13 vs6m figs-nominaladj 0 the least This refers to the least powerful and least important people. Alternate translation: “the least powerful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) JER 6 13 gwi1 figs-nominaladj 0 the greatest This refers to the most powerful and most important people. Alternate translation: “the greatest people” or “the most powerful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JER 6 13 vdj4 0 all of them “all of the people of Israel” +JER 6 13 vdj4 0 all of them Alternate translation: “all of the people of Israel” JER 6 13 qw1u figs-abstractnouns 0 are greedy for dishonest gain The abstract noun “gain” can be expressed with the phrases “get more money” or “get more things.” Alternate translation: “want to get more money by lying to people” or “strongly desire to get more things and will even trick people in order to get them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 6 13 b8dn 0 all of them practice deceit “all of them deceive people” or “all of them are liars” +JER 6 13 b8dn 0 all of them practice deceit Alternate translation: “all of them deceive people” or “all of them are liars” JER 6 14 it97 figs-metaphor 0 They have healed the wounds of my people lightly This could mean: (1) the wounds represent the problems the people have as a result of their sin. Alternate translation: “They act as though my people’s problems are not serious, like small wounds” or (2) the wounds represent the people’s sin. Alternate translation: “They acts as though my people’s sins are not serious, like small wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 14 kz57 figs-metaphor 0 They have healed the wounds … lightly Here “lightly” represents treating the wounds as if they were not serious, as if they were not difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 14 lqp6 0 ‘Peace, Peace,’ when there is no peace “‘All is well, All is well,’ but it is not well” +JER 6 14 lqp6 0 ‘Peace, Peace,’ when there is no peace Alternate translation: “‘All is well, All is well,’ but it is not well” JER 6 15 l12m figs-rquestion 0 Were they ashamed when they practiced abominations? God uses this question to show his anger that the people were not ashamed of their sins. Alternate translation: “They committed terrible sins, and they were not ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 6 15 vc8r 0 they did not know how to blush When a person is ashamed, his face normally turns red. Alternate translation: “their faces did not even turn red” JER 6 15 c3ai figs-metaphor 0 they will fall among the fallen Here “fall” represents being killed. Alternate translation: “they will be killed along with the others who are killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -523,28 +523,28 @@ JER 6 17 zs9d figs-metaphor 0 I appointed for you watchmen to listen for the tr JER 6 17 jp7i 0 appointed for you The word “you” refers to the people of Israel. JER 6 17 a3n7 0 to listen for the trumpet “to listen to the sound of the trumpet.” Yahweh speaks of his warning messages to his prophets as if the messages were a trumpet being blown to warn people about the danger that would come. The prophets were to listen to the warning and tell the people about it. JER 6 18 upm1 figs-metonymy 0 Therefore, nations, listen! See, you witnesses, what will happen to them. These two sentences are telling the people of other nations to witness what Yahweh will do to the rebellious people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Therefore, you people of other nations, listen! You witnesses, see what will happen to my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -JER 6 18 k97t 0 Therefore, nations, listen! “Therefore, nations, listen to what I am about to say!” -JER 6 18 cge9 0 you witnesses “you who are witnesses” +JER 6 18 k97t 0 Therefore, nations, listen! Alternate translation: “Therefore, nations, listen to what I am about to say!” +JER 6 18 cge9 0 you witnesses Alternate translation: “you who are witnesses” JER 6 18 zw4l 0 will happen to them The word “them” refers to the people of Israel. JER 6 19 jt8u figs-apostrophe 0 Hear, earth Jeremiah is speaking to the people of nations far away from him as if they could hear him. He is speaking as if to the earth itself. Alternate translation: “Listen, everyone who lives on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 6 19 yn3n 0 I am about to bring disaster to this people “soon I will punish these people severely” +JER 6 19 yn3n 0 I am about to bring disaster to this people Alternate translation: “soon I will punish these people severely” JER 6 19 dce8 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of their thoughts Here the word “fruit” represents results or consequences. Alternate translation: “the consequences of their thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 19 du18 figs-explicit 0 They paid no attention to my word or law, but they instead rejected it Here “paid no attention to my word” refers to not listening to what God said, and “rejected it” refers to refusing to obey God’s law. Alternate translation: “They did not listen to what I said. Instead they disobeyed my law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 6 20 p9c4 figs-rquestion 0 What does this frankincense going up from Sheba mean to me? Or these sweet smells from a distant land? God uses these questions to rebuke the people. Alternate translation: “Frankincense from Sheba and sweet smelling cane from a distant land mean nothing to me.” or “I do not want your burnt offerings of frankincense from Sheba or sweet smelling cane from a distant land.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 6 20 lzv5 0 these sweet smells People would burn sweet smelling cane as an offering to God. -JER 6 20 x7y3 0 are not acceptable to me “do not please me” or “do not make me happy” -JER 6 21 nwr1 0 See, I “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: I” +JER 6 20 x7y3 0 are not acceptable to me Alternate translation: “do not please me” or “do not make me happy” +JER 6 21 nwr1 0 See, I Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: I” JER 6 21 d486 figs-metaphor 0 I am about to place a stumbling block against this people “I am about to put obstacles in front of this people.” Yahweh speaks of the troubles that he will make happen to the people of Israel as if they were a blocks that people stumble over. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 21 wc6y figs-ellipsis 0 fathers and sons together The phrase “will stumble” is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “fathers and sons will both stumble” or “fathers and sons will both be hurt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 6 21 eq4s 0 Inhabitants and their neighbors “Neighbors and their friends” +JER 6 21 eq4s 0 Inhabitants and their neighbors Alternate translation: “Neighbors and their friends” JER 6 22 yxt3 figs-explicit 0 a people is coming Their purpose can be made clear. Alternate translation: “a people is coming to attack you” or “an army is coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 6 22 a582 figs-synecdoche 0 a great nation Here “nation” represents the army of the nation. Alternate translation: “the army of a great nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 6 22 xr58 figs-metaphor 0 is being stirred up from the farthest parts of the earth Being “stirred up” represents preparing to do something. Alternate translation: “is being prepared to come from a distant land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 23 m4uq 0 They will pick up bows and spears “The soldiers will carry bows and spears” +JER 6 23 m4uq 0 They will pick up bows and spears Alternate translation: “The soldiers will carry bows and spears” JER 6 23 bam3 figs-simile 0 Their sound is like the sea roar The loud noise that the soldiers make is compared to the loud noise of the ocean. Alternate translation: “The sound that they make is very loud, like the sound of the ocean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 6 23 xl54 figs-explicit 0 they are riding on horses, set out in order as men for battle The phrase “set out in order” means that they have organized themselves and are riding in rows. The phrase “as men for battle” indicates that they are ready to fight. Alternate translation: “they are riding on horses in their assigned rows, and they are ready to fight against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 6 24 fbb5 0 We have heard The word “We” probably refers to Jeremiah and the people of Judah. -JER 6 24 l8gs 0 our hands fall limp in distress “our hands are weak because we are anxious” +JER 6 24 l8gs 0 our hands fall limp in distress Alternate translation: “our hands are weak because we are anxious” JER 6 24 d28c figs-metaphor 0 Anguish seizes us Feeling great anguish is spoken of as if the anguish grabs them. Alternate translation: “We feel terrible anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 24 b25e figs-simile 0 as a woman giving birth The anguish that they feel because the enemy coming to attack them is compared to the anguish that a woman feels when she is about to give birth to a baby. Alternate translation: “like a woman who is about to give birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 6 25 k3f1 0 General Information: Jeremiah speaks to the people of Jerusalem. Some versions interpret this as Yahweh speaking to the people of Jerusalem. @@ -552,11 +552,11 @@ JER 6 25 n3uk figs-metonymy 0 for the swords of the enemy and terror are all ar JER 6 26 ti8u figs-metaphor 0 Daughter of my people Jeremiah shows Yahweh’s love for his people by speaking to them as a daughter. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 4:11](../04/11.md). Alternate translation: “My people, you who are like a daughter to me” or “My dear people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 26 bkm8 translate-symaction 0 put on sackcloth and roll in ashes People do these things to show that they are extremely sad. Alternate translation: “Show how sad you are by wearing sackcloth and rolling in ashes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 6 26 u1nu figs-simile 0 mourn with painful sobs as for an only son Jeremiah compares the people’s great sadness to the sadness that a mother feels if her only son dies. Alternate translation: “mourn with painful sobs as you would if your only son died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 6 26 as8r 0 for the destroyer will suddenly come upon us “because the enemy army will suddenly come to attack us” +JER 6 26 as8r 0 for the destroyer will suddenly come upon us Alternate translation: “because the enemy army will suddenly come to attack us” JER 6 27 nfn2 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to Jeremiah. God speaks of the people of Israel being very sinful as if they were silver that was full of impurities. God speaks of punishing Israel to make them stop sinning as if he were boiling silver and lead in a hot fire in order to remove the impurities from the silver. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 27 i71y figs-simile 0 one who tests my people like one would test metal Yahweh compares Jeremiah testing his people to a person who tests metal to see how good it is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 6 27 uh6e 0 their ways “their behavior” or “how they live” -JER 6 28 lmk7 0 who go about slandering others “and constantly slander other people” +JER 6 27 uh6e 0 their ways Alternate translation: “their behavior” or “how they live” +JER 6 28 lmk7 0 who go about slandering others Alternate translation: “and constantly slander other people” JER 6 28 qg4z figs-metaphor 0 All of them are bronze and iron Bronze and iron are hard metals. Yahweh speaks of the people being stubborn as if they were hard like bronze and iron. Alternate translation: “All of them are hard like bronze and iron” or “All of them are stubborn, as hard as bronze and iron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 6 29 zb2n figs-explicit 0 The bellows are scorched by the fire that is burning them; the lead is consumed in the flames God speaks of punishing his people as if they were silver and he was boiling the silver in a very hot fire. These phrases emphasize that the one boiling the metal was working very hard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 6 29 zf3z figs-metaphor 0 The bellows are scorched by the fire that is burning them The fire is so hot that it burns the bellows. This can be stated in active form. This very hot fire represents God’s judgment. Alternate translation: “The fire is so hot that it scorches the bellows” or “The punishment is so severe that it is like a fire that even burns the bellows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -567,35 +567,35 @@ JER 6 29 ujx6 figs-activepassive 0 because the evil is not removed God speaks o JER 6 30 q4md figs-activepassive 0 They will be called rejected silver, for This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will say about the people of Israel, ‘They are rejected silver,’ for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 7 intro i2dl 0 # Jeremiah 7 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of 7:29-34, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Justice in society
Jeremiah commanded the people of Jerusalem to live justly. Without justice, they did not truly have faith in Yahweh. Without this faith in Yahweh, the temple and its rituals were useless. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “Do not pray for this people”
Yahweh wanted the people to repent. This statement, and the others that follow, may be taken in another way. They are intended to show that it is too late for the people, and their punishment will come regardless of their response. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) JER 7 1 y68e figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah. He said,” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 7 2 bj92 0 all you of Judah “all you people of Judah” +JER 7 2 bj92 0 all you of Judah Alternate translation: “all you people of Judah” JER 7 3 vlv3 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. JER 7 3 f884 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 7 3 c23a 0 Make your ways and practices good, and I will let you continue “If you improve your ways and your practices, then I will let you continue” +JER 7 3 c23a 0 Make your ways and practices good, and I will let you continue Alternate translation: “If you improve your ways and your practices, then I will let you continue” JER 7 3 s5g6 0 in this place This means in the land of Judah, not in the temple. JER 7 4 e2w3 figs-rpronouns 0 Do not entrust yourself to deceitful words and say The reflexive pronoun “yourself” emphasizes the personal risk to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “Do not trust in deceitful words to protect you, saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) JER 7 4 ru5l figs-explicit 0 Temple of Yahweh! Temple of Yahweh! Temple of Yahweh! It is implied that, since the temple belongs to Yahweh and represents his presence, he will protect it and the people of Judah will be safe. Possible meanings for why **Temple of Yahweh** is repeated three times are (1) it was repeated for emphasis or (2) it was repeated as part of a temple liturgy. Alternate translation: “This is the temple of Yahweh so it is absolutely certain that no one will destroy it and we are safe.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 7 5 yex8 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. JER 7 5 b71h 0 make your ways and practices good “improve your ways and practices.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:3](../07/03.md). JER 7 5 s949 figs-abstractnouns 0 completely execute justice The abstract noun “justice” can be translated using the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “judge rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 7 6 f96n 0 do not exploit the one “treat fairly the foreigner” +JER 7 6 f96n 0 do not exploit the one Alternate translation: “treat fairly the foreigner” JER 7 6 klb1 0 orphan child whose parents have died JER 7 6 ivv5 figs-metonymy 0 pour out innocent blood Here pouring out innocent blood represents killing those not deserving death. Alternate translation: “kill innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 7 6 q1kh figs-metonymy 0 walk after other gods Here walking after is a metonym for following after with the intent to serve and obey. Alternate translation: “serve other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 7 6 q3q6 0 in this place Here “this place” refers to the land of Judah. -JER 7 7 p965 0 will let you stay “will let you continue to live” +JER 7 7 p965 0 will let you stay Alternate translation: “will let you continue to live” JER 7 7 n3ke 0 from ancient times and forever “from ancient times and continually.” This means Yahweh gave the land to the people of Judah to be their permanent possession. JER 7 8 d4gt 0 General Information: The word “you” in these verses refers to the people of Judah. JER 7 8 znm8 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. JER 7 8 s1dh 0 Behold! The word “Behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the information that follows. JER 7 9 bi95 figs-rquestion 0 Do you steal, kill, and commit adultery? Do you swear … and walk after other gods whom you have not known? These questions expect a positive answer to make the point that God knows the sins they are committing. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You steal, kill, and commit adultery. You swear … and walk after other gods whom you have not known.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 7 9 ikv4 0 swear deceitfully “lie even in your oaths” +JER 7 9 ikv4 0 swear deceitfully Alternate translation: “lie even in your oaths” JER 7 9 ps9p figs-metonymy 0 walk after other gods Here walking after is a metonym for following after with the intent to serve and obey. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:6](../07/06.md). Alternate translation: “serve other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 7 10 w19j figs-rquestion 0 Then do you come and stand … so you can do all of these abominations? This question expects a positive answer to make the point that God knows the hypocrisy of their words and actions. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Then you come and stand … so you can do all of these abominations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 7 10 ras4 figs-metonymy 0 house that is called by my name This is a metonym for Yahweh’s temple. It can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “house that belongs to me” or “temple where you worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 7 11 pb4b figs-rquestion 0 Is this house, which carries my name, a den of bandits in your eyes? This question expects a positive answer to make the point that God knows what they think about Yahweh’s temple. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This house, which carries my name, is a den of bandits in your eyes!” or “You act as though you think this house, which is called by my name, should be a place where bandits can go to hide!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 7 11 kj59 figs-idiom 0 this house, which carries my name Yahweh’s temple is spoken of as if it was carrying the name of Yahweh. This has a similar meaning to “this house that is called by my name” in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 7 11 e4vn 0 bandits violent people who steal and destroy -JER 7 11 tj9h 0 But behold, I have seen it “But I certainly have seen what you are doing” +JER 7 11 tj9h 0 But behold, I have seen it Alternate translation: “But I certainly have seen what you are doing” JER 7 11 ume9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 7 12 j5kh 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in these verses refer to the people of Judah. JER 7 12 n4ba 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. @@ -604,15 +604,15 @@ JER 7 13 m7ib figs-hendiadys 0 time and time again This hendiadys is also an id JER 7 14 g8pq figs-metonymy 0 this house that is called by my name This is a metonym for Yahweh’s temple. It can be expressed in active form. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:10](../07/10.md). Alternate translation: “this house that belongs to me” or “this temple where you worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 7 16 b1uq 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to Jeremiah about the people of Judah. In these verses, “this people” refers to the people of Judah. JER 7 16 h32v figs-parallelism 0 do not pray for this people, and do not lift up a lamenting wail or say a prayer on their behalf, and do not petition me These four clauses each mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 7 16 mpn3 0 lift up a lamenting wail “cry out with sadness” -JER 7 16 ym42 0 on their behalf “for their benefit” or “for them” -JER 7 16 d2un 0 petition me “plead with me” +JER 7 16 mpn3 0 lift up a lamenting wail Alternate translation: “cry out with sadness” +JER 7 16 ym42 0 on their behalf Alternate translation: “for their benefit” or “for them” +JER 7 16 d2un 0 petition me Alternate translation: “plead with me” JER 7 17 qn8a figs-rquestion 0 Do you not see what they are doing in the cities of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem? This question expects a positive answer and is asked to bring these things to Jeremiah’s attention. They can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at what they are doing in the cities of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 7 18 u9lk 0 kindling the fire “starting the fire” +JER 7 18 u9lk 0 kindling the fire Alternate translation: “starting the fire” JER 7 18 jc1l 0 kneading dough mixing dough by hand JER 7 18 t6z1 0 dough a thick mixture of flour and liquid used for baking JER 7 18 u6gq figs-explicit 0 the queen of the heavens This was the name of a false god. Alternate translation: “the false god known as ‘the queen of the heavens’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 7 18 sq9a 0 will provoke me “will anger me” +JER 7 18 sq9a 0 will provoke me Alternate translation: “will anger me” JER 7 19 ia89 0 General Information: In these verses, “they” and “themselves” refer to the people of Judah. JER 7 19 t7ze 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak to Jeremiah about the people of Judah. JER 7 19 ta4u figs-rquestion 0 is it not themselves whom they are provoking, so that shame is on them? This question expects a positive answer. It can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “they are provoking themselves, so that shame is on them!” or “they are troubling and bringing shame on themselves!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) @@ -620,9 +620,9 @@ JER 7 19 jj5b figs-abstractnouns 0 shame is on them The abstract noun “shame JER 7 20 ccj2 0 See This word is used here to draw someone’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 7 20 ta7u figs-idiom 0 my anger and wrath will gush out onto this place Yahweh speaks of his anger as if it were something that could be poured out. Alternate translation: “I will punish this place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 7 20 xv82 figs-doublet 0 anger and wrath These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of Yahweh’s anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 7 20 v5eu 0 gush out “pour out” +JER 7 20 v5eu 0 gush out Alternate translation: “pour out” JER 7 20 mf3h figs-idiom 0 It will burn and never be extinguished Yahweh speaks of his anger as if it were a fire that could not be put out. Alternate translation: “No one will be able to stop my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 7 20 wz4y 0 never be extinguished “never stop burning” +JER 7 20 wz4y 0 never be extinguished Alternate translation: “never stop burning” JER 7 21 bjt8 0 General Information: In these verses, “you” and “your” refer to the people of Judah. JER 7 21 i6xb 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. JER 7 21 hg9i 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). @@ -632,12 +632,12 @@ JER 7 23 ug56 figs-metaphor 0 walk in all the ways that I am commanding you Yah JER 7 24 gts3 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in these verses refer to the people of Judah. “They” refers to the ancestors of the people of Judah. JER 7 24 u79z 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. JER 7 24 mmx8 figs-doublet 0 they did not listen or pay attention These phrases mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 7 24 hex1 0 by their own stubborn plans of their wicked hearts “according to their own plans because they were wicked and stubborn” +JER 7 24 hex1 0 by their own stubborn plans of their wicked hearts Alternate translation: “according to their own plans because they were wicked and stubborn” JER 7 24 pn8b figs-metaphor 0 they went backwards, not forward This is a metaphor. This could mean: (1) they refused to pay attention to Yahweh, instead of eagerly obeying him. Alternate translation: “they went away from me instead of drawing closer to me” or (2) they got worse and worse instead of improving. Alternate translation: “they got worse instead of better” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 7 25 g7qg figs-hyperbole 0 Ever since the day when your ancestors went out from the land of Egypt until this day This is a generalization that means over this entire period of time, not every day during this period of time. Alternate translation: “From the time your ancestors went out from the land of Egypt until now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 7 25 wl88 0 I persisted in sending them “I sent them again and again” or “I repeatedly sent them” +JER 7 25 wl88 0 I persisted in sending them Alternate translation: “I sent them again and again” or “I repeatedly sent them” JER 7 26 x6ns figs-idiom 0 they hardened their necks This is an idiom that means they were stubborn. Alternate translation: “they became stubborn” or “they resisted me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 7 26 hje2 0 They were more wicked “Each generation was more wicked” +JER 7 26 hje2 0 They were more wicked Alternate translation: “Each generation was more wicked” JER 7 27 rs3g 0 General Information: The words “them” and “they” in these verses refer to the people of Judah. JER 7 27 m2j2 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. JER 7 27 nc7q figs-parallelism 0 So proclaim all these words to them, but they will not listen to you. Proclaim these things to them, but they will not answer you. These two sentences say the same thing, The second emphasizes the message of the first. Alternate translation: “Tell them my message, but they will not listen to you or answer you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -660,28 +660,28 @@ JER 7 32 dgv5 0 So see The word “see” here adds emphasis to what follows. JER 7 32 pkn1 figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when it Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” Alternate translation: “in the future … it” or “there will be a time … when it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 7 32 t424 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 7 32 ums9 figs-activepassive 0 it will no longer be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will no longer call it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 7 32 zbr4 0 they will bury bodies “they will bury dead people” -JER 7 32 tue8 0 no room left “no place remaining” +JER 7 32 zbr4 0 they will bury bodies Alternate translation: “they will bury dead people” +JER 7 32 tue8 0 no room left Alternate translation: “no place remaining” JER 7 33 xa8f 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak of his judgment on the people of Judah. -JER 7 33 mb9t 0 The corpses “The dead bodies” -JER 7 33 sc5b 0 this people “the people of Judah” +JER 7 33 mb9t 0 The corpses Alternate translation: “The dead bodies” +JER 7 33 sc5b 0 this people Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” JER 7 33 h5ey 0 the birds of the skies See how you translated “the birds of the heavens” in [Jeremiah 4:25](../04/25.md). -JER 7 33 jv9c 0 the beasts of the earth “the wild animals of the land” -JER 7 33 tf93 0 to frighten them away “to scare them away” -JER 7 34 cm8g 0 I will put an end to “I will remove from” +JER 7 33 jv9c 0 the beasts of the earth Alternate translation: “the wild animals of the land” +JER 7 33 tf93 0 to frighten them away Alternate translation: “to scare them away” +JER 7 34 cm8g 0 I will put an end to Alternate translation: “I will remove from” JER 7 34 w3gl figs-doublet 0 the sound of joy and the sound of gladness These two phrases mean almost the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. The abstract nouns “joy” and “gladness” can be translated using the verb “rejoicing” and the adjective “glad.” Alternate translation: “the sounds of people rejoicing and being glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 7 34 mbc1 figs-metonymy 0 the sound of the groom and the sound of the bride This is a metonym for what happens at marriage ceremonies. Alternate translation: “and people celebrating marriage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 7 34 t5xh figs-abstractnouns 0 will become a desolation The abstract noun “desolation” can be translated using the adjective “desolate.” Alternate translation: “will become desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 8 intro b29a 0 # Jeremiah 8 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:5-22.

The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 8:5-9:12. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Hyperbole
The author frequently uses hyperbole in this chapter to describe the complete destruction of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JER 8 1 w8bg 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak of his judgment on the people of Judah. JER 8 1 x5ig 0 they will bring This word “they” here refers to the enemies of the people of Judah. -JER 8 1 c3wu 0 its officials “its princes” or “its rulers” +JER 8 1 c3wu 0 its officials Alternate translation: “its princes” or “its rulers” JER 8 2 p4kx 0 will spread them out The word “them” refers to the bones of the people listed in the previous verse. JER 8 2 i7h2 figs-parallelism 0 that they have followed and served, that they have walked after and sought, and that they have worshiped The word “they” here refers to the people of Judah. These three phrases mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 8 2 gvn4 figs-metaphor 0 walked after This is a metaphor for serving or worshiping. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 2:23](../02/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 8 2 mxy9 figs-activepassive 0 The bones will not be gathered or buried again This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will gather their bones or bury them again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 8 2 j8lx figs-simile 0 They will be like dung on the surface of the earth The bones are compared to dung on the ground both to emphasize that they will be disgusting and because they will not be buried. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 8 2 vr8n 0 on the surface of the earth “all over the ground” +JER 8 2 vr8n 0 on the surface of the earth Alternate translation: “all over the ground” JER 8 3 w45m 0 where I have driven them The word “them” refers to the people of Judah. JER 8 3 vl6x figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 8 4 xxz7 0 General Information: The words “them” and “they” in these verses refer to the people of Judah. @@ -695,10 +695,10 @@ JER 8 5 n5b8 figs-abstractnouns 0 They hold on to treachery The abstract noun JER 8 6 y22u 0 General Information: The words “they” and “them” in these verses refer to the people of Judah. JER 8 6 v92n 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. JER 8 6 w5p2 figs-doublet 0 paid attention and listened These two things mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 8 6 sg8t 0 did not speak right “did not say what is right” +JER 8 6 sg8t 0 did not speak right Alternate translation: “did not say what is right” JER 8 6 i9mx figs-abstractnouns 0 for his wickedness The abstract noun “wickedness” can be translated using the adjective “wicked.” Alternate translation: “for being wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 8 6 yw8x figs-explicit 0 What have I done? The implied information is that this is a question that the people of Judah should have been asking. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 8 6 g12y 0 go where they wish “go their own way” +JER 8 6 g12y 0 go where they wish Alternate translation: “go their own way” JER 8 6 r6ux figs-simile 0 like a stallion rushing toward battle The eagerness of the people to follow their own evil way is compared to the eagerness of a war horse running toward a battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 8 6 j57y 0 stallion adult male horse JER 8 7 j78m figs-explicit 0 Even the stork in heaven knows the right times; and the doves, swifts, and cranes The implied information is that these types of birds know the right times to migrate, which means to fly from one place to another at different times of the year for feeding or breeding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -710,29 +710,29 @@ JER 8 8 n65d figs-rquestion 0 How can you say, “We are wise, for the law of Y JER 8 8 g95l 0 How can you say The “you” here refers to the people of Judah. JER 8 8 d131 0 Indeed, see! These words tell the hearer to pay close attention to what follows. JER 8 8 qeg1 figs-metonymy 0 The deceitful pen of the scribes The pen represents the words that the scribes write. Alternate translation: “The false things that the scribes write” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 8 8 xs9e 0 has created deceit “has given you false ideas” +JER 8 8 xs9e 0 has created deceit Alternate translation: “has given you false ideas” JER 8 9 g2b6 figs-irony 0 The wise men will be ashamed This is irony because the wise men are normally honored for their wisdom. Alternate translation: “Those men who think they are wise will feel ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JER 8 9 eb2b 0 dismayed terrified or shattered -JER 8 9 kk1b 0 Behold! “Pay attention!” +JER 8 9 kk1b 0 Behold! Alternate translation: “Pay attention!” JER 8 9 i9ya figs-rquestion 0 so what use is their wisdom? This question expects a negative answer and is intended to make the hearers think about how little what they consider wisdom is really worth when they reject Yahweh’s word. Alternate translation: “so what they think is wise does not do them any good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 8 10 n8yx 0 because from the least to the greatest, all of them are greedy for dishonest gain! From the prophet to the priest, all of them practice deceit See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:13](../06/13.md). JER 8 10 eq1m figs-merism 0 because from the least to the greatest, all of them are greedy The phrase “from the least to the greatest” shows that all the people of Judah are included in the phrase “all of them,” regardless of how important they are. Alternate translation: “because all of them, including the least powerful, the most powerful, and everyone else, are greedy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) JER 8 10 by2f figs-nominaladj 0 the least This refers to the least powerful and least important people. Alternate translation: “the least powerful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) JER 8 10 m98v figs-nominaladj 0 the greatest This refers to the most powerful and most important people. Alternate translation: “the greatest people” or “the most powerful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JER 8 10 ry2p 0 all of them “all of the people of Judah” +JER 8 10 ry2p 0 all of them Alternate translation: “all of the people of Judah” JER 8 10 c6bc figs-abstractnouns 0 are greedy for dishonest gain The abstract noun “gain” can be expressed with the phrases “get more money” or “get more things.” Alternate translation: “want to get more money by lying to people” or “strongly desire to get more things and will even trick people in order to get them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 8 10 me66 0 all of them practice deceit “all of them deceive people” or “all of them are liars” +JER 8 10 me66 0 all of them practice deceit Alternate translation: “all of them deceive people” or “all of them are liars” JER 8 11 a894 0 General Information: The words “they,” “their” and “them” in these verses refer to the people of Judah. JER 8 11 f7ex 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. JER 8 11 t6ta figs-metaphor 0 They healed the wounds of my people lightly This could mean: (1) the wounds represent the problems the people have as a result of their sin. Alternate translation: “They act as though my people’s problems are not serious, like small wounds” or (2) the wounds represent the people’s sin. Alternate translation: “They act as though my people’s sins are not serious, like small wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 8 11 t1ge figs-metaphor 0 They healed the wounds … lightly Here “lightly” represents treating the wounds as if they were not serious, as if they were not difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 8 11 mjy3 0 “Peace, Peace,” when there was no peace “‘All is well, All is well,’ but it was not well” +JER 8 11 mjy3 0 Alternate translation: “Peace, Peace,” when there was no peace “‘All is well, All is well,’ but it was not well” JER 8 12 j556 figs-rquestion 0 Were they ashamed when they practiced abominations? God uses this question to show his anger that the people were not ashamed of their sins. Alternate translation: “They committed terrible sins, and they were not ashamed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 8 12 a8qy 0 they did not know how to blush “their faces did not even turn red.” When a person is ashamed, his face normally turns red. JER 8 12 m1ix figs-metaphor 0 they will fall among the fallen Here “fall” represents being killed. Alternate translation: “they will be killed along with the others who are killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 8 12 x1y2 figs-metaphor 0 they will be brought down when they are punished Here “will be brought down” represents being destroyed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will destroy them when I punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 8 13 b972 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 8 13 yf5y 0 the leaf will wither “the leaf will dry up” +JER 8 13 yf5y 0 the leaf will wither Alternate translation: “the leaf will dry up” JER 8 13 qr8u 0 what I have given to them will pass away The meaning of the original text is uncertain here. JER 8 14 fx4e 0 General Information: The words “we,” “us” and “our” refer to the people of Judah. JER 8 14 nn25 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message by telling us what the people of Judah will say at the time of their punishment. @@ -741,18 +741,18 @@ JER 8 14 bl3v 0 Come together; let us go to the fortified cities The “fortif JER 8 14 vsn4 figs-metaphor 0 we will become silent there in death Here “become silent” means to die. Alternate translation: “let us die there” or “let us wait for our enemies to kill us there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 8 14 pv27 figs-metaphor 0 For Yahweh our God will silence us Here “silence” is a metaphor for condemning to death. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh our God has condemned us to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 8 14 tg23 figs-idiom 0 He will make us drink poison This is an idiom for Yahweh’s judgment on his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 8 15 cpw9 0 but there will be nothing good “but nothing good will happen” -JER 8 15 i77n 0 but see “but understand” +JER 8 15 cpw9 0 but there will be nothing good Alternate translation: “but nothing good will happen” +JER 8 15 i77n 0 but see Alternate translation: “but understand” JER 8 16 fvu7 0 General Information: The words “his” and “they” in these verses refer to the enemies of Judah. JER 8 16 s1ew 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message about the punishment coming to Judah. JER 8 16 ck4x figs-activepassive 0 The snorting of his stallions is heard from Dan This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Dan hear the snorting of his stallions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 8 16 qq3k 0 snorting a loud sound that a horse makes with its nose JER 8 16 x69l 0 stallions adult male horses JER 8 16 v3by figs-hyperbole 0 The whole earth shakes This is an exaggeration that is a metaphor for the people of Judah trembling with fear. Alternate translation: “All the people of the land shake with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 8 16 hjp2 0 at the sound of the neighing of his strong horses “when they hear the sound of the enemy’s strong horses” +JER 8 16 hjp2 0 at the sound of the neighing of his strong horses Alternate translation: “when they hear the sound of the enemy’s strong horses” JER 8 16 x6ln 0 neighing a sound that a horse makes JER 8 16 a2w1 figs-idiom 0 they will come and consume Here the word “consume” means to eat up. It is an idiom for how the enemies come and destroy the land and its inhabitants. Alternate translation: “they will come and destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 8 17 ns7j 0 For see “Now pay attention” +JER 8 17 ns7j 0 For see Alternate translation: “Now pay attention” JER 8 17 nvi3 0 vipers that you cannot charm To charm means to sing or make music in order to control snakes. JER 8 17 ma3y figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 8 18 f7zw 0 General Information: Jeremiah and Yahweh have a conversation about the people of Judah. @@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ JER 8 19 r91i figs-parallelism 0 Is Yahweh not in Zion? Is her king no longer t JER 8 19 i1se figs-rquestion 0 Why then do they provoke me to anger with their carved figures and their worthless foreign idols? The word “me” refers to Yahweh. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If they want me to save them, then they must not offend me with their carved figures.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 8 20 i3bj 0 General Information: The word “we” refers to the people of Judah. The words “I” and “my” refer to Jeremiah. JER 8 20 f1z4 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues talking about the people of Judah. -JER 8 20 ey1x 0 The harvest has passed on “Harvest time is over” +JER 8 20 ey1x 0 The harvest has passed on Alternate translation: “Harvest time is over” JER 8 20 d3mu figs-activepassive 0 But we have not been saved Jeremiah tells what the people of Judah are saying. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh has not saved us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 8 21 epc5 figs-parallelism 0 I am hurt because of the hurt of the daughter of my people. I mourn at the horrible things that have happened to her; I am dismayed These statements express the same idea in more than one way for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 8 22 j9cz figs-rquestion 0 Is there no medicine in Gilead? Is there no healer there? Why will the healing of the daughter of my people not happen? These questions are asked to make the point that the people of Judah have not been saved. Alternate translation: “There is medicine in Gilead, and there are healers there, so tell me why the healing of my dear people will not happen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -778,21 +778,21 @@ JER 9 1 x4zd figs-metaphor 0 the daughter of my people Yahweh shows his love fo JER 9 1 gx7s figs-activepassive 0 who have been killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom the enemy has killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 9 2 m5fi 0 If only someone would give me “I wish someone would give me.” This is still Jeremiah speaking. JER 9 2 t6vy 0 a place for travelers in the wilderness to stay This refers to a building for people traveling in the wilderness, where they can stop and sleep overnight. -JER 9 2 l2ci 0 abandon my people “leave my people” -JER 9 2 y2h4 0 a band of traitors “a group of people who betray other people” +JER 9 2 l2ci 0 abandon my people Alternate translation: “leave my people” +JER 9 2 y2h4 0 a band of traitors Alternate translation: “a group of people who betray other people” JER 9 3 m7dg 0 Yahweh declares See how you translated “this is Yahweh’s declaration” in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). JER 9 3 dkt1 figs-metaphor 0 They tread on their bows of lies with their tongues Telling lies is spoken of as being done by the tongues of the wicked. Also, since a spoken lie cannot be taken back, telling lies is spoken of as if it were shooting arrows. Men who use bows must step on their bows in order to fasten the bowstrings, so liars are referred to here as if they were stringing their bows using their tongues. Alternate translation: “Their lies are like arrows that they shoot with the tongues” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 9 3 q5qh figs-irony 0 but it is not because of any faithfulness of theirs that they grow strong on the earth “They do not grow strong on the earth because they are faithful to Yahweh, as they are wicked” and “This means that the people are not faithful to Yahweh, but rather are wicked and have gained their power through wickedness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JER 9 3 vc82 figs-metaphor 0 They go from one wicked act to another Committing one evil action after another is spoken of as if the evildoers were going from one action to another. Alternate translation: “They keep doing evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 9 4 m87i 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking with Jeremiah about the people of Judah. JER 9 4 i6ut 0 Each of you The word “you” refers to the people of Judah. -JER 9 4 zbn4 0 be on guard against your neighbor and do not trust in any brother “be careful not to trust your fellow Israelites, and do not even trust your own brother” +JER 9 4 zbn4 0 be on guard against your neighbor and do not trust in any brother Alternate translation: “be careful not to trust your fellow Israelites, and do not even trust your own brother” JER 9 4 n2fi figs-idiom 0 every neighbor walks in slander Here “walking” is an idiom for living. Alternate translation: “every neighbor slanders one another” or “every neighbor is a slanderer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 9 5 t4rw 0 Each man mocks his neighbor and does not speak the truth “All of the people mock each other, and they do not tell the truth” +JER 9 5 t4rw 0 Each man mocks his neighbor and does not speak the truth Alternate translation: “All of the people mock each other, and they do not tell the truth” JER 9 5 w9wa figs-synecdoche 0 Their tongues teach deceitful things Here people are represented by their “tongues” to emphasize their speech. Alternate translation: “They teach deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 9 5 k167 0 They are exhausted from committing iniquity “They are tired from committing so much sin” +JER 9 5 k167 0 They are exhausted from committing iniquity Alternate translation: “They are tired from committing so much sin” JER 9 6 kdu3 figs-metaphor 0 Your dwelling is in the midst of deception Yahweh speaks of living among people who are liars as living in the middle of deception. Alternate translation: “Your dwelling is among the dwellings of liars” or “You dwell in the midst of liars” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 9 6 ijp7 0 in their deceit “By telling all of these lies” +JER 9 6 ijp7 0 in their deceit Alternate translation: “By telling all of these lies” JER 9 6 ra6u figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 9 7 n1gs 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak about the people of Judah. JER 9 7 l451 figs-idiom 0 See Yahweh uses this word here to draw Jeremiah’s attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -806,35 +806,35 @@ JER 9 9 fm1d figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of h JER 9 10 p4rg 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Judah. In verse 12, Jeremiah makes a comment. JER 9 10 zfu4 figs-parallelism 0 I will sing a song of mourning … a funeral song will be sung for the meadows Yahweh is mourning for the land of Israel as if it were a person who died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 9 10 s5s7 figs-activepassive 0 a funeral song will be sung This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will sing a funeral song” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 9 10 xf64 0 the meadows “the fields of grass that the livestock eats” +JER 9 10 xf64 0 the meadows Alternate translation: “the fields of grass that the livestock eats” JER 9 10 x2nb figs-activepassive 0 For they are burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Because someone has burned the meadows and pastures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 9 10 dv5k 0 They will not hear the sound of any cattle “Nobody will hear the sound of cattle there” +JER 9 10 dv5k 0 They will not hear the sound of any cattle Alternate translation: “Nobody will hear the sound of cattle there” JER 9 11 mp5y 0 a hideout for jackals “a place for jackals to hide.” Jackals are fierce wild dogs. -JER 9 11 har1 0 places without inhabitants “places where no people live” +JER 9 11 har1 0 places without inhabitants Alternate translation: “places where no people live” JER 9 12 lun7 figs-rquestion 0 What man is wise enough to understand this? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only a very wise person will understand the things he has said. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only people who are very wise can understand these things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 9 12 dem8 figs-rquestion 0 To whom has the mouth of Yahweh spoken, and he will declare it? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only the people he has spoken to can declare these things. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only those who have been taught by Yahweh can explain these things to others.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 9 12 r7i9 figs-synecdoche 0 the mouth of Yahweh Here Yahweh’s speech is represented by his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 9 12 ru4f figs-rquestion 0 Why has the land perished and been destroyed … pass through? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only a wise person could explain why the land has been destroyed. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only a wise person could explain why the land has perished and been destroyed … pass through.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 9 12 x8mt figs-activepassive 0 has the land perished and been destroyed This can be stated in active form. Both “perished” and “been ruined” describe the land being ruined. Alternate translation: “is the land ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 9 13 nkx8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Judah. -JER 9 13 v98g 0 It is because “These things will happen because” +JER 9 13 v98g 0 It is because Alternate translation: “These things will happen because” JER 9 13 dqx8 figs-metaphor 0 they have abandoned my law Yahweh speaks of the people not obeying his law as if it were something that they had walked away from. Alternate translation: “they have rejected my law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 9 13 maj3 figs-metonymy 0 they do not listen to my voice Here Yahweh’s “voice” represents what he says. Alternate translation: “they do not pay attention to the things I tell them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 9 13 cf6h figs-idiom 0 or walk by it Here “walk” is an idiom for “live.” Alternate translation: “or live the way I tell them to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 9 14 d459 figs-metonymy 0 they have walked by their stubborn hearts Here the people’s “stubborn hearts” represent their stubborn desires and stubborn will. Also, here “walked” represents living. Alternate translation: “they have been stubborn and lived the way they want to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 9 14 upa5 0 have followed the Baals “have worshiped the Baals” +JER 9 14 upa5 0 have followed the Baals Alternate translation: “have worshiped the Baals” JER 9 15 rz7x 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Judah. JER 9 15 bg34 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 9 15 za9v figs-idiom 0 See Yahweh uses this word here to draw the people’s attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 9 15 s4r8 0 wormwood a plant that tastes bitter -JER 9 16 nyj4 0 Then I will scatter them among the nations “Then I will force them to leave here and live in many different countries” +JER 9 16 nyj4 0 Then I will scatter them among the nations Alternate translation: “Then I will force them to leave here and live in many different countries” JER 9 16 axn5 figs-ellipsis 0 neither they nor their ancestors The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: “that neither they nor their ancestors have known” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 9 16 w74v figs-metonymy 0 I will send out a sword after them Here the word “sword” refers to an enemy army. Alternate translation: “I will send an army of soldiers to fight against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 9 16 bq4y figs-metonymy 0 I have completely destroyed them This is a metonym for Yahweh causing the people’s enemies to destroy them. Alternate translation: “I have caused their enemies to completely destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 9 17 lv4i 0 General Information: Yahweh tells the people of Judah to mourn for the coming destruction of the land. JER 9 17 ict2 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 9 17 air9 figs-parallelism 0 Summon funeral singers; let them come … Send out for women skilled at lamenting; let them come These two phrases have the same meaning. They emphasize that they are to call funeral singers to come. Alternate translation: “Get women who are trained in mourning and bring those women here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 9 17 d5sd 0 Summon funeral singers “Call women who are professional singers at funerals” +JER 9 17 d5sd 0 Summon funeral singers Alternate translation: “Call women who are professional singers at funerals” JER 9 17 u7sp figs-idiom 0 let them come This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “tell the women to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 9 17 j5jq figs-metonymy 0 Send out for women skilled at lamenting The phrase “send out for” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Send people out to get women who are skilled at mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 9 18 ln9m figs-exclusive 0 Let them hurry and sing a mournful song … and our eyelids flow with water Here Yahweh says what the people of Judah will say when the destruction comes. The words “us” and “our” refer to the people of Judah and does not include Yahweh. This may be written instead as a command from Yahweh to the people. Alternate translation: “Tell them to hurry and sing a song to mourn for you, so your eyes may run with tears and your eyelids flow with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) @@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ JER 9 18 fft6 figs-explicit 0 so our eyes may run with tears and our eyelids fl JER 9 19 g4rv 0 General Information: Here Yahweh is saying what the people of Judah will say when he destroys the land. JER 9 19 la1m figs-activepassive 0 For the sound of wailing is heard in Zion This refers to the people of Zion wailing loudly and can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion are crying loudly, saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 9 19 s2nn figs-idiom 0 How we are devastated Yahweh tells what the people of Judah will say when the land is destroyed. Alternate translation: “We are very upset” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 9 19 g3w7 0 We are greatly ashamed, for we have abandoned the land since they tore down our houses “Our shame is great, because enemies destroyed our houses and we had to leave the land of Israel” +JER 9 19 g3w7 0 We are greatly ashamed, for we have abandoned the land since they tore down our houses Alternate translation: “Our shame is great, because enemies destroyed our houses and we had to leave the land of Israel” JER 9 20 n18s figs-parallelism 0 hear Yahweh’s word; pay attention to the messages that come from his mouth These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the command to listen to what Yahweh says. In the second phrase Yahweh’s “mouth” is a metonym for himself. Alternate translation: “listen to what Yahweh says. Pay attention to his words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 9 20 hr1b figs-ellipsis 0 each neighbor woman a funeral song The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: “teach each neighbor woman a funeral song” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 9 21 ruq9 0 General Information: Here Yahweh is saying what the people of Judah will say when he destroys the land. @@ -853,11 +853,11 @@ JER 9 22 b1lf figs-123person 0 This is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of JER 9 22 tfy4 figs-parallelism 0 the corpses of men will fall like dung … like grain stalks after the reapers These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the large number dead bodies. Alternate translation: “dead bodies will fall all over the place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 9 22 q61w figs-simile 0 corpses of men will fall like dung in the fields This describes the great number of people who will die, by comparing their bodies to dung that falls in the fields. Alternate translation: “dead bodies will drop everywhere like animal dung falls all over the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 9 22 j451 figs-simile 0 like grain stalks after the reapers This describes the great number of people who will die, by comparing their bodies to cut stalks of grain. Alternate translation: “like stalks of grain fall everywhere after the farmers cut them down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 9 22 hyq6 0 there will be no one to gather them “there will be nobody to gather the dead bodies” +JER 9 22 hyq6 0 there will be no one to gather them Alternate translation: “there will be nobody to gather the dead bodies” JER 9 23 v41m 0 General Information: These are the words of Yahweh. -JER 9 23 cbr4 0 Do not let the wise man take pride in his wisdom “A wise man should not be proud because he is wise” +JER 9 23 cbr4 0 Do not let the wise man take pride in his wisdom Alternate translation: “A wise man should not be proud because he is wise” JER 9 23 r3w7 figs-ellipsis 0 or the warrior in his might The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: “or let the warrior take pride in his might” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 9 23 mi8d 0 Do not let the wealthy man take pride in his riches “A rich man should not be proud because he is rich” +JER 9 23 mi8d 0 Do not let the wealthy man take pride in his riches Alternate translation: “A rich man should not be proud because he is rich” JER 9 24 vub7 figs-parallelism 0 has insight and knows me “understands who I am and knows me.” Both of these phrases have similar meanings. They emphasize people knowing who Yahweh is and understanding who he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 9 24 eht9 figs-explicit 0 For I am Yahweh This refers to people knowing Yahweh and his ways. Alternate translation: “Because people should understand that I am Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 9 24 ccv3 0 For it is in these that I take pleasure The word “these” refers to covenant loyalty, justice, and righteousness. @@ -870,11 +870,11 @@ JER 9 26 siw4 figs-metonymy 0 For all these nations are uncircumcised The word JER 9 26 l471 figs-metonymy 0 all the house of Israel has an uncircumcised heart The “heart” represents a person’s will and desires. An “uncircumcised heart” represents the character of a person that does not follow Yahweh and his laws. Also, the “house” of Israel refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “all the people of Israel are only circumcised on the outside and have not changed their hearts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 10 intro v6xy 0 # Jeremiah 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 10:1-25 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a long quotation.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s power
This chapter contrasts the great power of Yahweh with the powerlessness of any other false god. It is intended to question why the Jews would worship any other god. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) JER 10 1 v6qy 0 General Information: Yahweh has just reminded the people of Judah, as well as Egypt, Edom, Ammon, Moab and all people, that they will be punished. -JER 10 1 d4ld 0 Hear the word “Hear the message” +JER 10 1 d4ld 0 Hear the word Alternate translation: “Hear the message” JER 10 1 str3 figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel Here the “house” of Israel represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 10 2 zcj4 0 Do not learn the ways of the nations “Do not act like the other nations act” +JER 10 2 zcj4 0 Do not learn the ways of the nations Alternate translation: “Do not act like the other nations act” JER 10 2 v9aa 0 dismayed worried or upset -JER 10 2 cej6 0 by the signs in the heavens “by strange things in the sky” +JER 10 2 cej6 0 by the signs in the heavens Alternate translation: “by strange things in the sky” JER 10 2 f2sy figs-activepassive 0 for the nations are dismayed by these Here “the nations” refer to the people who live in them. This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “for the people of the nations are afraid of the strange things they see in the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 10 3 d8ux 0 General Information: Yahweh has just reminded them not to learn the ways of the nations nor be worried by things that happen in the sky. JER 10 3 t24u 0 craftsman a man skilled in his work @@ -884,16 +884,16 @@ JER 10 5 s7ty figs-activepassive 0 they have to be carried This can be stated i JER 10 6 gd4l 0 General Information: Jeremiah has just been talking about idol worship. JER 10 6 n439 figs-metonymy 0 your name is great in power Here Yahweh’s “name” refers to himself and his reputation. Alternate translation: “you are very powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 10 7 c4dh figs-rquestion 0 Who does not fear you, king of the nations? Jeremiah asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that everyone should fear Yahweh. Here he refers to Yahweh as “king of the nations.” This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Everyone should fear you, king of the nations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 10 7 d3y9 0 what you deserve “what you have earned” +JER 10 7 d3y9 0 what you deserve Alternate translation: “what you have earned” JER 10 8 p37g figs-doublet 0 They are all the same, they are brutish and stupid, disciples The words “brutish” and “stupid” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how foolish the people are for worshiping idols. Alternate translation: “They are all very stupid, they are disciples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 10 8 hm7c 0 disciples of idols that are nothing but wood “they try to learn from an idol which is only a piece of wood” +JER 10 8 hm7c 0 disciples of idols that are nothing but wood Alternate translation: “they try to learn from an idol which is only a piece of wood” JER 10 9 ni29 translate-names 0 Tarshish … Uphaz places where silver and gold are mined (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 10 9 zr2p figs-activepassive 0 gold from Uphaz made by artificers, the hands of refiners This can be stated in active form. Also, the refiners are represented here by their “hands” because they do their work with their hands. Alternate translation: “gold from Uphaz that skilled craftsmen and refiners have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 10 9 a9y4 0 artificers “skilled craftsmen” +JER 10 9 a9y4 0 artificers Alternate translation: “skilled craftsmen” JER 10 9 xa2h 0 refiners people who heat gold to remove from it anything that is not gold -JER 10 9 e22z 0 Their clothes are blue and purple cloth “The people dress the idols in blue and purple cloth” +JER 10 9 e22z 0 Their clothes are blue and purple cloth Alternate translation: “The people dress the idols in blue and purple cloth” JER 10 10 mm4u figs-personification 0 The earth quakes at his anger This speaks of the earth shaking as an emotional response to Yahweh’s anger, when actually Yahweh causes the earth to quake. Alternate translation: “The earth quakes when he is angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 10 10 re97 0 quakes “shakes” +JER 10 10 re97 0 quakes Alternate translation: “shakes” JER 10 11 ng9f 0 General Information: God is speaking to Jeremiah. JER 10 11 bq56 0 You will speak to them like this The word “you” refers to the Israelites and the word “them” refers to the people of the other nations. JER 10 11 csc7 figs-metaphor 0 will perish from the earth This speaks of the idols disappearing and losing their significance as if they were dying. This emphasizes their lack of power. Alternate translation: “will disappear from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -902,17 +902,17 @@ JER 10 13 hlz6 figs-metonymy 0 His voice makes the roar of waters in the heaven JER 10 13 b87n figs-explicit 0 he brings up the mists from the ends of the earth This means that he causes the mists to evaporate and form clouds. The phrase “the ends of the earth” refers to all of the earth. Alternate translation: “he causes clouds to form over every part of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 10 13 y78p figs-metaphor 0 sends out wind from his storehouse This speaks of Yahweh causing the wind to blow as if the wind were kept in a storehouse and brought out when he desires. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 10 13 h3h9 0 storehouse a building where things are kept -JER 10 14 rb7t 0 has become ignorant “is lacking knowledge” or “does not know” +JER 10 14 rb7t 0 has become ignorant Alternate translation: “is lacking knowledge” or “does not know” JER 10 14 up7n figs-activepassive 0 Every metalworker is put to shame by his idols This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Every metalworker’s idols put him to shame” or “As for every metalworker, his idols shame him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 10 15 l8cb figs-personification 0 they will perish at the time of their punishment This speaks of the final destruction of the idols. Alternate translation: “there will be a time when God will destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 10 16 gc2y figs-metonymy 0 the portion of Jacob Here “Jacob” represents the people of Israel. God being their “portion” is an idiom that means that they worship him. Alternate translation: “the portion of Israel” or “whom the people of Israel worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 10 16 q8sb 0 the molder of all things “the creator of all things” or “the one who created all things” +JER 10 16 q8sb 0 the molder of all things Alternate translation: “the creator of all things” or “the one who created all things” JER 10 16 p7kl figs-metaphor 0 Israel is the tribe of his inheritance This speaks of Israel belonging to Yahweh as if it were something that Yahweh gained through inheritance. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Israel belongs to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 17 hm4j 0 Gather your bundle “Gather your belongings” -JER 10 17 g8r9 0 who have been living under the siege “whose city has been surrounded by your enemies’ army” or “who have been living in your city while an enemy army surrounds it” +JER 10 17 hm4j 0 Gather your bundle Alternate translation: “Gather your belongings” +JER 10 17 g8r9 0 who have been living under the siege Alternate translation: “whose city has been surrounded by your enemies’ army” or “who have been living in your city while an enemy army surrounds it” JER 10 18 h5w8 figs-idiom 0 See Yahweh uses this word here to draw the peoples’ attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 10 18 yy6k figs-metaphor 0 I am about to throw the inhabitants of the land out this time Here Yahweh speaks of causing the people to leave the land as if they were objects that he were throwing out of a container. Alternate translation: “I will cause the people living in the land to leave that land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 18 bz7p 0 inhabitants of the land “people who live in the land” +JER 10 18 bz7p 0 inhabitants of the land Alternate translation: “people who live in the land” JER 10 18 ku2a 0 distress great pain or suffering JER 10 19 wud3 figs-synecdoche 0 General Information: Jeremiah is speaking as if he were the whole tribe of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 10 19 k8py figs-metaphor 0 Woe to me! Because of my broken bones, my wound is infected Jeremiah speaks of the peoples’ distress as if they were physically wounded by broken bones and infection. Alternate translation: “Woe to us! It is as though we have broken bones and an infected wound” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -931,34 +931,34 @@ JER 10 23 iqa8 figs-parallelism 0 that the way of a man does not come from hims JER 10 25 kfn6 figs-metaphor 0 Pour your fury on the nations Here “the nations” refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “In your fury, punish the nations” or “In your anger, punish the nations of the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 10 25 pi1m figs-idiom 0 that do not call on your name This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that do not worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 10 25 b1zn figs-parallelism 0 For they have devoured Jacob and consumed him so as to completely destroy him These three phrases have the same meaning. Jeremiah repeats this idea three times to emphasize the utter destruction of Israel. This speaks of the enemy armies attacking the people of Israel as if the armies were a fierce animal attacking and devouring its prey. Alternate translation: “For they have fiercely attacked the people of Israel and consumed them so as to completely destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 25 z8p8 0 demolish his habitation “demolish their homes” +JER 10 25 z8p8 0 demolish his habitation Alternate translation: “demolish their homes” JER 11 intro tg7m 0 # Jeremiah 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 11:15-17, 20.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The covenant

