diff --git a/en_tn_01-GEN.tsv b/en_tn_01-GEN.tsv
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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
-GEN front intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis
## Part 1: General Introduction
### Outline of Genesis
1. From the Creation to the Tower of Babel
- The account of the creation of the heavens and the earth (1:1–4:26)
- The account of Adam (5:1–6:8)
- The account of Noah (6:9–11:9)
- The account of Shem (11:10–11:26)
- The account of Terah (11:27–11:32)
1. The accounts of the Patriarchs
- The account of Abraham (12:1-25:11)
- The account of Ishmael (25:12–25:18)
- The account of Isaac, focusing on Jacob (25:19–35:29)
- The account of Esau (36:1–37:1)
- The account of Jacob, focusing on Joseph (37:2–50:26)
### What is Genesis about?
Genesis begins with the early years of creation. It tells about God creating heaven, earth, and the first humans. It also tells about the first time humans sinned. This caused humans to be separated from God and to eventually die. Genesis 1-11 briefly tells about other important events that occurred over many hundreds of years. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])
Genesis is also about the beginning of God’s people. Genesis 12-50 tells about how God remained faithful to Abraham and his descendants. Abraham’s descendants became known as the Hebrews and later as the Israelites. These people would worship Yahweh and be his people.
Genesis ends with Abraham’s descendants living in Egypt with the hope of returning one day to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
### How should the title of this book be translated?
“Genesis” means “beginning,” so translators should express this idea in their title. Titles such as “The Beginning of Things” may be suitable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
### Who wrote Genesis?
The writers of both the Old and New Testaments presented Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Genesis. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
### What are the covenants mentioned in Genesis?
A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill.
God made three covenants in Genesis. In the covenant with Adam, God promised to bless Adam and cause him to prosper. Adam was not allowed to eat fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. God promised that Adam would die if he disobeyed what he commanded.
In the covenant with Noah, God promised to never again destroy the world with a flood.
In the covenant with Abraham, God promised to make Abraham’s descendants into a great nation. He also promised to protect them and to give them a land of their own.
### What was God’s purpose for the book of Genesis?
The book of Genesis says that God created a very good world. However, the world became cursed because human beings began to sin. But Genesis shows that God continues to have complete control over the world.
Genesis also describes the start of God’s plan to bless the whole world again. This is shown when God makes a covenant with Abraham. With this covenant, God chose Abraham and his descendants to be his people. God promised to bless the world through Abraham’s descendants.
### What was the custom for inheritance as described by Genesis?
There are several passages in Genesis that show the customs of a father who is about to die passing on a blessing to his son. Abraham blessed his son, Isaac, and made him the ancestor of the people of Israel. However, Ishmael, Abraham’s other son, did not receive that same divine blessing. Likewise, Isaac’s older son Esau did not receive the blessing. Isaac’s younger son, Jacob, received it instead. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
Also, it was the custom for a man to divide among his sons his material wealth and land. All his sons received equal portions except the oldest son. The firstborn son received twice as much. His portion was called a double portion. Esau gave up his right to receive the double portion.
### How does Genesis present sin and evil?
Genesis presents sin as doing things that are against God’s word and God’s ways. It presents evil as the opposite of good.
Sin and evil have affected all people. This started when Adam disobeyed God in the Garden of Eden.
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
### What is one way in which Genesis marks the beginning of important sections?
Genesis uses one Hebrew phrase that the ULT translates as “this is the record of,” “these were the events concerning,” or “these were the descendants of.” The information in these sections may have come from sources much older than Moses. These passages are 2:4; 5:1; 6:9; 10:1; 11:10, 27; 25:12, 19; 36:1, 9; 37:2.
If the translator wants to translate in only two ways, we recommend for most passages a phrase such as, “this is the record about” or “this is information about.” Some passages will be better translated, however, as “These were the descendants of.”
### Why are the beginnings of some narrative sections in Genesis difficult to translate?
Often in Genesis, the author first summarizes what is about to happen. Then in the following verses, the author tells the details of what happened. Probable examples of this style occur in Gen. 1:1, 6:22, 18:1, 21:1 and 22:1.
However, in many languages, it is preferred to write summaries at the end of a narrative. In this case, translators may choose a different approach. For example, in Gen. 1:1 (“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth”), translators may decide to translate like this: “This is about how God made the heavens and the earth in the beginning.”