The covenant Yahweh made with Moses is prominent in this chapter. Because the people disobeyed this covenant, God will not help them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) JER 11 1 l9ym figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah. He said,” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 11 2 q9d8 0 the inhabitants of Jerusalem “the people who live in Jerusalem” +JER 11 2 q9d8 0 the inhabitants of Jerusalem Alternate translation: “the people who live in Jerusalem” JER 11 3 d8vl figs-activepassive 0 Cursed is anyone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will curse anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 11 4 gi9b figs-metaphor 0 from the land of Egypt, from the furnace for smelting iron This speaks of the horrible circumstances and oppression the Israelites were living in Egypt by comparing them to a smelting furnace. Alternate translation: “of Egypt. What happened to them in Egypt was terrible; it was as though they were living in a hot furnace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 11 4 q1a1 0 smelting heating iron to liquid form JER 11 4 fni7 figs-metonymy 0 Listen to my voice The word “voice” here is a metonym for what the speaker says with the voice, and “listen” is a metonym for “obey.” Alternate translation: “Obey what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 11 5 dhd3 figs-metaphor 0 the land flowing with milk and honey “the land where milk and honey flow.” God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. Alternate translation: “the land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 11 6 ts3p 0 the words of this covenant “the terms of this covenant” +JER 11 6 ts3p 0 the words of this covenant Alternate translation: “the terms of this covenant” JER 11 6 szb8 figs-idiom 0 carry them out This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “obey them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 11 7 q8ju 0 solemn serious and important JER 11 7 k1gz figs-metonymy 0 Listen to my voice The word “voice” here is a metonym for what the speaker says with the voice, and “listen” is a metonym for “obey.” Alternate translation: “Obey what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 11 8 uvr6 figs-idiom 0 Each person has been walking in the stubbornness of his wicked heart. Here “walking” is an idiom for the way a person lives. The word “heart” is a metonym for a person’s desires and emotions. Alternate translation: “Each person has refused to change and has been living by his own wicked desires” or “Each person has refused to change and continues to do the evil things that they want to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 11 8 dla5 0 So I brought all the curses in this covenant that I commanded to come against them “So I punished them with all the curses that I described in this covenant that I had commanded them to obey” +JER 11 8 dla5 0 So I brought all the curses in this covenant that I commanded to come against them Alternate translation: “So I punished them with all the curses that I described in this covenant that I had commanded them to obey” JER 11 9 n1vg figs-activepassive 0 A conspiracy has been discovered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There is a conspiracy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 11 9 n8g7 0 conspiracy a secret plan to do something that is harmful or illegal -JER 11 9 lr11 0 the inhabitants of Jerusalem “the people who live in Jerusalem” +JER 11 9 lr11 0 the inhabitants of Jerusalem Alternate translation: “the people who live in Jerusalem” JER 11 10 g2wu figs-activepassive 0 They have turned to the iniquities of their earliest ancestors The phrase “turned to” is an idiom that means to start doing something. Alternate translation: “They have returned to committing the same iniquities as their earliest ancestors committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 11 10 u3ji 0 walked after “followed after” +JER 11 10 u3ji 0 walked after Alternate translation: “followed after” JER 11 10 x1cg figs-metonymy 0 The house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “The kingdom of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 11 10 u4q4 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 11 11 sr2g 0 See This word is used here to draw someone’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 11 12 cy8r figs-metonymy 0 The cities of Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem Here the “cities of Judah” represents the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “The people who live in the cities of Judah and in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 11 12 kpf4 figs-activepassive 0 but they will certainly not be saved by them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but their gods will certainly not save them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 11 13 k26k 0 to equal “to as many as” -JER 11 13 d3q3 0 her streets “the streets in Jerusalem” -JER 11 14 em49 0 You must not wail “You must not make a loud cry of sadness” +JER 11 13 k26k 0 to equal Alternate translation: “to as many as” +JER 11 13 d3q3 0 her streets Alternate translation: “the streets in Jerusalem” +JER 11 14 em49 0 You must not wail Alternate translation: “You must not make a loud cry of sadness” JER 11 15 r1nl figs-rquestion 0 Why is my beloved one, the one who has had so many wicked intentions, in my house? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that the people Judah no longer have a right to be in his temple. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “My beloved one, the one who has had so many wicked intentions, should not be in my house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 11 15 r9hb figs-metaphor 0 is my beloved one, the one who has had The people of Judah are spoken of as if they were a single woman greatly beloved. Alternate translation: “are the people whom I love, those who have had” or “are the people of Judah whom I love, who have had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 11 16 ia9c figs-metaphor 0 In the past Yahweh called you a leafy olive tree In the Old Testament people were often compared to trees or plants. Those who were prosperous and healthy were spoken of as leafy, fruitful tree. Alternate translation: “In the past Yahweh said that you were like a leafy olive tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -966,7 +966,7 @@ JER 11 16 q1zk figs-metaphor 0 will light a fire on it This expression continue JER 11 16 jn51 figs-simile 0 that will sound like the roar of a storm This compares the sound of the raging fire to the sound of a severe storm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 11 16 bt3s figs-activepassive 0 its branches will be broken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will break off your branches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 11 17 u8fc figs-metaphor 0 the one who planted you This speaks of Yahweh placing the people of Israel and Judah in the places where they live as if they were a tree that Yahweh had planted. Alternate translation: “who planted you like a farmer plants a tree” or “the one who placed you to live in the land of Israel and Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 11 17 b82g 0 has decreed disaster against you “has decreed that disaster will come upon you” +JER 11 17 b82g 0 has decreed disaster against you Alternate translation: “has decreed that disaster will come upon you” JER 11 17 cs7v figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 11 17 p53z figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 11 18 aeu2 0 Yahweh made me know these things, so I know them “You have revealed things to me and so I know them.” The refers to Yahweh revealing to Jeremiah that his enemies were planning to kill him. @@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ JER 12 2 bj22 figs-metonymy 0 You are near to them in their mouths, but far awa JER 12 3 lcj7 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking to Yahweh. JER 12 3 kt44 figs-metonymy 0 my heart Here the “heart” represents a person’s thoughts and true feelings. Alternate translation: “my thoughts” or “my inner feelings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 12 3 p1lp figs-metaphor 0 Take them away like sheep to the slaughter Here Jeremiah asks Yahweh to prepare to punish the wicked as if they were sheep to be taken away to be slaughtered. Alternate translation: “Take the wicked people away, like sheep for slaughter” or “Prepare to punish those wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 12 3 jep3 0 the day of slaughter “the day they will be destroyed” +JER 12 3 jep3 0 the day of slaughter Alternate translation: “the day they will be destroyed” JER 12 4 gvz5 0 How long will the land go on drying up … because of the wickedness of its inhabitants? Their land is dry and rain has not come as punishment for the peoples’ wickedness. JER 12 4 bea9 0 wither dry up JER 12 4 lm57 figs-activepassive 0 The animals and the birds have been taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The animals and the birds are gone” or “The animals and the birds have all died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1021,29 +1021,29 @@ JER 12 9 l3t3 0 birds of prey birds that attack and eat animals JER 12 9 idp1 figs-apostrophe 0 Go and gather all the wild beasts and bring them to devour her Yahweh speaks here in the form of a command to strengthen what he says. This command is not directed to a specific person and may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Let all the wild beasts in the fields come and eat her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) JER 12 10 jl5k figs-metaphor 0 Many shepherds have destroyed my vineyard Here Yahweh speaks of his land and his people being destroyed by armies as if they were a vineyard that shepherds had destroyed. Alternate translation: “My people and my land are like a vineyard that many shepherds have destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 12 10 nw8j figs-metonymy 0 Many shepherds have destroyed Here the word “shepherds” refers to their sheep. Alternate translation: “Many shepherds have allowed their sheep to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 12 10 dr86 0 They have stomped all over “They have crushed under their feet” -JER 12 10 d5c7 0 my portion of land “the ground I planted” or “my field” +JER 12 10 dr86 0 They have stomped all over Alternate translation: “They have crushed under their feet” +JER 12 10 d5c7 0 my portion of land Alternate translation: “the ground I planted” or “my field” JER 12 11 ry1p figs-activepassive 0 All the land has been made desolate This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “All the land is desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 12 11 z4k3 figs-idiom 0 takes it to heart This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “cares” or “pays any attention” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 12 12 uwl3 0 Destroyers have come “Destroying armies have come” -JER 12 12 rbb1 0 bare places in the wilderness “places in the wilderness where nothing grows” +JER 12 12 uwl3 0 Destroyers have come Alternate translation: “Destroying armies have come” +JER 12 12 rbb1 0 bare places in the wilderness Alternate translation: “places in the wilderness where nothing grows” JER 12 12 s2mb figs-metaphor 0 for Yahweh’s sword is devouring Here Yahweh speaks of the armies that he is using to punish his people as being his “sword.” His”sword” is described here as if it were a large animal that attacked and devoured the people. Alternate translation: “for the armies are my sword that I am using to punish you” or “for I am sending the destroying armies to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 12 12 c8pt 0 from one end of the land to the other This refers to the whole land that belongs to his people. -JER 12 13 du4i 0 They have sown wheat but harvest thornbushes “They have sown wheat, but there is nothing to harvest but thornbushes” -JER 12 13 k4yk 0 They have “My people have” +JER 12 13 du4i 0 They have sown wheat but harvest thornbushes Alternate translation: “They have sown wheat, but there is nothing to harvest but thornbushes” +JER 12 13 k4yk 0 They have Alternate translation: “My people have” JER 12 13 c3di 0 thornbushes a large plant that is covered in sharp points JER 12 13 jez5 0 exhausted unable to do more, without any more strength JER 12 13 fby2 0 So be ashamed of your gain because of Yahweh’s anger “So be ashamed of your tiny harvest because Yahweh is angry with you.” Here the word “gain” does not mean a large amount of something, but refers to a small amount. -JER 12 14 w8dl 0 strike at the possession “have been trying to take away the land” -JER 12 14 c7h3 0 made my people Israel inherit “gave my people Israel as an inheritance” +JER 12 14 w8dl 0 strike at the possession Alternate translation: “have been trying to take away the land” +JER 12 14 c7h3 0 made my people Israel inherit Alternate translation: “gave my people Israel as an inheritance” JER 12 14 e4jf 0 See This word is used here to draw someone’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 12 14 b371 figs-metaphor 0 to uproot them from their own ground God speaks of forcing the people to leave their land as if they were plants that he was pulling out of the ground. See how you translated this concept in [Jeremiah 1:10](../01/10.md). Alternate translation: “to make them leave their own land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 12 14 sv7x figs-metaphor 0 I will pull up the house of Judah from among them Here Yahweh speaks of causing the people of Judah to leave the lands of the other nations as if they were plants that he was pulling out of the ground. Alternate translation: “I will cause the house of Judah to leave their lands as well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 12 14 ylh4 0 pull up “uproot” +JER 12 14 ylh4 0 pull up Alternate translation: “uproot” JER 12 14 t297 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 12 15 i4tb figs-metaphor 0 I uproot those nations God speaks of forcing the people to leave their land as if they were plants that he was pulling out of the ground. Alternate translation: “I make those nations leave their lands and move to different places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 12 16 f6ti 0 General Information: God’s word about Judah’s neighbors. -JER 12 16 i1wv 0 It will come about that “It will happen that” +JER 12 16 i1wv 0 It will come about that Alternate translation: “It will happen that” JER 12 16 j3ji figs-idiom 0 As Yahweh lives “As surely as Yahweh is alive.” The people use this expression to show that what they say next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. Swearing in Yahweh’s name instead of in Baal’s name indicates that they worship Yahweh instead of Baal. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 12 16 uph7 figs-metaphor 0 they will be built up in the midst of my people This speaks of the people becoming prosperous as if they were a building that was being built. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will build them up in the midst of my people” or “I will make them wealthy and they will live among my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 12 16 pe5g 0 midst middle @@ -1052,29 +1052,29 @@ JER 13 intro ky38 0 # Jeremiah 13 General Notes
## Structure and formattin JER 13 1 yq1d 0 linen a type of very fine cloth JER 13 1 puq2 0 undergarment clothing that people wear under their clothes; underwear JER 13 1 d4jw 0 waist the middle part of the body, usually the narrowest, between the hips and chest -JER 13 1 kf2e 0 do not put it in water first “do not wash it or get it wet” +JER 13 1 kf2e 0 do not put it in water first Alternate translation: “do not wash it or get it wet” JER 13 3 z13h figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to me a second time, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message a second time. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this second message to me:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 13 4 b7b3 0 rock crevice a space between rocks or a crack in a rock, big enough to put something into it JER 13 8 wf3x figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to me, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 13 9 a1zp figs-metonymy 0 of Judah and Jerusalem Here Judah and Jerusalem refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “of the people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 13 10 j3d9 0 to listen to my word “to obey what I say” +JER 13 10 j3d9 0 to listen to my word Alternate translation: “to obey what I say” JER 13 10 rn4k figs-idiom 0 who walk in the hardness of their heart This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “who are stubborn and only do the things they desire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 13 11 z1xb 0 clings to … cling to me “sticks to … stick to me” or “stays close to … stay close to me” -JER 13 11 t4mp 0 all the house of … all the house of “all the people of … all the people of” +JER 13 11 z1xb 0 clings to … cling to me Alternate translation: “sticks to … stick to me” or “stays close to … stay close to me” +JER 13 11 t4mp 0 all the house of … all the house of Alternate translation: “all the people of … all the people of” JER 13 11 uak7 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 13 11 h7ch figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” or “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 13 11 b9j5 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 13 12 sbk9 figs-activepassive 0 Every jar will be filled with wine … every jar will be filled with wine This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Every wineskin should be full of wine … every wineskin should be full of wine” or “Every wine jar should be full of wine … every wine jar should be full of wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 13 13 bv6t 0 See This word is used here to draw someone’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 13 13 g8y3 0 fill with drunkenness every inhabitant of this land “cause all the people of this land to be drunk” +JER 13 13 g8y3 0 fill with drunkenness every inhabitant of this land Alternate translation: “cause all the people of this land to be drunk” JER 13 13 e418 figs-metonymy 0 the kings who sit on David’s throne Here the throne that the king of Judah sits on is represented as “David’s throne.” Alternate translation: “the kings who sit on Judah’s throne” or “the kings of the nation of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 13 14 e1iz figs-gendernotations 0 smash each man against the other, fathers and children together Here the words “each man” refer to both men and women. Alternate translation: “Then I will cause the people to fight with each other, even parents and children will fight one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) JER 13 14 g1jc figs-ellipsis 0 fathers and children together The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “I will smash fathers and children together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 13 14 kq6a figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 13 14 n1g8 0 I will not pity “I will not feel sorry for” -JER 13 14 p3a5 0 will not spare them from destruction “will not withhold punishment from them.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will allow them to be destroyed” +JER 13 14 n1g8 0 I will not pity Alternate translation: “I will not feel sorry for” +JER 13 14 p3a5 0 will not spare them from destruction This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will allow them to be destroyed” JER 13 15 d8mp 0 arrogant falsely believing oneself to be important -JER 13 16 wwm1 0 he brings darkness “he causes darkness to come.” Here trouble and despair are spoken of as if they were “darkness.” Alternate translation: “he brings trouble and despair” or “he cause great troubles to come” +JER 13 16 wwm1 0 he brings darkness Here trouble and despair are spoken of as if they were “darkness.” Alternate translation: “he brings trouble and despair” or “he cause great troubles to come” JER 13 16 f21v figs-synecdoche 0 before he causes your feet to stumble Here a person is referred to by his “feet” to emphasize that he is walking. Alternate translation: “before he causes you to trip and fall as you walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 13 16 nkc1 0 twilight early morning or evening when it is partially dark, when the sun is beginning to rise or when the sun is almost set JER 13 16 lg6k figs-metaphor 0 For you are hoping for light, but he will turn the place into a deep darkness, into a dark cloud This speaks of goodness and blessings as “light” and of trouble and despair as “darkness.” Alternate translation: “For you were hoping for light and blessings, but Yahweh will give you darkness and great despair--you will feel like you are surrounded by a dark cloud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1105,9 +1105,9 @@ JER 14 1 dvb6 0 General Information: Yahweh, through the prophet Jeremiah, has JER 14 1 c8lt figs-idiom 0 This is the word of Yahweh that came to Jeremiah This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 14 2 cn9g figs-metonymy 0 Let Judah mourn Here “Judah” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “Let the people of Judah mourn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 14 2 zct6 figs-synecdoche 0 let her gates fall apart Here the word “gates,” which keep enemies out of cities and where people conduct business and government, is a synecdoche for Judah’s cities, and Judah’s cities are a metonym for the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “let her cities fall apart” or “let the people in her cities become unable to defend themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 2 twu5 0 fall apart “fall into pieces” +JER 14 2 twu5 0 fall apart Alternate translation: “fall into pieces” JER 14 2 qu68 figs-idiom 0 their cries for Jerusalem are going up The phrase “going up” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “They are calling out loudly in prayer for Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 14 3 v2l2 0 Their mighty ones “The rich people” +JER 14 3 v2l2 0 Their mighty ones Alternate translation: “The rich people” JER 14 3 z6ul figs-doublet 0 ashamed and dishonored Both of these words have similar meaning and together emphasize that the servants were ashamed that they were unable to get water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 14 3 drx3 translate-symaction 0 they cover their heads In biblical times, people would wear a headcovering to show that they were ashamed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 14 4 l4rv 0 General Information: Yahweh, through the prophet Jeremiah, has continued to tell the people about the drought. @@ -1115,7 +1115,7 @@ JER 14 4 je8k translate-symaction 0 The plowmen are ashamed and cover their hea JER 14 5 yca3 figs-parallelism 0 the doe leaves her young in the fields and abandons them These two phrase have the same meaning and emphasize that the doe leaves her young deer because she cannot provide for them. A doe is a female deer. Alternate translation: “the deer leaves her young in the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 14 5 q5hd figs-explicit 0 for there is no grass This means that there is no grass for the deer to eat. Alternate translation: “for there is no grass for them to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 14 6 rv34 figs-simile 0 they pant in the wind like jackals This speaks of the donkeys panting because they are thirsty by saying that they pant like jackals. Jackals are fiece wild dog which pant a lot. Alternate translation: “they pant in the wind like thirsty jackals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 14 6 sa12 0 Their eyes fail to work, for there is no vegetation “They become blind because there is no grass to eat” +JER 14 6 sa12 0 Their eyes fail to work, for there is no vegetation Alternate translation: “They become blind because there is no grass to eat” JER 14 7 u1uz 0 General Information: Yahweh, through the prophet Jeremiah, has just told the people about the drought. JER 14 7 a7md figs-personification 0 our iniquities testify against us Here their “iniquities” are spoken of as if they were people who testified against them about their wrong doing. Alternate translation: “our iniquities give evidence of our wrongdoing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 14 7 hdk6 figs-metonymy 0 for the sake of your name Here Yahweh’s “name” refers to his reputation. Alternate translation: “for the sake of your reputation” or “in order that everyone can see that you are very great and keep your promises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ JER 14 10 jb8u 0 General Information: Jeremiah has been praying and asking Yah JER 14 10 u7uz figs-metaphor 0 they love to wander “they love to wander away from me.” This speaks of people being unfaithful to Yahweh and not obey him as if they had wandered from the place where he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 14 10 x599 figs-synecdoche 0 have not held back their feet Here the people are referred to by their “feet” to emphasize their walking away from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “have not kept themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 14 10 t4hn figs-idiom 0 calls to mind This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remembers” or “recalls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 14 11 i69u 0 on behalf of “to assist” or “to help” +JER 14 11 i69u 0 on behalf of Alternate translation: “to assist” or “to help” JER 14 12 a2l9 0 wailing loudly crying because of sorrow JER 14 12 vgw6 figs-euphemism 0 I will put an end to them This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JER 14 12 c1vk figs-metonymy 0 by sword Here war is represented by the “sword” which was the common weapon used in battle. Alternate translation: “by war” or “by battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1154,20 +1154,20 @@ JER 14 18 xa86 figs-metonymy 0 there are the diseases that are caused by famine JER 14 18 uax5 0 wander move around without purpose JER 14 18 nrq3 figs-explicit 0 they do not know It may be helpful to state what they do not know. Alternate translation: “they do not know what they are doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 14 19 bxi3 figs-ellipsis 0 for a time of healing The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “we hoped for a time of healing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 14 20 z8n3 0 We admit, Yahweh, our offenses, the iniquity of our ancestors “Yahweh, we admit our wicked offenses and our ancestors’ iniquity” +JER 14 20 z8n3 0 We admit, Yahweh, our offenses, the iniquity of our ancestors Alternate translation: “Yahweh, we admit our wicked offenses and our ancestors’ iniquity” JER 14 21 ni6n 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues his prayer to Yahweh. JER 14 21 ur4i figs-metonymy 0 For the sake of your name Here Yahweh’s “name” refers to his reputation. Alternate translation: “For the sake of your reputation” or “In order that everyone can see that you are very great and keep your promises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 14 21 h4sh figs-metonymy 0 your glorious throne Yahweh’s “throne” is represented by Zion, that is Jerusalem. His “throne” also represents the place where he rules as king. Alternate translation: “do disgrace Zion where you glorious throne is” or “do not disgrace Zion, where you rule as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 22 my15 0 can the skies themselves send down showers “Can the skies decide when they make the rain to fall?” +JER 14 22 my15 0 can the skies themselves send down showers Alternate translation: “Can the skies decide when they make the rain to fall?” JER 15 intro ebq4 0 # Jeremiah 15 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 15:2, 5-21.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Do not pray for the people

God told Jeremiah not to pray for the people because God was punishing them. This was meant to be an illustration for Jeremiah. Jeremiah was not to pray because the punishment was already determined. Yahweh also explains that even the great Moses could not help the sinful Jews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Yahweh uses Gentile nations
Yahweh is going to use the Gentile nations to punish Judah. This would have been very offensive to the Jews. They would have also been surprised to learn that Yahweh was using the Gentile nations to punish his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 15 1 w1rn 0 General Information: Jeremiah has just been praying to Yahweh. JER 15 1 az7b figs-explicit 0 were standing in front of me, I would still not be in favor of this people This implies that they are pleading for Yahweh to spare the people. Alternate translation: “were standing in front of me pleading for these people, I would still not be in favor of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 15 1 g56c figs-parallelism 0 Send them out from before me, for them to go away Yahweh repeats this idea of sending away his people to add emphasis to it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 15 2 i7zf 0 Those who are for “Those whom I have appointed to go to” +JER 15 2 i7zf 0 Those who are for Alternate translation: “Those whom I have appointed to go to” JER 15 2 a7na figs-metaphor 0 should go to death This speaks of dying as if death were a place that people can go to. Alternate translation: “should die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 15 2 qrc1 figs-metonymy 0 those who are for the sword should go to the sword Here the “sword” represents war. To be “for the sword” means that God has appointed them to die in war. Alternate translation: “those whom I have appointed to die in war should go to die in war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 15 2 s5vx figs-metaphor 0 Those who are for famine should go to famine This means that Yahweh has appointed these to die because of famine, and these words speak of dying by famine as if “famine” were a place that people can go to. Alternate translation: “Those whom I have appointed to die by famine should go and die by famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 15 2 ub7g 0 should go to captivity “should go into captivity” +JER 15 2 ub7g 0 should go to captivity Alternate translation: “should go into captivity” JER 15 3 xfn3 0 General Information: Yahweh has just told them he will send some of them to death, some to die by the sword, some to die by famine, and some to be captives. JER 15 3 b44y figs-metonymy 0 the sword Here the “sword” refers to the enemy soldiers. Alternate translation: “the enemy soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 15 4 etb6 0 I will make of them Here the word “them” refers to the people of Judah, not to the four groups listed in the previous verse. @@ -1177,11 +1177,11 @@ JER 15 5 lb4g figs-rquestion 0 For who will have compassion for you, Jerusalem? JER 15 5 wfj2 figs-metonymy 0 for you, Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “for you people who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 15 6 es4m figs-parallelism 0 You have forsaken me … you have gone back from me These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people have, indeed, forsaken Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 15 6 w5w5 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 15 6 hk2v 0 gone back from me “left me” or “gone away from me” +JER 15 6 hk2v 0 gone back from me Alternate translation: “left me” or “gone away from me” JER 15 6 ub2d figs-metonymy 0 I will strike you with my hand Here “hand” represents power. Alternate translation: “I will use my power to strike you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 15 7 xa8z figs-metaphor 0 So I will winnow them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land Here Yahweh speaks of scattering the people and causing them to leave Jersalem as if they were winnowed chaff being blown away on the wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 15 7 i5zm 0 pitchfork a farm tool with a long handle and sharp metal prongs, used especially for lifting and tossing grain in the air for winnowing -JER 15 7 tdb1 0 I will bereave them “I will cause their children to die” or “I will let their enemies kill their children” +JER 15 7 tdb1 0 I will bereave them Alternate translation: “I will cause their children to die” or “I will let their enemies kill their children” JER 15 8 lzr4 0 General Information: Yahweh has just told them no one will care about them and that he will destroy his people since they would not turn from their wicked ways. JER 15 8 pg9y 0 widows women whose husbands have died JER 15 8 zf6z figs-hyperbole 0 more than the sands of the seashore “than the grains of sand on the seashore.” This comparison is an exaggeration used to emphasize an uncountable number. Alternate translation: “more than you can count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -1204,8 +1204,8 @@ JER 15 13 m4cc 0 General Information: In these verse, Yahweh speaks to the nat JER 15 13 r9fq figs-doublet 0 wealth and treasures The words “wealth” and “treasures” mean the same thing and refer to anything that people consider to be valuable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 15 13 cy1n 0 plunder things that you steal from a city after conquering it JER 15 13 c2bt figs-activepassive 0 all your sins committed This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “all of the sins you have committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 15 13 dzj5 0 within all your borders “throughout your country” -JER 15 14 e1nj 0 a land that you do not know “to a land that is strange to you” +JER 15 13 dzj5 0 within all your borders Alternate translation: “throughout your country” +JER 15 14 e1nj 0 a land that you do not know Alternate translation: “to a land that is strange to you” JER 15 14 p77q figs-metaphor 0 for a fire will ignite, kindled in my wrath against you The wrath of God is spoken of as if it were a destructive fire. Alternate translation: “I will destroy you because I am very angry with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 15 14 y1s1 figs-metaphor 0 for a fire will ignite, kindled in my wrath against you Here Yahweh speaks of his wrath as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: “for my wrath is like a fire that I will kindle against you” or “for I will come against you in my wrath, and my wrath will be like a burning fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 15 14 ap1i 0 kindled to light a fire @@ -1214,7 +1214,7 @@ JER 15 15 lk6p figs-explicit 0 You are patient, but do not allow them to take m JER 15 16 ds55 figs-activepassive 0 Your words have been found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have heard your message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 15 16 a55i figs-metaphor 0 I consumed them Jeremiah speaks of listening and understanding Yahweh’s message as if it were food that he ate. Alternate translation: “I understood your message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 15 16 f4hq figs-metonymy 0 the delight of my heart Here the “heart” represents a person emotions and feelings. Alternate translation: “what I love most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 15 16 se2v 0 I bear your name “people know that I serve you” +JER 15 16 se2v 0 I bear your name Alternate translation: “people know that I serve you” JER 15 17 xx62 figs-idiom 0 I did not sit in the circle of This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I did not spend time with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 15 17 lst3 figs-metaphor 0 of your powerful hand Here Yahweh’s “powerful hand” refers to his control and influence over Jeremiah. Alternate translation: “you powerfully influence me” or “you are the one who controls what I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 15 18 xb1d figs-rquestion 0 Why is my pain ongoing and my wound incurable, refusing to be healed? Jeremiah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize his pain. He speaks of his pain as if it were a physical wound. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “My pain is ongoing, it is like a wound that will not heal.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1231,7 +1231,7 @@ JER 15 21 lwc5 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. Alter JER 15 21 mm5k 0 tyrant a ruler who demands absolute obedience and is not friendly for the people under his rule JER 16 intro mts4 0 # Jeremiah 16 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:19-21. This poem also continues in chapter 17, and these should be seen as one section.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Coming punishment

The punishment that is prophesied in this chapter will happen quickly. The author gives many illustrations which describe how quickly this punishment will come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

### Israel restored

God will bring his people back from captivity. Even though the punishment of Judah will be great, Yahweh promised a future restoration. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) JER 16 1 iq2r figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to me, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated it in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 16 4 bdx2 0 They will die diseased deaths “They will die from deadly diseases” +JER 16 4 bdx2 0 They will die diseased deaths Alternate translation: “They will die from deadly diseases” JER 16 4 nm5s figs-activepassive 0 They will not be mourned or buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will mourn for them or bury them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 16 4 paq4 figs-simile 0 They will be like dung on the ground The sons and daughters born in the land are compared to dung on the ground to emphasize that they will be disgusting and that no one will bury them. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 8:2](../08/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 16 4 b995 figs-euphemism 0 they will come to an end by sword and famine The phrase “come to an end” is a mild way to say that they will die. The word “sword” represents an army whose soldiers fight with swords. The phrase represents dying in battle. Alternate translation: “they will die in battle or from famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1244,16 +1244,16 @@ JER 16 6 k2n5 figs-activepassive 0 They will not be buried This can be stated i JER 16 6 s8kp translate-symaction 0 no one will … cut themselves or shave their heads for them Cutting oneself and shaving one’s head were symbolic actions that expressed strong grief, especially when a loved one died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 16 7 t3iq figs-parallelism 0 No one must share any food in mourning to comfort them because of the deaths … none must give a comforting cup to his father or his mother These two clauses have a similar meaning. God said basically the same thing twice for emphasis. It was customary to take food or wine to people whose relative had died. Yahweh has removed all comfort from the people because of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 16 7 ae18 figs-metonymy 0 none must give a comforting cup Here the word “cup” represents the drink that the cup holds. Alternate translation: “none must give a comforting drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 16 8 rzm9 0 a banquet house “a house where people are feasting” +JER 16 8 rzm9 0 a banquet house Alternate translation: “a house where people are feasting” JER 16 9 z6t7 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 16 9 hq3r 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” +JER 16 9 hq3r 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 16 9 fxi9 figs-you 0 before your eyes Here the word “your” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. The idiom means that Yahweh will do this where they can see. Alternate translation: “in front of you” or “where you can see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 16 9 b3s5 figs-idiom 0 in your days This idiom means during their lifetime. Alternate translation: “during your lifetime” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 16 9 lki1 0 the sound of joy and the sound of gladness, the sound of the groom and the sound of the bride See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:34](../07/34.md). JER 16 11 fq83 figs-parallelism 0 worshiped and bowed down to them The words “bowed down to” mean basically the same thing as “worshiped” and describe the posture that people used in worship. God said essentially the same thing twice for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 16 12 cu97 0 ancestors, for see, each person “ancestors. Look at these people and you will see that each person” +JER 16 12 cu97 0 ancestors, for see, each person Alternate translation: “ancestors. Look at these people and you will see that each person” JER 16 12 c169 figs-metaphor 0 walking by the stubbornness of his wicked heart Yahweh speaks of a person’s actions as if the person were walking along a path. Here the word “heart” represents the mind or will. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 11:8](../11/08.md). Alternate translation: “stubbornly doing the wicked things that he wants to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 16 12 qh3g 0 who listens to me “who does what I tell him to do” +JER 16 12 qh3g 0 who listens to me Alternate translation: “who does what I tell him to do” JER 16 13 y41b figs-metaphor 0 throw you from this land Yahweh speaks of forcefully removing the people from the land as if he were throwing them from the land. Alternate translation: “force you to leave this land and go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 16 13 e16l figs-merism 0 by day and night The mention of both “day” and “night” means all the time. Alternate translation: “all the time” or “continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) JER 16 14 em2d 0 behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. @@ -1305,7 +1305,7 @@ JER 17 10 hlu7 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of his deeds Here the results of a per JER 17 11 r1bc 0 A partridge hatches an egg … become rich unjustly This analogy of a bird that hatches another bird’s eggs is meant to illustrate a rich man who makes his money by robbing others. JER 17 11 j8my figs-idiom 0 when half his days are over Here the word “days” stands for someone’s entire life. Alternate translation: “when he has lived only half of his life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 17 11 t4k5 figs-personification 0 those riches will abandon him The riches are spoken of as if they were servants who would abandon their owner. Alternate translation: “he will lose his wealth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 17 11 wwb2 0 in the end “at the end of his life” +JER 17 11 wwb2 0 in the end Alternate translation: “at the end of his life” JER 17 12 c58h figs-metaphor 0 The place of our temple is a glorious throne Jeremiah speaks of the temple being a “glorious throne” because it is there that Yahweh dwells and rules. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 17 12 mmb5 0 The place of our temple This refers to Mount Zion in Jerusalem. JER 17 13 j27x 0 All who abandon you Here the word “you” refers to Yahweh. @@ -1315,26 +1315,26 @@ JER 17 13 vf2c figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, the fountain of living waters Jeremiah s JER 17 13 pj3q figs-metaphor 0 the fountain of living waters Jeremiah speaks of fresh, running water as if it were living water. Alternate translation: “the fountain of fresh, running water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 17 14 emc7 figs-activepassive 0 I will be healed … I will be rescued This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you really will have healed me … you really will have rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 17 14 t5hz 0 For you are my song of praise This could mean: (1) “For you are the one whom I praise” or (2) “For you are the reason I sing praise.” -JER 17 15 c8ap 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” +JER 17 15 c8ap 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” JER 17 15 kn8p 0 they are saying to me Here the word “me” refers to Jeremiah and the word “they” to his enemies. JER 17 15 qef1 figs-rquestion 0 Where is the word of Yahweh? The people use this question to ridicule Jeremiah because the things that he said had not yet happened. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Where are the things that Yahweh told you would happen?” or “The things that Yahweh told you would happen have not happened.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 17 15 s66x 0 Let it come “Let what Yahweh has said happen” +JER 17 15 s66x 0 Let it come Alternate translation: “Let what Yahweh has said happen” JER 17 16 dye9 figs-metaphor 0 I did not run from being a shepherd following you Jeremiah speaks of leading and caring for the people as if he were a shepherd caring for sheep. He speaks of his abandoning that work as if he were running away from it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 16 vlg8 0 I did not long for “I did not desire” +JER 17 16 vlg8 0 I did not long for Alternate translation: “I did not desire” JER 17 16 m8x1 figs-synecdoche 0 the proclamations that came from my lips Here the word “lips” represents Jeremiah who spoke. The word “proclamations” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “the proclamations that I spoke” or “the things that I proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 17 16 hkb7 figs-activepassive 0 They were made This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I made them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 17 17 q4lu figs-metaphor 0 You are my refuge Jeremiah speaks of Yahweh as a place where enemies cannot attack him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 17 ls2i 0 on the day of calamity “in times of calamity” +JER 17 17 ls2i 0 on the day of calamity Alternate translation: “in times of calamity” JER 17 18 p168 figs-activepassive 0 May my pursuers be ashamed, but do not let me be ashamed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Bring shame on my pursuers, but do not bring shame on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 17 18 us8n figs-parallelism 0 May they be dismayed, but do not let me be dismayed This phrase means basically the same thing as the previous one and adds emphasis to Jeremiah’s prayer. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Make them very afraid, but do not make me afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 17 18 xrc7 figs-metaphor 0 shatter them with a double share of destruction Jeremiah speaks of Yahweh destroying his enemies as if they were objects that Yahweh would shatter. The idiom “a double share” means to give twice as much. Alternate translation: “shatter them with complete destruction” or “destroy them twice as much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 17 19 ab1v figs-ellipsis 0 then in all the other gates of Jerusalem The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “then go and stand in all the other gates of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 17 21 jye6 0 for the sake of your lives “to protect your lives” +JER 17 21 jye6 0 for the sake of your lives Alternate translation: “to protect your lives” JER 17 23 cu16 figs-doublet 0 They did not listen or pay attention These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people refused to listen. Alternate translation: “They refused to listen” or “They refused to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 17 23 ksk9 figs-metaphor 0 stiffened their neck Jeremiah speaks of the people being stubborn as if they had made their necks stiff and unmovable. Alternate translation: “became stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 17 25 i3jj figs-metonymy 0 those who sit on David’s throne Here the throne that the king of Judah sits on is represented as “David’s throne.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 13:13](../13/13.md). Alternate translation: “those who sit on Judah’s throne” or “the kings of the nation of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 17 25 r4s3 figs-activepassive 0 this city will be inhabited forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will inhabit this city forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 17 27 xjp9 0 I will light a fire in its gates “I will set the gates of Jerusalem on fire” +JER 17 27 xjp9 0 I will light a fire in its gates Alternate translation: “I will set the gates of Jerusalem on fire” JER 17 27 r5tg figs-activepassive 0 it cannot be put out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people cannot put it out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 18 intro z3ii 0 # Jeremiah 18 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 18:13-17, 19-23.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Attacking Jeremiah
Things were so bad in Judah, they even attacked Jeremiah. To attack Yahweh’s prophet was to attack Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Simile

Like a potter can change what he is making from one type of pot to another, God can change his plans and not punish people if they repent. The image of God as a potter and mankind as clay is an important one in Scripture. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 18 1 ad7f figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah. He said, ‘Arise” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah: ‘Arise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1342,23 +1342,23 @@ JER 18 2 ww5x 0 the potter’s house “the workshop of the potter.” A potte JER 18 3 z9ps 0 behold! The word “behold” alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. JER 18 3 x9yr 0 on the potter’s wheel The potter’s wheel is a small table that spins. A potter uses it to make pots. JER 18 4 j5pm figs-activepassive 0 the pot he was making from the clay was spoiled in the potter’s hand The word “spoiled” means that something about the pot made the potter unhappy. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the pot that the potter was making with his hands was not good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 18 4 ffd2 0 was making “was forming” or “was shaping” +JER 18 4 ffd2 0 was making Alternate translation: “was forming” or “was shaping” JER 18 4 qs6u 0 he returned the clay and formed it into another pot He stopped making the pot, crushed the clay back into a lump, and then used that lump of clay to make another pot. JER 18 4 kd4f figs-metonymy 0 that was pleasing in his eyes Here the word “eyes” represents sight and sight represents one’s opinion. Alternate translation: “that he thought was good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 18 5 gj6x figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to me, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated it in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 18 6 y4ia figs-rquestion 0 Should I not be able to act like this potter with you, house of Israel? With this question, Yahweh emphasizes his authority to do as he pleases with Israel. Alternate translation: “I am allowed to act toward you, house of Israel, like the potter acts toward the clay.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 18 6 j2v5 figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “kingdom of Israel” or “people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 18 6 elt6 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 18 6 zg76 0 Behold “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important” +JER 18 6 zg76 0 Behold Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important” JER 18 6 uzq5 figs-simile 0 Like clay in a potter’s hand—that is how you are in my hand Yahweh compares his being able to remake Israel as he see fit to the way that the potter is able to remake a lump of clay as he sees fit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 18 7 jk3p figs-doublet 0 tear it down, or destroy it These two expressions basically mean the same thing. In the first expression, Yahweh speaks of destroying a kingdom as if the kingdom were a plant or a building that he tears down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 18 8 lnu4 0 relent from “withhold” or “not bring” +JER 18 8 lnu4 0 relent from Alternate translation: “withhold” or “not bring” JER 18 9 n3us figs-doublet 0 build it up or plant it These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh speaks of strengthening kingdoms as if they were buildings that he would build, and as if they were plants that he would plant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 18 10 q9ah figs-metonymy 0 if it does evil in my eyes Here the word “it” refers to a nation or kingdom, which is a metonym for the people in that nation or kingdom. The word “eyes” represents seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “if the people of that nation do things that I consider to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 18 10 u2ti figs-metonymy 0 not listening to my voice Here the word “voice” represents the words that Yahweh speaks. Here, “not listening” is an idiom that means that they do not obey. Alternate translation: “not obeying what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 18 11 h8xz 0 See This tells the reader to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 18 11 tj92 figs-metaphor 0 I am about to form disaster against you. I am about to devise a plan against you Yahweh speaks of planning disaster as if disaster were an object that he forms, like the potter would form clay. The second sentence repeats the same idea as the first using different words. Alternate translation: “I am about to devise a plan to bring disaster against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 18 11 v6ut 0 devise a plan “make a plan” +JER 18 11 v6ut 0 devise a plan Alternate translation: “make a plan” JER 18 11 me21 figs-metaphor 0 his wicked way Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle as if it were a “way” or path along which the person walks. Alternate translation: “his wicked way of living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 18 11 w5eq figs-doublet 0 so your ways and your practices will bring good to you The words “ways” and “practices” both refer to a person’s actions and general lifestyle. Alternate translation: “so your actions will result in good happening to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 18 12 fq15 0 But they will say The word “they” refers to the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem. @@ -1367,7 +1367,7 @@ JER 18 12 yc7y figs-metonymy 0 what his evil, stubborn heart desires Here the w JER 18 13 w781 figs-rquestion 0 Ask the nations, who has ever heard of such a thing as this? Here the word “nations” represents the people in the nations. Yahweh asks this question to scold the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Ask the nations if any of them have ever heard of such a thing as this.” or “Nowhere on earth has anyone ever heard of such a thing like this.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 18 13 vta7 figs-personification 0 The virgin Israel has committed a horrible act It was common to refer to nations as if they were women. Yahweh speaks of Israel being pure and faithful towards him as if she were a virgin and of Israel being unfaithful to him as if she had “committed a horrible act.” Alternate translation: “Israel, who is like a virgin, has done something horrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 18 14 bbi9 figs-rquestion 0 Does the snow in Lebanon ever leave the rocky hills on its sides? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that the snow on the mountains never melts. Alternate translation: “The snow in Lebanon never leaves the rocky hills on its sides.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 18 14 pn6p 0 the rocky hills on its sides “the sides of the rocky hills” +JER 18 14 pn6p 0 the rocky hills on its sides Alternate translation: “the sides of the rocky hills” JER 18 14 utv2 figs-rquestion 0 Are the mountain streams coming from far away ever destroyed, those cold streams? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that the mountain streams never cease to flow. He speaks of the streams drying up as if they were destroyed. Alternate translation: “Those cold mountain streams that come from far away never cease to flow.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 18 15 k5st figs-metaphor 0 been made to stumble in their paths Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle as if it were a path along which he walks, and of living unfaithfully to him as if the person stumbled along the path. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “this caused them to stumble in their paths” or “it is like they stumbled while walking on a path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 18 15 x24p figs-metaphor 0 they have left the ancient paths to walk lesser paths Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle as if it were a path along which he walks. Here, “the ancient paths” represents the way that Yahweh had told their ancestors to live and “lesser paths” represents living unfaithfully to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1377,7 +1377,7 @@ JER 18 16 mx2e 0 passes by her Here the word “her” refers to “Their land JER 18 17 n6hk figs-metaphor 0 I will scatter them before their enemies like an eastern wind Yahweh speaks of causing the people to flee before their enemies as if he were an eastern wind that scatters dust and debris. Alternate translation: “I will be like an eastern wind and scatter them before their enemies” or “I will scatter them before their enemies like an eastern wind scatters dust and debris” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 18 17 n2xm 0 will scatter them Here the word “them” refers to “my people.” JER 18 17 mn5a translate-symaction 0 I will show them my back, and not my face “I will turn my back toward them, and not my face.” Turning one’s back towards someone is a symbolic action that represents rejection and turning one’s face towards someone is a symbolic action that represents favor. Alternate translation: “I will reject them and not act favorably towards them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 18 18 vh9w 0 let us make plots against Jeremiah “let us make plans to harm Jeremiah” +JER 18 18 vh9w 0 let us make plots against Jeremiah Alternate translation: “let us make plans to harm Jeremiah” JER 18 18 cf4s figs-ellipsis 0 the law will never perish from the priests, or advice from the wise men, or words from the prophets The words “will never perish” can be supplied to each of these phrases. This can also be expressed in positive terms. Alternate translation: “the law will never perish from the priests, and advice will never perish from the wise men, and words will never perish from the prophets” or “the priests will always have the law, the wise men will always give advice, and the prophets will always speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 18 18 f353 figs-explicit 0 words from the prophets Here “words” represents messages that the prophets speak from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “words of Yahweh from the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 18 18 ay55 figs-metaphor 0 attack him with our words The people speak of speaking harmful words against Jeremiah as if their words were weapons with which they attack him. Alternate translation: “say things that will harm him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1400,21 +1400,21 @@ JER 18 23 jrr6 figs-abstractnouns 0 in the time of your wrath The word “wrath JER 19 intro e68t 0 # Jeremiah 19 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### People horrified

The destruction of Jerusalem will be so complete that it will leave dead bodies everywhere and horrify people who see it. JER 19 2 r77q 0 Valley of Ben Hinnom This is the name of a valley south of the city of Jerusalem, where people sacrificed to false gods. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:31](../07/31.md). JER 19 3 lse3 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 19 3 tn4j 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” +JER 19 3 tn4j 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 19 3 wu9y figs-idiom 0 the ears of everyone who hears of it will tingle Here “ears … will tingle” is an idiom that means everyone will be shocked by what they hear. Alternate translation: “it will shock everyone who hears of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 19 3 w8jh 0 will tingle This could mean: (1) “will ring” or (2) “will quiver.” JER 19 4 i11f 0 they have abandoned me Here the word “they” refers to the people of Judah. JER 19 4 h6hz figs-metonymy 0 filled this place with innocent blood Here “innocent blood” represents the murder of innocent people. Yahweh speaks of murdering many people as filling a place with blood. Alternate translation: “murdered many innocent people in this place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 19 5 hi1p figs-metonymy 0 nor did it enter my mind Here the word “mind” refers to Yahweh’s thoughts. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:31](../07/31.md). Alternate translation: “nor did I ever think about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 19 6 h15q 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you” +JER 19 6 h15q 0 see Alternate translation: “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 19 6 r6da figs-activepassive 0 this place will no longer be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will no longer call this place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 19 6 n996 0 Topheth … the Valley of Ben Hinnom … the Valley of Slaughter See how you translated the names of these places in [Jeremiah 7:31](../07/31.md). JER 19 7 mk3z figs-idiom 0 I will make them to fall by the sword before their enemies The idiom “to fall by the sword” means to die in battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will enable their enemies to kill them with swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 19 7 l3wj 0 I will make them The word “them” refers to the people of Judah and Jerusalem. JER 19 7 hl7t figs-ellipsis 0 by the hand of the ones seeking their lives The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The idiom “fall … by the hand of” means to be killed by someone, with the word “hand” representing the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will enable those who want to kill them to kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 19 8 qfw1 figs-abstractnouns 0 the object of hissing The word “hissing” refers to a sound that shows strong disapproval and can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “an object at which people hiss” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 19 9 x4ye 0 I will make them eat “I will make the people who live in Jerusalem eat” -JER 19 9 gu5g 0 in the siege “because of the siege” +JER 19 9 x4ye 0 I will make them eat Alternate translation: “I will make the people who live in Jerusalem eat” +JER 19 9 gu5g 0 in the siege Alternate translation: “because of the siege” JER 19 9 jy23 figs-activepassive 0 and in the anguish brought on them by their enemies and the ones seeking their lives This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “because their enemies and those who are seeking their lives have brought anguish upon them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 19 10 ck5z figs-abstractnouns 0 in the sight of the men who went with you The abstract noun “sight” can be expressed with the verb “watching.” Alternate translation: “while the men who went with you are watching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 19 11 vi9r 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). @@ -1422,7 +1422,7 @@ JER 19 11 uis2 figs-activepassive 0 it could not be repaired again This can be JER 19 13 l6aa figs-ellipsis 0 of the kings of Judah The words “the houses” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the houses of the kings of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 19 13 u9v5 figs-metaphor 0 the unclean people People who are not acceptable for God’s purposes are spoken of as if they were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 19 15 ut7s 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 19 15 d4pr 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” +JER 19 15 d4pr 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 19 15 rv5y figs-parallelism 0 stiffened their neck and refused to listen These two phrases both speak of the people being stubborn. In the first phrase, Yahweh speaks of the people being stubborn as if they had made their necks stiff. Alternate translation: “stubbornly refused to listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 20 intro apn5 0 # Jeremiah 20 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 20:7-18.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pashhur
This chapter prophesied punishment against a specific leader named Pashhur. He was in charge of protecting the temple and had Jeremiah beaten and arrested. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

### Jeremiah’s reaction
Jeremiah’s reaction contrasts with the reaction of the Jews in general. Although Jeremiah was not happy with Yahweh’s actions, he still trusted in Yahweh. On the other hand, the Jews were not happy with the prophecies Yahweh gave to Jeremiah, so they beat the prophet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) JER 20 1 l4ka writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -1477,34 +1477,34 @@ JER 21 intro d7pt 0 # Jeremiah 21 General Notes
## Structure and formattin JER 21 1 tf6j figs-idiom 0 The word came to Jeremiah from Yahweh This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah” or “Yahweh spoke a message to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 21 1 ur9x 0 Pashhur This is not the same Pashhur that was mentioned in [Jeremiah 20:1](../20/01.md). JER 21 1 ad5j translate-names 0 Pashhur … Malkijah … Maaseiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 21 1 zpe3 0 and they said “Pashhur and Zephaniah said to Jeremiah” +JER 21 1 zpe3 0 and they said Alternate translation: “Pashhur and Zephaniah said to Jeremiah” JER 21 2 q4d4 0 Seek advice from Yahweh on our behalf … making war on us This was a polite, but urgent request. Alternate translation: “Please speak to Yahweh for us … attacking us” -JER 21 2 z5nz 0 as in times past “as he did in the past” -JER 21 2 s62n 0 will make him withdraw from us “will make him go away” +JER 21 2 z5nz 0 as in times past Alternate translation: “as he did in the past” +JER 21 2 s62n 0 will make him withdraw from us Alternate translation: “will make him go away” JER 21 4 leg9 0 See This tells the hearer to pay special attention to what follows. JER 21 4 ax9r 0 turn back This could mean: (1) to make useless or (2) to send back into the city. JER 21 4 rb48 figs-metonymy 0 the instruments of war that are in your hand This could mean: (1) the instruments of war refers to the soldiers who carry them and “hand” represents control. Alternate translation: “the soldiers that you command” or (2) the instruments of war are literal weapons and “your hand” represent both the king and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “the weapons that you and your soldiers carry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 21 4 a79u 0 Chaldeans This term here is another name for the Babylonians. -JER 21 4 xk9a 0 closing you in “coming close to you” +JER 21 4 xk9a 0 closing you in Alternate translation: “coming close to you” JER 21 4 cju6 0 I will gather them This could mean: (1) Yahweh will allow the Babylonians to enter the city or (2) Yahweh will cause the Israelites to bring their weapons back into the center of the city. JER 21 5 hc2w figs-rpronouns 0 Then I myself This is emphatic and stresses that Yahweh is the one who will do this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) JER 21 5 jrm2 figs-idiom 0 with a raised hand and a strong arm Both of these phrases are idiomatic expressions that refer to great power. Alternate translation: “with very great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 21 5 f3ic figs-doublet 0 with wrath, fury, and great anger These words all mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize the great intensity of his anger. Alternate translation: “with extremely great anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 21 6 c5rg 0 inhabitants of this city “those who live in Jerusalem” +JER 21 6 c5rg 0 inhabitants of this city Alternate translation: “those who live in Jerusalem” JER 21 7 k4qv figs-metonymy 0 the sword Here this refers to the battle in which swords are used. Alternate translation: “the war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 21 7 ziv3 figs-metonymy 0 into the hand Here “hand” refers to the power of their enemies over them. Alternate translation: “into the power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 21 7 vgu8 figs-parallelism 0 Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon … their enemies … those seeking their life All of these phrases refer to Nebuchadnezzar and his army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 21 7 z1zk 0 seeking their life “wanting to kill them” +JER 21 7 z1zk 0 seeking their life Alternate translation: “wanting to kill them” JER 21 7 equ4 figs-metonymy 0 with the edge of the sword This could mean: (1) this is a metonym for death in battle. Alternate translation: “in battle” or (2) they will be killed by literal swords. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 21 7 j95p figs-doublet 0 He will not pity them, spare them, or have compassion These three phrases have the same meaning and emphasize that Nebuchadnezzar will deal severely with them. Alternate translation: “He will not show them any mercy or compassion at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 21 8 uz34 0 this people “the people of Jerusalem” +JER 21 8 uz34 0 this people Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem” JER 21 8 k2vf 0 I am about to place before you the way of life and the way of death Yahweh is offering the people of Jerusalem a choice that will determine whether they live or die. JER 21 9 uw2k figs-metonymy 0 by the sword, famine, and plague Death by the sword refers to death in battle. Alternate translation: “in battle and by famine and plague” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 21 9 fn95 translate-symaction 0 falling on his knees before This symbolic act represents surrender. Alternate translation: “surrendering to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 21 9 g472 0 closed in against you “attacked you from all sides” +JER 21 9 g472 0 closed in against you Alternate translation: “attacked you from all sides” JER 21 9 as7l 0 He will escape with his life The one who surrenders to the Babylonians will escape with his life, even though he will lose all his possessions. JER 21 10 s4dv figs-idiom 0 I have set my face against this city This idiom means he “firmly decided.” Alternate translation: “I have made up my mind to oppose this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 21 10 e61c 0 have set my face against “am staring angrily at” +JER 21 10 e61c 0 have set my face against Alternate translation: “am staring angrily at” JER 21 10 wwu1 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 21 10 jk2w figs-activepassive 0 It has been given This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have given it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 21 10 sef1 figs-metonymy 0 into the hand of the king Here “hand” represents the power of the king to destroy the city. Alternate translation: “into the power of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1517,18 +1517,18 @@ JER 21 12 bpj8 figs-metaphor 0 my fury will go out like fire and burn Here Yahw JER 21 12 ph8p figs-metaphor 0 there is no one who can quench it Jeremiah continues the simile of Yahweh’s punishment as a fire that was so hot that no one could put it out with water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 21 13 a8zt 0 See This alerts whoever is hearing to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Pay attention” JER 21 13 qie5 0 inhabitant of the valley This could mean: (1) this may refer to Jerusalem, which was located above a valley, because “inhabitant” is singular and feminine, as is Jerusalem or (2) this is directed to another city or group of people. Most versions leave the original form rather than specifying the city. -JER 21 13 h96i 0 I am against “I oppose” or “I am going to punish” +JER 21 13 h96i 0 I am against Alternate translation: “I oppose” or “I am going to punish” JER 21 13 dxt4 figs-rquestion 0 Who will come down to attack us?…Who will enter our houses? These questions are used to state their confidence that they can resist attack. Alternate translation: “No one will attack us!…No one will enter our houses!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 21 14 uf3g figs-metaphor 0 I have assigned the fruit of your practices to come against you The result of their evil deeds is spoken of as fruit which grew from those practices. Alternate translation: “I will punish you as you deserve because of the things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 21 14 nf8v figs-metaphor 0 in the thickets This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for the columns of wood that supported the palace or (2) these are literal patches of brush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 22 intro in1u 0 # Jeremiah 22 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 22:6-10, 13-28, 28-30.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Luxury and oppression

Because the king lived in luxury and oppressed the poor, God was sending him and his mother into captivity unless he repented. The king lacked justice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) JER 22 1 z5bz 0 the house of the king of Judah “the palace of the king of Judah.” The word “house” has a range of possible meanings. In this case it refers to the royal palace where the king lived. -JER 22 1 qfg5 0 proclaim this word “proclaim this message” +JER 22 1 qfg5 0 proclaim this word Alternate translation: “proclaim this message” JER 22 2 qj9k figs-explicit 0 your people who come through these gates These gates are the gates of the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “your people who come to visit the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 22 3 qb4x figs-abstractnouns 0 Perform justice and righteousness The abstract nouns “justice” and “righteousness can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “Act fairly and justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 22 3 m8e5 0 anyone who has been robbed—rescue him from the hand of the oppressor “rescue anyone who has been robbed from the hand of the oppressor” +JER 22 3 m8e5 0 anyone who has been robbed—rescue him from the hand of the oppressor Alternate translation: “rescue anyone who has been robbed from the hand of the oppressor” JER 22 3 y9er figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the oppressor Here “the hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “the power of the oppressor” or “the one who would harm him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 22 3 m38q 0 Do not mistreat “Do not treat badly” +JER 22 3 m38q 0 Do not mistreat Alternate translation: “Do not treat badly” JER 22 3 z2z9 0 orphan a child who does not have parents JER 22 3 b6c5 figs-idiom 0 Do not … pour out innocent blood Here “pour out … blood” is associated with murder, and “blood” refers to the murdered people. Alternate translation: “Do not … murder innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 22 3 t9h8 0 in this place This could mean: (1) Jerusalem or (2) the whole country of Judah. This does not imply that it is good to murder people in other places. @@ -1536,12 +1536,12 @@ JER 22 4 f37x figs-metonymy 0 kings sitting on David’s throne The metonym “ JER 22 4 vfy3 0 the gates of this house This refers to the gates to the courtyard of the palace. JER 22 4 l5m1 figs-metonymy 0 riding in a chariot and on horses This phrase is a metonym that describes the kings as powerful and wealthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 22 4 rx2m figs-ellipsis 0 he, his servants, and his people This sentence lists all who will be powerful and wealthy. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “he, his servants, and his people will ride into the palace on chariots and horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 22 5 zef9 0 if you do not listen to “if you refuse to pay attention to” or “if you do not obey” +JER 22 5 zef9 0 if you do not listen to Alternate translation: “if you refuse to pay attention to” or “if you do not obey” JER 22 5 w37m 0 this royal house This phrase here appears to refer specifically to the royal palace. JER 22 6 hfy3 figs-metonymy 0 the house of the king of Judah This could mean: (1) this refers to the royal palace where the king lived or (2) “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, who were the royal line of the kings of Judah. Alternate translation: “the royal dynasty of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 22 6 v879 figs-simile 0 You are like Gilead, or like the summit of Lebanon This could mean: (1) “You are as beautiful as Gilead or the summit of Lebanon” or (2) “You give me as much pleasure as Gilead or the summit of Lebanon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 22 6 ahd6 figs-metaphor 0 turn you into a wilderness What was formerly beautiful is said to become bare and deserted. Alternate translation: “cause you to become empty like the desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 22 7 wcw6 0 I have designated destroyers to come against you “I have chosen an army to attack you” +JER 22 7 wcw6 0 I have designated destroyers to come against you Alternate translation: “I have chosen an army to attack you” JER 22 7 d1mn figs-metaphor 0 the best of your cedars This could mean: (1) the beams of the palace or (2) the leading men of the royal family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 22 7 wb7h figs-metaphor 0 fall into the fire This could mean: (1) a literal fire that will burn the palace beams or (2) the destruction of the royal family is spoken of as if they were burned in a fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 22 8 t15z figs-synecdoche 0 Then many nations will pass by this city Here “nations” refers to the people from those nations that pass by. Alternate translation: “Then many people from various nations will pass by this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1549,9 +1549,9 @@ JER 22 9 a4v3 figs-doublet 0 bowed down to other gods and worshiped them These JER 22 10 mwb9 0 General Information: Yahweh has shifted from addressing the King of Judah and is now speaking to a general audience. JER 22 10 n3gc 0 the one who is dead This is singular, and refers to King Josiah who had been killed. JER 22 10 nz1s 0 him who is about to go away This refers to King Jehoahaz who was taken into exile in Egypt. -JER 22 10 mc5c 0 never return and see his native land “never come back and see the land of Israel again” or “never see his homeland again” +JER 22 10 mc5c 0 never return and see his native land Alternate translation: “never come back and see the land of Israel again” or “never see his homeland again” JER 22 11 gm4b translate-names 0 Jehoahaz The name in Hebrew is “Shallum,” but he is better known as Jehoahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 22 11 rw5q 0 who served as king instead of Josiah his father “who became king when his father, Josiah, died” +JER 22 11 rw5q 0 who served as king instead of Josiah his father Alternate translation: “who became king when his father, Josiah, died” JER 22 13 qz4r 0 him who builds … his upper rooms … who makes … for him … he does not give The words “him” and “his” and “who” and “he” refer to King Jehoahaz (verse 11). JER 22 13 qb7j figs-doublet 0 builds his house by unrighteousness, his upper rooms by injustice The abstract nouns “unrighteousness” and “injustice” have similar meanings, are repeated for emphasis, and can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “unjustly forced men to build his house and his upper rooms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 22 13 rzx8 figs-metonymy 0 his house The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jehoahaz (verse 11) and his family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1561,31 +1561,31 @@ JER 22 14 ub8w 0 a large house with spacious upper rooms … large windows … JER 22 15 ag7u figs-rquestion 0 Is this what makes you a good king, that you wanted to have boards of cedar? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to rebuke Jehoiakim for his expensive palace. Alternate translation: “Having a cedar palace does not make you a good king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 22 15 b88r figs-rquestion 0 Did not your father also eat and drink, yet do … righteousness? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Jehoiakim about the example of his father, King Josiah. Alternate translation: “Your father King Josiah enjoyed his life, yet did … righteousness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 22 15 y86v figs-doublet 0 do justice and righteousness These abstract nouns have similar meanings, are repeated for emphasis and can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “act justly and fairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 22 16 nkx5 0 It was good then “Things went well for him” +JER 22 16 nkx5 0 It was good then Alternate translation: “Things went well for him” JER 22 16 y4lk figs-rquestion 0 Is this not what it means to know me? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to rebuke Jehoiakim for not following the example of his father, King Josiah. Alternate translation: “This is what it means to know me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 22 16 rd6y figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 22 17 tab3 figs-metonymy 0 there is nothing in your eyes and heart except worry … crushing of others Here “eyes” is a metonym for seeing and “heart” is a metonym for thinking. Alternate translation: “you never look for or think about anything except … crushing of others” or “you only look for and think about ways to cheat others and pour out innocent blood, and to oppress and crush others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 22 17 u23t 0 unjust profit This is getting money by cheating or by using unfair means. JER 22 17 idh3 figs-idiom 0 pouring out innocent blood Here “pouring out … blood” is associated with murder, and “blood” refers to the murdered people. Alternate translation: “murdering innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 22 17 l1rn 0 crushing of others “doing violence to others in order to get money” +JER 22 17 l1rn 0 crushing of others Alternate translation: “doing violence to others in order to get money” JER 22 18 h7h1 figs-ellipsis 0 They will not lament for him In verse 18, Yahweh stops speaking directly to Jehoiakim and begins to speak to other people. Here “lament” refers to grieving at Jehoiakim’s death. Alternate translation: “They will not lament for Jehoiakim when he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 22 18 n6j5 figs-parallelism 0 Woe, my brother!…Woe, my sister!…Woe, master!…Woe, majesty! Yahweh uses the word “Woe” several times for emphasis. He addresses the various people who would normally show great sadness when someone dies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 22 19 s435 figs-metaphor 0 He will be buried with a donkey’s burial, dragged away and thrown out The burial of Jehoiakim is spoken of as being the same as the manner in which people would bury a donkey. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They will bury his dead body the way they would bury a dead donkey; they will drag it away and throw it out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 22 20 ggs2 0 General Information: It appears that Yahweh is here speaking to the people of Jerusalem, telling them that they will be destroyed. JER 22 20 gv51 figs-idiom 0 Lift your voice This idiom refers to shouting. In this case, they are crying out in grief. Alternate translation: “Cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 22 20 ptb6 translate-names 0 Abarim mountains a mountain range that was southeast of Jerusalem (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 22 21 t5yr 0 I spoke to you when you were safe “I spoke to you when you were doing well” -JER 22 21 fs7b 0 This was your custom “This was your way of life” +JER 22 21 t5yr 0 I spoke to you when you were safe Alternate translation: “I spoke to you when you were doing well” +JER 22 21 fs7b 0 This was your custom Alternate translation: “This was your way of life” JER 22 21 n4fz figs-metonymy 0 you have not listened to my voice Listening is a metonym for obeying. Alternate translation: “you have not obeyed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 22 22 l2p1 figs-metaphor 0 The wind will shepherd away all your shepherds This is a wordplay—Yahweh uses the idea of “shepherd” in two different ways. Here “shepherds” is a metaphor for the leaders of Jerusalem, and the wind “leads” them away. The wind represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will take your leaders away as if the wind had blown them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 22 22 m6ua 0 go into captivity “become captives” or “go into exile” +JER 22 22 m6ua 0 go into captivity Alternate translation: “become captives” or “go into exile” JER 22 23 i6fc figs-metaphor 0 You who live in ‘Lebanon,’ who is nestled in cedar buildings Yahweh speaks of the royal palace as “Lebanon” and “cedar buildings” because it was constructed with a lot of cedar. Alternate translation: “You who live in a palace made from the cedars of Lebanon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 22 23 n9dg figs-you 0 You who live This “You” is singular and refers to the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JER 22 23 x4j2 figs-activepassive 0 how you will be pitied The meaning of the Hebrew is not clear. This can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) “they will greatly pity you” or (2) “you will groan greatly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 22 23 vfv9 figs-simile 0 when the labor pains come upon you, pain like that of a woman in labor The pain that the king will feel when his enemies defeat him will be as intense as the pain a woman feels in childbirth. Alternate translation: “when you experience pain as intense as the pain of a woman in childbirth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 22 24 lcv6 figs-hypo 0 even if you … were the signet on my right hand Yahweh speaks to Jehoiachin as if it were possible for him to be the ring on Yahweh’s hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JER 22 24 fu3p figs-metonymy 0 the signet on my right hand A signet ring was used by a king to place his seal of authority on documents. The signet ring therefore represents authority to rule. The right hand also represents authority to rule. Alternate translation: “the signet ring on my right hand that represented my authority to be king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 22 24 dv7c 0 I would tear you off “I would tear you off from my hand” or “I would quickly pull you off of my hand” +JER 22 24 dv7c 0 I would tear you off Alternate translation: “I would tear you off from my hand” or “I would quickly pull you off of my hand” JER 22 25 s6ia figs-activepassive 0 I have given you to the hand of the ones seeking your life This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have made it possible for the ones seeking your life to capture you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 22 25 h93i figs-metonymy 0 to the hand of Here the metonym “hand” represents power and control. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 22 25 sr7r figs-metaphor 0 seeking your life This phrase represents wanting or trying to kill someone. See how this phrase is translated in [Jeremiah 11:21](../11/21.md). Alternate translation: “trying to kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1604,9 +1604,9 @@ JER 23 2 hus7 figs-doublet 0 You have scattered my flock and have driven them a JER 23 3 rk1f figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak about the people of Israel as if they were his sheep and the leaders of Israel as if they were his shepherds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 23 3 n6wn figs-metaphor 0 to a grazing place Yahweh refers to the land of Israel as if it were good pasture for his people. This good pasture is a metonym for provision for their needs. Alternate translation: “to good pasture” or “to where all their needs will be supplied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 23 3 k44c figs-doublet 0 they will be fruitful and increase The word “increase” explains how they will be “fruitful.” Alternate translation: “they will increase greatly in number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 23 4 ybw9 0 I will raise up “I will appoint” +JER 23 4 ybw9 0 I will raise up Alternate translation: “I will appoint” JER 23 4 t983 figs-doublet 0 they will no longer fear or be shattered The words “be shattered” mean that someone has caused them to be afraid and mean basically the same thing as “fear.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will make them afraid anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 23 4 n8p6 0 None of them “None of my people” +JER 23 4 n8p6 0 None of them Alternate translation: “None of my people” JER 23 4 ku28 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 23 5 xn4x 0 See This word alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. JER 23 5 wru3 figs-idiom 0 I will raise up This idiom means he will appoint a successor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1650,17 +1650,17 @@ JER 23 14 cc8r figs-simile 0 All of them have become like Sodom … like Gomorr JER 23 15 t5fw 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 23 15 cv5x 0 Look The word “look” here alerts the reader to pay attention to the important information that follows. JER 23 15 ug5g figs-metaphor 0 I am about to make them eat wormwood and drink poisonous water Wormwood is a plant that is very bitter and unpleasant to eat. This phrase describes the punishment that Yahweh was going to bring about on the evil prophets. In the same way wormwood was bitter and the water was poisonous, so would Yaweh’s judgment be on the evil prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 23 15 wjd4 0 I am about to “I will soon” +JER 23 15 wjd4 0 I am about to Alternate translation: “I will soon” JER 23 15 zxk6 figs-metaphor 0 pollution has gone out from the prophets Here the evil teaching of the priests and false prophets is spoken of as if it were something filthy that ruined the land. Alternate translation: “evil has come from the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 23 15 fxa4 0 pollution dirty and unsafe things that spoil the air, water, or land where they are found JER 23 16 z212 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues to deliver Yahweh’s message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md). JER 23 16 u2nu 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 23 16 yu7d 0 They have deluded you! “The prophets have caused you to believe something that is not true!” +JER 23 16 yu7d 0 They have deluded you! Alternate translation: “The prophets have caused you to believe something that is not true!” JER 23 16 qzm5 figs-metonymy 0 visions from their own minds Here “minds” refers to the thoughts of the false prophets. Alternate translation: “visions that they imagined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 23 16 nij1 figs-metonymy 0 not from Yahweh’s mouth Here “mouth” refers to what Yahweh said. Alternate translation: “not what Yahweh said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 23 17 e3yb figs-hyperbole 0 They are constantly saying The word “constantly” is an exaggeration to emphasize that this is what they normally say. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JER 23 17 kg1k figs-metaphor 0 everyone walking in the stubbornness of his own heart says Here “heart” refers to their desires. To follow those desires is spoken of as walking in them. Alternate translation: “everyone stubbornly does whatever they desire to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 17 ww1a 0 Disaster will not come upon you “Nothing bad will happen to you” +JER 23 17 ww1a 0 Disaster will not come upon you Alternate translation: “Nothing bad will happen to you” JER 23 18 rtl1 figs-rquestion 0 Yet who has stood in Yahweh’s council meeting? Who sees and hears his word? Who pays attention to his word and listens? These questions are used to rebuke the priests and false prophets for not obeying Yahweh. Alternate translation: “No one advises Yahweh. No one understands what Yahweh says. No one obeys Yahweh’s commands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 23 18 crs3 0 pays attention to his word and listens These two phrases mean the same thing. They can be combined in one phrase. Alternate translation: “obeys his word at all” JER 23 19 sv8q 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues to deliver Yahweh’s message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md). @@ -1669,7 +1669,7 @@ JER 23 19 gsy3 0 a tempest a violent windstorm JER 23 19 w4qs figs-metaphor 0 It is whirling around the heads of the wicked Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it were a windstorm whirling around the wicked. Alternate translation: “It is coming upon the wicked like a windstorm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 23 20 n8pg figs-personification 0 Yahweh’s wrath will not return until it Yahweh’s wrath is spoken of as if it were alive and could act on its own. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not stop being angry until he” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 23 20 p9sd figs-metonymy 0 carried out and brought into being his heart’s intentions Here “heart’s intentions” refers to the things that Yahweh wanted to happen. Alternate translation: “completed and accomplished all the punishment that he had planned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 20 b1p2 0 the final days “the future” +JER 23 20 b1p2 0 the final days Alternate translation: “the future” JER 23 21 duz4 0 General Information: Yahweh is the speaker in verses 21-40. JER 23 21 e2zq 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues to deliver Yahweh’s message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md). JER 23 21 jy71 figs-explicit 0 they have still prophesied It is understood that they are prophesying falsely. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “they have prophesied falsely anyway” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1692,7 +1692,7 @@ JER 23 27 ph7r figs-metonymy 0 in favor of Baal’s name Here “Baal’s name JER 23 28 uu8f 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to deliver his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md) and completes in [Jeremiah 23:40](./40.md). JER 23 28 nf21 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 23 29 cmi2 figs-rquestion 0 Is not my word like fire?…and like a hammer that shatters a rock into pieces? Yahweh uses these questions to emphasize that his word is much more powerful than the words of mere men. In that way, his word is like fire or a hammer. Alternate translation: “My word is powerful like fire … and powerful like a hammer that shatters a rock into pieces.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 23 30 s9jd 0 I am against “I am opposed to” +JER 23 30 s9jd 0 I am against Alternate translation: “I am opposed to” JER 23 30 za3e 0 steals words from another person This implies that the false prophets are thieves. They are so evil that they take each other’s messages without permission rather than make up their own false messages. JER 23 31 fj9k 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to deliver his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md) and completes in [Jeremiah 23:40](./40.md). JER 23 31 eh6r 0 See This alerts the reader to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Pay attention” @@ -1738,23 +1738,23 @@ JER 24 6 i7sm figs-parallelism 0 I will build them up, and not tear them down. JER 24 6 pp2q figs-metaphor 0 I will build them up, and not tear them down Yahweh speak of the exiles as a building which Yahweh will build and not tear down. Alternate translation: “I will help them flourish in the land, and not ruin them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 24 6 whb1 figs-metaphor 0 I will plant them, and not uproot them Yahweh speak of the exiles as plants which Yahweh will plant in good soil and not pull out. Alternate translation: “I will establish them in the land, and not remove them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 24 9 hi95 figs-doublet 0 I will turn them into a frightening thing, a disaster … a disgrace and a subject for proverbs, taunts, and curses These phrases mean the same thing and emphasize how thoroughly Yahweh will judge the people of Jerusalem. They will become something that will frighten other people when they see it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 24 10 f8lu 0 I will send out sword, famine, and plague against them “I will kill them with war, famine and sicknesses” +JER 24 10 f8lu 0 I will send out sword, famine, and plague against them Alternate translation: “I will kill them with war, famine and sicknesses” JER 24 10 j4rn figs-metonymy 0 I will send out sword Here “sword” refers to war or enemy armies. Alternate translation: “I will send enemy armies” or “I will send out war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 24 10 k2as figs-personification 0 sword, famine, and plague These things are spoken of as if they were living things that could attack the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 24 10 l4fs 0 they are destroyed from the land “none of them remain in the land” +JER 24 10 l4fs 0 they are destroyed from the land Alternate translation: “none of them remain in the land” JER 25 intro uf7k 0 # Jeremiah 25 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 25:30-38.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Seventy years

Babylon will rule over Judah for seventy years. Because Yahweh is just, he will soon punish Babylon for their evil actions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom

Jeremiah uses the idiom of drinking the cup of wine of God’s punishment to say that Babylon will destroy all the surrounding nations and then be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 25 1 jgw9 figs-idiom 0 This is the word that came to Jeremiah It is implied that the word that came to Jeremiah was from Yahweh. This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 25 1 a9rv translate-ordinal 0 the fourth … the first (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 25 3 q39g translate-names 0 Amon This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 25 5 nw93 figs-metaphor 0 Let each man turn from his wicked way and the corruption of his practices Jeremiah speaks of people who stop committing an action as if those people were turning away from that action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 25 5 xe34 figs-doublet 0 his wicked way and the corruption of his practices The terms “wicked way” and “corruption of his practices” mean the same thing and refer to every sinful thing that they do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 25 5 jc1p 0 the corruption of his practices “his corrupt practices” +JER 25 5 jc1p 0 the corruption of his practices Alternate translation: “his corrupt practices” JER 25 6 yxs7 figs-metaphor 0 do not walk after other gods Jeremiah speaks of a person being devoted to a god as if the person were walking behind the god. Alternate translation: “do not become devoted to other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 25 6 cgg6 figs-explicit 0 do not provoke him with the work of your hands The word “him” refers to Yahweh. Here, the phrase **the work of your hands** could mean: (1) it is a reference to the idols that the people have made with their hands. Alternate translation: “do not provoke Yahweh with the idols that you have made” or (2) It is an idiom that refers to the actions of a person, with the word “hands” being a synecdoche that represents the person who does those actions. Alternate translation: “do not provoke Yahweh by the things that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 25 7 fz11 figs-explicit 0 you have provoked me with the work of your hands to do harm to you See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 25:6](../25/06.md). Here, the phrase **the work of your hands** could mean: (1) it is a reference to the idols that the people have made with their hands. Alternate translation: “you have provoked me to harm you because of the idols that you have made with your hands” or (2) It is an idiom that refers to the actions of a person, with the word “hands” being a synecdoche that represents the person who does those actions. Alternate translation: “you have provoked me to harm you because of the things that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 25 7 t2s6 0 to do harm to you “so that I do harm to you” +JER 25 7 t2s6 0 to do harm to you Alternate translation: “so that I do harm to you” JER 25 8 i8m8 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 25 9 rd1n 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you” +JER 25 9 rd1n 0 see Alternate translation: “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you” JER 25 9 kxv7 figs-idiom 0 bring them against this land The idiom to “bring … against this land” means that they will attack the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “bring them to attack this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 25 9 h39v figs-idiom 0 I will set them apart for destruction The idiom “set … apart for destruction” means to destroy something completely. Alternate translation: “I will destroy them completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 25 9 h2cj figs-abstractnouns 0 I will turn them into a horror The word “horror” may be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I will turn them into something that horrifies people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1762,7 +1762,7 @@ JER 25 9 e1u4 0 an object for hissing The word “hissing” refers to a sound JER 25 10 nzy3 0 millstones These are two large, round stones used to grind grain. JER 25 10 n68f 0 the sound of joy and sound of gladness, the sound of the groom and the sound of the bride See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:34](../07/34.md). JER 25 11 zyt1 figs-abstractnouns 0 all of this land will become a desolation and a horror The words “desolation” and “horror” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I will cause this land to be desolate and something that horrifies people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 25 12 m9ye 0 when seventy years have been completed “after seventy years” or “after seventy years have passed” +JER 25 12 m9ye 0 when seventy years have been completed Alternate translation: “after seventy years” or “after seventy years have passed” JER 25 12 pua7 figs-abstractnouns 0 an unending desolation The noun “desolation” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “desolate forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 25 13 dbu3 figs-activepassive 0 everything written in this book This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “everything that Jeremiah has written in this book” or “everything that one has written in this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 25 14 tv7d figs-metaphor 0 I will repay them for their deeds and the works of their hands Yahweh speaks of punishing the people of the nations for what they have done as if he were paying them back. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1784,7 +1784,7 @@ JER 25 22 q9z1 figs-metaphor 0 This passage continues the metaphor of Yahweh JER 25 22 e275 0 the sea This is a reference to the Mediterranean Sea. JER 25 23 ufe5 translate-names 0 Dedan, Tema, and Buz These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 25 23 ak9u 0 all the ones who cut the hair on the sides of their heads This probably refers to people who cut their hair short in order to honor a pagan god. Some modern versions interpret this Hebrew expression as “all the people who live on the edge of the wilderness.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 9:26](../09/26.md). -JER 25 23 dgh2 0 they also had to drink it “they also had to drink the wine from the cup” +JER 25 23 dgh2 0 they also had to drink it Alternate translation: “they also had to drink the wine from the cup” JER 25 24 gv4u figs-metaphor 0 This passage continues the metaphor of Yahweh’s extreme anger as wine that he causes the people of the nations to drink from a cup. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 25 25 dg7i translate-names 0 Zimri This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 25 26 kn4i figs-idiom 0 everyone with his brother This is an idiom that means every person, one after another. Alternate translation: “one after another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1803,7 +1803,7 @@ JER 25 31 fjq3 figs-idiom 0 to the ends of the earth This is an idiom that mean JER 25 31 ytv7 figs-metonymy 0 on all flesh Here the word “flesh” represents humanity. Alternate translation: “on all mankind” or “on all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 25 31 luq6 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 25 32 gee1 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 25 32 vv51 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” +JER 25 32 vv51 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 25 32 zv4e figs-personification 0 disaster is going out from nation to nation Yahweh speaks of great disasters happening in each nation as if “disaster” were a person who goes from nation to nation. Alternate translation: “great disasters are going to happen in one nation after another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 25 32 dfh9 figs-metaphor 0 a great storm is beginning from the farthest parts of the earth Here, this metaphor could mean: (1) Yahweh speaks of Babylonian army and the destruction that it will cause as if it were a great storm or (2) Yahweh speaks of his great anger as if it were a great storm that causes much destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 25 33 nd4h figs-activepassive 0 those killed by Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom Yahweh killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1825,19 +1825,19 @@ JER 26 intro m6jw 0 # Jeremiah 26 General Notes
## Special concepts in thi JER 26 1 hc6c figs-idiom 0 this word came from Yahweh, saying This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 18:1](../18/01.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “This message came from Yahweh. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 26 1 v8wh figs-explicit 0 this word came from Yahweh, saying It can be stated clearly who Yahweh gave this message to. Alternate translation: “this word came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, saying” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 26 2 f1ff figs-metaphor 0 cities of Judah The word “cities” is a metonym for the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: “people from the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 26 2 aun6 0 Do not cut short any word! “Do not leave anything out from what I have told you!” +JER 26 2 aun6 0 Do not cut short any word! Alternate translation: “Do not leave anything out from what I have told you!” JER 26 3 x43j figs-metaphor 0 each man will turn from his wicked ways Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle as if it were a “way” or path along which the person walks. Alternate translation: “each man will stop his wicked way of living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 26 3 v13u 0 so I will relent concerning the disaster This is conditional destruction. If Judah repents, God will not destroy but heal them. -JER 26 3 ig56 0 the wickedness of their practices “the wicked way that they live” or “the wicked things that they do” +JER 26 3 ig56 0 the wickedness of their practices Alternate translation: “the wicked way that they live” or “the wicked things that they do” JER 26 6 vka9 figs-simile 0 then I will make this house like Shiloh Yahweh had destroyed a place of worship at Shiloh, and he was threatening to destroy this place of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 26 6 qd3h figs-metonymy 0 I will turn this city into a curse What Yahweh would turn the city into is a metonym for what people would use the city for. Alternate translation: “I will make this city so that people will ask me to destroy others the way I have destroyed this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 26 6 w3q2 0 in the sight of all the nations on earth “so that all the nations on earth can see me do it” +JER 26 6 w3q2 0 in the sight of all the nations on earth Alternate translation: “so that all the nations on earth can see me do it” JER 26 7 id3z 0 Yahweh’s house the temple JER 26 8 zr32 0 all the people seized him and said, “You will certainly die! This could mean: (1) The people chose to believe the lie of false peace and did not want to be confronted with the truth, or (2) the people believed the other prophets proclaiming peace and saw Jeremiah as a false prophet who should be stoned for leading the people astray. JER 26 9 sb1y figs-rquestion 0 Why have you prophesied … inhabitant? This rebuke can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have prophesied … inhabitant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 26 10 kp6h 0 the New Gate the name of the gate through which people went into the temple -JER 26 11 n24j 0 you heard with your own ears “you heard” -JER 26 12 m8sc 0 this house and this city “the people who worship in Yahweh’s temple and those who live in the city of Jerusalem” +JER 26 11 n24j 0 you heard with your own ears Alternate translation: “you heard” +JER 26 12 m8sc 0 this house and this city Alternate translation: “the people who worship in Yahweh’s temple and those who live in the city of Jerusalem” JER 26 13 u7ib figs-doublet 0 your ways … your practices These two phrases mean almost the same thing. Alternate translation: “the things you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 26 13 u76z figs-synecdoche 0 listen to the voice of Yahweh The voice is a synecdoche for the person, and the same word can be translated “listen” or “obey.” Alternate translation: “obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 26 14 kr6k figs-doublet 0 Do to me what is good and right in your eyes The words “good” and “right” mean the same thing. The eye is a metonym for the person’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “Do to me whatever you think is the right thing to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1855,9 +1855,9 @@ JER 26 19 vxq8 0 Did he not fear Yahweh and appease the face of Yahweh … the JER 26 19 gxw9 figs-synecdoche 0 appease the face of Yahweh The face is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “cause Yahweh to be less angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 26 19 fc9w figs-rquestion 0 So will we do greater evil against our own lives? The speakers are trying to get the hearers to agree with what they are saying. The word “lives” is a metonym for the people. Alternate translation: “If we kill Jeremiah, we will do greater evil against our own lives.” or “We do not want to do worse things to ourselves.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 26 20 vwh1 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah stops telling about his own life and begins telling about what happened to another prophet. -JER 26 20 lp4c 0 Meanwhile there was “While what I was just telling you about was happening, there was” +JER 26 20 lp4c 0 Meanwhile there was Alternate translation: “While what I was just telling you about was happening, there was” JER 26 20 dij2 figs-metonymy 0 prophesied against this city and this land The words “city” and “land” are metonyms for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “prophesied that bad things would happen to the people who lived in this city and this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 26 21 m5dp 0 heard his word “heard what he said” +JER 26 21 m5dp 0 heard his word Alternate translation: “heard what he said” JER 26 22 pux5 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the story of Uriah. JER 26 22 q88r translate-names 0 Elnathan … Akbor men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 26 23 dgv1 0 corpse dead body @@ -1882,7 +1882,7 @@ JER 27 9 vwe7 0 soothsayers people who say what will happen in the future JER 27 11 l1up figs-metaphor 0 the nation that places its neck under the yoke of the king Being the king’s slave is spoken of as being an animal onto the shoulders of which the king puts a yoke so it can do heavy work. See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 27:8](../27/08.md). Alternate translation: “the nation whose people willingly becomes slaves of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 27 11 hi97 0 the nation that places The nation here is a metonym for the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “the nation of people who place” JER 27 11 w1tr 0 cultivate This means to prepare and use land to grow food crops -JER 27 11 eq6b 0 make their homes in it “make their homes in their own land” +JER 27 11 eq6b 0 make their homes in it Alternate translation: “make their homes in their own land” JER 27 12 d48x 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak through Jeremiah to the king of Judah. JER 27 12 s392 0 Place your necks under the yoke of the king of Babylon Being the king’s slave is spoken of as being an animal onto the shoulders of which the king puts a yoke so it can do heavy work. See how similar words were translated in [Jeremiah 27:8](../27/08.md). JER 27 12 gls2 figs-you 0 Place your necks The word “your” refers to Zedekiah and the people of Judah and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -1890,7 +1890,7 @@ JER 27 13 dl31 figs-rquestion 0 Why will you die … king of Babylon? Jeremiah JER 27 14 sgg7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak through Jeremiah to the king and people of Judah. JER 27 14 dre5 0 Do not listen to the words Yahweh is warning the people about all the false prophets that he did not send and that are lying to them. JER 27 15 xb8h figs-metonymy 0 they are prophesying deceit in my name The phrase “in my name” represents speaking with Yahweh’s power and authority or as his representative. Here these prophets claim that they received their message from Yahweh, but that had not. The abstract noun “deceit” can be translated as the verb “deceiving.” Alternate translation: “they say they are speaking for me when they prophesy, but they are deceiving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 27 15 qnt1 0 I will drive you out “I will force you to leave your home country” +JER 27 15 qnt1 0 I will drive you out Alternate translation: “I will force you to leave your home country” JER 27 16 uap6 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues to speak the words of Yahweh. JER 27 16 cbz7 figs-activepassive 0 The objects belonging to Yahweh’s house are being returned from Babylon now! This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People are bringing back all the gold items that they took from Yahweh’s temple!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 27 17 sk8y figs-rquestion 0 Why should this city become a ruin? Yahweh uses a question to warn the people. Alternate translation: “You can keep this city from becoming a ruin if you do what Yahweh wants you to do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -1917,26 +1917,26 @@ JER 28 2 aar4 figs-metaphor 0 I have broken the yoke imposed by the king of Bab JER 28 3 ccb6 0 General Information: Hananiah continues to speak. JER 28 4 p8wn 0 Jehoiachin The Hebrew text has “Jeconiah,” which is a variation of the name “Jehoiachin.” Many modern versions have “Jehoiachin” in order to make it clear that the same king is being referred to. JER 28 4 g5wx figs-activepassive 0 who were sent This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom I sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 28 6 jm3q 0 May Yahweh confirm the words that you prophesied “May Yahweh prove you have prophesied truly” -JER 28 8 kgg7 0 The prophets who existed before me and you from long ago “The prophets who lived long ago before you and I” +JER 28 6 jm3q 0 May Yahweh confirm the words that you prophesied Alternate translation: “May Yahweh prove you have prophesied truly” +JER 28 8 kgg7 0 The prophets who existed before me and you from long ago Alternate translation: “The prophets who lived long ago before you and I” JER 28 9 v7cm figs-activepassive 0 then it will be known that he is indeed a prophet sent out by Yahweh This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “then you will know that he is indeed a true prophet and that Yahweh has sent him out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 28 11 ski8 0 Just like this “Just as Hananiah has taken the yoke off Jeremiah’s neck” +JER 28 11 ski8 0 Just like this Alternate translation: “Just as Hananiah has taken the yoke off Jeremiah’s neck” JER 28 11 aj19 figs-metaphor 0 I will break from off the neck of every nation the yoke imposed by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon Hananaiah speaks of the people being in slavery as if they were oxen on which the Babylonians had put yokes to make them do heavy work. Alternate translation: “I will make it so all nations are no longer slaves of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon” or “I will set every nation free from slavery to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 28 11 u45s figs-metonymy 0 every nation The word “nation” is a metonym for the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “the people of every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 28 11 dg28 figs-activepassive 0 the yoke imposed by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the yoke that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon has imposed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 28 11 ahp8 0 imposed put on people JER 28 12 qez4 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 28 13 k1s2 0 You broke a yoke of wood, but I will make instead a yoke of iron “You broke a weak yoke, but I will replace it with a yoke that you cannot break” +JER 28 13 k1s2 0 You broke a yoke of wood, but I will make instead a yoke of iron Alternate translation: “You broke a weak yoke, but I will replace it with a yoke that you cannot break” JER 28 14 u3bq 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 28 14 y7rs figs-metaphor 0 I have placed a yoke of iron on the neck of all of these nations to serve Nebuchadnezzar Yahweh speaks of making nations to be slaves of Nebuchadnezzar as if he were putting yokes on oxen to make them do heavy work. Alternate translation: “I have made all of these nations slaves, and they will have to serve Nebuchadnezzar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 28 16 mdf5 figs-123person 0 you proclaimed rebellion against Yahweh It is not clear why Yahweh speaks of himself by name. Alternate translation: “you urged people to rebel against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 28 17 gp9j translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the seventh month This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of September and the first part of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 29 intro l6ne 0 # Jeremiah 29 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Two letters

Jeremiah sent a letter to Babylon telling the exiles to prepare for a long stay. A false prophet in Babylon wrote back to the chief priest telling him to punish Jeremiah. Even though Jeremiah had prophesied the exile, the Jews still did not believe him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -JER 29 1 j1gt 0 sent out from Jerusalem “proclaimed from Jerusalem” -JER 29 1 kv6v 0 remaining elders “elders who were still alive” +JER 29 1 j1gt 0 sent out from Jerusalem Alternate translation: “proclaimed from Jerusalem” +JER 29 1 kv6v 0 remaining elders Alternate translation: “elders who were still alive” JER 29 2 ici1 0 Jehoiachin The Hebrew text has “Jeconiah,” which is a variation of the name “Jehoiachin.” Many modern versions have “Jehoiachin” in order to make it clear that the same king is being referred to. JER 29 2 lph9 0 the queen mother the king’s mother -JER 29 2 dd2l 0 high officials “very important officials” +JER 29 2 dd2l 0 high officials Alternate translation: “very important officials” JER 29 3 jx8m figs-synecdoche 0 by the hand of Elasah Jeremiah gave the scroll to Elasah so that Elasah could take it to Babylon. The reader should understand that Elasah probably put the scroll in a container to keep it safe as he traveled. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 29 3 c79u translate-names 0 Elasah … Shapan … Gemariah … Hilkiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 29 4 wj14 0 Yahweh of hosts, God of Israel, says this to all the captives When people wrote letters in that society, they would write their name first, then the name of the person to whom they were writing, and then the main part of the letter. Yahweh speaks of himself by name as if he were writing the letter himself. @@ -1957,8 +1957,8 @@ JER 29 12 y9js 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what wil JER 29 12 t5ie figs-metonymy 0 you will call to me Praying is spoken of as calling out with a loud voice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 29 12 chj7 figs-explicit 0 I will listen to you This implies that Yahweh will give them what they want. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 29 13 t4q8 figs-metonymy 0 you will seek me Wanting to know what Yahweh requires is spoken of as trying to find where Yahweh is. Alternate translation: “you will want to do what I require you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 29 13 w17i 0 you will seek me with all your heart “you will be completely sincere when you seek me” -JER 29 14 wng6 0 I will bring back your fortunes “I will cause things to go well for you again” or “I will cause you to live well again” +JER 29 13 w17i 0 you will seek me with all your heart Alternate translation: “you will be completely sincere when you seek me” +JER 29 14 wng6 0 I will bring back your fortunes Alternate translation: “I will cause things to go well for you again” or “I will cause you to live well again” JER 29 14 e84g figs-activepassive 0 I caused you to be exiled This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I sent you into exile” or “I sent you to be exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 29 15 mq78 0 General Information: Jeremiah speaks to the captive Israelites. JER 29 16 nxs3 figs-metonymy 0 the king who sits on the throne of David Sitting on the throne is a metonym for ruling as king. Alternate translation: “the king who rules the Israelites as David did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1973,9 +1973,9 @@ JER 29 19 xg4e figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of JER 29 20 n6ah 0 So you yourselves listen Yahweh is now about to issue a command and wants them to pay attention. Alternate translation: “But as for you, listen carefully” JER 29 21 hg4m translate-names 0 Kolaiah … Maaseiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 29 21 li6x figs-metonymy 0 who prophesy falsely to you in my name Here “name” is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “liars who tell you that they are speaking my words to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 29 21 rtz1 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” +JER 29 21 rtz1 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 29 21 nlw5 figs-metonymy 0 I am about to put them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon Here “hand” is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: “I will allow Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon to conquer them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 29 21 rp45 0 before your eyes “where you can see him do it” +JER 29 21 rp45 0 before your eyes Alternate translation: “where you can see him do it” JER 29 22 bu5e figs-activepassive 0 a curse will be spoken about these persons by all the captives of Judah in Babylon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the captives of Judah in Babylon will say a curse about these persons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 29 22 d1hq figs-euphemism 0 roasted This word usually refers to cooking food over an open fire or in a pan, not to burning completely. This could mean: (1) this is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “burned to death” or (2) the king’s men attached them to poles over the fire close enough that the fire would slowly kill them but far enough away that it would not totally consume their bodies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JER 29 23 siu5 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -2005,7 +2005,7 @@ JER 30 3 xt2s 0 I will restore the fortunes of my people, Israel and Judah “ JER 30 4 m5dx writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 30 5 l2xq 0 We have heard This could mean: (1) that these are the words of Yahweh referring to himself as “we.” Alternate translation: “I have heard” or (2) that these are the words of the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You people of Jerusalem say, ‘We have heard” JER 30 5 mej1 0 a trembling voice of dread and not of peace This could mean: (1) “people cry out in dread because there is no peace” or (2) “you cry out in dread because there is no peace.” -JER 30 6 br85 0 Ask and see if a man bears a child “You know that no man has ever given birth to a child” +JER 30 6 br85 0 Ask and see if a man bears a child Alternate translation: “You know that no man has ever given birth to a child” JER 30 6 t7ik figs-simile 0 Why do I see every young man with his hand on his loins like a woman bearing a child? Why have all their faces become pale? A woman about to give birth is in great pain and unable to do anything. The young men are so frightened that their bodies hurt, and they are unable to fight. Alternate translation: “The young men are holding their bellies like a woman giving birth; they all look sick because they are so afraid.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 30 7 uva8 figs-metonymy 0 for Jacob, but he will be rescued from it The name Jacob is a metonym for the man’s descendants. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for the descendants of Jacob, but I will rescue them from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 30 8 es78 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the Israelites. @@ -2015,24 +2015,24 @@ JER 30 9 qp76 figs-metonymy 0 David their king This is a metonym for one of Dav JER 30 10 j2kb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. JER 30 10 ff1b figs-metonymy 0 my servant Jacob … Israel “Jacob” and “Israel” are the two names of the ancestor of the Israelites, and these names are metonyms for the Israelites. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob … you Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 30 10 ldb9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 30 10 gri4 0 do not be dismayed “do not be discouraged” -JER 30 10 anv7 0 For see, I am “Listen carefully while I tell you why: I am” +JER 30 10 gri4 0 do not be dismayed Alternate translation: “do not be discouraged” +JER 30 10 anv7 0 For see, I am Alternate translation: “Listen carefully while I tell you why: I am” JER 30 10 t49p figs-abstractnouns 0 from the land of captivity The abstract noun “captivity” can be translated using the noun “captive.” Alternate translation: “from the place where they were captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 30 10 zir5 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob will return … he will be secure Jacob’s name is a metonym for his descendants. Yahweh speaks to Jacob as if he were speaking to another person. You may need to make explicit to where Jacob will return. Alternate translation: “Jacob will return to his own land … he will be secure” or “The descendants of Jacob will return … they will be secure” or “You descendants of Jacob will return … you will be secure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 30 10 f2gl 0 secure “safe” -JER 30 11 e618 0 where I have scattered you “where I have sent you” +JER 30 10 f2gl 0 secure Alternate translation: “safe” +JER 30 11 e618 0 where I have scattered you Alternate translation: “where I have sent you” JER 30 11 zng1 figs-euphemism 0 But I will certainly not put an end to you “But I will not completely destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JER 30 11 r6x7 figs-doublenegatives 0 will certainly not leave you unpunished This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “will certainly punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) JER 30 12 mt3r 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. JER 30 12 fs7f figs-metaphor 0 Your injury is incurable; your wound is infected This means that Yahweh has punished them so severely that there is no one who can help them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 30 13 k22x 0 There is no one to plead your case “There is no one who asks me to show you mercy” +JER 30 13 k22x 0 There is no one to plead your case Alternate translation: “There is no one who asks me to show you mercy” JER 30 13 bxy1 figs-metaphor 0 no one to plead your case … no remedy for your wound Yahweh has punished them so severely that there is no one who can help them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 30 14 xev8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. JER 30 14 v4ha figs-metaphor 0 All of your lovers Yahweh describes the people of Israel as an unfaithful wife who takes lovers other than her husband. Here “lovers” refers to other nations. The Israelites allied with them and worshiped their gods instead of relying on Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 30 14 a26m 0 They will not look for you “They no longer want to be your friends” +JER 30 14 a26m 0 They will not look for you Alternate translation: “They no longer want to be your friends” JER 30 14 rir2 figs-metaphor 0 I have wounded you with the wound of an enemy Yahweh has treated his people like he would treat his enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 30 14 b768 figs-metaphor 0 the discipline of a cruel master Yahweh has treated his people like a cruel master would treat a rebellious slave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 30 14 m2nq 0 your innumerable sins “your sins, which are too many to count” +JER 30 14 m2nq 0 your innumerable sins Alternate translation: “your sins, which are too many to count” JER 30 15 q12y figs-rquestion 0 Why do you call for help for your injury? Yahweh asks a question here to make the people think about why they are asking him for help now. Alternate translation: “You are calling for help for your injury because you have disobeyed me.” or “Do not call for help for your injury.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 30 16 d7ma figs-metaphor 0 So everyone who consumes you will be consumed Destroying the nation is spoken of as consuming or eating it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So those who destroy you, their enemies will destroy them” or “So I will destroy everyone who destroys you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 30 16 a2ze 0 have plundered … plunder To plunder is to steal from peaceful people using violence, and plunder is what people steal. @@ -2042,12 +2042,12 @@ JER 30 17 wi66 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of JER 30 17 bdr3 0 they called you: Outcast An outcast is a person whom other people do not accept or allow to associate with them. Alternate translation: “they called you: Rejected” or “they said, ‘Nobody wants you’” JER 30 17 sg4l figs-metonymy 0 No one cares for this Zion The place name “Zion” is a metonym for the people who live in Zion. Alternate translation: “No one cares about the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 30 18 n9h7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -JER 30 18 bcm3 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” +JER 30 18 bcm3 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” JER 30 18 q3jx figs-metonymy 0 I am about to bring back the fortunes of Jacob’s tents and have compassion on his homes The places where people live are metonyms for the people who live in those places. Alternate translation: “I am about bring back the fortunes of the descendants of Jacob, and I will have compassion on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 30 18 c7w1 0 I am about to bring back the fortunes of Jacob’s tents “I will cause things to go well for the people in Jacob’s tents again” or “I will cause the people in Jacob’s tents to live well again.” See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 29:14](../29/14.md). JER 30 18 di2a figs-activepassive 0 Then a city will be built on the heap of ruins This can be translated in active form. You may need to make explicit that the city they will build will be Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Then they will rebuild Jerusalem on its ruins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 30 19 rrl4 0 Then a song of praise and a sound of merriment will go out from them “Then they will sing songs of praise and joy” -JER 30 19 hbg1 0 for I will increase them and not diminish them “I will cause them to increase in number, not to become fewer” +JER 30 19 rrl4 0 Then a song of praise and a sound of merriment will go out from them Alternate translation: “Then they will sing songs of praise and joy” +JER 30 19 hbg1 0 for I will increase them and not diminish them Alternate translation: “I will cause them to increase in number, not to become fewer” JER 30 19 z7qu figs-activepassive 0 so they will not be humbled This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one will humble them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 30 20 u5tb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. JER 30 20 tnn9 figs-activepassive 0 their assembly will be established before me This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will establish them as a people before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2066,11 +2066,11 @@ JER 31 4 bv1q figs-activepassive 0 I will build you up again so you will be bui JER 31 4 bt11 figs-personification 0 virgin Israel It was common to refer to nations as if they were women. However, “virgin” makes a person think about a young woman who has never married and so has never had the opportunity to be faithless to her husband. Therefore, calling Israel a virgin is an ironic use of language. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 18:13](../18/13.md). Alternate translation: “Israel, who falsely pretends to be fully devoted to me” or “my faithless people Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JER 31 4 v1aw translate-unknown 0 tambourines musical instruments with heads like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around their sides that sound when the instruments are shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) JER 31 7 n6rl figs-apostrophe 0 Shout … Shout … Let praise be heard … Say Yahweh is speaking in an apostrophe to all people of the world, so these verbs are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -JER 31 7 g2zs 0 the chief people of the nations “the most important people group of all the nations” or “the people group that is more important than any other” +JER 31 7 g2zs 0 the chief people of the nations Alternate translation: “the most important people group of all the nations” or “the people group that is more important than any other” JER 31 7 hu9h figs-activepassive 0 Let praise be heard This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Cause everyone to hear your praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 31 8 tg8t 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about how he will bring the Israelite people back from being captives in Babylon. -JER 31 8 y2x1 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 31 8 jg4x 0 to bring them “to bring the Israelite people” +JER 31 8 y2x1 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” +JER 31 8 jg4x 0 to bring them Alternate translation: “to bring the Israelite people” JER 31 9 ai7p 0 I will lead them as they make their pleas Yahweh will lead them and they will be praying to Yahweh. Some ancient versions read, “Yahweh will lead them and will comfort them.” JER 31 9 v75t figs-metaphor 0 I will be a father to Israel, and Ephraim will be my firstborn Here “Ephraim” is another name for “Israel.” Alternate translation: “I will be like a father to the people of Israel, and they will be like my firstborn child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 31 9 gg9d 0 my firstborn The firstborn had special honor and responsibility. @@ -2083,7 +2083,7 @@ JER 31 12 x6vs figs-metaphor 0 on the heights of Zion “on Zion, the high plac JER 31 12 s2y2 figs-simile 0 like a watered garden This means they will be strong and healthy, and they will prosper. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 31 12 d4iw figs-hyperbole 0 they will never again feel any more sorrow The world “never” is a generalization. The Israelites will almost always feel joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JER 31 13 f4jc 0 I will change their mourning into celebration The abstract nouns “mourning” and “celebration” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to mourn no longer but instead to celebrate” or “I will make it so they are no longer sad but happy” -JER 31 13 z18g 0 I will change “Yahweh will change” +JER 31 13 z18g 0 I will change Alternate translation: “Yahweh will change” JER 31 14 v9rm figs-abstractnouns 0 I will saturate the lives of the priests in abundance The abstract noun “abundance” can be translated as “many good things.” The lives of the priests are spoken of as if they were a field that would become completely wet when much rain falls on it. Life is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “I will give the priests all the good things they would like” or “I will satisfy the priests with good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 31 14 yp3m figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 31 15 gfw6 figs-activepassive 0 A voice is heard in Ramah This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I hear a voice in Ramah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2112,22 +2112,22 @@ JER 31 23 glu1 figs-explicit 0 the people Here this refers to the people of Jud JER 31 23 v46w figs-apostrophe 0 May Yahweh bless you, you righteous place where he lives, you holy mountain Jerusalem is on the top of a hill, and the temple was built at the highest point in Jerusalem. AT; “May Yahweh bless those who live in Jerusalem with Yahweh, where his temple is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 31 23 w9bz 0 you holy mountain Mount Zion, where the temple had stood JER 31 24 w96e figs-metonymy 0 Judah and all its cities will live together there The name of the man Judah is a metonym for the land on which his descendants, the people of the tribe of Judah, live, and the cities of Judah are spoken of as if they were the family of the man Judah, all of them living “there,” in the land of Judah. Alternate translation: “it will be as if the land were a house in which Judah lived with his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 31 24 r4wa 0 as will farmers and those who set out with flocks “and farmers and those who set out with flocks will also live there” +JER 31 24 r4wa 0 as will farmers and those who set out with flocks Alternate translation: “and farmers and those who set out with flocks will also live there” JER 31 24 ycz6 0 those who set out with flocks people who take care of sheep and goats -JER 31 26 fc1y 0 had been refreshing “had refreshed me” -JER 31 27 nmn8 0 Look “Pay attention” or “Listen” +JER 31 26 fc1y 0 had been refreshing Alternate translation: “had refreshed me” +JER 31 27 nmn8 0 Look Alternate translation: “Pay attention” or “Listen” JER 31 27 hzy4 figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will sow Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will sow” or “there will be a time … when I will sow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 31 27 u22q figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 31 27 h4zz figs-metonymy 0 I will sow the houses of Israel and Judah with the descendants of man and beast The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the people of Israel and the people of Judah. The house in turn is spoken of as if it were a field in which Yahweh would sow seed, and the people and the animals they raise for food, milk, and skins are spoken of as if they are that seed. Alternate translation: “I will cause the people of Israel and Judah to become many people with many animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 31 28 k8da 0 I kept them under surveillance in order to uproot them “looked for ways to uproot them” +JER 31 28 k8da 0 I kept them under surveillance in order to uproot them Alternate translation: “looked for ways to uproot them” JER 31 28 i6nn 0 uproot … tear them down … overthrow … destroy See how you translated these ideas in [Jeremiah 1:9](../01/09.md). JER 31 28 ha61 figs-metaphor 0 in order to build them up and to plant them Yahweh speaks of the Israelites as if they were a house or a food crop. Alternate translation: “in order to make them strong and many” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 31 29 h14f writing-proverbs 0 Fathers have eaten sour grapes, but the children’s teeth are dulled These words are a proverb that Jeremiah heard people say when they were complaining that Yahweh was punishing children for the sins of their fathers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) JER 31 29 cx2i 0 sour grapes This could mean: (1) grapes with too much acid in them or (2) grapes that are not ripe. If grapes are not part of your culture, you may want to use a general word for fruit. JER 31 29 ic1b 0 teeth are dulled Use the common words in your language for how people’s mouths feel when they eat sour or unripe fruit. -JER 31 30 uyf9 0 For each man will die in his own iniquity “For each man will die because of his own sins” +JER 31 30 uyf9 0 For each man will die in his own iniquity Alternate translation: “For each man will die because of his own sins” JER 31 30 pl7f writing-proverbs 0 everyone who eats sour grapes, his teeth will be dulled Jeremiah restates the proverb so that it now means people will suffer as a consequence of their own behaviors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -JER 31 31 tl76 0 Look “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am going to tell you” +JER 31 31 tl76 0 Look Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am going to tell you” JER 31 31 kz1m figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will establish Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will establish” or “there will be a time … when I will establish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 31 31 wtb3 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 31 31 d1xu figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2152,11 +2152,11 @@ JER 31 38 nd1w translate-names 0 Tower of Hananel … Corner Gate These are the JER 31 39 pz74 translate-names 0 hill of Gareb … Goah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 31 40 bf2f figs-activepassive 0 The whole valley … will be set apart for Yahweh This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “They will set apart the whole valley … for me” or “I will have them make the whole valley … holy for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 31 40 z7hx translate-names 0 Kidron Valley … Horse Gate These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 31 40 j8yq 0 set apart “made holy” +JER 31 40 j8yq 0 set apart Alternate translation: “made holy” JER 31 40 gu9q figs-metaphor 0 The city will not be pulled up or overthrown again The city is spoken of as if it were a plant that someone could pull out of the ground or a building that someone could break down. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not allow anyone to pull up or overthrow the city again” or “No one will tear the city down or destroy it again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 32 intro vcw6 0 # Jeremiah 32 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
The king should have listened to the prophet Jeremiah and repented of his sin. Instead, he objected to his message. Yahweh punished him because of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Israel
The term “Israel” is used exclusively in reference to the nation of Israel as a whole in this chapter. JER 32 1 xs6y figs-idiom 0 This is the word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Jeremiah. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:2](../01/02.md) Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave messages to Jeremiah” or “Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 32 1 mul1 0 in the tenth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, the eighteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar “after Zedekiah had been king of Judah for more than nine years and Nebuchadnezzar had been king for more than seventeen years” +JER 32 1 mul1 0 in the tenth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, the eighteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar Alternate translation: “after Zedekiah had been king of Judah for more than nine years and Nebuchadnezzar had been king for more than seventeen years” JER 32 2 nkx2 figs-activepassive 0 Jeremiah the prophet was imprisoned This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they were keeping Jeremiah as a prisoner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 32 2 fp96 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah the prophet was imprisoned It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 32 2 ke5d 0 the courtyard of the guard at the house of the king of Judah This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. @@ -2179,9 +2179,9 @@ JER 32 8 t71a 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to t JER 32 9 f1zz translate-bmoney 0 seventeen shekels A shekel is 11 grams. Alternate translation: “17 shekels” or “187 grams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JER 32 10 i97w 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking. JER 32 10 yj4l 0 in a scroll and sealed it, and had witnesses witness it This refers to the deed that a person would sign to purchase land. Other people would be witnesses to confirm that Jeremiah had purchased this land. -JER 32 10 mbq3 0 had witnesses witness it “had people watch me purchase the land so they could tell others that I had purchased the land” +JER 32 10 mbq3 0 had witnesses witness it Alternate translation: “had people watch me purchase the land so they could tell others that I had purchased the land” JER 32 11 npr2 figs-activepassive 0 that was sealed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that I sealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 32 11 sh86 0 unsealed deed “opened copy” or “the deed that did not have a seal on it” +JER 32 11 sh86 0 unsealed deed Alternate translation: “opened copy” or “the deed that did not have a seal on it” JER 32 12 ta8p translate-names 0 Baruch … Neriah … Mahseiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 32 12 f3bq 0 the courtyard of the guard The open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). JER 32 13 fq7l 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking. @@ -2198,12 +2198,12 @@ JER 32 19 z67p 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues praying the introduct JER 32 19 zh7i figs-metonymy 0 for your eyes are open to all the ways of people Open eyes are a metonym for what the person sees. How a person lives is spoken of as if he were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “You see everything that people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 32 19 jhc8 figs-abstractnouns 0 to give to each man what his conduct and deeds deserve The abstract nouns “conduct” and “deeds,” which are similar in meaning, can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “and will reward everyone according to how good or evil the things they do are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 32 20 ff83 0 You did signs and wonders in the land of Egypt This refers to an event in the past when God used his power to free the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt. -JER 32 20 txa5 0 To this present day “To this day” -JER 32 20 v54d 0 among all mankind “among all people” +JER 32 20 txa5 0 To this present day Alternate translation: “To this day” +JER 32 20 v54d 0 among all mankind Alternate translation: “among all people” JER 32 20 nuz1 figs-metonymy 0 you have made your name famous Here “name” refers to God’s reputation. Alternate translation: “you have made yourself famous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 32 21 yz8j figs-metonymy 0 with a strong hand, with a raised arm The phrase “strong hand” is a metonym for strength, and the phrase “raised arm” is a metonym for the strength of the arm, so the phrases “strong hand” and “raised arm” form a doublet. Alternate translation: “by your great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 32 22 gd9s 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues praying to Yahweh. He ends the introduction to his lament (“Woe,” [Jeremiah 32:17](../32/17.md)) with the words “took possession of it” and begins the lament with “but they did not obey.” -JER 32 22 zm76 0 gave them “gave the people of Israel” +JER 32 22 zm76 0 gave them Alternate translation: “gave the people of Israel” JER 32 22 m6c3 figs-metaphor 0 land flowing with milk and honey “land where milk and honey flow.” God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 11:5](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 32 23 j41s figs-metonymy 0 But they did not obey your voice The voice is a metonym for the message the speaker gives. Alternate translation: “But they did not obey what you said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 32 24 h8z8 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues praying to Yahweh. @@ -2211,47 +2211,47 @@ JER 32 24 r8nr figs-metaphor 0 The siege mounds have reached up to the city to JER 32 24 y1cb figs-metonymy 0 because of sword The word “sword” is a metonym for war, where soldiers use swords. Alternate translation: “because soldiers will attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 32 24 b3n7 figs-abstractnouns 0 famine, and plague These abstract nouns can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “people have no food to eat, and everyone is weak from being ill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 32 24 p2wr figs-metonymy 0 the city has been given into the hand of the Chaldeans Here “hand” means power or control. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “you have given Jerusalem to the Chaldean army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 32 24 l673 0 happening, and see, you are watching “happening, as you can see very well” -JER 32 25 v7a7 0 have witnesses witness it “have people watch you purchase the land so they can tell others that you have purchased the land” +JER 32 24 l673 0 happening, and see, you are watching Alternate translation: “happening, as you can see very well” +JER 32 25 v7a7 0 have witnesses witness it Alternate translation: “have people watch you purchase the land so they can tell others that you have purchased the land” JER 32 25 fl8j figs-activepassive 0 this city is being given This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am giving this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 32 26 m8wk figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 32 26 m9gx figs-123person 0 came to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 32 27 v6cp figs-rquestion 0 Is anything too difficult for me to do? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he can do anything. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing is too difficult for me to do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 32 28 dcf6 0 See, I am about to give “Listen carefully! I am the one who will give” +JER 32 28 dcf6 0 See, I am about to give Alternate translation: “Listen carefully! I am the one who will give” JER 32 28 fb9t figs-metonymy 0 give this city into the hand of the Chaldeans Yahweh speaks of the city as if it were a small object that he could put into a person’s hand. The word “hand” is a metonym for the power that the hand puts into action. Alternate translation: “put this city under the power of the Chaldeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 32 29 w46s 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah. -JER 32 29 s7dq 0 in order to provoke me “so that I would become very angry” +JER 32 29 s7dq 0 in order to provoke me Alternate translation: “so that I would become very angry” JER 32 30 r5j3 figs-metonymy 0 doing evil before my eyes Here the metonym “eyes” represents what God sees. This could mean: (1) “doing what I consider evil” or (2) “doing evil knowing that I am watching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 32 30 e1kb figs-metaphor 0 since their youth A person being young is a metaphor for the people of Israel first becoming a nation. Alternate translation: “from the time they were young” or “from the time that they became a nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 32 30 qwp4 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 32 31 fxx2 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah. JER 32 31 u2mt figs-metonymy 0 this city has been a provocation of my wrath and fury since the day that they built it Here “city” is a metonym for the people that live there. The words “wrath” and “fury” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how very angry he is. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem have made me very angry since the day they built their city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 32 31 bcj1 figs-abstractnouns 0 has been a provocation of The abstract noun “provocation” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “has been something that has provoked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 32 31 v1l3 0 It has been that right up to this present day “They continue to make me angry even now” +JER 32 31 v1l3 0 It has been that right up to this present day Alternate translation: “They continue to make me angry even now” JER 32 31 hn3i figs-personification 0 from before my face The face is a metonym for the person’s presence. Alternate translation: “from my presence” or “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 32 33 l9le 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah about what the people of Israel had done. JER 32 33 tx7l translate-symaction 0 They turned their backs to me instead of their faces One turns one’s face to someone to show that one is listening, and one’s back to show that one refuses to listen. Alternate translation: “Instead of listening carefully to me, they refused to listen at all” or “They refused to listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 32 33 lg6f 0 to receive correction “to learn how to act correctly” -JER 32 34 k9ry 0 their abominable idols “their idols which I hate” +JER 32 33 lg6f 0 to receive correction Alternate translation: “to learn how to act correctly” +JER 32 34 k9ry 0 their abominable idols Alternate translation: “their idols which I hate” JER 32 34 jn46 figs-activepassive 0 the house that is called by my name Here “name” represents Yahweh. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the house that belongs to me” or “the building in which they worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 32 35 cau1 0 Valley of Ben Hinnom See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:31](../07/31.md). JER 32 35 x89j figs-metonymy 0 It never entered my mind Here “mind” refers to Yahweh’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “I never thought at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 32 36 y1ua figs-you 0 which you are saying Here “you” is plural. This could mean: (1) this refers to Jeremiah and those with him, or (2) it refers to all the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JER 32 36 ag2w figs-metonymy 0 It is given into the hand of the king of Babylon Here “hand” means power or control. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has given it to the king of Babylon” or “Yahweh has given the king of Babylon the power to rule it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 32 37 j7yh 0 to gather them “to gather my people” +JER 32 37 j7yh 0 to gather them Alternate translation: “to gather my people” JER 32 37 d9i7 figs-doublet 0 wrath, fury, and great anger All three words mean the same thing and emphasize how very angry he is. Alternate translation: “extreme anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 32 37 h1sp 0 in security “where they are safe” +JER 32 37 h1sp 0 in security Alternate translation: “where they are safe” JER 32 38 a4rn 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. JER 32 39 q5cb figs-metonymy 0 one heart and one way to honor me The people of Israel will want to work together to honor Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 32 40 f7yh 0 an everlasting covenant “eternal agreement” -JER 32 40 xt5h 0 will not turn away from doing good “stop doing good” +JER 32 40 f7yh 0 an everlasting covenant Alternate translation: “eternal agreement” +JER 32 40 xt5h 0 will not turn away from doing good Alternate translation: “stop doing good” JER 32 40 w44d figs-metaphor 0 I will set honor for me in their hearts Honor is spoken of as if it were a solid object put in a container from which no one can remove it. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to always honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 32 40 r8jy 0 so that they will never turn away from me “so that they will never stop obeying and worshiping me” +JER 32 40 r8jy 0 so that they will never turn away from me Alternate translation: “so that they will never stop obeying and worshiping me” JER 32 41 f6dv 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. JER 32 41 diu3 0 doing good to them Here “them” refers to the people of Israel. JER 32 41 rwm9 figs-metaphor 0 I will faithfully plant them in this land Yahweh speaks of having his people live in the land forever as if he were planting plants in a garden. Alternate translation: “I will permanently settle the Israelites in this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 32 41 j5ie figs-doublet 0 with all my heart and all my life Together, these two phrases form an idiomatic expression that refers to a person’s entire being. Alternate translation: “with all that I am” or “wholeheartedly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 32 42 sj3m 0 I have brought all this great disaster on this people, so I will bring on them all the good things “I have caused all these bad things to happen to this people, and now I will cause the good things to happen to them” +JER 32 42 sj3m 0 I have brought all this great disaster on this people, so I will bring on them all the good things Alternate translation: “I have caused all these bad things to happen to this people, and now I will cause the good things to happen to them” JER 32 43 qct6 figs-activepassive 0 Then fields will be bought in this land This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then people will buy fields in this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 32 43 s9q4 figs-you 0 you are saying Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JER 32 43 mhj8 figs-metonymy 0 It has been given into the hand of the Chaldeans Here “hand” is a metonym for power or control. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has given it to the Chaldeans” or “Yahweh has given the Chaldeans power over it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2261,7 +2261,7 @@ JER 33 intro vtz5 0 # Jeremiah 33 General Notes
## Structure and formattin JER 33 1 zhp8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] JER 33 1 rj9y figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah a second time, while he was … guard, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah a second time, while Jeremiah was … guard. He said,” or “While Jeremiah was … guard, Yahweh spoke this second message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 33 1 wa3r figs-123person 0 came to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. There is no need to translate using first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 33 1 k2z4 0 he was still shut within “he was still a prisoner in” +JER 33 1 k2z4 0 he was still shut within Alternate translation: “he was still a prisoner in” JER 33 1 fe41 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). JER 33 2 hz5q 0 who forms in order to establish who creates things so he can make them exist forever JER 33 4 g9p1 figs-activepassive 0 that are torn down because of the siege ramps and the sword This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) the people tore the houses down to make walls to defend against the Chaldeans. Alternate translation: “that the people have torn down to defend against the siege ramps and the sword” or (2) Alternate translation: “the houses that the Chaldeans have torn down to make siege ramps so they can make war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2280,7 +2280,7 @@ JER 33 11 pi42 figs-metonymy 0 I will restore the fortunes of the land The word JER 33 11 cg2k figs-explicit 0 to what they were before This refers to the time before the exile to Babylon. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “to what they were before I sent the Israelites into exile in Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 33 12 aqm5 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 33 13 w446 figs-explicit 0 the flocks will again pass under the hands of the ones counting them This refers to the practice of a shepherd counting and inspecting his sheep as the sheep walked under his hand. Alternate translation: “shepherds will again count their sheep as the sheep walk by” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 33 14 z61y 0 Look “Listen carefully” +JER 33 14 z61y 0 Look Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” JER 33 14 rc5u figs-metaphor 0 Days are coming … when I will do Future time is spoken of as if the “Days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “In the future … I will do” or “There will be a time … when I will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 33 14 jj5h figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 33 14 ed3q figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2291,14 +2291,14 @@ JER 33 15 hd8c figs-metaphor 0 I will make a righteous branch to grow for David JER 33 15 c2sm figs-metonymy 0 the land the nation of Israel (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 33 16 yng7 figs-metonymy 0 Judah … Jerusalem These towns’ names are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah … the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 33 16 sr7d figs-activepassive 0 Judah will be saved This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will save Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 33 16 q5ei 0 Jerusalem will live in security “the people of Judah will be safe from their enemies” +JER 33 16 q5ei 0 Jerusalem will live in security Alternate translation: “the people of Judah will be safe from their enemies” JER 33 16 x44h figs-metaphor 0 this is what she will be called Yahweh speaks of Jerusalem as if the town were a woman. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “this is what they will call her” or “this is what I will call the town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 33 17 lnb8 0 A man from David’s line will never be lacking “There will always be a man from David’s line” +JER 33 17 lnb8 0 A man from David’s line will never be lacking Alternate translation: “There will always be a man from David’s line” JER 33 17 d7da 0 A man from David’s line a male descendant of King David JER 33 17 pqu6 figs-metonymy 0 to sit on the throne of the house of Israel The throne is a metonym for the king. Alternate translation: “to be king over the house of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 33 17 eml3 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 18 g9nx 0 nor will a man from the Levitical priests be lacking before me to raise burnt offerings “and there will always be a man from the Levitical priests to raise burnt offerings” -JER 33 18 i89e 0 raise burnt offerings “offer burnt offerings” +JER 33 18 g9nx 0 nor will a man from the Levitical priests be lacking before me to raise burnt offerings Alternate translation: “and there will always be a man from the Levitical priests to raise burnt offerings” +JER 33 18 i89e 0 raise burnt offerings Alternate translation: “offer burnt offerings” JER 33 19 w4dw figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 33 19 j1gw figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. There is no need to translate using first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 33 20 s39s figs-123person 0 Yahweh says Yahweh is speaking of himself here. Alternate translation: “I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -2309,7 +2309,7 @@ JER 33 22 xip8 figs-simile 0 As the hosts of heaven cannot be counted, and as t JER 33 23 ufu8 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 33 23 liq9 figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. There is no need to translate using first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 33 24 wv8q figs-rquestion 0 Have you not considered what this people has declared when they said, ‘The … them’? Yahweh wants Jeremiah to think deeply about what the people have said. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have noticed what this people are really saying when they said, ‘The … them.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 33 24 k7ki 0 In this way they despise my people, saying … sight “What they are really saying is that my people are worthless and that my people will never again be a nation.” +JER 33 24 k7ki 0 In this way they despise my people, saying … sight Alternate translation: “What they are really saying is that my people are worthless and that my people will never again be a nation.” JER 33 24 yua9 figs-metonymy 0 my people … are no longer a nation in their sight Sight is a metonym for thinking. Alternate translation: “they no longer think of my people as a nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 33 25 j74f figs-hypo 0 If I have not established … and if I have not fixed This is the beginning of a hypothetical statement that describes a situation that Yahweh never expects to be true.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JER 33 26 x6zy figs-hypo 0 The hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If I have not established the covenant” in verse 25 ends here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) @@ -2319,7 +2319,7 @@ JER 33 26 e4m9 0 show mercy to Translate as “have compassion on” is transl JER 34 intro vkt9 0 # Jeremiah 34 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Law of Moses
According to the law of Moses, the people were required to free their indebted slaves after a period of time. The king led them in freeing their fellow Israelites whom they held as slaves, but later they changed their minds and enslaved them again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Actions with cultural meaning

When the people of Israel made a sacred promise to God, they cut a calf in two and passed between its parts. It was a very serious sin not to do what one had promised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 34 1 z8xz figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, when Nebuchadnezzar … her cities, saying: This idiom “The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah when Nebuchadnezzar … her cities. He said,” or “When Nebuchadnezzar … her cities, Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 34 1 d4fn figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name in this chapter. There is no need to translate using first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 34 1 p1vd 0 waging war “fighting” +JER 34 1 p1vd 0 waging war Alternate translation: “fighting” JER 34 1 qc7b figs-metonymy 0 all of her cities This refers to all the towns around Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 34 2 g3l2 0 to give this city See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:28](../32/28.md) JER 34 2 b3et figs-metonymy 0 into the hand of the king of Babylon Here the word “hand” is a metonym for the control that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: “under the control of the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2329,7 +2329,7 @@ JER 34 4 uht1 figs-metonymy 0 You will not die by the sword. The word “sword JER 34 5 xn8v 0 the funeral burning of your ancestors The people would burn spices in honor of people who had recently died. They did not burn the dead people’s bodies. JER 34 5 x2la figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 34 7 lw71 translate-names 0 Lachish and Azekah These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 34 7 r9p7 0 These cities of Judah remained as fortified cities “the only fortified cities of Judah that the Babylonians had not yet captured” +JER 34 7 r9p7 0 These cities of Judah remained as fortified cities Alternate translation: “the only fortified cities of Judah that the Babylonians had not yet captured” JER 34 8 r2u9 figs-idiom 0 The word came to Jeremiah from Yahweh This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. However, the actual message does not begin until [Jeremiah 34:12](./12.md). See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah” or “Yahweh spoke a message to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 34 8 pb27 0 word message JER 34 8 us2n writing-background 0 after King Zedekiah had made a covenant … freedom to them These words begin to provide background information to events that will be described later. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) @@ -2338,26 +2338,26 @@ JER 34 10 l3j5 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues giving the backgroun JER 34 12 jbq2 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah resumes the story from [Jeremiah 34:8](../34/08.md) after the background information of [Jeremiah 34:8](../34/08.md)-[Jeremiah 11](./10.md). JER 34 12 pf6k figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said, ‘Yahweh” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah: ‘Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 34 13 b8wy figs-idiom 0 house of slavery This is an idiom. “place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 34 14 x834 0 each man must send away his brother, his fellow Hebrew who had sold himself to you and served you “each of you must free any fellow Hebrews who sold themselves to you and have been your slaves” -JER 34 14 jnm6 0 Send him away in freedom “You must let them be free from serving you” +JER 34 14 x834 0 each man must send away his brother, his fellow Hebrew who had sold himself to you and served you Alternate translation: “each of you must free any fellow Hebrews who sold themselves to you and have been your slaves” +JER 34 14 jnm6 0 Send him away in freedom Alternate translation: “You must let them be free from serving you” JER 34 14 gs8l figs-metonymy 0 did not … incline their ears to me To incline the ear, to lean the head toward the speaker so as to hear better, is a metonym for paying attention to what the speaker is saying. Alternate translation: “did not … pay attention to what I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 34 15 ryr7 0 Now you yourselves repented Here the word “now” is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. JER 34 15 re32 figs-metonymy 0 right in my eyes “Eyes” here is a metonym for someone’s opinion or idea. Alternate translation: “what I consider to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 34 15 x4yg figs-activepassive 0 the house that is called by my name This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the house that belongs to me” or “the building in which they worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 34 16 r5d6 figs-metonymy 0 turned and polluted my name A person’s name is a metonym for what people think of him. Alternate translation: “stopped doing what was right and did evil things that have made people think that I am evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 17 n7sg 0 So look! “Listen!” or “Pay attention to the important thing I am going to tell you!” +JER 34 17 n7sg 0 So look! Alternate translation: “Listen!” or “Pay attention to the important thing I am going to tell you!” JER 34 17 b72s figs-irony 0 I am about to proclaim freedom to you … freedom for the sword, the plague, and famine Jeremiah uses irony to say that the “freedom” the people will enjoy will actually be suffering. Alternate translation: “I will proclaim misery to you … misery from the sword, the plague, and famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JER 34 17 h19u 0 proclaim freedom to you “proclaim that you are free” +JER 34 17 h19u 0 proclaim freedom to you Alternate translation: “proclaim that you are free” JER 34 17 n2mw figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 34 17 vx6q figs-metonymy 0 sword This is a metonym for soldiers who carry swords. Alternate translation: “enemy soldiers to kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 34 17 eyz6 figs-metaphor 0 am going to make you a horrible thing in the sight of every kingdom on earth Here “sight” represents judgment or evaluation. The word “kingdom” is a metonym for the people who live in the kingdom. Alternate translation: “I am going to make the people in every kingdom on earth think that you are horrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 34 18 r9sg writing-background 0 when they cut a bull … walked between its parts These words begin to describe how the people established the covenant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JER 34 18 cec2 0 established before me “agreed to with me” or “established while I was watching” +JER 34 18 cec2 0 established before me Alternate translation: “agreed to with me” or “established while I was watching” JER 34 19 lhx2 writing-background 0 and then the leaders … walked between the parts of the bull The description of how the people established the covenant that began with the words “when they cut” in verse 18 ends here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JER 34 20 xu7g figs-metonymy 0 I will give them into the hand of their enemies The word “hand” here is a metonym for the power or control that the enemies will exercise using their hands. AT; “I will allow their enemies to have complete control over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 34 20 gan7 figs-euphemism 0 seeking their lives This is a polite way to say that they wanted to kill them. Alternate translation: “seeking to kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JER 34 20 sjp1 figs-metonymy 0 into the hand of their enemies Here the word “hands” represents control. Alternate translation: “to be conquered by their enemies” or “over to the control of their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 21 wl9t 0 risen up “come to fight” +JER 34 21 wl9t 0 risen up Alternate translation: “come to fight” JER 34 22 ug2t 0 bring them bring the Babylonian armies JER 35 intro jt1x 0 # Jeremiah 35 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The Rechabites

The actions of the Rechabites contrasted with the actions of the Jews. The Rechabites obeyed the commands their ancestor had give while living in Canaan, but Judah did not obey Yahweh’s commands. Because the Rechabites were obedient, Yahweh preserved their clan. The Rechabites’ history is found in the book of Judges. JER 35 1 pt2v figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh in the days … of Judah, saying, The idiom “The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah in the days … of Judah. He said,” or “In the days … of Judah, Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -2391,109 +2391,109 @@ JER 36 1 a3lh 0 It came about “It happened.” This phrase is used here to m JER 36 1 v3ak translate-ordinal 0 in the fourth year of Jehoiakim … king of Judah Jehoiakim had been king of Judah for more than three years. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 25:1](../25/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 36 1 tg7j 0 that this word The phrase “this word” refers to the message that follows. JER 36 1 dr12 figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 36 1 knl3 0 he said “Yahweh said” -JER 36 2 wmr2 0 every nation “all of the nations” -JER 36 2 ym8v 0 I have told from “I have told you from” -JER 36 2 k9kn 0 from the days of Josiah until this very day “from the time Josiah was king until today” -JER 36 3 iuw6 0 Perhaps the people “It is possible that the people” -JER 36 3 vkj1 0 to bring on them “to cause to happen to them” +JER 36 1 knl3 0 he said Alternate translation: “Yahweh said” +JER 36 2 wmr2 0 every nation Alternate translation: “all of the nations” +JER 36 2 ym8v 0 I have told from Alternate translation: “I have told you from” +JER 36 2 k9kn 0 from the days of Josiah until this very day Alternate translation: “from the time Josiah was king until today” +JER 36 3 iuw6 0 Perhaps the people Alternate translation: “It is possible that the people” +JER 36 3 vkj1 0 to bring on them Alternate translation: “to cause to happen to them” JER 36 3 yk1m figs-metaphor 0 his wicked way Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle as if it were a “way” or path along which the person walks. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 18:11](../18/11.md). Alternate translation: “his wicked way of living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 36 3 s9uw figs-metonymy 0 forgive their iniquity and their sin The words “iniquity” and “sin” are metonyms for the persons who commit iniquity and sin. Alternate translation: “forgive them for their iniquity and their sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 36 4 ff7m figs-123person 0 Jeremiah called … at Jeremiah’s dictation … to him It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “I called … at my dictation … to me … I gave … I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 36 4 d5mh 0 Baruch wrote in a scroll, at Jeremiah’s dictation, all the words of Yahweh spoken to him “while Jeremiah was speaking, Baruch wrote in a scroll all of Yahweh’s words that Yahweh had spoken to Jeremiah” +JER 36 4 d5mh 0 Baruch wrote in a scroll, at Jeremiah’s dictation, all the words of Yahweh spoken to him Alternate translation: “while Jeremiah was speaking, Baruch wrote in a scroll all of Yahweh’s words that Yahweh had spoken to Jeremiah” JER 36 5 l4t5 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah gave … He said It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “I called … at my dictation … to me … I gave … I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 36 6 j3tt 0 read from the scroll “read out loud from the scroll” or “proclaim from the scroll” -JER 36 6 e6rd 0 must read “must read out loud” or “must proclaim” +JER 36 6 j3tt 0 read from the scroll Alternate translation: “read out loud from the scroll” or “proclaim from the scroll” +JER 36 6 e6rd 0 must read Alternate translation: “must read out loud” or “must proclaim” JER 36 6 y6ch 0 in the hearing of the people in his house “so that the people in Yahweh’s house can hear them.” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). JER 36 6 ywi1 0 in the hearing of all of Judah who have come from their cities “so all the people of Judah who have come from their cities can hear them.” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). JER 36 7 z1n2 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues to give instructions to Baruch. -JER 36 7 jiw4 0 Perhaps their pleas “It is possible that their pleas” -JER 36 7 a6dv 0 their pleas for mercy will come before Yahweh “Yahweh will hear them plead for mercy and do as they ask” +JER 36 7 jiw4 0 Perhaps their pleas Alternate translation: “It is possible that their pleas” +JER 36 7 a6dv 0 their pleas for mercy will come before Yahweh Alternate translation: “Yahweh will hear them plead for mercy and do as they ask” JER 36 7 xtz1 0 their pleas for mercy The word “their” refers to the people in the house of Yahweh and the people of Judah who had come to the house of Yahweh from their cities. JER 36 7 kqx8 figs-metaphor 0 from his wicked way Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle as if it were a “way” or path along which the person walks. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 18:11](../18/11.md). Alternate translation: “his wicked way of living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 36 7 p71z 0 the wrath and fury “the anger and rage” +JER 36 7 p71z 0 the wrath and fury Alternate translation: “the anger and rage” JER 36 9 tvk8 0 It came about See how you translated this phrase in [Jeremiah 36:1](../36/01.md). JER 36 9 fa5n translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the fifth year and ninth month of Jehoiakim … king of Judah This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of November and the first part of December on Western calendars. “after Jehoiakim … had been king of Judah for more than four years, during the ninth month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 36 9 mf4x 0 of Jehoiakim son of Josiah, king of Judah See how you translated this phrase in [Jeremiah 25:1](../25/01.md). -JER 36 9 ywy2 0 proclaimed a fast “told everyone that they were going to fast” +JER 36 9 ywy2 0 proclaimed a fast Alternate translation: “told everyone that they were going to fast” JER 36 10 v96d figs-123person 0 Jeremiah’s words It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 36 10 g1m5 translate-names 0 Gemariah son of Shaphan This is the name of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 36 10 t8dv 0 the scribe “who was a scribe” -JER 36 10 x7c1 0 by the gate of the entrance to the house of Yahweh “in the entrance of the new gate of the house of Yahweh” +JER 36 10 t8dv 0 the scribe Alternate translation: “who was a scribe” +JER 36 10 x7c1 0 by the gate of the entrance to the house of Yahweh Alternate translation: “in the entrance of the new gate of the house of Yahweh” JER 36 10 hp8u 0 He did this He read aloud Jeremiah’s words. JER 36 10 snx3 0 in the hearing of all the people “where all the people could hear him.” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). JER 36 11 f91c 0 Now Here the word “now” is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -JER 36 11 wey5 0 Micaiah son of Gemariah son of Shaphan “Micaiah who was the son of Gemariah, who was the son of Shaphan” +JER 36 11 wey5 0 Micaiah son of Gemariah son of Shaphan Alternate translation: “Micaiah who was the son of Gemariah, who was the son of Shaphan” JER 36 11 sn4i translate-names 0 Micaiah This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 36 11 v211 translate-names 0 Gemariah son of Shaphan See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 36:10](../36/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 36 12 kl3c 0 Look “Pay attention to what I am going to say” +JER 36 12 kl3c 0 Look Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am going to say” JER 36 12 v5np translate-names 0 Elishama … Delaiah These are names of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 36 12 z6c7 translate-names 0 Shemaiah See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 26:20](../26/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 36 12 tbc8 translate-names 0 Elnathan son of Akbor See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 26:22](../26/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 36 12 f6nh translate-names 0 Zedekiah See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 36 12 b566 translate-names 0 Hananiah See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 28:1](../28/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 36 12 f2b4 0 all the officials “all of the other officials” +JER 36 12 f2b4 0 all the officials Alternate translation: “all of the other officials” JER 36 13 c2d3 0 Micaiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 36:11](../36/11.md). JER 36 13 q1an 0 reported to them The word “them” refers to officials in [Jeremiah 36:12](../36/12.md). JER 36 13 xx8s 0 in the hearing of the people “so that the people could hear” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). JER 36 14 u57c translate-names 0 Jehudi … Nethaniah … Shelemiah … Cushi These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 36 15 u4gb 0 in our hearing “so we can hear you read it” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). -JER 36 15 td5p 0 read the scroll “read the scroll aloud” +JER 36 15 td5p 0 read the scroll Alternate translation: “read the scroll aloud” JER 36 16 p6rk 0 It happened that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. JER 36 16 vym2 0 when they heard The word “they” refers to the officials. JER 36 16 n53p 0 all these words the words that Baruch read aloud from the scroll -JER 36 17 ipi7 0 how did you come to write “how did you write” +JER 36 17 ipi7 0 how did you come to write Alternate translation: “how did you write” JER 36 17 p4vi 0 at Jeremiah’s dictation See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 36:4](../36/04.md). JER 36 18 s4kx 0 dictated Jeremiah spoke out loud so that Baruch could write down his words. -JER 36 18 pqp3 0 wrote them in ink “used ink to write them” +JER 36 18 pqp3 0 wrote them in ink Alternate translation: “used ink to write them” JER 36 18 is54 0 ink a dark liquid that is used for writing JER 36 19 zge9 figs-ellipsis 0 Jeremiah, too You may need to make this a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “Jeremiah should hide himself, too” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 36 19 kih8 figs-you 0 where you are The word “you” refers to Baruch and Jeremiah and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 36 20 ddc1 0 So they “Then the officials” -JER 36 20 x5gj 0 put the scroll in the room of Elishama “put the scroll in the room of Elishama so it would be safe” +JER 36 20 ddc1 0 So they Alternate translation: “Then the officials” +JER 36 20 x5gj 0 put the scroll in the room of Elishama Alternate translation: “put the scroll in the room of Elishama so it would be safe” JER 36 20 b16g 0 Elishama the secretary See how you translated “Elishama the scribe” in [Jeremiah 36:12](../36/12.md). JER 36 20 nlt3 0 in the hearing of the king “where the king could hear him” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). JER 36 21 rz17 0 Jehudi See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 36:14](../36/14.md). JER 36 22 xeh7 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Jeremiah starts to tell a new part of the story. JER 36 22 nd2u translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the ninth month This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. This is at the end of the sowing season and the beginning of the cold season. It is during the last part November and the first part of December on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 36 22 zw8h 0 a brazier was burning in front of him “the brazier was in front of him with a blazing fire” +JER 36 22 zw8h 0 a brazier was burning in front of him Alternate translation: “the brazier was in front of him with a blazing fire” JER 36 22 tf4p 0 a brazier a fireplace that people can move JER 36 23 sz7v 0 It happened that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. JER 36 23 z4cg 0 Jehudi See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 36:14](../36/14.md). JER 36 23 l2gf 0 columns these are columns of words on the scroll -JER 36 23 ip73 0 would cut it off “would cut that part of the scroll off” -JER 36 23 gbu3 0 with a knife “using a scribe’s knife” or “using the kind of knife that scribes use” +JER 36 23 ip73 0 would cut it off Alternate translation: “would cut that part of the scroll off” +JER 36 23 gbu3 0 with a knife Alternate translation: “using a scribe’s knife” or “using the kind of knife that scribes use” JER 36 23 ar14 0 brazier See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 36:22](../36/22.md). -JER 36 23 vjz5 0 until all of the scroll was destroyed “until the scroll was completely gone” +JER 36 23 vjz5 0 until all of the scroll was destroyed Alternate translation: “until the scroll was completely gone” JER 36 24 s3et 0 all these words the words from the scroll that Baruch wrote as Jeremiah dictated JER 36 24 bgq6 translate-symaction 0 nor did they tear their clothes People tore their cloths when they were extremely sad. Alternate translation: “nor did they mourn by tearing their clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 36 25 ts8f 0 Elnathan, Delaiah, and Gemariah See how you translated these names in [Jeremiah 36:12](../36/12.md). -JER 36 25 km58 0 urged the king “pleaded with the king” +JER 36 25 km58 0 urged the king Alternate translation: “pleaded with the king” JER 36 26 vne7 translate-names 0 Jerahmeel … Seraiah … Azriel … Shelemiah … Abdeel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 36 26 uyd9 0 a relative “a relative of the king” +JER 36 26 uyd9 0 a relative Alternate translation: “a relative of the king” JER 36 26 d67a figs-123person 0 Jeremiah the prophet … hidden them It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 36 27 h7zx figs-idiom 0 Then the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah after … dictation, saying, The idiom “The word of Yahweh came” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah after … dictation. He said,” or “After … dictation, Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 36 27 i9hx figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah … Jeremiah’s dictation It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 36 27 ksc8 0 at Jeremiah’s dictation See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 36:4](../36/04.md). -JER 36 28 x9ye 0 Go back, take another scroll for yourself “Take another scroll for yourself again” -JER 36 28 m6mh 0 the original scroll “the first scroll” +JER 36 28 x9ye 0 Go back, take another scroll for yourself Alternate translation: “Take another scroll for yourself again” +JER 36 28 m6mh 0 the original scroll Alternate translation: “the first scroll” JER 36 29 bf3y figs-rquestion 0 Why have you written on it … beast in it’? Jehoiakim uses this question to emphasize that Jeremiah should not have written that the king of Babylon would come and attack. Alternate translation: “You should not have written … beast in it!” or “You were wrong to write … beast in it’!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 36 29 ngk4 0 for he will destroy “and he will destroy” +JER 36 29 ngk4 0 for he will destroy Alternate translation: “and he will destroy” JER 36 30 pl99 figs-metonymy 0 will ever sit on the throne of David Sitting on the throne is a metonym for ruling as king. See how you translated “sits on the throne of David” in [Jeremiah 29:16](../29/16.md). Alternate translation: “will ever rule the Israelites as David did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 36 30 d7yi figs-activepassive 0 your corpse will be thrown out This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will throw your dead body outside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 36 30 n16b 0 your corpse “your dead body” -JER 36 30 jp3b 0 into the heat of day “so that it is exposed to the dry heat of the daytime” +JER 36 30 n16b 0 your corpse Alternate translation: “your dead body” +JER 36 30 jp3b 0 into the heat of day Alternate translation: “so that it is exposed to the dry heat of the daytime” JER 36 30 ws5c 0 frost ice that forms on grass during cold nights -JER 36 31 bvh4 0 of you all “of all of you” +JER 36 31 bvh4 0 of you all Alternate translation: “of all of you” JER 36 32 k5z6 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah took … Jeremiah’s dictation Jeremiah speaks of himself by name for reasons that are not clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 36 32 k1wh figs-abstractnouns 0 Baruch wrote on it at Jeremiah’s dictation The abstract noun “dictation” can be translated as a verb. See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 36:4](../36/04.md). Alternate translation: “while Jeremiah was speaking, Baruch wrote on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 36 32 b4kt 0 burned by Jehoiakim king of Judah “that Jehoiakim king of Judah had burned in the fire” +JER 36 32 b4kt 0 burned by Jehoiakim king of Judah Alternate translation: “that Jehoiakim king of Judah had burned in the fire” JER 36 32 mev6 figs-activepassive 0 Furthermore, many other similar words were added to this scroll This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Furthermore, Jeremiah and Baruch added to this scroll many more words which were similar to the words that had been in the first scroll” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 37 intro du3z 0 # Jeremiah 37 General Notes
## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Ironic situation

Jeremiah was thrown into prison and beaten for prophesying the word of God. Then the king asked him, “Is there any word from Yahweh?” This is a type of irony. The king simply did not agree with God’s original word. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wordofgod]]) JER 37 1 c5u8 0 Jehoiachin The Hebrew text has “Coniah,” which is a variation of the name “Jehoiachin.” Many modern versions have “Jehoiachin” in order to make it clear that the same king is being referred to. -JER 37 2 vt3f 0 of the land “of the land of Judah” +JER 37 2 vt3f 0 of the land Alternate translation: “of the land of Judah” JER 37 2 j785 figs-synecdoche 0 he proclaimed by the hand of Jeremiah the prophet The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “he had Jeremiah the prophet proclaim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 37 2 crn1 0 he proclaimed “Yahweh proclaimed” +JER 37 2 crn1 0 he proclaimed Alternate translation: “Yahweh proclaimed” JER 37 2 t2q2 0 Jeremiah the prophet Jeremiah refers to himself by name for reasons that are not clear. JER 37 3 hw6v translate-names 0 Jehukal This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 37 3 ynt3 translate-names 0 Shelemiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 36:14](../36/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -2502,18 +2502,18 @@ JER 37 3 r1ds 0 on our behalf “for us” or “for our sake.” The word “ JER 37 4 u9nx writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. The narrator tells background information about what Jeremiah had been doing before Zedekiah sent the message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JER 37 4 qa7u figs-idiom 0 Jeremiah was coming and going among the people Here “coming and going” is an idiom that means he was free to move about. Alternate translation: “Jeremiah was able to go wherever he wanted with everybody else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 37 4 j14u figs-activepassive 0 for he had not yet been put in prison This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “because no one had put him in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 37 5 m95i 0 came out “had set out” +JER 37 5 m95i 0 came out Alternate translation: “had set out” JER 37 5 b9va 0 besieging See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). JER 37 6 p84n figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah the prophet, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah the prophet. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah the prophet:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 37 7 y24f figs-you 0 you will say The word “you” refers to the two men that king Zedekiah had sent to Jeremiah, Jehukal son of Shelemiah, and Zephaniah son of Maaseiah the priest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) JER 37 7 wic9 0 to seek advice from me The word “me” refers to Yahweh. -JER 37 7 g9p8 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” +JER 37 7 g9p8 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 37 8 xgj8 0 They will fight against this city, capture it, and burn it Compare how you translated “to wage war against it and take it, and to burn it” in [Jeremiah 34:22](../34/22.md). JER 37 9 egq8 0 Do not deceive yourselves The word “yourselves” refers to King Zedekiah and the rest of the people of Judah. JER 37 9 ppa5 figs-explicit 0 Surely the Chaldeans are leaving us The people of Judah think that they will be safe because the Chaldeans had left. Alternate translation: “Surely we are safe because the Chaldeans are leaving us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 37 10 w4f5 0 they would get up “the wounded men would get up” +JER 37 10 w4f5 0 they would get up Alternate translation: “the wounded men would get up” JER 37 11 gsm7 0 So it was “It came about that.” This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -JER 37 12 n9nx 0 a tract of land “a piece of land” or “some land” +JER 37 12 n9nx 0 a tract of land Alternate translation: “a piece of land” or “some land” JER 37 12 kr6j 0 among his people “among his relatives.” Jeremiah was from the town of Anathoth in the land of Benjamin ([Jeremiah 1:1](../01/01.md)). JER 37 13 pfg7 0 Benjamin Gate This is the name of the gate. JER 37 13 t5gr translate-names 0 Irijah This is the name of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -2525,30 +2525,30 @@ JER 37 14 nwr4 translate-names 0 Irijah See how you translated this man’s nam JER 37 14 q1jq 0 officials See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:18](../01/18.md). JER 37 15 s5cv translate-numbers 0 Jonathan the scribe “Jonathan, who was a scribe.” This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JER 37 16 c2h2 figs-activepassive 0 Jeremiah was put into an underground cell This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the officials put Jeremiah into a room that was under the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 37 17 h6f8 0 brought him “brought Jeremiah” +JER 37 17 h6f8 0 brought him Alternate translation: “brought Jeremiah” JER 37 17 x17c 0 his house the palace of King Zedekiah JER 37 17 s43j figs-metonymy 0 You will be given into the hand of the king of Babylon The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. This can be translated in active form. See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 32:4](../32/04.md). Alternate translation: “I will certainly put you under the control of the king of Babylon” or “I will certainly allow the king of Babylon to do whatever he wants with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 37 18 lu1a figs-rquestion 0 How have I sinned against you … prison? Jeremiah uses this question to emphasize that he has not done anything wrong. Alternate translation: “I have not done anything wrong to you … prison.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 37 18 hq9m 0 this people the people of the kingdom of Judah -JER 37 18 a64h 0 have placed “have put” +JER 37 18 a64h 0 have placed Alternate translation: “have put” JER 37 19 utn2 figs-rquestion 0 Where are your prophets, the ones who prophesied … against this land? Jeremiah uses this question to emphasize that the other prophets were lying but that he had done nothing wrong because he had told the truth. Alternate translation: “Your prophets who prophesied … against this land were obviously wrong, but now it is clear that I was telling you the truth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 37 19 tq67 0 your prophets The word “your” refers to King Zedekiah and the other people of the kingdom of Judah. -JER 37 19 gp83 0 will not come against you or against this land “will not attack you or attack this land” +JER 37 19 gp83 0 will not come against you or against this land Alternate translation: “will not attack you or attack this land” JER 37 20 a8fv 0 Let my pleas come before you “Hear me plead for mercy and do as I ask.” See how you translated “their pleas for mercy will come before Yahweh” in [Jeremiah 36:7](../36/07.md). JER 37 20 e2hq 0 the house of Jonathan the scribe “the house of Jonathan, who is a scribe.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 37:15](../37/15.md). JER 37 21 pss2 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). JER 37 21 s566 figs-activepassive 0 A loaf of bread was given him This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “His servants also gave Jeremiah a loaf of bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 37 21 v6xa 0 from the street of the bakers “from the street where the bakers worked” +JER 37 21 v6xa 0 from the street of the bakers Alternate translation: “from the street where the bakers worked” JER 38 intro eu3f 0 # Jeremiah 38 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Surrender and live

If the king obeyed God and surrendered to the Babylonians, he would be allowed to live and the city would not be burned. But if he refused, he would be captured and the city burned. This took faith that Yahweh was using this ungodly, Gentile nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) JER 38 1 gl7q translate-names 0 Shephatiah … Mattan, Gedaliah … Pashhur, Jehukal … Shelemiah … Pashhur … Malkijah men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 38 2 p2xn figs-activepassive 0 Anyone staying in this city will be killed by sword, famine, and plague This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Anyone staying in this city will die by sword, famine, and plague” or “I will kill anyone staying in this city with sword, famine, and plague” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 38 2 izt9 0 He will escape with his own life The one who surrenders to the Babylonians will escape alive, even though he will lose all his possessions. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 21:9](../21/09.md). JER 38 3 f89i figs-metonymy 0 This city will be given into the hand of the army of the king of Babylon The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will allow the army of the king of Babylon to conquer Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 38 3 u8f5 0 he will capture it The reader should understand that others will help the king of Babylon capture the city. “his army will capture it” -JER 38 4 s9za 0 Let this man die “Order someone to kill this man” +JER 38 4 s9za 0 Let this man die Alternate translation: “Order someone to kill this man” JER 38 4 l3h5 figs-metonymy 0 he is weakening the hands of the fighting men who remain in this city, and the hands of all the people Weak hands are a metonym for a person who is afraid. Alternate translation: “he is causing the soldiers and all the people in the city to lose courage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 38 4 lzh8 0 for this man is not working for safety for this people, but disaster “for Jeremiah is not working to help this people be safe, but he is working for bad things to happen to this people” -JER 38 5 xr6q 0 Look “Listen carefully” +JER 38 4 lzh8 0 for this man is not working for safety for this people, but disaster Alternate translation: “for Jeremiah is not working to help this people be safe, but he is working for bad things to happen to this people” +JER 38 5 xr6q 0 Look Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” JER 38 5 a92p figs-metonymy 0 he is in your hand The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand has. Alternate translation: “you are able do whatever you want with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 38 6 z9f6 figs-hyperbole 0 they … threw him into the cistern They literally “lowered Jeremiah down on ropes,” but the word “threw” is an exaggeration to say that they treated him roughly. Your language may have another way of saying this. Alternate translation: “they … roughly pushed him into the cistern” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JER 38 6 b4bv 0 cistern a deep hole in the ground where people collect and store rain water @@ -2560,8 +2560,8 @@ JER 38 7 lix8 writing-background 0 Now the king Here the word “now” marks a JER 38 7 kfm3 figs-idiom 0 sitting at the Benjamin Gate King Zedekiah was probably hearing and judging legal cases. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 38 7 tch5 0 Benjamin Gate This is an entrance into the city of Jerusalem that people named after Benjamin, Jacob’s son. JER 38 10 ex3t translate-numbers 0 thirty men “30 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JER 38 11 d1k2 0 let them down by ropes “used ropes to lower them down” -JER 38 12 xa9e 0 under your arms and on top of the ropes “between your arms and the ropes” +JER 38 11 d1k2 0 let them down by ropes Alternate translation: “used ropes to lower them down” +JER 38 12 xa9e 0 under your arms and on top of the ropes Alternate translation: “between your arms and the ropes” JER 38 13 s46y 0 they pulled Jeremiah Here the word “they” refers to some of the thirty men who were with Ebed-Melech. JER 38 13 xs87 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). JER 38 15 vvt7 figs-rquestion 0 If I answer you, will you not certainly kill me? Jeremiah uses this question to express his belief that the king will kill him if he answers truthfully. Alternate translation: “If I tell you the truth, you will certainly kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -2589,24 +2589,24 @@ JER 38 27 e9tl figs-abstractnouns 0 the conversation between Jeremiah and the k JER 38 28 kaj5 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). JER 38 28 l5rj figs-activepassive 0 until the day Jerusalem was captured This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “until the day that the Babylonian army captured Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 39 intro i9ad 0 # Jeremiah 39 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The prophesied destruction of Jerusalem is over and the actual conquering of the Promised Land by Babylon begins in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -JER 39 1 bc1u 0 came … against Jerusalem “came to attack Jerusalem” +JER 39 1 bc1u 0 came … against Jerusalem Alternate translation: “came to attack Jerusalem” JER 39 1 dap3 translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the ninth year and tenth month of Zedekiah king of Judah This is after Zedekiah had been king of Judah for eight years, in the tenth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of December and the first part of January on Western calendars. Alternate translation: “In the tenth month of the ninth year that Zedekiah was king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) JER 39 1 yh1s translate-ordinal 0 ninth … tenth See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] JER 39 2 v5d9 translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the eleventh year and fourth month of Zedekiah, on the ninth day of the month This is after Zedekiah had been king of Judah for more than ten years, in the fourth month of the Hebrew calendar. The eleventh day is near the beginning of July on Western calendars. Alternate translation: “On the ninth day of the fourth month of the eleventh year that Zedekiah was king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) JER 39 2 ph29 translate-ordinal 0 eleventh … fourth See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] JER 39 3 bu4u translate-names 0 Nebo-Sarsekim, Samgar Nebo, and Sarsechim These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 39 3 ew2q 0 in the middle gate “in the middle entrance to the city.” It was common for leaders to sit at the gate of the city to discuss important matters. -JER 39 4 rpl5 0 They went out at night from the city by the king’s garden path “They left the city at night going out on a path in the king’s garden” +JER 39 4 rpl5 0 They went out at night from the city by the king’s garden path Alternate translation: “They left the city at night going out on a path in the king’s garden” JER 39 5 w8c7 0 the plains of the Jordan River valley This is the flat land at the southern end of the valley. JER 39 5 uma7 translate-names 0 at Riblah in the land of Hamath Riblah was a town in the territory of Hamath, which is in Syria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 39 5 v4xk 0 pursued them and overtook “followed them and caught” -JER 39 5 f3u5 0 passed sentence on him “decided how to punish him” +JER 39 5 v4xk 0 pursued them and overtook Alternate translation: “followed them and caught” +JER 39 5 f3u5 0 passed sentence on him Alternate translation: “decided how to punish him” JER 39 6 l5id figs-synecdoche 0 slaughtered Zedekiah’s sons before his own eyes The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. The reader should also understand that others probably helped the king of Babylon kill Zedekiah’s sons. Alternate translation: “forced Zedekiah to watch as the king’s soldiers killed Zedekiah’s sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 39 7 ei9s 0 he put out Zedekiah’s eyes “the king’s men made Zedekiah blind.” Use the common words for making a person blind. It is not clear that the king of Babylon took Zedekiah’s eyes out of his head. The reader should also understand that others probably helped the king of Babylon make Zedekiah blind. JER 39 8 ku9v 0 the king’s house Zedekiah’s house JER 39 8 cbe2 0 the people’s houses the houses that had belonged to the people of Jerusalem JER 39 9 sr9p translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 39 9 qvc3 0 the king’s bodyguards “Nebuchadnezzar’s guards” +JER 39 9 qvc3 0 the king’s bodyguards Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar’s guards” JER 39 9 nt1i figs-hyperbole 0 the rest of the people who were left in the city This is probably a generalization. Alternate translation: “the people who were still living in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JER 39 10 h3ys figs-hyperbole 0 who had nothing for themselves The word “nothing” is probably an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “who owned nothing of great value” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JER 39 13 r536 translate-names 0 Nebushazban a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -2620,37 +2620,37 @@ JER 39 15 qm3a figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah while he was JER 39 15 g5jx 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). JER 39 16 g2jt 0 Ebed-Melek the Cushite See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 38:7](../38/07.md). JER 39 16 c57h 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 39 16 tg3k 0 I am about to carry out my words against this city for disaster and not for good “I am bringing disaster, not good, against this city, just as I said I would” -JER 39 16 pb72 0 For they will all come true before you on that day “For you will see it all happen on that day” +JER 39 16 tg3k 0 I am about to carry out my words against this city for disaster and not for good Alternate translation: “I am bringing disaster, not good, against this city, just as I said I would” +JER 39 16 pb72 0 For they will all come true before you on that day Alternate translation: “For you will see it all happen on that day” JER 39 17 w69c 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah. JER 39 17 d4fl figs-metonymy 0 you will not be given into the hand of the men whom you fear Here “hand” refers to power or control. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the men you fear will not harm you” or “I will not allow anyone to put you under the control of the people whom you fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 39 18 y55h figs-euphemism 0 You will not fall by the sword The sword is a metonym for dying in war. Alternate translation: “No one will kill you with their sword” or “You will not die in war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 39 18 h19r 0 with your life “alive” +JER 39 18 h19r 0 with your life Alternate translation: “alive” JER 40 intro rx94 0 # Jeremiah 40 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Peace in Judah

After Babylon conquered Jerusalem, this chapter reveals an unfolding peace in the area. Ammon, who was supposed to be Judah’s ally against Babylon, probably sought to distract Babylon from attacking them by ruining the peace in the region of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 40 1 vp76 figs-idiom 0 The word came to Jeremiah from Yahweh This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Jeremiah. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:1](../32/01.md) Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave messages to Jeremiah” or “Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 40 1 nzv7 translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 39:9](../39/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 40 1 w77l figs-activepassive 0 who were being carried into exile to Babylon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom the soldiers were about to take to Babylon as exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 40 3 p9na 0 this thing “this disaster” +JER 40 3 p9na 0 this thing Alternate translation: “this disaster” JER 40 4 pm8f 0 But now look! Nebuzaradan says this to bring Jeremiah’s attention to the present moment. JER 40 4 m5yi figs-metonymy 0 it is good in your eyes “Eyes” here is a metonym for what the person thinks. Alternate translation: “it is what you consider to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 40 5 zah3 0 Gedaliah … Ahikam … Shaphan These are the names of men. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). -JER 40 5 cw75 0 among the people “among the Judeans” +JER 40 5 cw75 0 among the people Alternate translation: “among the Judeans” JER 40 5 kwh6 figs-metonymy 0 it is good in your eyes “Eyes” here is a metonym for what the person thinks. Alternate translation: “it is what you consider to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 40 6 v5hd 0 who were left behind in the land “who stayed in Judah” +JER 40 6 v5hd 0 who were left behind in the land Alternate translation: “who stayed in Judah” JER 40 7 h3c3 0 Now This marks a new part of the story. JER 40 7 iep2 figs-activepassive 0 those who had not been exiled to Babylon This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom the enemy soldiers had not sent to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 40 8 ug21 translate-names 0 Ishmael … Nethaniah … Johanan … Jonathan … Kareah … Seraiah … Tanhumeth … Ephai … Jaazaniah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 40 8 lt8t 0 Netophathite … Maakathite people from the regions of Netophah and Maakah -JER 40 9 a2lc 0 took an oath to them “swore to the Judean commanders” -JER 40 10 y2bg 0 Look “Listen carefully” or “Pay attention” -JER 40 10 n6bm 0 summer fruit “fruit that becomes ripe during the summer” +JER 40 9 a2lc 0 took an oath to them Alternate translation: “swore to the Judean commanders” +JER 40 10 y2bg 0 Look Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” or “Pay attention” +JER 40 10 n6bm 0 summer fruit Alternate translation: “fruit that becomes ripe during the summer” JER 40 10 rd9k 0 you have occupied “you have taken over.” “Occupy” here is a military term. Gedaliah was talking to soldiers ([Jeremiah 40:7](../40/07.md)) who may have conquered or otherwise taken control of cities. -JER 40 11 pe3x 0 remnant of Judah “remnant of the people of Judah” -JER 40 11 d4gs 0 had appointed … over them “had put … in charge of them” +JER 40 11 pe3x 0 remnant of Judah Alternate translation: “remnant of the people of Judah” +JER 40 11 d4gs 0 had appointed … over them Alternate translation: “had put … in charge of them” JER 40 11 gn3r 0 Gedaliah son of Ahikam son of Shaphan See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). -JER 40 11 c3ya 0 over them “over the people of Judah” +JER 40 11 c3ya 0 over them Alternate translation: “over the people of Judah” JER 40 12 zs8v figs-activepassive 0 where they had been scattered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “where the Babylonians had driven them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 40 12 hny7 0 wine and summer fruit in great abundance “a huge amount of grapes and summer fruit” +JER 40 12 hny7 0 wine and summer fruit in great abundance Alternate translation: “a huge amount of grapes and summer fruit” JER 40 12 t7ep 0 summer fruit “fruit that becomes ripe during the summer.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 40:10](../40/10.md). JER 40 13 qk6a translate-names 0 Johanan … Kareah See how you translated these names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 40 13 yp1p translate-names 0 Gedaliah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -2661,7 +2661,7 @@ JER 40 14 q9l2 translate-names 0 Ahikim See how you translated this name in [Je JER 40 15 yyw2 translate-names 0 Johanan … Kareah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 40 15 tfj9 0 Gedaliah See how you translated this name in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). JER 40 15 vk6u 0 Ishmael … Nethaniah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). -JER 40 15 tnu5 0 No one will suspect me “No one will think that I did it” +JER 40 15 tnu5 0 No one will suspect me Alternate translation: “No one will think that I did it” JER 40 15 l7ed figs-rquestion 0 Why should he kill you? Johanan uses a rhetorical question to try to change Gedaliah’s thinking. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not allow him to kill you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 40 15 mc43 figs-rquestion 0 Why allow all of Judah that has been gathered to you to be scattered and the remnant of Judah destroyed? Johanan uses a rhetorical question to try to get Gedaliah to think about what will happen if Gedaliah does what Gedaliah is planning to do. Alternate translation: “If you do this, all of Judah that has been gathered to you will be scattered and the remnant of Judah will be destroyed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 40 15 c9ug figs-hyperbole 0 all of Judah The word “all” is a generalization. Alternate translation: “many of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -2682,8 +2682,8 @@ JER 41 3 pzn9 figs-activepassive 0 the Chaldean fighting men found there This c JER 41 4 xv5y translate-ordinal 0 the second day after The word “second” is the ordinal form of the number 2. This could mean: (1) “the day after” or (2) “two days after” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 41 5 te6l translate-numbers 0 eighty men “80 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JER 41 5 c3sk figs-metonymy 0 in their hands Having things in the hands here is probably a metaphor for carrying those things or having them in their possession. Alternate translation: “in their possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 41 5 v4qg 0 to go to Yahweh’s house “to go worship Yahweh at his temple” -JER 41 6 p4gy 0 to meet them “to meet the 80 men” +JER 41 5 v4qg 0 to go to Yahweh’s house Alternate translation: “to go worship Yahweh at his temple” +JER 41 6 p4gy 0 to meet them Alternate translation: “to meet the 80 men” JER 41 6 n7k7 0 Then it happened This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. JER 41 7 iju5 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. JER 41 7 tp8u 0 Ishmael son of Nethaniah slaughtered them and threw them into a pit, he and the men who were with him It is stated it in [Jeremiah 41:8](../41/08.md) that Ishmael and his men did not kill all 80 men. You can state here that they killed most of the 80 men. Alternate translation: “Ishmael son of Nethaniah, and the men who were with him, killed most of the 80 men and threw them into a pit” @@ -2697,7 +2697,7 @@ JER 41 9 ny7m figs-synecdoche 0 Ishmael son of Nethaniah filled it Here Ishmael JER 41 9 nw96 figs-nominaladj 0 with the dead This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “with those who were dead” or “with those they had killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) JER 41 10 w324 figs-synecdoche 0 Ishmael captured Here Ishmael represents himself and his men. Alternate translation: “Ishmael and his men captured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 41 10 y6nt translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 39:9](../39/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 41 10 rk3e 0 went to cross over to the people of Ammon “traveled towards the land of the Ammonites” +JER 41 10 rk3e 0 went to cross over to the people of Ammon Alternate translation: “traveled towards the land of the Ammonites” JER 41 11 j1v7 figs-synecdoche 0 Ishmael son of Nethaniah Here “Ishmael” represents himself and all of his men. Alternate translation: “Ishmael and his men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 41 12 pak6 figs-synecdoche 0 Ishmael son of Nethaniah … found him Here “Ishmael” represents himself and all of his men. Alternate translation: “Ishmael and his men … found them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 41 13 a4a1 0 Then it happened that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. @@ -2708,7 +2708,7 @@ JER 41 16 d9f5 figs-activepassive 0 who had been rescued This can be stated in JER 41 16 x13r writing-background 0 This was after Ishmael had killed Gedaliah son of Ahikam The author stops the story to refer to a previous event so that the order of events are understood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JER 41 16 r944 0 the strong men, the fighting men These both refer to soldiers. Alternate translation: “the soldiers” JER 41 16 j14l figs-activepassive 0 who had been rescued at Gibeon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom they had rescued at Gibeon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 41 17 b8j8 0 they went “Johanan, his companions, and all the people they rescued went” +JER 41 17 b8j8 0 they went Alternate translation: “Johanan, his companions, and all the people they rescued went” JER 41 17 di1c translate-names 0 Geruth Kimham This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 41 18 k3qd figs-explicit 0 because of the Chaldeans It is implied that they were afraid that the Chaldeans would attack them. Alternate translation: “because they thought the Chaldeans may attack them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 41 18 iuc2 figs-metonymy 0 in charge of the land Here “land” represents the people. Alternate translation: “in charge of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2718,7 +2718,7 @@ JER 42 1 w479 translate-names 0 Jezaniah … Hoshaiah These are the names of me JER 42 1 h1f8 figs-merism 0 all the people from the least to the greatest This is a way to refer to people from every social status. Here “least” and “greatest” represent those who are least important and those who are most important. Alternate translation: “all the people from every social status” or “all the people, including the least important and the most important people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) JER 42 1 wx9l figs-hyperbole 0 all the people Most likely not every individual in the town went. The word “all” is a generalization that means very many people went. Alternate translation: “many other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JER 42 2 te2b figs-abstractnouns 0 Let our pleas come before you “Let us present our urgent request to you.” The abstract noun “pleas” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Listen as we plead with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 42 4 yl1b 0 Look “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” +JER 42 4 yl1b 0 Look Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 42 4 v54c figs-idiom 0 I will keep nothing back from you The phrase “keep nothing back from you” is an idiom that means to tell someone everything. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will tell you everything the Lord tells me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 42 5 tze5 0 May Yahweh be This is a way of beginning an oath. Alternate translation: “We ask Yahweh to be” or “Yahweh will be” JER 42 5 htw1 figs-doublet 0 true and faithful Here these words share similar meanings. They describe Yahweh as a witness whom no one will be able to contradict. Alternate translation: “trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -2736,9 +2736,9 @@ JER 42 13 qi8z figs-metonymy 0 if you do not listen to my voice, the voice of Y JER 42 14 bg9x figs-parallelism 0 where we will not see any war, where we will not hear the sound of the trumpet Both of these phrases describe being at war by the ability to see or hear it. Alternate translation: “where we will not experience the hardships of war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 42 14 n28p figs-metonymy 0 we will not go hungry for food Being hungry for food is used to describe famine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 42 15 t7ch 0 Now The word “now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -JER 42 15 te43 0 to this word of Yahweh “to Yahweh’s message” +JER 42 15 te43 0 to this word of Yahweh Alternate translation: “to Yahweh’s message” JER 42 15 e21x 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 42 15 cpw7 0 set out to go to “depart for” or “leave for” +JER 42 15 cpw7 0 set out to go to Alternate translation: “depart for” or “leave for” JER 42 16 s8nw figs-metonymy 0 the sword that you fear will overtake you Here “the sword” represents war. The Israelites experiencing war even if they go to Egypt is spoken of as if the sword would chase after the people catch up with them. Alternate translation: “you will experience the terrible results of war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 42 16 pea7 figs-personification 0 The famine that you are worrying about will pursue you to Egypt The Israelites experiencing famine even in Egypt is spoken of as if famine would chase after them. Alternate translation: “You worry about famine in Israel but if you go to Egypt you will suffer from famine there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 42 17 vak7 figs-synecdoche 0 all the men who set out The men are used to refer to all the people because they are the leaders in their families. Alternate translation: “anyone who sets out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) @@ -2750,7 +2750,7 @@ JER 42 18 rm4e figs-metaphor 0 in the same way my fury will be poured out on yo JER 42 18 m8xv figs-parallelism 0 You will become an object of cursing and a horror, an object for speaking curses, and something dishonorable All of these statements mean basically the same thing and emphasize how badly the nations will treat the people of Judah after Yahweh punishes them. Alternate translation: “People will be terrified when they see what has happened to you. They will curse and mock you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 42 19 m4t7 figs-idiom 0 I have been a witness against you The phrase “been a witness against” is an idiom that means to give a warning. Alternate translation: “I have warned you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 42 20 tm47 figs-idiom 0 we will carry it out This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “we will do it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 42 21 q58d 0 you have not listened “you have not paid attention” +JER 42 21 q58d 0 you have not listened Alternate translation: “you have not paid attention” JER 42 21 bn7i figs-metonymy 0 to the voice of Yahweh your God Here “voice” represents what Yahweh commanded. Alternate translation: “to what Yahweh your God commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 42 22 ewj3 0 now The word “now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. JER 42 22 ah9a figs-metonymy 0 you will die by sword Here “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “you will die in warfare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2772,7 +2772,7 @@ JER 43 7 rup9 translate-names 0 Tahpanhes See how you translated the name of th JER 43 8 p6h5 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah in Tahpanhes, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah in Tahpanhes. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah in Tahpanehs:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 43 9 i4wa figs-abstractnouns 0 in the sight of the people of Judah The abstract noun “sight” can be expressed with the verb “watching.” Alternate translation: “while the people of Judah are watching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 43 9 usg5 0 mortar a substance used to hold bricks together -JER 43 9 sha8 0 to Pharaoh’s house “to Pharaoh’s royal building” +JER 43 9 sha8 0 to Pharaoh’s house Alternate translation: “to Pharaoh’s royal building” JER 43 10 eb2l 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 43 10 uz43 figs-metonymy 0 I will place his throne over these stones that you, Jeremiah, have buried. Nebuchadnezzar will place his pavilion over them Both the king’s “throne” and “pavilion” are used to refer to his royal authority. Alternate translation: “I will cause him to rule as king over the people of Egypt. He will place his throne and pavilion over these stones you have buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 43 10 k69r 0 pavilion a very large tent @@ -2783,7 +2783,7 @@ JER 43 11 iqj5 figs-activepassive 0 Anyone who is assigned to captivity will be JER 43 11 prf4 figs-metonymy 0 Anyone who is assigned to the sword will be given to the sword Here “sword” represents battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Everyone will die in battle whom I have decided will die in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 43 12 fy3l figs-metonymy 0 Then I will light a fire Here “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh sending the Babylonian army to light a fire. Alternate translation: “Then I will cause the Babylonian army to light a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 43 12 yqt6 figs-metonymy 0 Nebuchadnezzar will … He will Here Nebuchadnezzar represents his army. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar’s army will … They will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 43 12 nms7 0 burn them or capture them “burn the Egyptian idols or take them” +JER 43 12 nms7 0 burn them or capture them Alternate translation: “burn the Egyptian idols or take them” JER 43 12 e3qj figs-simile 0 He will clean out the land of Egypt just as shepherds clean vermin off their clothes Taking or destroying everything in Egypt is compared to how a shepherd carefully cleans off his clothes. Alternate translation: “He will take or destroy everything valuable in Egypt just as a shepherd is careful to get every insect off of his clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 43 13 pyt4 translate-names 0 Heliopolis This is the name of a city. The name means “city of the sun.” In this city was a temple where they worshiped a sun god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 44 intro xf8j 0 # Jeremiah 44 General Notes
## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom

The people called Ashtoreth the goddess of the Canaanites, “the queen of heaven.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) @@ -2794,8 +2794,8 @@ JER 44 1 jee4 0 in Upper Egypt This refers to the southern region of Egypt. It JER 44 2 j6cn 0 Yahweh of hosts … says Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 44 2 wb58 figs-rpronouns 0 You yourselves have seen The word “yourselves” is used for emphasis to specify the people of Judea who live in the land of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) JER 44 2 zs94 figs-metaphor 0 all the disasters that I brought on Jerusalem and all the cities of Judah Causing disasters is spoken of as if disasters were an object that can be put on something. Alternate translation: “all the disaster that I caused to happen to Jerusalem and all the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 44 2 bjm6 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” -JER 44 3 a86s 0 they did to offend me “the people of Jerusalem and all the cities of Judah did to offend me” +JER 44 2 bjm6 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” +JER 44 3 a86s 0 they did to offend me Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem and all the cities of Judah did to offend me” JER 44 3 uvb1 figs-rpronouns 0 they themselves The word “themselves” is used for emphasis to specify the people of Jerusalem and the other cities of Judah. Alternate translation: “the people from the ruined cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) JER 44 4 jwn6 0 So I repeatedly sent The word “I” refers to Yahweh. JER 44 5 a6zd figs-metaphor 0 or turn from their wickedness in burning incense to other gods To stop doing something is spoken of as if it were physically turning away from something. Alternate translation: “or to stop behaving wickedly by burning incense to other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2808,7 +2808,7 @@ JER 44 7 gez9 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you doing … yourselves? Why are you ca JER 44 7 mnr5 figs-abstractnouns 0 Why are you doing great wickedness against yourselves? The abstract noun “wickedness” can be stated as “wicked.” Alternate translation: “Why are you doing these wicked things that harm yourselves?” or “You are doing wicked things that cause terrible things to happen to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 44 7 n4fj figs-metaphor 0 Why are you causing yourselves to be cut off from among Judah … and babies? Being separated from the people of Judah is spoken of as if the people are cut off from Judah the way a person may cut off a branch from a vine or cut off a piece of cloth. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Why are you causing me to remove you from the people of Judah … and babies?” or “You are causing me to remove you from the people of Judah … and babies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 44 8 prs6 figs-abstractnouns 0 By your wickedness you have offended me with the deeds of your hands The abstract noun “wickedness” represents actions that are “wicked.” Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “You have offended me with the wicked things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 44 8 bqw9 0 You have gone there so that … so that “The result of going to Egypt is that … and that” +JER 44 8 bqw9 0 You have gone there so that … so that Alternate translation: “The result of going to Egypt is that … and that” JER 44 8 d96k figs-activepassive 0 you will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will cause me to destroy you” or “you will destroy yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 44 8 qgd6 figs-metonymy 0 you will be a curse and a reproach among all the nations of the earth Here “nations” represent the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of all the nations of the earth will curse you and hate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 44 9 zk7z figs-rquestion 0 Have you forgotten the wickedness committed by your ancestors and the wickedness committed by the kings of Judah and their wives? Yahweh rebukes the people for not thinking about the wicked behavior of their ancestors and how Yahweh punished them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Think about what happened to your ancestors and the kings of Judah and their wives when they did wicked things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -2818,14 +2818,14 @@ JER 44 10 ai8e figs-123person 0 they still are not humbled “the people of Jud JER 44 10 a4hl figs-metaphor 0 nor do they walk in them Obeying the laws is spoken of as if it were walking in the laws. Alternate translation: “nor do they obey them” or “nor do you obey them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 44 11 ppb1 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 44 11 vc6r figs-idiom 0 I am about to set my face against you This idiom means he “firmly decided.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 21:10](../21/10.md). Alternate translation: “I have made up my mind to oppose you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 44 11 j5gg 0 set my face against “stare angrily at” +JER 44 11 j5gg 0 set my face against Alternate translation: “stare angrily at” JER 44 11 is79 figs-metaphor 0 to bring disaster to you Causing disaster to happen is spoken of as if disaster were an object that can be brought to someone. Alternate translation: “to cause disaster to happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 44 12 t7mn figs-idiom 0 They will fall by sword and famine Here “fall” means to die. And “sword” represents the enemies carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “Enemies will kill some of them and others will die of hunger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 44 12 pmr4 figs-merism 0 From the least to the greatest This is a way to refer to people from every social status. Here “least” and “greatest” represent those who are least important and those who are most important. Alternate translation: “all the people from every social status” or “all the people, including the least important and the most important people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 44 12 t4e4 0 will become an object of swearing, cursing, reproaching, and a horrible thing “people will be horrified because of what happened to the people of Judah, and people will mock and curse them” +JER 44 12 t4e4 0 will become an object of swearing, cursing, reproaching, and a horrible thing Alternate translation: “people will be horrified because of what happened to the people of Judah, and people will mock and curse them” JER 44 13 yvm2 figs-metonymy 0 I punished Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” represents the people. Alternate translation: “I punished the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 44 13 xt2p figs-metonymy 0 with the sword, with famine, and with the plague Here “sword” represents enemies carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “by causing enemies to kill some of them, others to starve to death, and others to die because of disease” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 15 e1fj 0 in the great assembly “in the large crowd” +JER 44 15 e1fj 0 in the great assembly Alternate translation: “in the large crowd” JER 44 15 ql9v 0 Lower … Egypt “Lower Egypt” refers to the northern region of Egypt. JER 44 15 a1sx 0 Upper Egypt This refers to the southern region of Egypt. It is sometime called “Pathros.” JER 44 16 k3bm figs-metonymy 0 About the word that you have told us in Yahweh’s name—we will not listen to you Here “in Yahweh’s name” means “in Yahweh’s authority” or “as Yahweh’s representative.” Alternate translation: “We will not obey this message that you say Yahweh told you to tell us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2839,7 +2839,7 @@ JER 44 19 dne8 figs-rquestion 0 was it against our husbands that we did these t JER 44 19 ec3w 0 cakes in her image These were probably small cakes shaped like stars or the crescent moon. JER 44 21 qc2v figs-rquestion 0 Did not Yahweh remember … of the land? Jeremiah uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh certainly knew about … of the land.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 44 21 ir8d figs-parallelism 0 For Yahweh calls this to mind; it comes to his thoughts Both of these phrases mean the same thing. They emphasize that Yahweh knows that the people were worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “Yes, Yahweh knows what you were doing, and he does not forget” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 44 22 a6w5 0 was no longer able to bear it “was no longer able to tolerate it” +JER 44 22 a6w5 0 was no longer able to bear it Alternate translation: “was no longer able to tolerate it” JER 44 22 t1fz figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the abominations that you did The abstract noun “abominations” can be stated as “things he hated.” Alternate translation: “because you did things that he hated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 44 22 x1jw figs-abstractnouns 0 Then your land became a desolation, a horror, and a curse so there was no longer an inhabitant as at this present day This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “a desolation,” “a horror,” and “a curse.” Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh caused it so that no one lives in the land. He made it a desolate and horrifying place. People use its name to curse others. And this is how it is even to this day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 44 23 z7ak figs-explicit 0 burned incense Why people burn incense can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “burned incense to false gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -2847,7 +2847,7 @@ JER 44 23 m5km figs-metonymy 0 you would not listen to his voice Here “voice JER 44 24 lr74 figs-metonymy 0 all of Judah Here “Judah” represents the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 44 25 q7r5 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). JER 44 25 rst9 figs-synecdoche 0 have said with your mouths and carried out with your hands what you said Here “mouths” and “hands” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “have done what you promised to do when you said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 44 25 nwz1 0 carry out the vows “fulfill the vows” or “complete the vows” +JER 44 25 nwz1 0 carry out the vows Alternate translation: “fulfill the vows” or “complete the vows” JER 44 25 lq9t figs-irony 0 Now fulfill your vows; carry them out This is an ironic statement. Yahweh does not really want them to fulfill their vow to a false goddess. Yahweh knows they will not listen to him so he tells them to go ahead and do what they want. Alternate translation: “Very well! If that is what you want to do, then go fulfill your vows and do what you promised to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) JER 44 25 vw9i 0 Now The word “now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. JER 44 26 vwq1 figs-metonymy 0 all of Judah Here “Judah” represents the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2857,7 +2857,7 @@ JER 44 27 c948 figs-hyperbole 0 Every person of Judah in the land of Egypt will JER 44 28 ar61 figs-metonymy 0 Then the survivors of the sword Here “sword” represents enemies carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “Then those whom the enemies do not kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 44 29 vj4v figs-idiom 0 I am setting against you This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I am opposed to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 44 29 g448 figs-personification 0 my words will certainly attack you with disaster Yahweh causing disaster on the people as he promised is spoken of as if his word would attack them. Alternate translation: “what I have said will happen and you will have a disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 44 30 wm1f 0 Look “Listen” or “Pay attention” +JER 44 30 wm1f 0 Look Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention” JER 44 30 fk1y figs-metonymy 0 I am about to give Pharaoh Hophra king of Egypt into the hand of his enemies and into the hand of those who seek to kill him Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “I will allow the enemies who want to kill Pharaoh Hophra, the king of Egypt, to defeat him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 44 30 k1p8 translate-names 0 Hophra This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 44 30 sf5s figs-metonymy 0 when I gave Zedekiah king of Judah into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, his enemy who sought his life Here “hand” represents power or control. And, Nebuchadnezzar represents his whole army. The phrase “sought his life” is an idiom that means to want to kill someone. Alternate translation: “when I allowed the army of Nebuchadnezzar to defeat Zedekiah king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -2865,12 +2865,12 @@ JER 45 intro m5sy 0 # Jeremiah 45 General Notes
## Structure and formattin JER 45 1 n8gv 0 this was in the fourth year of Jehoiakim son of Josiah This information can be placed at the beginning of 45:1 as in the UST. JER 45 1 uid7 figs-ellipsis 0 in the fourth year of Jehoiakim The words “of the rule” are understood. Alternate translation: “in the fourth year of the rule of Jehoiakim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) JER 45 1 d24t translate-ordinal 0 fourth year The word “fourth” is the ordinal form of the number four. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 45 1 w799 0 he said “Jeremiah said to Baruch” -JER 45 3 vg45 0 for Yahweh has added agony to my pain “for I was already suffering and now Yahweh causes me to be sad as well” +JER 45 1 w799 0 he said Alternate translation: “Jeremiah said to Baruch” +JER 45 3 vg45 0 for Yahweh has added agony to my pain Alternate translation: “for I was already suffering and now Yahweh causes me to be sad as well” JER 45 3 jwx7 figs-abstractnouns 0 My groaning has wearied me The abstract noun “groaning” can be stated as “cry.” Alternate translation: “I am tired because I cry so much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 45 4 sdw1 0 This is what you must say to him Yahweh is telling Jeremiah what to say to Baruch. JER 45 5 jtj1 figs-rquestion 0 But are you hoping for great things for yourself? Yahweh uses a question to state that he knows Baruch is hoping for others to treat him in a special way. Alternate translation: “I know you hope for great things for yourself.” or “I know you hope others will honor you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 45 5 m1dh 0 For see “For understand” or “Be aware” +JER 45 5 m1dh 0 For see Alternate translation: “For understand” or “Be aware” JER 45 5 n1jc figs-metaphor 0 your life as your plunder everywhere you will go Allowing Baruch to escape and remain alive is spoken of as if his life were plunder that he would take after a battle. Alternate translation: “but wherever you go, I will protect you and allow you to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 45 5 a5tu 0 plunder things stolen from a place by force JER 46 intro ul65 0 # Jeremiah 46 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 46:3-12, 14-24.

This begins a section where Jeremiah prophesies about other nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Justice
Much of Jeremiah is concerned with Yahweh’s punishment of Judah. Yahweh used Egypt to punish Judah. Because Yahweh is just, he is going to punish Egypt for their evil deeds as well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Battle preparations
Jeremiah commands the Egyptian army to prepare for battle, even though they will not be able to defend themselves. Their punishment has already been determined by Yahweh. @@ -2919,14 +2919,14 @@ JER 46 14 qy9a translate-names 0 Memphis … Tahpanhes Translate the names of t JER 46 14 b4vr figs-metonymy 0 the sword will devour those around you The word “sword” here represents soldiers carrying weapons. The enemy soliders killing people is spoken of as if their swords were devouring people. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill people all around you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 46 15 a8tg 0 Why are your mighty ones face-down on the ground? They will not stand Some Bibles translate this as “Why has Apis fled? Why did your bull not stand?” Apis was an Egyptian god that was represented by the form of a bull. The bull is often a symbol for strength. That is why the ULT and other versions of the Bible translate this as “strong ones” or “mighty ones,” which refers to soldiers. JER 46 15 i1pz figs-rquestion 0 Why are your mighty ones face-down on the ground? They will not stand Yahweh uses a question to mock the strength of the Egyptian soldiers. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your soldiers are face-down on the ground and will not stand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 46 16 a5tm 0 He increases the numbers of those who stumble “Yahweh causes more and more of your soldiers to stumble” +JER 46 16 a5tm 0 He increases the numbers of those who stumble Alternate translation: “Yahweh causes more and more of your soldiers to stumble” JER 46 16 c7x1 figs-metonymy 0 Let us leave this sword that is beating us down Here “sword” represents the enemy soldiers who are carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “Let us run away from our enemies because they are killing us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 46 17 bd2w 0 They proclaimed there This could mean: (1) “they” refers to people in general who are in Egypt or (2) “they” refers to the foreign soldiers who are fleeing to their native lands of Cush, Put, and Lud. JER 46 17 kv5n figs-idiom 0 Pharaoh the king of Egypt is only a noise, one who has let his opportunity slip away These two phrases are saying that the nation of Egypt has become of little importance. The phrase “only a noise” is an idiom that means a person says he will do something but he does not do it. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh brags much but cannot do what he brags he will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 46 18 a2ci figs-123person 0 declares the King Here “King” refers to Yahweh. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “this is what I, the King, declare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 46 18 gmj6 figs-simile 0 someone will come like Mount Tabor and Mount Carmel by the sea This refers to the nation of Babylon who will be as overwhelming to the nation of Egypt as the these two mountains are to the plains that surround them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 46 18 t2bs translate-names 0 Mount Tabor This is the name of a mountain in the northern part of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 46 19 n24i 0 Pack for yourselves baggage to carry into exile “Prepare to go into exile” +JER 46 19 n24i 0 Pack for yourselves baggage to carry into exile Alternate translation: “Prepare to go into exile” JER 46 20 nf61 figs-metaphor 0 Egypt is a very beautiful young cow The nation of Egypt, which was very strong and prosperous, is spoken of as if it were a beautiful young cow. Alternate translation: “Egypt is like a very beautiful heifer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 46 20 pcx7 figs-metaphor 0 but a stinging insect The enemy army coming to attack the Egyptians is spoken of as if the army were an insect that stings. Alternate translation: “but a powerful army like a stinging insect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 46 21 duz9 figs-simile 0 soldiers in her midst are like a fattened bull The writer compares soldiers to “fattened bulls” because the soldiers are well cared for by the Egyptians just as a farmer takes care of a bull and makes it fat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -2946,7 +2946,7 @@ JER 46 26 pq89 figs-metonymy 0 I am giving them into the hand of the ones seeki JER 46 26 n18z figs-metonymy 0 and into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and his servants Here “hand” represents power or control. “Nebuchadnezzar … his servants” names specifically “the ones seeking their lives.” Alternate translation: “that is, I will allow Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and his servants to defeat the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 46 26 zb51 figs-activepassive 0 Then after this Egypt will be inhabited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then after this, people will live in Egypt again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 46 27 cfi7 figs-parallelism 0 my servant Jacob, do not fear. Do not be dismayed, Israel These two phrases mean the same thing. Here “Jacob” and “Israel” represent the people of Israel. Yahweh is emphasizing that the people should not be afraid. Alternate translation: “people of Israel, my servants, do not be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 46 27 n8yh 0 from the land of their captivity “from the land where they are captives” +JER 46 27 n8yh 0 from the land of their captivity Alternate translation: “from the land where they are captives” JER 46 28 r2ij figs-abstractnouns 0 I will bring complete destruction against all the nations The abstract noun “destruction” can be stated using the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 46 28 h92x figs-doublenegatives 0 will certainly not leave you unpunished This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will certainly punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) JER 47 intro y84e 0 # Jeremiah 47 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 47:2-7.

Jeremiah’s prophesies about other nations continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Flood waters
This chapter uses the imagery of a flood to describe the enemies who conquer the Philistines. Their destruction will be swift and complete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2982,7 +2982,7 @@ JER 48 1 b21z translate-names 0 Nebo This is the name of a city near Mount Nebo JER 48 1 vv99 figs-metonymy 0 Kiriathaim has been humiliated Here “Kiriathaim has been humiliated” represents the people being humiliated. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy has captured the city of Kiriathaim and humiliated the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 48 1 e7lp translate-names 0 Kiriathaim This is the name of a city in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 48 1 w4q3 figs-metonymy 0 Her fortress has been disgraced Here “fortress has been disgraced” represents the people being disgraced. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy has destroyed the fortress in Kiriathaim and disgraced its people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 2 f8nr 0 The honor of Moab is no more “People no longer honor Moab” or “People no longer praise Moab” +JER 48 2 f8nr 0 The honor of Moab is no more Alternate translation: “People no longer honor Moab” or “People no longer praise Moab” JER 48 2 hq3s translate-names 0 Heshbon This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 48 2 dmn9 translate-names 0 Madmen will also perish “Madmen” here is a town in Moab. The name of the city has nothing to do with the English word “madmen.” Alternate translation: “Their enemies will destroy the city of Madmen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 48 2 ie7u figs-metonymy 0 a sword will go after you Here “sword” represents the enemy army carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “your enemies will chase after you and kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -2996,7 +2996,7 @@ JER 48 5 cpt9 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the destruction The abstract noun JER 48 6 lhh3 0 Save your lives The word “your” refers to the people of Moab. JER 48 6 kv9q figs-simile 0 become like a juniper bush in the wilderness The people fleeing from their cities into the desert is compared to a bush or shrub that grows in the desert. Alternate translation: “become like a shrub that grows in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) JER 48 7 gkg1 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of your trust The abstract noun “trust” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because you trusted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 48 7 z18z 0 in your practices “in your own efforts” or “in your own work” +JER 48 7 z18z 0 in your practices Alternate translation: “in your own efforts” or “in your own work” JER 48 7 v42e figs-activepassive 0 you also will be captured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy army will also capture you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 48 7 x4hy translate-names 0 Then Chemosh will go away into captivity “Chemosh” is the chief god of the Moabites. This means the enemy army will take the idol of Chemosh that the people made to worship. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will take your god Chemosh as a captive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 48 8 uxi3 figs-explicit 0 For the destroyer will come to every city Here “the destroyer” represents the enemy army. Alternate translation: “For the enemy army will come to every city and destroy it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -3007,7 +3007,7 @@ JER 48 9 eq9z 0 Give wings to Moab, for she must certainly fly away The transl JER 48 10 c5zb figs-metonymy 0 from shedding blood Here “blood” represents a person’s life. And “shedding blood” is an idiom that means to kill. Alternate translation: “from killing people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 48 11 lvs4 figs-personification 0 Moab has felt secure since he was young … He is … his wine … He has never gone … he tastes … his flavor Here Yahweh speaks of Moab as if it were a man. Here it represents the people of Moab. All occurrences of “he” and “his” can be stated as “they,” “their,” or “them.” Alternate translation: “Even from their earliest times, the people of Moab have felt secure … They are … their wine … They have never gone … they tastes … their flavor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 48 11 tpx9 figs-explicit 0 He is like his wine that has never been poured from pot to pot For wine to taste good, it has to be left undisturbed for a long time and not poured from one pot to another. Yahweh compares the people of Moab, who are prosperous because no one has ever conquered them and taken them as captives, to wine that is undisturbed and has a good flavor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 48 12 mt13 0 So see, the days are coming “Listen carefully because there will be a time” +JER 48 12 mt13 0 So see, the days are coming Alternate translation: “Listen carefully because there will be a time” JER 48 12 p3kf figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 48 12 z48t figs-metaphor 0 I will send him those who will tip him over and pour out all his pots and shatter his jars The enemy army defeating the people of Moab and taking them as captives is spoken of as if the people of Moab are wine and someone will come and pour them out and break the wine jars. Alternate translation: “I will send an army that will destroy them as if they were pouring out wine and breaking the jars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 48 12 nky7 figs-personification 0 send him … tip him over … his pots … his jars Here Yahweh speaks of Moab as if it were a man. Here it represents the people of Moab. All occurrences of “he,” “his,” and “him” in 48:11-12 can be stated as “they,” “their,” or “them.” Alternate translation: “send them … tip them over … their pots … their jars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -3024,11 +3024,11 @@ JER 48 16 u5tf figs-metaphor 0 calamity is hurrying quickly Something terrible JER 48 17 l1hb figs-metonymy 0 the strong staff, the honored rod, has been broken Here the words “staff” and “rod” represent the power and political support that Moab provided to other nations. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Moab’s enemies have ended her great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 48 18 f8bi figs-metaphor 0 you daughter living in Dibon The people of Dibon are spoken of as if they were the daughter of Dibon. Alternate translation: “you people living in Dibon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 48 18 l7bv translate-names 0 Dibon This is the name of a city in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 18 y9wk 0 the one who will destroy Moab “the enemy army that will destroy Moab” +JER 48 18 y9wk 0 the one who will destroy Moab Alternate translation: “the enemy army that will destroy Moab” JER 48 19 l7di translate-names 0 Aroer This is the name of a city in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 19 vrl3 0 Ask the ones “Ask the people” or “Ask the men and women” +JER 48 19 vrl3 0 Ask the ones Alternate translation: “Ask the people” or “Ask the men and women” JER 48 20 zk9c figs-metonymy 0 Moab has been shamed, for it has been shattered Here “Moab” represents the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people are disgraced, for the enemy army has destroyed Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 20 lmj3 0 Howl and lament “Cry loudly in pain and anger” +JER 48 20 lmj3 0 Howl and lament Alternate translation: “Cry loudly in pain and anger” JER 48 20 zl7d figs-activepassive 0 that Moab has been devastated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the enemy army has devastated Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 48 21 m1zb figs-activepassive 0 punishment has come to the hill country, to Holon … Mephaath Yahweh punishing the people of the hill country and cities of Moab is spoken of as if punishment were something that could travel and arrive in a place. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish the people of the hill country, of Holon … Mephaath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 48 21 wa5a translate-names 0 Holon, Jahzah, and Mephaath These are cities in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -3038,7 +3038,7 @@ JER 48 25 b8p9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of JER 48 26 r5qs figs-imperative 0 Make him drunk, because he acted proudly against Yahweh Yahweh is speaking. The command “Make him drunk” indicates what Yahweh will cause to happen. Here “him” and “he” refers to Moab which represents the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, will cause the people of Moab to be drunk, for they acted proudly against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 48 26 v6it figs-metaphor 0 Make him drunk Here people experiencing Yahweh’s punishment is spoken of as if they were drunk on wine, acting foolishly so that people laugh at them. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to be like a drunk person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 48 26 lx5w figs-metaphor 0 Let Moab wallow in his vomit … an object of ridicule Yahweh continues speaking of the people of Moab as if they were a drunk person. Alternate translation: “Now the people of Moab will be like a person who wallows in his vomit … an object of ridicule (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 48 26 ln6t 0 let him be an object of ridicule “so that people will laugh at him” +JER 48 26 ln6t 0 let him be an object of ridicule Alternate translation: “so that people will laugh at him” JER 48 27 hq3z figs-rquestion 0 For did not Israel become an object for laughter to you? Yahweh uses a question to remind the people of Moab how they treated the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “For you used to mock and laugh at the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 48 27 j56c figs-metonymy 0 Israel … Was he found … at him … about him Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel … Were they found … at them … about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 48 27 ft2u figs-rquestion 0 Was he found among thieves, so that you shook your head … about him? Here Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the people of Moab for treating the people of Israel with shame though they did nothing wrong. Alternate translation: “Although they were not thieves, you still shook your head … about him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -3059,9 +3059,9 @@ JER 48 31 be4l translate-names 0 Kir Hareseth This is the name of the old capit JER 48 32 xbx7 translate-names 0 Jazer … Sibmah These are the names of two towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 48 32 xk3l figs-metaphor 0 vine of Sibmah! Your branches passed … your wine The town of Sibmah had many vineyards. Here, Yahweh speaks to the people of Sibmah as if there were a grapevine. Alternate translation: “people of Sibmah, who are like a grapevine with branches that passed … your wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 48 32 z5h3 figs-metaphor 0 The destroyers have attacked your summer fruit and your wine Yahweh continues speaking of the people of Sibmah as if they were a grapevine. Alternate translation: “The destroyers have attacked you and have taken the fruit from your vineyards and your wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 48 32 lk5n 0 The destroyers have “The enemy army has” +JER 48 32 lk5n 0 The destroyers have Alternate translation: “The enemy army has” JER 48 33 kv8p figs-abstractnouns 0 So celebration and rejoicing have been taken away from the fruit trees and the land of Moab The abstract nouns “celebration” and “rejoicing” can be stated as verbs. The phrase “have been taken away” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Moab will no longer celebrate and rejoice because of their fruit trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 33 fn4p 0 I have put an end to the wine from their winepresses “I have stopped the wine from their winepresses” or “I have stopped the people from making wine” +JER 48 33 fn4p 0 I have put an end to the wine from their winepresses Alternate translation: “I have stopped the wine from their winepresses” or “I have stopped the people from making wine” JER 48 33 u8yw 0 I have put an end Here “I” refers to Yahweh. JER 48 33 db16 figs-explicit 0 They will not tread The wine makers would stomp on the grapes to squeeze out the juice. Alternate translation: “The wine makers will not stomp the grapes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 48 34 hx1i translate-names 0 Heshbon Translate the name of this city as you did in [Jeremiah 48:2](../48/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -3074,7 +3074,7 @@ JER 48 36 b311 translate-names 0 Kir Hareseth Kir Hareseth was an ancient capit JER 48 37 mzh2 translate-symaction 0 For every head is bald and every beard shaved. Incisions are on every hand, and sackcloth is around their waists These are all things that the people of Moab did when they were mourning or expressing deep sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 48 37 t4g3 0 Incisions cuts made on the skin JER 48 38 yc69 figs-abstractnouns 0 There is mourning everywhere The abstract noun “mourning” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “There are people mourning everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 48 38 vhp3 0 every flat roof “every housetop” +JER 48 38 vhp3 0 every flat roof Alternate translation: “every housetop” JER 48 38 k4ve 0 plazas open public areas, such as open marketplaces JER 48 38 x6fh 0 For I have destroyed The word “I” refers to Yahweh JER 48 38 aj4j figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -3104,7 +3104,7 @@ JER 48 46 dpj3 0 Chemosh This is the chief god of the Moabites. See how you tr JER 48 46 k4g8 figs-activepassive 0 your sons are taken as captives and your daughters into captivity This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy army has taken your sons and daughters as captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 48 47 b2it 0 I will restore the fortunes of Moab “I will cause things to go well for Moab again” or “I will cause Moab to live well again.” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 29:14](../29/14.md). JER 48 47 ei27 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 48 47 i5t1 0 The judgment on Moab ends here “That is the end of what Jeremiah prophesied about Moab” +JER 48 47 i5t1 0 The judgment on Moab ends here Alternate translation: “That is the end of what Jeremiah prophesied about Moab” JER 49 intro t6np 0 # Jeremiah 49 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 49:1-11, 14-27, 29-33, 37-39 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation.

Jeremiah’s prophesies about other nations conclude in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Covenant with Abraham
Ammon is destroyed because it drove the people of the tribe of Gad from their homeland. This is in line with the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham to curse those who curse Abraham’s descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Rhetorical questions
There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these rhetorical questions is to convict those Yahweh addresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 1 q42f writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] JER 49 1 tz36 0 Yahweh says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). @@ -3116,7 +3116,7 @@ JER 49 2 i8qt figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of JER 49 2 jfb2 figs-metaphor 0 when I will sound the signal for battle Yahweh causing an army to attack is spoken of as if he would sound the signal for the battle to start. Alternate translation: “when I will cause the enemy army to sound the signal for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 2 cl24 0 its villages will be set on fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy army will burn their villages” JER 49 2 p4ct figs-metonymy 0 For Israel will possess those who possessed him Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. “Those” refers to people of Ammon, who represent the land that they took from Israel. Alternate translation: “Then the people of Israel will again possess the land that the people of Ammon took away from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 3 ve5q 0 Howl in lament “Cry loudly and weep” +JER 49 3 ve5q 0 Howl in lament Alternate translation: “Cry loudly and weep” JER 49 3 ywk1 translate-names 0 Heshbon Translate the name of this city as you did in [Jeremiah 48:2](../48/02.md). Here “Heshbon” represents the people. Alternate translation: “people of Heshbon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 49 3 kfc8 figs-activepassive 0 for Ai will be devastated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for your enemies will devastate Ai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 49 3 bf53 figs-metaphor 0 daughters of Rabbah This could mean: (1) “daughters” represent the women who live in Rabbah. Alternate translation: “women of Rabbah” or (2) all the people in general are spoken of as if they are the daughters of Rabbah. Alternate translation: “people of Rabbah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3141,16 +3141,16 @@ JER 49 9 rj8q figs-rquestion 0 If grape harvesters … would they not leave a l JER 49 9 j7jl figs-rquestion 0 If thieves … would they not steal only as much as they wanted? Yahweh uses a question to cause the people to think about how thieves only take what they want. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If thieves … they would only take as much as they wanted.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 10 fyc2 figs-metaphor 0 But I have stripped Esau bare Yahweh causing an enemy army to come and take everything is spoken of as if Yahweh stripped all the clothes off of Esau. Alternate translation: “But I have sent an army to take everything away from Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 10 sn3n figs-metonymy 0 Esau … his hiding … he will not … hide himself … His children … he is gone Here “Esau” represents the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom … their hiding … they will not … hide themselves … Their children … they are gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 10 i22l 0 I have revealed his hiding places “I have made known to the enemy soldiers where the people of Edom hide” +JER 49 10 i22l 0 I have revealed his hiding places Alternate translation: “I have made known to the enemy soldiers where the people of Edom hide” JER 49 12 z547 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Edom. -JER 49 12 l9lp 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” +JER 49 12 l9lp 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 49 12 auj9 figs-metonymy 0 must certainly drink some of the cup … for you will certainly drink Here “the cup” is a metonym that represents the contents in the cup that the people must drink. The people experiencing Yahweh’s punishment is spoken of as if Yahweh’s punishment were liquid in a cup and the people must drink it. Alternate translation: “must certainly experience my punishment … for you will certainly experience my punishment” or “I will certainly still punish … for I will certainly punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 12 h58s figs-rquestion 0 Do you yourself think you will go without punishment? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize the people of Edom have sinned and will certainly be punished. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly, you must be aware that you will personally experience my punishment for your sins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JER 49 12 fb4j figs-you 0 you yourself The words “you” and “yourself” refer to Edom, which represents the people of Edom. The word “yourself” is used to draw attention to the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “you yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) JER 49 13 g6tz figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 49 13 g35q figs-abstractnouns 0 Bozrah will become a horror, a disgrace, a devastation, and an object for cursing The abstract nouns “a horror,” “a disgrace,” and “a devastation” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “People will be horrified when they see that the city of Bozrah is devastated. And they will mock the city and use its name when they curse others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 49 13 u174 translate-names 0 Bozrah This is the name of a city in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 49 13 d9vp 0 All of its cities “All of Edom’s cities” +JER 49 13 d9vp 0 All of its cities Alternate translation: “All of Edom’s cities” JER 49 14 ly1e 0 General Information: Jeremiah is now speaking to the people of Edom. JER 49 14 h7yn 0 I have heard The word “I” refers to Jeremiah. JER 49 14 vb6a figs-activepassive 0 a messenger has been sent out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has sent out a messenger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -3170,22 +3170,22 @@ JER 49 17 hj17 figs-abstractnouns 0 Edom will become a horror to everyone passi JER 49 17 n5jw translate-symaction 0 tremble and hiss The word “hiss” refers to a sound that shows horror or awe. Alternate translation: “shake from fear and gasp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JER 49 18 ihe5 figs-parallelism 0 no one will live there; no person will stay there Yahweh says the same thing twice to emphasize that Edom will be completely uninhabited. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 49 19 et9f 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Edom. -JER 49 19 f4y5 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” +JER 49 19 f4y5 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” JER 49 19 r4k5 figs-simile 0 he will go up like a lion from the forests of the Jordan to the green pasturelands This simile means that when Yahweh punishes the people of Edom, it will be fierce and unexpected like when a lion attacks sheep. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “When I punish the people of Edom, it will be fierce and unexpected like when a lion comes out of forest and attacks sheep in the pasture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 49 19 k55q 0 pasturelands This is land covered with grass where animals feed on the grass. JER 49 19 yjn4 figs-metonymy 0 Edom run from it Here “Edom” represents the people. “It” refers to the land. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom will run from their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 49 19 c4yq figs-activepassive 0 who will be chosen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom I will choose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 49 19 l6pt figs-rquestion 0 For who is like me, and who will summon me? Yahweh uses the question to emphasize that no one is like him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “For no one is like me, no one can summon me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 49 19 j5u5 0 who will summon me “who will challenge me” or “who will call me to account” +JER 49 19 j5u5 0 who will summon me Alternate translation: “who will challenge me” or “who will call me to account” JER 49 19 y36a figs-rquestion 0 What shepherd is able to resist me? Yahweh uses the question to show no one can defeat him. Here “shepherd” is a metaphor for “king” or “ruler.” This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No king is able to resist me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 20 kqc2 0 the inhabitants of Teman “the people who live in Teman” +JER 49 20 kqc2 0 the inhabitants of Teman Alternate translation: “the people who live in Teman” JER 49 20 yyc7 0 Teman Translate the name of this city as you did in [Jeremiah 49:7](../49/07.md). JER 49 20 x5ym figs-metaphor 0 They will certainly be dragged away, even the smallest flock This continues speaking of Yahweh punishing the people of Edom as if he would come like a lion and attack the sheep. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will drag them away, even the smallest flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 49 20 k44h figs-metaphor 0 even the smallest flock Here the youngest and weakest people of Edom are spoken of as if they are the smallest flock of sheep. Alternate translation: “even the weakest and the smallest people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 20 qbe4 figs-metaphor 0 Their pasturelands will be turned into ruined places Here the land of Edom is spoken of as if it were pasturelands for flocks. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will turn their pasturelands into ruined places” or “He will completely get rid of the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 49 21 c9gl figs-metaphor 0 At the sound of their falling the earth shakes The loud sound of Edom being destroyed is spoken of as if Edom were a large object that shakes the earth when it falls. Alternate translation: “When enemies come and destroy Edom, the noise will be extremely loud, with the result that the earth will shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 21 mw81 figs-activepassive 0 The sound of distressed shouts is heard at the Sea of Reeds This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People at the Sea of Reeds will hear the people of Edom crying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 49 22 u1u7 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” +JER 49 22 u1u7 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” JER 49 22 u5hd figs-simile 0 someone will attack like an eagle, and swoop down and spread his wings This simile means that when the enemy army attacks it will be vicious and unexpected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 49 22 fk85 translate-names 0 Bozrah Translate the name of this city as you did in [Jeremiah 48:24](../48/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 49 22 u2ir figs-metonymy 0 the hearts of Edom’s soldiers will become like the heart of a woman in birth labor Here “hearts” represent a person’s emotions. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 48:41](../48/41.md). Alternate translation: “Edom’s soldiers will be afraid like a woman about to give birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -3204,7 +3204,7 @@ JER 49 26 b744 0 its The word “its” refers to Damascus and its people. JER 49 26 p99r figs-metaphor 0 its young men will fall in its plazas They young men being killed is spoken of as if they will fall. Alternate translation: “enemies will kill the young men of Damascus in its plazas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 26 sd8d figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 49 27 zq53 figs-metonymy 0 I will light a fire Causing the enemy army to light a fire is spoken of as if Yahweh will light the fire. Alternate translation: “I will cause the enemy army to light a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 27 xw47 0 it will devour “the fire will completely burn up” +JER 49 27 xw47 0 it will devour Alternate translation: “the fire will completely burn up” JER 49 27 ghf4 translate-names 0 Ben Hadad This the name or title of the king of Damascus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 49 28 vn4c 0 General Information: Jeremiah speaks about what will happen to Kedar. JER 49 28 xl4r translate-names 0 Kedar This is the name of a land far to the east of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -3216,9 +3216,9 @@ JER 49 29 mdi2 figs-activepassive 0 their camels will be led away from them Thi JER 49 29 hri3 0 men will shout to them, “Terror is on every side!” This could mean: (1) these are men being attacked by the enemy. Alternate translation: “men will shout, ‘We are terrified because terrible things are happening all around us!’” or (2) these are soldiers in the invading army. Alternate translation: “soldiers will shout at them, ‘Be afraid because we are all around you!’” JER 49 30 p7ww 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Kedar and the kingdoms of Hazor. JER 49 30 a8sg 0 Flee! Wander … Turn back! Here Yahweh is speaking to the people of Kedar. -JER 49 30 dpv9 0 inhabitants of Hazor “people who live in Hazor” +JER 49 30 dpv9 0 inhabitants of Hazor Alternate translation: “people who live in Hazor” JER 49 30 f53n figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 49 30 l16w 0 devised a plan “made a plan” +JER 49 30 l16w 0 devised a plan Alternate translation: “made a plan” JER 49 31 dyc3 figs-apostrophe 0 Arise! Attack … themselves Here Yahweh is speaking to Nebuchadnezzar as if he was there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) JER 49 31 qnr3 figs-metonymy 0 Attack the nation at ease, that lives in safety Here “nation” represents the people living there. Alternate translation: “Attack this nation, whose people feel safe and secure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 49 31 hxk3 0 They … them The words “They” and “them” refer to the people who feel safe and secure. @@ -3232,7 +3232,7 @@ JER 49 33 u8xq figs-parallelism 0 No one will live there; no human being will s JER 49 34 z9k4 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking about what will happen to Elam. JER 49 34 iy32 figs-idiom 0 This is the word of Yahweh that came to Jeremiah This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 14:1](../14/01.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 49 35 gga5 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 49 35 f1xj 0 I am about to break the bowmen of Elam, the main part of their power “The archers made Elam very powerful, but I will stop them” +JER 49 35 f1xj 0 I am about to break the bowmen of Elam, the main part of their power Alternate translation: “The archers made Elam very powerful, but I will stop them” JER 49 35 phc1 0 bowmen men who are skilled with a bow and arrows JER 49 36 k5pp figs-idiom 0 I will bring the four winds from the four corners of the heavens Here “four winds from the four corners” is an idiom that represents wind blowing from every direction. Alternate translation: “I will cause the winds to blow from every direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 49 36 p5sx figs-metaphor 0 I will bring the four winds from the four corners of the heavens Here “winds” represents nations. And the nations are a synecdoche representing the armies from those nations. Causing armies to come from all directions is spoken of as if Yahweh will cause wind to blow from all directions Alternate translation: “I will bring your enemies from every direction to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -3245,14 +3245,14 @@ JER 49 37 e227 figs-metaphor 0 those who seek their lives Seeking a person’s JER 49 37 l2b9 figs-metaphor 0 I will bring disaster against them Yahweh causing people to experience disaster is spoken of as if he would bring disaster against them. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to experience disaster” or “I will cause terrible things to happen to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 49 37 kkm4 figs-metonymy 0 the sword after them Here “sword” represents the enemy army carrying their weapons. Alternate translation: “the enemy army to pursue and kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 49 38 we6b figs-metonymy 0 I will put my throne in Elam Here “throne” represents Yahweh’s right to rule and judge as the king. Alternate translation: “I will judge the people of Elam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 39 s61m 0 in later days “in the future” +JER 49 39 s61m 0 in later days Alternate translation: “in the future” JER 50 intro dyn1 0 # Jeremiah 50 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 50:1-5, 6-46.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Babylon destroyed

Babylon will be conquered and the Jews will return to their homeland. At this time, Babylon controlled almost the entire Near East. The fulfillment of this prophecy would have been unthinkable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Israel
The author sometimes uses the term “Israel” to refer to the people of the old northern kingdom of Israel, and at other times to the nation of Israel as a whole. He switches between these uses several times without warning the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 50 1 mzg3 writing-poetry 0 General Information: God gives Jeremiah a message about Babylon. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] JER 50 1 je71 figs-idiom 0 This is the word that Yahweh declared This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 50 1 k291 figs-synecdoche 0 by the hand of Jeremiah the prophet The hand is a synecdoche for the person. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 37:2](../37/02.md). Alternate translation: “through Jeremiah, who was a prophet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 50 2 gf1a figs-parallelism 0 cause them to listen … cause them to listen This phrase is repeated to emphasize the importance of the command. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 50 2 a85t 0 Lift up a signal “Put up a sign” -JER 50 2 q3di 0 Babylon is taken “Babylon is conquered” +JER 50 2 a85t 0 Lift up a signal Alternate translation: “Put up a sign” +JER 50 2 q3di 0 Babylon is taken Alternate translation: “Babylon is conquered” JER 50 2 zzg6 figs-parallelism 0 Bel is made ashamed. Marduk is dismayed. Its idols are put to shame; its images are dismayed These lines mean the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh has disgraced the gods of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 50 2 x394 translate-names 0 Bel … Marduk These are two names for the chief god of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 50 3 g6ih 0 arise against it … live in it Here “it” refers to Babylon in both phrases. @@ -3266,7 +3266,7 @@ JER 50 5 q3s7 figs-idiom 0 join ourselves to Yahweh This is figurative language JER 50 5 ch4b figs-activepassive 0 that will not be forgotten This states that the covenant will be obeyed forever. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that no one will forget” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 50 6 fsj1 figs-metaphor 0 My people have been a lost flock The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a group of sheep that was lost. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “My people have been like a lost flock of sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 50 6 a67k figs-metaphor 0 Their shepherds The leaders of Israel are spoken of as if they were the shepherds of people. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “Their leaders were like shepherds who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 50 6 zpk8 0 turned them around from hill to hill “lead them around to many different places” +JER 50 6 zpk8 0 turned them around from hill to hill Alternate translation: “lead them around to many different places” JER 50 7 h59f figs-metaphor 0 devoured them Attacking the people of Israel is spoken of as if a wild animal ate them. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “devoured them like a wild animal would eat its prey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 50 7 u3dr 0 they sinned The word “they” refers to the people of Israel. JER 50 7 id3n figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, the hope of their ancestors Yahweh is spoken of as the source of their trust. The abstract noun “hope” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “the one whom their ancestors confidently expected to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -3274,12 +3274,12 @@ JER 50 8 en1b 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to his people in capti JER 50 8 ey2s 0 Leave from the midst of Babylon This command is addressed to the people of Israel who were in exile in Babylon. JER 50 8 y6hx figs-simile 0 be like male goats that leave Male goats tend to be more independent than the rest of the flock. This could mean: (1) they should be the first to leave Babylon or (2) they should lead the rest of the Israelites away from Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 50 9 dns1 0 For see The word “see” alerts the reader to pay attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because” -JER 50 9 db8i 0 set in motion “stir up” +JER 50 9 db8i 0 set in motion Alternate translation: “stir up” JER 50 9 rv59 figs-activepassive 0 Babylon will be captured from there This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “These nations will capture Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 50 9 sd99 0 from there This could mean: (1) “from the north” or (2) “from their battle positions.” JER 50 9 nm58 figs-simile 0 Their arrows are like a skilled warrior who does not return empty-handed The effectiveness of the arrows of the attacking nations are spoken of as if they were soldiers that always accomplish their mission. The idiom “empty-handed” means “without success.” Alternate translation: Each of their arrows are like skilled soldiers that always hit their target” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 50 10 n671 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh declares” or “this is what I, Yahweh, declare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 50 10 wnf6 0 Chaldea will become plunder “They will plunder Chaldea” +JER 50 10 wnf6 0 Chaldea will become plunder Alternate translation: “They will plunder Chaldea” JER 50 11 a17k 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to the people of Babylon. JER 50 11 qcl4 figs-doublet 0 You rejoice, you celebrate These terms mean the same thing and are used to emphasize how happy they were to conquer Israel. Alternate translation: “You people of Babylon rejoice, celebrate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JER 50 11 gt23 figs-pronouns 0 You rejoice … you jump … you neigh Each instance of “You” or “you” is plural and refers to the people of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) @@ -3288,14 +3288,14 @@ JER 50 11 ef11 0 stamping the action a calf makes when kicking the ground JER 50 11 e4bz figs-simile 0 you neigh like a powerful horse The people of Babylon are compared to stallions that are making loud noises because they are excited. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 50 12 a827 figs-pronouns 0 bore you The word “you” is plural and refers to the people of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) JER 50 12 i83h figs-doublet 0 So your mother will be greatly ashamed; the one who bore you will be embarrassed These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of her embarrassment. The words “mother” and “the one who bore you” refer either to Babylonia or to the city of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 12 n6mv 0 the least of nations “the most unimportant nation” +JER 50 12 n6mv 0 the least of nations Alternate translation: “the most unimportant nation” JER 50 12 crm8 figs-doublet 0 a wilderness, a dry land, and a desert These words have basically the same meaning and emphasize the complete barrenness of the land. This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for an uninhabited place or (2) this refers to Babylon literally becoming a barren wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 50 13 mm1s figs-abstractnouns 0 a complete devastation The abstract noun “devastation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “completely destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 50 13 fl2h 0 shudder shake violently due to fear JER 50 13 tj8m 0 hiss make a sound like a snake that means great disapproval JER 50 14 z26z 0 General Information: Yahweh tells the other nations to attack Babylon. JER 50 14 wrr7 figs-explicit 0 Arrange yourselves against Babylon Yahweh is speaking to the enemies of Babylon. Alternate translation: “You enemies of Babylon arrange yourselves against her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 50 14 p1p9 0 Arrange yourselves “Line up in military formation” or “Form battle lines” +JER 50 14 p1p9 0 Arrange yourselves Alternate translation: “Line up in military formation” or “Form battle lines” JER 50 14 z8c6 0 Everyone who bends a bow This refers to the soldiers who use bows and arrows to fight. JER 50 14 m55f figs-personification 0 shoot at her Jeremiah speaks of the people who live in the city of Babylon as if they were the city itself, and he speaks of the city as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “shoot at the people in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 50 14 a1ig 0 Do not keep back any of your arrows This emphasizes that they should shoot all their arrows. Alternate translation: “Shoot every one of your arrows at her” @@ -3352,7 +3352,7 @@ JER 50 27 e5p8 figs-explicit 0 Kill all her bulls Yahweh speaks this to the ene JER 50 27 k3c1 0 her bulls The word “her” refers to Babylon. JER 50 27 jtx6 0 them … their The word “them” and “their” refer to the people of Babylon. JER 50 27 h2tx figs-doublet 0 their day has come—the time for their punishment The phrases “their day” and “the time” mean the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “the time for their punishment has come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 50 28 tx67 0 There is the sound of those fleeing “Listen and you will hear those who are fleeing” +JER 50 28 tx67 0 There is the sound of those fleeing Alternate translation: “Listen and you will hear those who are fleeing” JER 50 28 i7g2 0 those … those … These The words “those” and “These” refer to the survivors from Babylon who will tell others about Yahweh’s vengeance. JER 50 28 e143 figs-abstractnouns 0 the vengeance of Yahweh our God for Zion, and vengeance for his temple The abstract noun “vengeance” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh our God has taken revenge for what they did to Zion and to his temple in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JER 50 29 a82b 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling how to destroy the people of Babylon and Chaldea. @@ -3360,7 +3360,7 @@ JER 50 29 uhm2 figs-doublet 0 the archers … those who bend their bows These p JER 50 29 riq5 0 her … her … she The words “her” and “she” refer to Babylon. JER 50 29 gm1z 0 let no one escape This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “capture or kill every person” JER 50 29 dr67 figs-metaphor 0 Do to her by the measure she has used The evil things the Babylonians did to Israel are spoken of as if Babylon measured them. Alternate translation: “Measure out punishment for her with the same amount she used to punish Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 30 yd19 0 her young men will fall “they will kill her young men” +JER 50 30 yd19 0 her young men will fall Alternate translation: “they will kill her young men” JER 50 30 tu9n figs-activepassive 0 all her fighting men will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will destroy all her fighting men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 50 30 du7b figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh declares” or “this is what I, Yahweh, declare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 50 31 wr6r figs-explicit 0 See, I am against you Yahweh speaks this to the people of Babylon. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “See, I am against you, people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -3378,17 +3378,17 @@ JER 50 33 k2wh 0 captured them The word “them” refers to the people of Isr JER 50 34 id2p figs-metaphor 0 He will truly plead their case Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a lawyer who represents the people of Israel in court. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 50 34 bc96 figs-metonymy 0 in order to bring rest to the land Here “the land” is a metonym for the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “in order that the people who live in Israel might live in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 50 34 d2c4 0 bring rest … bring strife These two terms represent opposite ideas and bring a strong contrast to how Yahweh will treat Israel and Babylon. -JER 50 34 m3i6 0 bring rest “give peace” +JER 50 34 m3i6 0 bring rest Alternate translation: “give peace” JER 50 35 ayk2 figs-metonymy 0 A sword is against … and against Here “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “War will soon happen to … and to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 50 35 ai3w figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 50 36 u7pl figs-metonymy 0 A sword against Here “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “War will soon happen to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 36 v1iv 0 They will become fools “Their actions are foolish, and everyone will see that they are fools” -JER 50 36 fve6 0 They will be filled with terror “they will be terrified” +JER 50 36 v1iv 0 They will become fools Alternate translation: “Their actions are foolish, and everyone will see that they are fools” +JER 50 36 fve6 0 They will be filled with terror Alternate translation: “they will be terrified” JER 50 37 d4gj figs-metonymy 0 A sword is coming against Here “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “War will soon happen to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 50 37 ts2p figs-simile 0 they will become like women The weakness of the Babylonian soldiers is spoken of as if they were women. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “they will all become as weak as women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 50 37 j5zb 0 storerooms A storeroom is a place where supplies or valuables are kept. JER 50 37 fkg9 figs-activepassive 0 they will be plundered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “enemy soldiers will plunder them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 38 kbz3 0 A drought is coming on her waters “A drought will soon happen that will affect all her waters” +JER 50 38 kbz3 0 A drought is coming on her waters Alternate translation: “A drought will soon happen that will affect all her waters” JER 50 38 tww1 0 her waters Here “waters” represent all the sources of water for the Babylonians, especially the river that went through the city. JER 50 39 tq6w 0 desert beasts with the jackals This could mean: (1) “wild animals and hyenas” or (2) “wild demons and evil spirits.” JER 50 39 i9i9 0 jackals A jackal is a wild dog found in Asia and Africa. @@ -3399,15 +3399,15 @@ JER 50 39 y9d5 figs-activepassive 0 she will not be lived in This can be stated JER 50 40 r3e2 figs-doublet 0 no one will live there; no person will stay in her These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that Babylon will be completely uninhabited. They can be combined. Alternate translation: “no one will ever live there again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JER 50 41 us4n 0 General Information: These verses are almost identical to [Jeremiah 6:22](../06/22.md) and [Jeremiah 6:23](../06/23.md). See how you translated those verses. JER 50 41 p4d1 figs-explicit 0 See, a people is coming Yahweh speaks to the people of Babylon. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “See, people of Babylon, a people is coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 50 41 n3n8 0 See, a people “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: a people” +JER 50 41 n3n8 0 See, a people Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: a people” JER 50 41 m77s figs-synecdoche 0 a great nation and many kings This phrase refers to the time when the Medes and Persians conquered Babylon in 539 BC. Here “nation” represents their armies. Alternate translation: “the armies of a great nation and many kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 50 41 qf6b figs-metaphor 0 are being stirred up from the farthest parts of the earth Being “stirred up” represents being urged to take action. Alternate translation: “are preparing to come from the most distant places on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 42 fw6p 0 They will pick up bows and spears “The soldiers will carry bows and spears” +JER 50 42 fw6p 0 They will pick up bows and spears Alternate translation: “The soldiers will carry bows and spears” JER 50 42 d5r3 figs-simile 0 Their sound is like the sea roar The loud noise that the soldiers make is compared to the loud noise of the sea. Alternate translation: “The sound that they make is very loud, like the sound of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 50 42 y1tc 0 they are riding on horses, set out in order as men for battle The phrase “set out in order” means that they have organized themselves and are riding in rows. The phrase “as men for battle” indicates that they are ready to fight. Alternate translation: “they are riding on horses in their assigned rows, and they are ready to fight” JER 50 42 yn6t figs-metonymy 0 daughter of Babylon This phrase refers to the Babylonian people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 50 43 r3fu 0 General Information: This verse is almost identical to [Jeremiah 6:24](../06/24.md). See how you translated that verse. -JER 50 43 y1du 0 his hands fell limp in distress “his hands were weak because he was anxious” +JER 50 43 y1du 0 his hands fell limp in distress Alternate translation: “his hands were weak because he was anxious” JER 50 43 um5z figs-metaphor 0 Anguish seized him Feeling great anguish is spoken of as if anguish grabs the king of Babylon. Alternate translation: “He felt terrible anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 50 43 uui8 0 Anguish suffering and grief that would bring a person to tears JER 50 43 j129 figs-simile 0 like a woman giving birth The anguish that they feel because the enemy coming to attack them is compared to the anguish that a woman feels when she is about to give birth to a baby. Alternate translation: “like a woman who is about to give birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -3418,7 +3418,7 @@ JER 50 44 bst6 0 the enduring grazing place This is land covered with grass wh JER 50 44 uiu8 0 I will quickly cause them to run from it Here “them” refers to the Babylonian people; the word “it” refers to the invasion. JER 50 44 wgy7 figs-activepassive 0 who will be chosen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom I will choose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 50 44 g8wy figs-rquestion 0 For who is like me, and who will summon me? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that no one is like him. Alternate translation: “For no one is like me, no one can summon me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 50 44 vd1u 0 who will summon me “who will challenge me” or “who will call me to account” +JER 50 44 vd1u 0 who will summon me Alternate translation: “who will challenge me” or “who will call me to account” JER 50 44 ume1 figs-rquestion 0 What shepherd is able to resist me? Yahweh uses this question to show no one can defeat him. Here “shepherd” is a metaphor for “king” or “ruler.” Alternate translation: “No king is able to resist me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 50 45 h7vf 0 General Information: These verses are almost identical to [Jeremiah 49:20](../49/20.md) and [Jeremiah 49:21](../49/21.md). See how you translated those verses. JER 50 45 bl7z figs-parallelism 0 the plans that Yahweh has decided against Babylon, the plans that he has planned against the land of the Chaldeans These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “the plans that Yahweh has decided for the people of Babylon and the Chaldeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -3427,7 +3427,7 @@ JER 50 45 dja3 figs-metaphor 0 even the smallest flock Here the youngest and we JER 50 45 fwh2 figs-metaphor 0 Their pasturelands will be turned into ruined places Here the land of Babylonia is spoken of as if it were pasturelands for flocks. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will turn their pasturelands into ruined places” or “He will completely destroy the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 50 46 q28h figs-metaphor 0 At the sound of conquered Babylon the earth shakes This phrase compares the fall of the once powerful nation of Babylon to the extremely loud noise of an earthquake. Alternate translation: “The fall of Babylon will sound like a mighty earthquake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 50 46 sue1 0 distress pain or unhappiness -JER 50 46 y112 0 their shout of distress “their shout of pain” +JER 50 46 y112 0 their shout of distress Alternate translation: “their shout of pain” JER 51 intro e537 0 # Jeremiah 51 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 51:1-64.

The prophesied destruction of Babylon continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Babylon destroyed

Babylon will be conquered and the Jews will return to their homeland. At this time, Babylon controlled almost the entire Near East. The fulfillment of this prophecy would have been unthinkable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])

### Covenant with Abraham
Babylon is destroyed because it drove the people of Judah from their homeland. This is in line with the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham to curse those who curse Abraham’s descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) JER 51 1 bz33 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 51 1 mgs4 0 See This draws attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” or “Pay attention” @@ -3454,9 +3454,9 @@ JER 51 9 xi9j figs-activepassive 0 she is not healed This can be translated in JER 51 9 r4vl figs-metaphor 0 For her guilt reaches up to the heavens; it is piled up to the clouds Guilt is spoken of as if it were an object that could be made into a pile. The words “to the heavens” and “to the clouds” are an exaggeration for something that is very high. Alternate translation: “For Babylon is so very guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) JER 51 10 sgl7 0 Yahweh has declared our innocence Yahweh had punished the Israelites for their sins, but now has let them return to him. JER 51 11 np2a figs-apostrophe 0 General Information: Jeremiah is speaking to the people of Jerusalem as if he were speaking to the people of Babylon and their enemies, who cannot hear him, telling them that Yahweh will destroy Babylon before the Babylonians can prepare to defend themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -JER 51 12 jt7x 0 Lift up a banner over Babylon’s walls “Give a signal to attack Babylon’s walls” -JER 51 12 udw5 0 make the watch strong “make sure the guards are strong and have good weapons” -JER 51 12 usv8 0 set up watchmen “make sure there are enough men watching the city” +JER 51 12 jt7x 0 Lift up a banner over Babylon’s walls Alternate translation: “Give a signal to attack Babylon’s walls” +JER 51 12 udw5 0 make the watch strong Alternate translation: “make sure the guards are strong and have good weapons” +JER 51 12 usv8 0 set up watchmen Alternate translation: “make sure there are enough men watching the city” JER 51 12 rs5j 0 prepare the ambushes This was done in order to catch anyone running from the city. JER 51 13 n6b4 figs-apostrophe 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues to speak to the people of Jerusalem as if he were speaking to the people of Babylon, who cannot hear him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) JER 51 13 s2hm figs-metaphor 0 The thread of your life is now cut short The people’s lives are spoken of as if they were threads that God could cut. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your lives will be ended quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -3465,17 +3465,17 @@ JER 51 14 mxl6 0 battle cry This is a shout that a soldier makes in battle. JER 51 16 hr5x figs-metaphor 0 When he thunders, there is the roar of waters in the heavens These phrases compare the voice of Yahweh to the loud sound made by thunder and rain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 16 f1vn 0 storehouses A storehouse is a building where people keep things they might want to use in the future. JER 51 17 w7tq 0 General Information: Translate many of the words in this verse as in [Jeremiah 10:14](../10/14.md). -JER 51 17 r1wa 0 has become ignorant “is lacking knowledge” or “does not know” +JER 51 17 r1wa 0 has become ignorant Alternate translation: “is lacking knowledge” or “does not know” JER 51 17 vgb8 figs-activepassive 0 Every metalworker is put to shame by his idols This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Every metalworker’s idols put him to shame” or “As for every metalworker, his idols shame him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 51 18 qxg3 0 General Information: Translate many of the words in this verse as in [Jeremiah 10:15](../10/15.md). JER 51 18 ux1i figs-personification 0 they will perish at the time of their punishment This speaks of the final destruction of the idols. Alternate translation: “there will be a time when God will destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 51 19 rd4k 0 General Information: Translate many of the words in this verse as in [Jeremiah 10:16](../10/16.md). JER 51 19 mei8 figs-metonymy 0 the portion of Jacob Here “Jacob” represents the people of Israel. God being their “portion” is an idiom that means that they worship him. Alternate translation: “the portion of Israel” or “whom the people of Israel worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 51 19 dwl8 0 the molder of all things “the creator of all things” or “the one who created all things” +JER 51 19 dwl8 0 the molder of all things Alternate translation: “the creator of all things” or “the one who created all things” JER 51 19 st72 figs-metaphor 0 Israel is the tribe of his inheritance This speaks of Israel belonging to Yahweh as if it were something that Yahweh gained through inheritance. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Israel belongs to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 20 f9ni 0 You are “You, the Babylonian army, are” +JER 51 20 f9ni 0 You are Alternate translation: “You, the Babylonian army, are” JER 51 20 ap1j figs-metaphor 0 With you I will smash Yahweh speaks of punishing people as if he were smashing them with a hammer. Alternate translation: “With you I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 20 k6w9 0 With you I will “I will use you to” +JER 51 20 k6w9 0 With you I will Alternate translation: “I will use you to” JER 51 22 b82y figs-metaphor 0 With you I will smash Yahweh speaks of punishing people as if he were smashing them with a hammer. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 51:20](../51/20.md). Alternate translation: “With you I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 22 n6g5 0 With you I will “I will use you to.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 51:20](../51/20.md). JER 51 24 rf4t figs-abstractnouns 0 in your sight I will pay The abstract noun “sight” can be expressed with the verb “see.” Alternate translation: “you will see it when I pay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -3496,7 +3496,7 @@ JER 51 28 hs9h 0 governors … officials See how you translated these words in JER 51 29 s84v figs-metonymy 0 the land will shake and be in anguish The land is a metonym for the people who live on the land. Shaking and being in anguish are metonyms for being very afraid. Alternate translation: “the people who live in Babylon will shake with fear and be in anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 51 29 nf9p 0 anguish suffering and grief that would bring a person to tears JER 51 29 vd9r figs-metonymy 0 against Babylon The city of Babylon is a metonym for the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “against the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 29 d6kr 0 there is no inhabitant “no one lives” +JER 51 29 d6kr 0 there is no inhabitant Alternate translation: “no one lives” JER 51 30 a6hx figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks of what will happen as if it had already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) JER 51 30 l7ic figs-metaphor 0 her homes are on fire, the bars of her gates are broken The city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the homes in the city are on fire, the bars of the city gates are broken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 31 wh3s figs-activepassive 0 his city has been taken This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemies have overcome the whole city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -3516,16 +3516,16 @@ JER 51 34 v4f3 figs-simile 0 Like a monster Here Babylon is compared to a monst JER 51 34 k3yc figs-metaphor 0 he has swallowed me Jerusalem compares its destruction to being swallowed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 34 g9pi figs-metaphor 0 he has filled his stomach with my delicious foods This continues to speak of Babylon as if it were a monster. This states in another way the previous idea that Babylon has taken everything from Israel. Here “foods” represents all the good things that were there before. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 51 34 uc2v figs-metaphor 0 he has spit me out Nebuchadnezzar took what he wanted and spit out what he did not want. Alternate translation: “he has vomited me up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 35 v7aa 0 The one who lives in Zion “She who lives in Zion” +JER 51 35 v7aa 0 The one who lives in Zion Alternate translation: “She who lives in Zion” JER 51 35 x9kf 0 The one … to me and my flesh … my blood All of these phrases refer to a woman. -JER 51 35 pj1v 0 inhabitants of Chaldea “people who live in Chaldea” +JER 51 35 pj1v 0 inhabitants of Chaldea Alternate translation: “people who live in Chaldea” JER 51 36 s6hs 0 General Information: This begins Yahweh’s reply to Jerusalem’s request in verses 34 and 35. JER 51 36 duw6 figs-metaphor 0 I am about to plead your case and bring about vengeance Yahweh defending his people is spoken of as if he were a lawyer pleading their case in court. Alternate translation: “I will be like your lawyer to defend you and I will bring about vengeance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 37 srq7 0 heaps of rubble buildings that have become piles of rock JER 51 37 fd8l 0 den of jackals home for wild dogs JER 51 37 qax1 0 a horror something that terrifies everyone who looks at it JER 51 37 k6wl 0 hissing a sound people make to show that they dislike something very much -JER 51 37 a91l 0 there are no inhabitants “no one lives” +JER 51 37 a91l 0 there are no inhabitants Alternate translation: “no one lives” JER 51 38 ht1r 0 roar loud sound made by a lion JER 51 38 e66g 0 growl a sound animals make to frighten other animals JER 51 39 t613 0 become happy As a soldier is happy when he defeats a strong enemy. Another possible meaning is “are very drunk” . @@ -3534,13 +3534,13 @@ JER 51 41 mjn3 figs-activepassive 0 How Babylon has been captured … How Babyl JER 51 41 epv5 figs-metonymy 0 the praise of all the earth is seized The word “praise” is a metonym for the thing that people praised, and the word “earth” is a metonym for the people living on the earth. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “enemies have seized Babylon, the nation that everyone on earth praised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 51 42 jlw8 figs-metaphor 0 The sea … roaring waves Babylon’s enemies have overcome her. “Waves” represent many people groups overcoming Babylon. The words “sea” and “water” often represent the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 42 xv1n figs-activepassive 0 She is covered with its roaring waves This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Its roaring waves have covered her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 43 i1ik 0 Her cities “Babylon’s cities” +JER 51 43 i1ik 0 Her cities Alternate translation: “Babylon’s cities” JER 51 44 ua7k figs-metonymy 0 I will punish Bel Bel was the main god of the Babylonians and represents the whole country and the people that worshiped it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 51 44 x7hy figs-personification 0 out from his mouth what he swallowed Yahweh compares all the sacrifices and offerings to Bel to things he ate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 51 44 b1d8 figs-metaphor 0 the nations will no longer flow The many nations that come to Babylon to sacrifice to Bel is spoken of as a river that moves along. Alternate translation: “the people of other nations will no longer come in large groups” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 46 e7mp figs-activepassive 0 the news that is heard in the land This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when you hear the news that is in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 51 46 y5k9 figs-metonymy 0 Ruler will be against ruler The ruler is a metonym for the nations under his control. Alternate translation: “Nations will fight against other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 47 hlg9 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you” +JER 51 47 hlg9 0 see Alternate translation: “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you” JER 51 47 hh7n figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will punish Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will punish” or “there will be a time … when I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 47 x6k7 figs-metaphor 0 I will punish the carved idols of Babylon Removing the idols of Babylon is spoken of as if Yahweh would punish the idols. Alternate translation: “I will remove the carved idols of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 47 m3al figs-metonymy 0 Babylon … her land … her slaughtered ones … her midst The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the people of Babylon … their land … their slaughtered ones … their midst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3548,13 +3548,13 @@ JER 51 48 r764 figs-metonymy 0 over Babylon … come for her The people of Baby JER 51 48 a7da figs-personification 0 the heavens and the earth Heaven and earth are viewed as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) JER 51 48 ry4n figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 51 49 y6sf figs-metonymy 0 Babylon has made … her land The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the people of Babylon … their land … their slaughtered ones … their midst … over the Babylonians … come for them … the Babylonians have made … their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 49 mh52 0 the killed of all her land “those whom the Babylonians’ enemies have killed in the land” +JER 51 49 mh52 0 the killed of all her land Alternate translation: “those whom the Babylonians’ enemies have killed in the land” JER 51 50 rnu2 0 General Information: Jeremiah speaks to the Israelite people in verse 50. JER 51 50 v78z figs-metonymy 0 Survivors of the sword The sword is a metonym for war, in which soldiers use swords. Alternate translation: “You who have survived the war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JER 51 50 esb3 figs-idiom 0 Call Yahweh to mind from far away; let Jerusalem come to mind The phrases “Call … to mind” and “come to mind” are idioms that mean to think about or remember. Alternate translation: “Though you are far away, think about Yahweh; think about Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JER 51 51 l188 0 insults words that one person uses to offend another JER 51 51 u8ak figs-metaphor 0 reproach has covered our faces The speakers’ reaction to people expressing disapproval of them is spoken of as if it were a cover placed over the speakers’ faces. Alternate translation: “our faces show that we are hurt because others disapprove of us” or “we cover our faces in shame because others disapprove of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 52 gq6f 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you” +JER 51 52 gq6f 0 see Alternate translation: “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you” JER 51 52 t1lg figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will punish Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will punish” or “there will be a time … when I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 52 ipn3 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) JER 51 52 h25y figs-metaphor 0 I will punish her carved idols Removing or destroying idols is spoken of as if Yahweh would punish the idols. Alternate translation: “I will destroy her carved idols” or “I will remove her carved idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -3564,7 +3564,7 @@ JER 51 53 i44x figs-metonymy 0 her highest fortresses … to her The people of JER 51 53 t773 figs-hypo 0 if Babylon went up … or fortified … destroyers would come from me This is a hypothetical situation that Yahweh does not expect to happen. Alternate translation: “Babylon will not go up … or fortify … destroyers will surely come from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) JER 51 54 j9es figs-parallelism 0 A shout of distress came from Babylon, a great collapse from the land of the Chaldeans The same thought is expressed in two different ways for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JER 51 55 i691 figs-metonymy 0 destroying Babylon … her loud voice The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “destroying the people of Babylon … their loud voices” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 55 rb5t 0 Their enemies … their noise “The enemies of the people of Babylon … the noise of the enemies” +JER 51 55 rb5t 0 Their enemies … their noise Alternate translation: “The enemies of the people of Babylon … the noise of the enemies” JER 51 55 hs3i figs-simile 0 enemies roar like the waves of many waters The waves of the ocean and of flooding rivers make a loud sound, and the enemies will make a very loud sound as they come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JER 51 56 bdd2 figs-metonymy 0 against her—against Babylon!—and her warriors The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “against the people of Babylon—yes, against Babylon!—and their warriors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JER 51 56 sx3e figs-activepassive 0 her warriors have been captured This phrase can be changed to have an active verb. Alternate translation: “her enemies have captured her warriors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -3580,7 +3580,7 @@ JER 51 59 r4gy translate-ordinal 0 in the fourth year of his reign “after he JER 51 60 f3pz 0 that were written about Babylon This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that he had written about Babylon” JER 51 62 ctw9 0 animal If your language has a word for animals that normally live with people, you might want to use it here, because [Jeremiah 51:37](../51/37.md) states that Babylon will be inhabited by wild animals. JER 51 64 rl23 figs-simile 0 Babylon will sink like this The stone and scroll will disappear in the water, the water will destroy the scroll, and Babylon will no longer look like a city or have buildings for people to live in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 51 64 eg18 0 will not arise “will never again be a city” +JER 51 64 eg18 0 will not arise Alternate translation: “will never again be a city” JER 51 64 xm91 0 they will fall This means the Babylonians will fall because they are exhausted. Many translations do not include these words. JER 52 intro izf6 0 # Jeremiah 52 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The chapter returns to a previous sequence of events and records Babylon’s conquering of Judah. It also records the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) JER 52 1 f3ew 0 General Information: Because of the words “Jeremiah’s words end here” in [Jeremiah 51:64](../51/64.md) and because the words here appear in other books of the Bible, many scholars believe that this chapter was written by someone other than Jeremiah and attached to the scroll that Jeremiah and Baruch wrote. @@ -3592,7 +3592,7 @@ JER 52 4 b8cu 0 It happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of JER 52 4 zq3a translate-ordinal 0 in the ninth year of the reign of King Zedekiah, in the tenth month, and on the tenth day of the month after Zedekiah had been king for eight years, in the tenth calendar month, on the tenth day of the month (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 52 4 utp3 translate-ordinal 0 in the ninth year “in year nine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 52 4 nk5w translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the tenth month, and on the tenth day of the month This is the tenth month of the Hebrew calendar. The tenth day is near the beginning of January on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 52 4 s7id 0 They camped opposite it “Nebuchadnezzar’s army camped opposite Jerusalem” +JER 52 4 s7id 0 They camped opposite it Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar’s army camped opposite Jerusalem” JER 52 5 g791 translate-ordinal 0 until the eleventh year of King Zedekiah’s reign until Zedekiah had been king for more than ten years (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 52 5 e3tj translate-ordinal 0 eleventh year “year eleven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 52 5 ws36 figs-activepassive 0 So the city was besieged This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “So they besieged the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -3603,7 +3603,7 @@ JER 52 7 e7li 0 the two walls the wall of the king’s garden and the wall of JER 52 8 w5xq 0 plains flat land JER 52 8 z99u figs-activepassive 0 All his army was scattered This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) “the Chaldeans scattered his entire army” or (2) “all of his soldiers ran away in different directions.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JER 52 9 e3yw translate-names 0 at Riblah in the land of Hamath Riblah was a town in the territory of Hamath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 52 9 y478 0 passed sentence on him “decided how to punish him” +JER 52 9 y478 0 passed sentence on him Alternate translation: “decided how to punish him” JER 52 10 rf5w figs-synecdoche 0 slaughtered Zedekiah’s sons before his own eyes The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. The reader should also understand that others probably helped the king of Babylon kill Zedekiah’s sons. Alternate translation: “forced Zedekiah to watch as the king of Babylon slaughtered Zedekiah’s sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JER 52 11 xk3k 0 he put out Zedekiah’s eyes “the king’s men made Zedekiah blind.” Use the common words for making a person blind. It is not clear that the king of Babylon took Zedekiah’s eyes out of his head. The reader should also understand that others probably helped the king of Babylon make Zedekiah blind. JER 52 11 wdy8 0 the day of his death the day of Zedekiah’s death @@ -3612,7 +3612,7 @@ JER 52 12 pz2r translate-ordinal 0 the nineteenth year “during year nineteen JER 52 12 vd9v translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 52 12 jsf1 0 bodyguards people whose job is to protect someone JER 52 15 g3nt translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 52 16 knn1 0 the poorest of the land “the poorest people who lived on the land” +JER 52 16 knn1 0 the poorest of the land Alternate translation: “the poorest people who lived on the land” JER 52 17 zsh6 0 The Sea This is a basin of water used in the worship of Yahweh. JER 52 21 spa2 translate-bdistance 0 eighteen cubits … twelve cubits A cubit was about 46 centimeters long. Alternate translation: “18 cubits…12 cubits” or “about 8.3 meters … about 5.5 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) JER 52 21 b7ll 0 hollow The pillars had empty space inside them. @@ -3620,7 +3620,7 @@ JER 52 22 l1cn 0 capital This is the top part of each pillar. JER 52 22 f2ql translate-bdistance 0 five cubits A cubit was about 46 centimeters long. Alternate translation: “5 cubits” or “about 2.3 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) JER 52 24 l5rv 0 Seraiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 36:26](../36/26.md). JER 52 24 z616 0 gatekeepers people who guard the gate of a city -JER 52 25 vtf3 0 drafting men into the army “forcing men to fight in the army” +JER 52 25 vtf3 0 drafting men into the army Alternate translation: “forcing men to fight in the army” JER 52 26 ek3a translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 39:9](../39/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 52 26 lq37 translate-names 0 Riblah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JER 52 28 l6dd translate-ordinal 0 seventh (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) @@ -3634,6 +3634,6 @@ JER 52 31 n2d6 translate-ordinal 0 in the thirty-seventh year of the exile of J JER 52 31 rb62 translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the twelfth month, on the twenty-fifth day of the month This is the twelfth and last month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fifth day is near the middle of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JER 52 31 d6ug 0 It happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. JER 52 31 qhv9 translate-names 0 Awel-Marduk He became the king of Babylon after Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 52 32 g37e 0 He spoke kindly to him “Awel-Marduk spoke kindly to Jehoiachin” -JER 52 32 bq2c 0 a seat more honorable “a seat at the table that was closer to where Awel-Marduk sat” +JER 52 32 g37e 0 He spoke kindly to him Alternate translation: “Awel-Marduk spoke kindly to Jehoiachin” +JER 52 32 bq2c 0 a seat more honorable Alternate translation: “a seat at the table that was closer to where Awel-Marduk sat” JER 52 33 fvq2 figs-metonymy 0 removed Jehoiachin’s prison clothes The reader should understand that removing his prison clothes represents making him a free man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) diff --git a/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv b/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv index 27487e006f..6217432053 100644 --- a/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv +++ b/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv @@ -11,19 +11,19 @@ LAM 1 2 hy2k figs-personification 0 She weeps and wails … and her tears cover LAM 1 2 vm69 figs-doublet 0 weeps and wails The word “wails” refers to the sounds that a person makes when they “weep” loudly. Alternate translation: “weeps loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) LAM 1 2 xf4h figs-metaphor 0 None of her lovers comfort her. All her friends have betrayed her This speaks of the people groups that had been faithful to Jerusalem betraying Jerusalem, as if the people groups were Jerusalem’s lovers and friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 1 3 wtj1 figs-personification 0 General Information: In these verses, Jerusalem and Judah are spoken of as if they were women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LAM 1 3 jc3t 0 After poverty and affliction “After suffering poverty and affliction” +LAM 1 3 jc3t 0 After poverty and affliction Alternate translation: “After suffering poverty and affliction” LAM 1 3 d5d4 figs-metonymy 0 Judah has gone into exile Here Judah refers to its inhabitants. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah have gone into exile” or “the people of Judah have been taken into a foreign land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 1 3 yb38 figs-personification 0 She lives … finds Here the kingdom of Judah is described as a woman. “She” also stands for the citizens of Judah. Alternate translation: “Her people live … they find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LAM 1 3 ti2f 0 finds no rest “does not find rest” or “is always afraid” +LAM 1 3 ti2f 0 finds no rest Alternate translation: “does not find rest” or “is always afraid” LAM 1 3 w248 figs-personification 0 All her pursuers overtook her in her desperation This speaks of the people of Judah being captured by their enemies as if they were a woman who was captured by those pursuing her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LAM 1 3 can4 0 All her pursuers overtook her “Everyone who was chasing her managed to capture her” or “Everyone who was hunting for her found her” +LAM 1 3 can4 0 All her pursuers overtook her Alternate translation: “Everyone who was chasing her managed to capture her” or “Everyone who was hunting for her found her” LAM 1 3 fm5d figs-abstractnouns 0 in her desperation The word “desperation” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “when she was desperate” or “when she was distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LAM 1 4 i8db figs-personification 0 General Information: The city of Zion is spoken of as if it were a woman. In Lamentations, Zion and Jerusalem are names used to refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 1 4 h3bm figs-personification 0 The roads of Zion mourn The author speaks of the roads that lead to Zion mourning as if they were human beings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LAM 1 4 x725 0 the appointed feasts “the feasts that God told them to celebrate” +LAM 1 4 x725 0 the appointed feasts Alternate translation: “the feasts that God told them to celebrate” LAM 1 4 ih8f figs-personification 0 All her gates are desolate The word “her” refers to Zion. Alternate translation: “All of Zion’s gates are empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 1 4 bv2d figs-personification 0 Her virgins are sorrowful and she herself is in complete distress Here the people of Zion being distressed are spoken of as if they were a woman in distress. Alternate translation: “Zion’s virgins are sorrowful, and its people despairing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LAM 1 5 m4mr 0 Her adversaries have become her master; her enemies prosper “Zion’s adversaries rule over it; its enemies prosper” +LAM 1 5 m4mr 0 Her adversaries have become her master; her enemies prosper Alternate translation: “Zion’s adversaries rule over it; its enemies prosper” LAM 1 5 h8q8 figs-personification 0 Yahweh has afflicted her for her many sins This speaks of Yahweh punishing the people of Zion for their sins as if they were a woman that Yahweh was punishing. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has afflicted her people because of the sins they have committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 1 5 h9dx figs-abstractnouns 0 Her little children go into captivity to her adversary The word “captivity” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “Her enemy captures her little children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LAM 1 6 e22r figs-personification 0 General Information: The city of Zion is spoken of as if it were a woman. In Lamentations, Zion and Jerusalem are names used to refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ LAM 1 6 vlv6 0 Beauty has left the daughter of Zion This speaks of everything LAM 1 6 i7te figs-personification 0 daughter of Zion This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 1 6 imv9 figs-simile 0 Her princes have become like deer that cannot find pasture This speaks of Zion’s princes having nothing to eat like deer that cannot find grass to eat. Alternate translation: “Her princes are starving, they are like deer that cannot find grass to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LAM 1 6 q9zi 0 deer A deer is a medium-sized, grass-eating animal that is often hunted by humans for food. It is also a beautiful animal to look at. -LAM 1 6 gx4l 0 they go without strength before “they are not strong enough to run away from” or “they are very weak before” -LAM 1 6 m8wr 0 their pursuer “the person that is pursuing them” -LAM 1 7 yp42 0 In the days of her affliction and her homelessness “During the time of her affliction and her homelessness” +LAM 1 6 gx4l 0 they go without strength before Alternate translation: “they are not strong enough to run away from” or “they are very weak before” +LAM 1 6 m8wr 0 their pursuer Alternate translation: “the person that is pursuing them” +LAM 1 7 yp42 0 In the days of her affliction and her homelessness Alternate translation: “During the time of her affliction and her homelessness” LAM 1 7 g8bb figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem will call to mind Here “Jerusalem” refers to the people who live there. The phrase “call to mind” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem will remember” or “Jerusalem will remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LAM 1 7 p1pa 0 precious treasures This refers to their valuable possessions. LAM 1 7 kyv3 figs-explicit 0 in former days “in the past.” This refers to the time before the people of Jerusalem were captured. Alternate translation: “before this disaster happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ LAM 1 9 tsa8 figs-metaphor 0 She has become unclean beneath her skirts Accordin LAM 1 9 z2lm figs-metaphor 0 unclean A person who God considers to be spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 1 9 r5x9 figs-idiom 0 Her fall was terrible The phrase “her fall” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Her downfall was astonishing” or “Those who saw her destruction were surprised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LAM 1 9 h7er figs-personification 0 Look at my affliction, Yahweh This could mean that: (1) the author of Lamentations now talks directly to Yahweh or (2) Jerusalem is described as talking to Yahweh like a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LAM 1 9 fv36 0 Look at “Pay attention to” +LAM 1 9 fv36 0 Look at Alternate translation: “Pay attention to” LAM 1 9 bx6p figs-explicit 0 the enemy has become too great This means that they enemy army has become too large and powerful and has defeated Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the enemy army has defeated me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LAM 1 10 mu6h figs-idiom 0 has put his hand on This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “has taken possession of” or “has stolen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LAM 1 10 mp1s 0 precious treasures This refers to their valuable possessions. @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ LAM 1 11 ybg4 figs-personification 0 her people The word “her” refers to Je LAM 1 11 sr71 figs-synecdoche 0 bread This refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) LAM 1 11 q7bp figs-explicit 0 They have given their precious treasures for food This means they traded their wealth and their valuables in exchange for food. Alternate translation: “They have traded their precious treasures in exchange for food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LAM 1 11 kx7c 0 precious treasures This refers to their valuable possessions. -LAM 1 11 u733 0 to restore their lives “to save their lives” or “to restore their strength” +LAM 1 11 u733 0 to restore their lives Alternate translation: “to save their lives” or “to restore their strength” LAM 1 11 ae41 figs-personification 0 Look, Yahweh, and consider me Here Jerusalem speaks directly to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 1 12 lv2d figs-rquestion 0 Is it nothing to you, all you who pass by? This rhetorical question is an accusation aganist the people who walk past Jerusalem and do not care about its well-being. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “All you who pass by should care more for my affliction!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 1 12 hb8j figs-personification 0 Is it nothing to you Here Jerusalem continues to speak, but now to people who pass by instead of to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ LAM 1 14 f1g6 figs-metaphor 0 The yoke of my transgressions … They are knit t LAM 1 14 m9ta figs-metonymy 0 given me over into their hands “given me over into the hands of my enemies.” Here their enemies’ control is represented by their “hands.” Alternate translation: “given my over to the control of my enemies” or “let my enemies defeat me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 1 14 rm8k figs-idiom 0 I am not able to stand This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I cannot resist them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LAM 1 15 b3xh figs-personification 0 General Information: In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -LAM 1 15 ruu7 0 mighty men “strongest soldiers” +LAM 1 15 ruu7 0 mighty men Alternate translation: “strongest soldiers” LAM 1 15 ct6z figs-metaphor 0 an assembly Here the enemy army attacking Jerusalem is spoken of as if it were a meeting of people who have come together in order to accuse and condemn someone. Alternate translation: “a great army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 1 15 zrt4 0 to crush my vigorous men This speaks of the enemy army defeating the soldiers of Jerusalem as if they crushed them. Alternate translation: “to defeat my vigorous men” LAM 1 15 yz3y 0 vigorous men This refers to men at the strongest time of their lives. @@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ LAM 1 15 t625 figs-metaphor 0 The Lord has trampled … in the winepress Here t LAM 1 15 w82e figs-metaphor 0 the virgin daughter of Judah This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. The word “virgin” suggests that this woman is pure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 1 16 ze56 figs-personification 0 General Information: In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. In Lamentations, Zion and Jerusalem are names used to refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 1 16 p25m figs-metaphor 0 for a comforter is far from me, one who restores my life This speaks of Jerusalem having no one to comfort her as if she did have a comforter, but that he was far away. The word “comforter” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “for there is no one to comfort me and restore my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LAM 1 16 h5c9 0 restores my life “revives me” +LAM 1 16 h5c9 0 restores my life Alternate translation: “revives me” LAM 1 17 ua88 figs-personification 0 Zion has spread her hands wide Here Jerusalem no longer speaks about herself; instead the author describes Jerusalem. He speaks of Zion as if it were a woman that lifts up her hands to ask for help. Alternate translation: “Zion has reached out for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LAM 1 17 jc3i 0 those around Jacob “the people around Jacob” or “the nations surrounding Jacob” +LAM 1 17 jc3i 0 those around Jacob Alternate translation: “the people around Jacob” or “the nations surrounding Jacob” LAM 1 17 f1em figs-metonymy 0 around Jacob should be his adversaries Here “Jacob” refers to his descendants, that is Israel. Alternate translation: “around Jacob’s descendants should be their adversaries” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 1 17 t8w2 figs-metaphor 0 unclean A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 1 18 cz8z figs-personification 0 General Information: In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -95,9 +95,9 @@ LAM 1 18 l7wg 0 Yahweh is righteous This implies that what Yahweh has done, he LAM 1 18 f15f figs-abstractnouns 0 see my sorrow The word “sorrow” can be expressed as a “sad.” Alternate translation: “see how extremely sad I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LAM 1 18 lnt9 figs-synecdoche 0 My virgins and my vigorous men have gone into captivity Here all of the people of Jerusalem who were taken into captivity are represented by the “virgins” and the “vigorous men” who were taken. Alternate translation: “Many of my people, including my virgins and vigorous men, have gone into captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) LAM 1 18 ay2g 0 vigorous men This refers to men at the strongest time of their lives. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 1:15](../01/15.md). -LAM 1 19 ffv5 0 I called for my friends “I called for my friends to help me” or “I called for my allies to help me” +LAM 1 19 ffv5 0 I called for my friends Alternate translation: “I called for my friends to help me” or “I called for my allies to help me” LAM 1 19 i88c figs-explicit 0 they were treacherous toward me This means that they betrayed him. Alternate translation: “they betrayed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LAM 1 19 i9bk 0 to restore their lives “to save their lives” or “to restore their strength” +LAM 1 19 i9bk 0 to restore their lives Alternate translation: “to save their lives” or “to restore their strength” LAM 1 20 tsg9 figs-personification 0 General Information: In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 1 20 le5p figs-personification 0 Look, Yahweh, for I am in distress Jerusalem continues to talk about herself as if she were a woman, but now talks directly to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 1 20 csk1 figs-metaphor 0 my stomach churns The word “churn” means to move around violently, normally in a circular rotation. This does not mean the stomach is literally churning, but describes how the woman, representing Jerusalem, feels. Alternate translation: “my insides ache” or “my stomach hurts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ LAM 2 6 erj2 figs-simile 0 He has attacked his tabernacle like a garden hut Thi LAM 2 6 w3hh 0 a garden hut a very small building for holding farming tools or for sheltering someone who is guarding a garden LAM 2 6 tg96 figs-metonymy 0 He has destroyed the place of the solemn assembly The Lord caused Israel’s enemies to destroy it. He did not destroy it himself. Alternate translation: “He has caused the place of the solemn assembly to be destroyed” or “He has caused their enemies to destroy the place of the solemn assembly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 2 6 zkt2 figs-activepassive 0 caused both solemn assembly and Sabbath to be forgotten in Zion This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “caused the people in Zion to forget both solemn assembly and Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LAM 2 6 y8if 0 in the indignation of his anger “because he was extremely angry with them” +LAM 2 6 y8if 0 in the indignation of his anger Alternate translation: “because he was extremely angry with them” LAM 2 7 ub33 figs-metonymy 0 He has given over the walls of her palaces into the hand of the enemy Here the enemy’s “hand” refers to the enemy’s control. Alternate translation: “He has allowed the enemy to capture the walls of her palaces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 2 7 vn7k figs-synecdoche 0 the walls of her palaces Here, the word **her** may refer either to the temple or to Jersualem. Possible translations are: (1) “the walls of the temple” or (2) “the walls of Jerusalem’s palaces.” The word “walls” is a synecdoche for the whole building, and the building is a synecdoche for all of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) LAM 2 7 jx6y figs-irony 0 They have raised a shout in the house of Yahweh, as on the day of an appointed feast This is an ironic comparison between the happy, noisy festivals of Israel and the loud shouts of victory of the Babylonians. Alternate translation: “They have raised a shout in the house of Yahweh, as the Israelites would during an appointed feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) @@ -175,11 +175,11 @@ LAM 2 14 p4y7 figs-abstractnouns 0 for you they gave utterances The word “utt LAM 2 15 na4v translate-symaction 0 clap their hands … hiss and shake their heads These actions are used to mock and insult others. Alternate translation: “mock you by clapping their hands … hiss and shake their heads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) LAM 2 15 s9nn figs-personification 0 the daughter of Jerusalem This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 2 15 cxb8 figs-rquestion 0 Is this the city that they called ‘The Perfection of Beauty,’ ‘The Joy for All of Earth’? This rhetorical question is used to express sarcasm. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “This city that they called ‘The Perfection of Beauty,’ ‘The Joy for All of Earth,’ is not so beautiful or joyful anymore!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LAM 2 15 rkz8 0 The Perfection of Beauty “Perfectly Beautiful” +LAM 2 15 rkz8 0 The Perfection of Beauty Alternate translation: “Perfectly Beautiful” LAM 2 16 t9p2 translate-symaction 0 grind their teeth This action shows a person’s anger and that they are mocking others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) LAM 2 16 v2ed figs-metaphor 0 We have swallowed her up Here the people speak of destroying Jerusalem as if they were an animal swallowing its food. Alternate translation: “We have completely destroyed Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 2 16 p7nl figs-idiom 0 We have lived to see it This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “We have greatly desired to see it happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LAM 2 17 sv6l 0 He has overthrown “He has destroyed” +LAM 2 17 sv6l 0 He has overthrown Alternate translation: “He has destroyed” LAM 2 17 l2hu 0 to rejoice over you This means that the enemy rejoiced because they defeated them. Alternate translation: “to rejoice over defeating you” LAM 2 17 b3zb figs-metonymy 0 he has lifted up the horn of your enemies Here **horn** (that is, an animal horn) represents strength. Alternate translation: “he has increased the power of your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 2 18 v62e figs-synecdoche 0 Their heart cried out to the Lord Here the word **heart** represents the whole person emphasizing one’s innermost being. Possible meanings of who cried out are: (1) the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem shouted to the Lord from their innermost being” or (2) the walls are being personified. Alternate translation: “You walls, cry out to the Lord from your innermost being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) @@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ LAM 2 18 qsn1 figs-apostrophe 0 walls of the daughter of Zion! Make your tears LAM 2 18 ew4w figs-personification 0 the daughter of Zion This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 2 18 mbx5 figs-metaphor 0 Make your tears flow down like a river This speaks of the people crying so much that their tears would flow like a river. Alternate translation: “Cry many, many tears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 2 18 kbz7 figs-merism 0 day and night These two opposite times of day refer to all the time. Alternate translation: “all of the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -LAM 2 18 s698 0 Give yourself no relief, your eyes no relief “Do not allow yourself and your eyes to rest from crying” +LAM 2 18 s698 0 Give yourself no relief, your eyes no relief Alternate translation: “Do not allow yourself and your eyes to rest from crying” LAM 2 19 t1js figs-apostrophe 0 Arise, cry out … of every street The writer continues speaking to the walls of Jerusalem. He wants the people of Jerusalem to do what he is telling the walls to do. Some translations take this whole section to be spoken to the “walls,” though this can be written with the first phrase “walls of the daughter of Zion!” spoken to the “walls,” and the rest of the section spoken directly to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) LAM 2 19 bb9r 0 at the beginning of the night watches “many times during the night.” This refers to every time a watchman came on duty. LAM 2 19 n8wa figs-idiom 0 Pour out your heart like water before the face of the Lord The phrase “pour out your heart like water” is an idiom. Here the Lord is represented by his “face” to emphasize his presence. Alternate translation: “Tell the Lord how you feel in your inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ LAM 3 intro c5kf 0 # Lamentations 3 General Notes
## Special concepts in t LAM 3 1 q73v writing-poetry 0 A new poem begins. Here the author speaks of the sufferings that his people experienced. He speaks about them as if God had personally attacked only him. However, the writer intends to speak for everyone in the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) LAM 3 1 z56p figs-metaphor 0 who has seen misery Here “has seen” represents has experienced. Alternate translation: “who has experienced misery” or “who has suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 3 1 w5zk figs-metonymy 0 under the rod of Yahweh’s fury Being “under the rod” represents being beaten with a rod. The author speaks of God’s punishment as if God had beaten him with a rod. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh was very angry and has beaten me with a rod” or “because Yahweh was very angry and has punished me severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LAM 3 2 w3mw 0 He drove me away “He forced me to go away” +LAM 3 2 w3mw 0 He drove me away Alternate translation: “He forced me to go away” LAM 3 2 zm2h figs-metaphor 0 caused me to walk in darkness rather than light Here “darkness” represents suffering. Alternate translation: “caused me to suffer terribly with no hope, like a person walking in darkness rather than light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 3 3 s83d figs-metonymy 0 he turned his hand against me Here “turned his hand against me” represents attacking him. The author speaks of God causing bad things to happen to him as if God had attacked him. Alternate translation: “he has attacked me” or “he has caused many bad things to happen to me, like someone who attacks a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 3 4 s5zt 0 He made my flesh and my skin waste away; he broke my bones This could mean: (1) these things are a result of being beaten or (2) these are more ways that God punished the man. @@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ LAM 3 9 b31l 0 a wall of hewn stone “a wall of cut stones.” People would c LAM 3 9 ire6 figs-metaphor 0 he made my paths crooked Crooked paths do not lead people to where they want to go. Here they represent unsuccessful ways of escaping suffering. Alternate translation: “it is as though he has made my paths crooked” or “I have tried to make the suffering stop, but God has prevented me, like one who prevents another from escaping by making his paths crooked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 3 10 v9qh figs-simile 0 He is like a bear waiting to ambush me, a lion in hiding The author speaks of God being ready to cause him to suffer more, as if God were a wild animal waiting to attack him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LAM 3 11 m6yw 0 he turned aside my paths This could mean: (1) “he dragged me off the path” or (2) “he caused my path to turn in the wrong direction” -LAM 3 11 whn1 0 he has made me desolate “he has made me hopeless” or “he has not allowed me to have any help” +LAM 3 11 whn1 0 he has made me desolate Alternate translation: “he has made me hopeless” or “he has not allowed me to have any help” LAM 3 12 pxe7 0 General Information: God is often spoken of as if he were a warrior. LAM 3 12 eb1t 0 He bent his bow A soldier has to bend his bow in order to shoot an arrow from it. The author speaks of God deciding to cause him trouble as if God were a warrior ready to shoot him with an arrow. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “It was as if God made his bow ready to shoot” LAM 3 13 yzp2 figs-metaphor 0 He pierced my kidneys with the arrows of his quiver The author speaks of the deep grief he feels as if God had shot his kidneys with an arrow. Alternate translation: “My grief is great. It is as if he pierced my kidneys with the arrows of his quiver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -244,9 +244,9 @@ LAM 3 18 ygy3 figs-personification 0 My endurance has perished and so has my ho LAM 3 18 b3vb 0 endurance Some versions translate this as “glory” or “splendor.” LAM 3 19 zfr6 0 General Information: In verses 19 to 42, the writer thinks about the lessons that he and his fellow citizens should learn about God and his anger and mercy. LAM 3 19 j2d4 figs-doublet 0 wormwood and bitterness Wormwood is a plant that gives a liquid which is very bitter to drink. Together “wormwood” and “bitterness” represent severe suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LAM 3 20 mz9u 0 my soul is bowed down within me “I am depressed” or “I am discouraged” +LAM 3 20 mz9u 0 my soul is bowed down within me Alternate translation: “I am depressed” or “I am discouraged” LAM 3 21 t4a6 0 But I call this to mind This means to intentionally think about something. The word “this” refers to something that the author will start to speak about in the next verse. Alternate translation: “But I choose to think about this” or “But I remember this” -LAM 3 21 a2fk 0 I have hope “I hope” +LAM 3 21 a2fk 0 I have hope Alternate translation: “I hope” LAM 3 22 hf5a figs-abstractnouns 0 The steadfast love of Yahweh never ceases The abstract noun “steadfast love” can be expressed with the phrase “love faithfully.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh never stops loving his people faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LAM 3 22 rs8g figs-abstractnouns 0 his compassions never end The abstract noun “compassions” can be translated with the verb “care.” Alternate translation: “he never stops caring for those who suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LAM 3 23 z4xg figs-metaphor 0 they are new every morning The word “they” refers to God’s steadfast love and compassions. Their being new represents God continuing to act according to them. Alternate translation: “every morning he treats us again with steadfast love and compassion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -261,20 +261,20 @@ LAM 3 28 wc7p figs-metaphor 0 when it is laid upon him “when the yoke is laid LAM 3 30 t75y 0 General Information: The writer speaks of the one who waits for Yahweh ([Lamentations 3:25](../03/25.md)). LAM 3 30 buv3 figs-metaphor 0 Let him offer his cheek to the one who strikes him The word “him” refers to anyone who is suffering and who waits for Yahweh. Here “offer his cheek” represents allowing someone to strike his cheek. Alternate translation: “Let him allow people to hit him on the face” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 3 30 haw3 figs-metaphor 0 let him be filled to the full with reproach The author speaks of a person as if he were a container and reproach were a liquid. Being filled with reproach represents being reproached much. The implication is that he should be patient when this happens. Alternate translation: “let him be insulted much” or “let him be patient when people reproach him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LAM 3 32 ytw1 0 though he causes grief “though the Lord causes people to suffer” or “though he afflicts people” -LAM 3 32 fsq4 0 he will have compassion “he will be compassionate to them” +LAM 3 32 ytw1 0 though he causes grief Alternate translation: “though the Lord causes people to suffer” or “though he afflicts people” +LAM 3 32 fsq4 0 he will have compassion Alternate translation: “he will be compassionate to them” LAM 3 33 lh34 figs-metonymy 0 For he does not afflict from his heart Here the heart represents desire or pleasure, and afflicting from the heart represents afflicting with pleasure. Alternate translation: “For it does not make him happy to afflict people” or “He does not take pleasure in afflicting people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 3 33 n5xv figs-idiom 0 the children of mankind This refers to people in general. Alternate translation: “human beings” or “people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LAM 3 34 pgn7 0 General Information: The author wrote in general terms about what is true for all people, but it shows God’s concern for his people, the people of Israel, who were being mistreated by their enemies. LAM 3 34 m7kv figs-metaphor 0 To crush underfoot Here “crush underfoot” represents abusing and mistreating people. Alternate translation: “To abuse” or “To mistreat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])- -LAM 3 34 kq47 0 To crush “If people crush” -LAM 3 35 pi2h 0 to deny a man justice “if they deny a man justice.” This refers to not allowing a person to have what he deserves. Alternate translation: “to deny a person his rights” or “to keep a person from having what he deserves” +LAM 3 34 kq47 0 To crush Alternate translation: “If people crush” +LAM 3 35 pi2h 0 to deny a man justice This refers to not allowing a person to have what he deserves. Alternate translation: “to deny a person his rights” or “to keep a person from having what he deserves” LAM 3 35 w96n figs-metonymy 0 in the presence of the Most High Doing something “in the presence of the Most High” represents doing it while knowing that God sees it. Alternate translation: “knowing that the Most High sees it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 3 36 h9te 0 to deny justice to a person Here “deny justice” refers to not making a just decision for a person in a legal concern. Alternate translation: “to judge a person wrongly in court” or “to keep a person who goes to a judge from getting what is right” -LAM 3 36 kp3s 0 to deny justice “if they deny justice” +LAM 3 36 kp3s 0 to deny justice Alternate translation: “if they deny justice” LAM 3 37 vg2n figs-rquestion 0 Who has spoken and it came to pass, unless the Lord decreed it? The author uses this rhetorical question to teach that when someone commands something to happen, it will happen only if God has already decreed that it should happen. Alternate translation: “No one has spoken and it came to pass, unless the Lord decreed it.” or “What someone has commanded to happen has never happened unless the Lord decreed it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 3 37 b2te figs-explicit 0 has spoken It can be expressed clearly that this refers to commanding something to happen. Alternate translation: “has commanded that something should happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -LAM 3 37 q8z2 0 it came to pass “what he said happened” +LAM 3 37 q8z2 0 it came to pass Alternate translation: “what he said happened” LAM 3 38 hy3k figs-metonymy 0 Is it not from the mouth of the Most High that both calamities and the good come? The author uses this rhetorical question to teach that both calamities and good things happen only because God has commanded them to happen. Alternate translation: “It is only from the mouth of the Most High that both calamities and the good come.” or “It is only because the Most High has commanded it that both calamities and good things happen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 3 38 fk6t figs-metonymy 0 from the mouth of the Most High Here “mouth” represents what God says or commands. Alternate translation: “from the command of the Most High” or “because the Most High has commanded it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 3 38 wsx5 figs-metaphor 0 both calamities and the good come Here “come” represents happening. Also, the nominal adjective “the good” can be stated as “good things.” Alternate translation: “both calamities and good things happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) @@ -285,14 +285,14 @@ LAM 3 40 yx5k figs-metaphor 0 let us return to Yahweh Here “return to Yahweh LAM 3 41 xq7n figs-metaphor 0 Let us lift up our hearts and our hands Here “lift up our hearts” represents praying sincerely. It was customary for the Israelites to raise their hands when praying to God. Alternate translation: “Let us pray sincerely with lifted hands” or “Let us lift up our hands and pray sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 3 42 j5p1 figs-doublet 0 We have transgressed and rebelled The words “transgressed” and “rebelled” share similar meanings. Together they indicate that transgression is the same as rebelling against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) LAM 3 43 p547 figs-metaphor 0 You have covered yourself with anger Here anger is spoken of as if it were a garment that God has put on. Hebrew often spoke of emotions as if they were clothing. Alternate translation: “You have been angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LAM 3 43 e5cg 0 you have killed “you have killed many of us” +LAM 3 43 e5cg 0 you have killed Alternate translation: “you have killed many of us” LAM 3 43 is87 figs-metaphor 0 you have not spared Here “spared” represents having pity. Alternate translation: “you have not had pity on us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 3 44 c25d 0 Connecting Statement: The prayer that began in [Lamentations 3:42](../03/42.md) continues. LAM 3 44 d6dp figs-metaphor 0 You have covered yourself with a cloud so that no prayer can pass through This represents God refusing to listen to the people’s prayer. Alternate translation: “You refuse to listen to our prayers. It is as though you put a cloud between us and you so that our prayers cannot get to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 3 45 nmh8 figs-simile 0 You have made us like filthy scum and refuse among the nations The people of Israel are compared to filthy scum and refuse. This could mean: (1) God has caused the nations to think of his people as worthless. Alternate translation: “You have made the nations think of us as scum and garbage” or (2) God’s forcing his people to live among the nations is like throwing them away as garbage. Alternate translation: “You have thrown us away like filthy garbage among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LAM 3 47 jdl3 figs-abstractnouns 0 panic and pitfall have come upon us, ruin and destruction The abstract nouns “panic,” “pitfall,” “ruin” and “destruction” can be expressed with verbs. Alternate translation: “we are panicking. We are trapped, and we are being ruined and destroyed” or “we are terrified and trapped. We are being completely destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LAM 3 47 bm4w 0 pitfall This refers to falling into a pit. Here it represents being trapped in any way. -LAM 3 47 i597 0 have come upon us “have happened to us” +LAM 3 47 i597 0 have come upon us Alternate translation: “have happened to us” LAM 3 47 nh6u figs-doublet 0 ruin and destruction These two words share similar meanings and refer to the destruction of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “total destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) LAM 3 48 kd2x 0 General Information: The author speaks about himself again. LAM 3 48 fl1x figs-metaphor 0 My eyes flow with streams of tears Here the author speaks of the great amount of his tears as if they were streams. He uses exaggeration to show that he is very sad and has cried much. Alternate translation: “Tears flow from my eyes like water flowing in a river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -303,9 +303,9 @@ LAM 3 51 i8zw figs-metonymy 0 My eyes cause me grief The phrase “My eyes” r LAM 3 51 bz52 figs-explicit 0 because of all the daughters of my city It can be stated clearly that the “daughters of my city” are suffering. Alternate translation: “because the daughters of my city are suffering” or “because I see the daughters of my city suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LAM 3 51 qr28 figs-idiom 0 all the daughters of my city This could mean: (1) the women of Jerusalem or (2) all the inhabitants of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LAM 3 52 n4m1 figs-metaphor 0 I have been hunted like a bird by those who were my enemies The author speaks of people looking for him in order to kill him as if he were an animal that they were hunting. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My enemies have looked for me in order to kill me like people who hunt for a bird” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LAM 3 53 fen2 0 They cast me into a pit “They threw me into a pit” or “They dropped me into a well” +LAM 3 53 fen2 0 They cast me into a pit Alternate translation: “They threw me into a pit” or “They dropped me into a well” LAM 3 53 t9e4 0 threw a stone on me This could mean: (1) “threw stones down on me” or (2) “covered the pit with a stone” -LAM 3 54 ztv4 0 they caused waters to overflow, covering my head “the level of the water in the pit rose up over my head” +LAM 3 54 ztv4 0 they caused waters to overflow, covering my head Alternate translation: “the level of the water in the pit rose up over my head” LAM 3 54 hda5 figs-metaphor 0 I have been cut off Being “cut off” often represents being killed. Here it represents dying very soon. Alternate translation: “I am about to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 3 55 dit3 figs-metonymy 0 I called on your name God’s name represents his character, and here, “called on your name” represents trusting God’s character and calling on him for help. Alternate translation: “I called to you for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 3 55 r7m3 0 from the depths of the pit This could mean: (1) this refers to the pit that author had been thrown into. Alternate translation: “from the bottom of the pit” or (2) the author was afraid that he would die soon, so he spoke as if he were in the place of the dead. Alternate translation: “from the pit of the dead” @@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ LAM 4 1 rhc4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: A new poem begins. See [[rc: LAM 4 1 su7t figs-metaphor 0 The gold has become tarnished; how the purest gold has changed The people of Jerusalem are spoken of as if they were gold that is no longer shiny, and therefore no longer valuable. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem are like gold that is no longer shiny. They are like pure gold that is no longer beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 4 1 v4ij figs-exclamations 0 how the purest gold has changed This is an exclamation that shows the author’s sadness that this has happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) LAM 4 1 d474 figs-metaphor 0 The holy stones are scattered at the corner of every street This may refer to the temple being destroyed and its stones scattered throughout the city. It may also be a metaphor for the people being scattered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LAM 4 1 ild2 0 at the corner of every street “wherever the streets come together” or “by all the roads” +LAM 4 1 ild2 0 at the corner of every street Alternate translation: “wherever the streets come together” or “by all the roads” LAM 4 2 va3j figs-metaphor 0 sons of Zion Here people of a city are spoken of as if they were the sons of the city. This could mean: (1) this refers to only the young men of Jerusalem or (2) this refers to all the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 4 2 ld1a figs-metaphor 0 they are worth no more than clay jars, the work of the potter’s hands The author speaks of the precious sons of Zion as if they were considered to be inexpensive clay jars. Alternate translation: “people consider them to be as worthless as the clay jars that potters make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 4 3 a5ip 0 General Information: Because of the lack of food in the city, the people of Jerusalem do not give their children all they need. @@ -337,8 +337,8 @@ LAM 4 3 k8ik 0 jackals fierce wild dogs LAM 4 3 c37l figs-simile 0 the daughter of my people … like the ostriches in the desert The people in Jerusalem are compared to ostriches because they are cruel to their children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LAM 4 3 ty21 figs-metonymy 0 the daughter of my people has This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “my people have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 4 3 g4l2 0 ostriches large birds that abandon some of their eggs -LAM 4 4 zp13 0 The tongue of the nursing baby sticks to the roof of his mouth by thirst “Nursing babies are so thirsty that their tongues stick to the top of their mouths” -LAM 4 5 sft1 0 feast on “eat much” +LAM 4 4 zp13 0 The tongue of the nursing baby sticks to the roof of his mouth by thirst Alternate translation: “Nursing babies are so thirsty that their tongues stick to the top of their mouths” +LAM 4 5 sft1 0 feast on Alternate translation: “eat much” LAM 4 5 p6wj 0 now starve in the streets These people no longer have homes, so they live outside along the streets. LAM 4 5 sg4z figs-activepassive 0 Those who were brought up wearing scarlet clothing This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those who grew up wearing scarlet clothing” or “those who wore scarlet clothing when they were growing up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LAM 4 5 xp9m figs-metonymy 0 scarlet clothing Here this phrase is a metonym for luxurious, expensive, and comfortable clothing, at least some of which was probably scarlet. Alternate translation: “luxurious clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ LAM 4 6 l7zs figs-activepassive 0 which was overthrown in a moment The word “ LAM 4 6 xk36 figs-activepassive 0 no hands were wrung for her This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one wrung their hands for her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LAM 4 6 wg9e figs-metonymy 0 no hands were wrung for her People sometimes rub and twist their hands when they are worried and cannot fix something, so wringing the hands here represents worrying. The word “her” refers to Jerusalem, which was called “the daughter of my people.” Alternate translation: “no one was worried about her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 4 7 gvp4 figs-metaphor 0 Her leaders were purer than snow, whiter than milk This could mean: (1) Jerusalem’s leaders were beautiful to look at because they were physically healthy or (2) the leaders were morally pure as new snow and milk are pure white. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LAM 4 7 wu6d 0 Her leaders “Jerusalem’s leaders” +LAM 4 7 wu6d 0 Her leaders Alternate translation: “Jerusalem’s leaders” LAM 4 7 cw2z figs-explicit 0 their bodies were more ruddy than coral “their bodies were redder than coral.” This implies that they were healthy. Alternate translation: “their bodies were healthy and red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LAM 4 7 a385 0 coral a rock-hard red substance that comes from the ocean and was used for making decorations LAM 4 7 b9bt 0 sapphire a costly blue stone used in jewelry @@ -359,25 +359,25 @@ LAM 4 8 hhs8 figs-explicit 0 Their skin has shriveled on their bones This impli LAM 4 8 asf7 figs-simile 0 it has become as dry as wood Their dry skin is compared to dry wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LAM 4 9 ke6f figs-metonymy 0 Those who have been killed by the sword Here the “sword” represents an enemy’s attack. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Those whom enemy soldiers have killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LAM 4 9 k4rk figs-metonymy 0 those killed by hunger Here “hunger” represents starvation. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those who starved to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LAM 4 9 zt2w 0 who wasted away “who became extremely thin and weak” +LAM 4 9 zt2w 0 who wasted away Alternate translation: “who became extremely thin and weak” LAM 4 9 s8er figs-metonymy 0 pierced by the lack of any harvest from the field Here “harvest from the field” is a metonym that represents food to eat. Lack of food is spoken of here as if it were a sword that pierces people. Alternate translation: “who died because there was not enough food to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LAM 4 10 sfz2 figs-synecdoche 0 The hands of compassionate women Here the women are represented by their “hands.” Because they were so hungry, women who had been compassionate in the past were no longer compassionate toward their children; instead they boiled them for food. Alternate translation: “Compassionate women” or “Women who had been compassionate in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LAM 4 10 e7bm 0 they became their food “their children became the women’s food” +LAM 4 10 e7bm 0 they became their food Alternate translation: “their children became the women’s food” LAM 4 10 bac1 figs-metonymy 0 the daughter of my people was This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “my people were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) LAM 4 11 i5ys figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh showed all his wrath; he poured out his fierce anger Yahweh was very angry, and he did everything he wanted to do to show that he was angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) LAM 4 11 xr4z figs-metaphor 0 he poured out his fierce anger God’s punishing his people is spoken of as if his anger were a burning hot liquid that he poured out on them. Alternate translation: “because of his fierce anger, he punished his people” or “in fierce anger he responded to his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 4 11 tc8v figs-metonymy 0 He kindled a fire in Zion This represents God causing Israel’s enemies to start a fire in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “He caused a fire to start in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 4 11 ml4m figs-synecdoche 0 that consumed her foundations Here “her foundations” represents the whole city, even the part of the city that would be ruined last. Alternate translation: “that burned down the city, even its foundations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -LAM 4 12 qvf1 0 The kings of the earth did not believe, nor did any of the inhabitants of the world believe, “The kings of the earth and the rest of the inhabitants of the world did not believe” +LAM 4 12 qvf1 0 The kings of the earth did not believe, nor did any of the inhabitants of the world believe, Alternate translation: “The kings of the earth and the rest of the inhabitants of the world did not believe” LAM 4 12 iy64 figs-doublet 0 enemies or opponents These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that these are people who desired to harm Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “any kind of enemy” or “any of Jerusalem’s enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) LAM 4 13 pz3y figs-parallelism 0 the sins of her prophets and the iniquities of her priests These two lines share similar meanings and emphasize that these spiritual leaders were largely responsible for the fall of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the terrible sins of her prophets and priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) LAM 4 13 t6hn figs-metonymy 0 who have shed the blood of the righteous Both the priests and the prophets were guilty of murder. Here “shed the blood” represents murder. Alternate translation: “who have murdered the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 4 14 ah77 figs-metaphor 0 They wandered, blind, through the streets The priests and prophets are spoken of as if they were blind because they wandered through the streets, not knowing where to go. Alternate translation: “They wandered through the streets like blind men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 4 14 b7ti figs-metaphor 0 They were so defiled by that blood Here “defiled” represents being unacceptable to God. Because the priests and prophets murdered people, they were ritually unclean, unable to worship God or be with ordinary people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 4 14 dpi8 figs-metonymy 0 defiled by that blood “defiled by the blood that they shed.” This could mean: (1) the blood was on their clothes or (2) “blood” is a metonym for murder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LAM 4 15 qtp2 0 Away! Unclean “Go away! You are unclean” -LAM 4 15 uf2c 0 Away! Away! Do not touch “Go away! Go away! Do not touch us” -LAM 4 16 s74r 0 scattered them “scattered the prophets and priests” +LAM 4 15 qtp2 0 Away! Unclean Alternate translation: “Go away! You are unclean” +LAM 4 15 uf2c 0 Away! Away! Do not touch Alternate translation: “Go away! Go away! Do not touch us” +LAM 4 16 s74r 0 scattered them Alternate translation: “scattered the prophets and priests” LAM 4 16 a7if figs-metonymy 0 he does not watch over them anymore Here “watch over them” represents being concerned about them and helping them. Alternate translation: “he does not care about them anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 4 17 j6ac figs-metonymy 0 Our eyes failed, looking in vain for help Their eyes failing represents their seeking and not being able to find what they were looking for. These two phrases together emphasize that they were trying hard to find help. Alternate translation: “We continued looking, but we could not find anyone to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 4 17 gw6x figs-abstractnouns 0 for help The abstract noun “help” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “for people to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ LAM 4 18 g9cv figs-explicit 0 Our end This could mean: (1) “Our end” refers LAM 4 18 m59p figs-metaphor 0 our days were numbered Being numbered represents being so few that they could be easily counted. Alternate translation: “we had very little time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 4 18 knb5 figs-metaphor 0 our end had come The phrase “had come” means that what they had expected was now happening. Alternate translation: “it was now the end for us” or “our enemies were attacking us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 4 19 a693 figs-simile 0 Our pursuers were swifter than the eagles in the sky The author compares the speed of their pursuers to the speed of eagles flying. Eagles fly very quickly to catch other animals. Alternate translation: “Those who were chasing us were faster than eagles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -LAM 4 19 q2y4 0 lay in wait for us “waited to attack us” +LAM 4 19 q2y4 0 lay in wait for us Alternate translation: “waited to attack us” LAM 4 20 k8w6 figs-metaphor 0 he was the one who was captured in their pits Here “pits” refers to the enemies’ plans to capture him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he was the one whom our enemies captured by their plans” or “our enemies made plans to capture our king, and they did capture him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LAM 4 20 l1a8 figs-distinguish 0 of whom it was said This phrase with the quote following it gives us more information about the king. The quote shows what the people had hoped the king would do for them before he was trapped. It can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “even though we had said about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LAM 4 20 d6rl figs-metaphor 0 Under his shadow we will live among the nations Here “his shadow” represents him protecting them. Alternate translation: “Under his protection we will live among the nations” or “Though we may have to live in other nations, he will protect us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -398,12 +398,12 @@ LAM 4 21 k5q4 figs-personification 0 daughter of Edom The people of the land of LAM 4 21 d53p figs-metaphor 0 But to you also the cup will be passed The cup is a metonym for the wine in it. The wine is a metaphor for punishment. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh will also punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LAM 4 22 i7ub figs-personification 0 Daughter of Zion The people of Jerusalem are spoken of as if they were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\ LAM 4 22 y3mu figs-abstractnouns 0 your punishment will come to an end “your punishment will end.” The abstract noun punishment can be expressed with the verb “punish.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh will stop punishing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -LAM 4 22 jt3i 0 he will not extend your exile “Yahweh will not make your time in exile longer” or “Yahweh will not make you stay in exile longer” +LAM 4 22 jt3i 0 he will not extend your exile Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not make your time in exile longer” or “Yahweh will not make you stay in exile longer” LAM 4 22 c3zn figs-metaphor 0 he will uncover your sins Here the sins not being known by others are spoken of as if they are under a cover. Removing the cover represents letting other people know about them. Alternate translation: “he will expose your sins” or “he will cause other people to know how you have sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LAM 5 intro si98 0 # Lamentations 5 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Judah was destroyed for her sin. As slaves, life was very hard. The author wondered if God would be angry forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) LAM 5 1 hj48 writing-poetry 0 General Information: A new poem begins. See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]. LAM 5 1 a5gv figs-idiom 0 Remember, Yahweh, what has happened to us “Remember” here is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, think about what has happened to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LAM 5 1 q2dv 0 look and see our disgrace “look at the shameful state we are in” +LAM 5 1 q2dv 0 look and see our disgrace Alternate translation: “look at the shameful state we are in” LAM 5 2 iwh9 figs-activepassive 0 Our inheritance has been turned over to strangers; our houses to foreigners The idea of things being turned over to others can be expressed with an active form. Since it is also understood in the second part of the sentence, those words can be repeated there. Alternate translation: “You have turned our inheritance over to strangers; you have turned our houses over to strangers” or “You have allowed strangers to take possession of our inheritance; you have allowed foreigners to take possession of our houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LAM 5 3 ijy8 figs-metaphor 0 We have become orphans … our mothers are like widows The people of Jerusalem have no one to protect them because the men have either died in battle or have gone into exile. This speaks of the people not having their fathers and husbands present as if they had actually become orphans and widows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) LAM 5 3 alg7 figs-parallelism 0 orphans, the fatherless These two phrases have the same meaning and emphasize that the people no longer have their fathers. Alternate translation: “orphans who have no fathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -437,6 +437,6 @@ LAM 5 19 x9jh figs-metonymy 0 sit upon your throne Here sitting on the throne r LAM 5 19 bv71 figs-idiom 0 from generation to generation This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “always” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LAM 5 20 kf3s figs-rquestion 0 Why do you forget us forever? Why do you forsake us for the length of your days? The author uses these rhetorical questions to express his feelings that Yahweh has forgotten them. These questions can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “It is as though you will forget us forever or not come back to us for a very long time!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) LAM 5 20 yr7c figs-idiom 0 for the length of your days Here this idiom refers to the duration of God’s life. Since God lives forever, it can also be translated as “forever.” Perhaps the writer was uing hyperbole and exaggerating the length of time he believed that God was forsaking them. Alternate translation: “for as long as you live” or “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -LAM 5 21 igv8 0 Restore us to yourself “Bring us back to yourself” +LAM 5 21 igv8 0 Restore us to yourself Alternate translation: “Bring us back to yourself” LAM 5 22 bh9w 0 unless you have utterly rejected us and you are angry with us beyond measure This could mean: (1) that the writer is afraid that Yahweh might be too angry to restore them or (2) that he is saying that Yahweh is too angry to restore them. LAM 5 22 x3ad figs-hypo 0 are angry with us beyond measure This speaks of Yahweh being very angry as if his anger cannot be measured. This is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “are extremely angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])