### What is the difference between “people,” “peoples,” and “people groups”?
The word “people” refers to all the individuals who belong to a group, such as “the people of Israel.” The word “peoples” (used in the ULT) refers to multiple groups of people. Each people group might speak their own language, have their own customs, and worships their own gods. Some different peoples in the ancient Near East were those of Israel, Egypt, Edom, Moab, and Ammon.
The expression “people groups” (used in the UST) means the same thing as “peoples” in the ULT. The translator should use the most equivalent term that is common in the project language.
### What is the relationship between individuals and peoples that have similar names?
Many individuals in Genesis eventually had large numbers of descendants who were called after their ancestor’s name. For example, Cush was the name of an individual. But, “Cush” also became the name of nation that his descendants formed. They were called “Cushites.” If possible, when translating these names, the translator should make the individual’s name and the nation’s name similar. Examples of this are “Cush” and “Cushite” or “Moab” and “Moabite.” Otherwise, the translator may say, “the descendants of Cush” or “the descendants of Moab.”
### What do the phrases “to this day” or “of today” mean?
These phrases were used by the narrator to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” and “of today” refer to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, “to this day, at the time when this is being written,” or, “to this day, at the time of writing.” This Hebrew phrase occurs in Gen. 19:37, 19:38, 22:14, 26:33, 32:32, 35:20, 47:26, 48:18.
-GEN 1 intro zb6f 0 # Genesis 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter presents the first account of God creating the world. There is a pattern to this account: “God said…God saw that it was good…This was evening and morning, the first day.” Translators should preserve this pattern in their versions.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### The universe
This account of creation is told within the framework of ancient Hebrew ideas about the universe: the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Over the earth was something like a vast dome, called “an expanse between the waters” (1:6), on top of which was more water. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.
### Evening and morning
Genesis 1 presents the ancient Hebrew idea of a day: it begins with sunset, lasts through the night and continues through the daylight hours until the next sunset. This pattern should be preserved in translation, even if readers in the project language define “day” differently.
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “In the beginning”
Some languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But “very long ago” is different from “in the beginning,” and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly.
### “God said, ‘Let there be’”
This expression occurs often in this chapter. It can be difficult to translate, because God is not shown as talking to a particular person. If God is talking to a thing, it is something not yet in existence. Translators should find the most natural way in the project language to signal the idea that God spoke things into existence; he created the world and the things in it by simply commanding that they should exist.
+GEN front intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis
## Part 1: General Introduction
### Outline of Genesis
1. From the Creation to the Tower of Babel
- The account of the creation of the heavens and the earth (1:1–4:26)
- The account of Adam (5:1–6:8)
- The account of Noah (6:9–11:9)
- The account of Shem (11:10–11:26)
- The account of Terah (11:27–11:32)
1. The accounts of the Patriarchs
- The account of Abraham (12:1-25:11)
- The account of Ishmael (25:12–25:18)
- The account of Isaac, focusing on Jacob (25:19–35:29)
- The account of Esau (36:1–37:1)
- The account of Jacob, focusing on Joseph (37:2–50:26)
### What is Genesis about?
Genesis begins with the early years of creation. It tells about God creating heaven, earth, and the first humans. It also tells about the first time humans sinned. This caused humans to be separated from God and to eventually die. Genesis 1-11 briefly tells about other important events that occurred over many hundreds of years. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])
Genesis is also about the beginning of God’s people. Genesis 12-50 tells about how God remained faithful to Abraham and his descendants. Abraham’s descendants became known as the Hebrews and later as the Israelites. These people would worship Yahweh and be his people.
Genesis ends with Abraham’s descendants living in Egypt with the hope of returning one day to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
### How should the title of this book be translated?
“Genesis” means “beginning,” so translators should express this idea in their title. Titles such as “The Beginning of Things” may be suitable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
### Who wrote Genesis?
The writers of both the Old and New Testaments presented Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Genesis. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
### What are the covenants mentioned in Genesis?
A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill.
God made three covenants in Genesis. In the covenant with Adam, God promised to bless Adam and cause him to prosper. Adam was not allowed to eat fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. God promised that Adam would die if he disobeyed what he commanded.
In the covenant with Noah, God promised to never again destroy the world with a flood.
In the covenant with Abraham, God promised to make Abraham’s descendants into a great nation. He also promised to protect them and to give them a land of their own.
### What was God’s purpose for the book of Genesis?
The book of Genesis says that God created a very good world. However, the world became cursed because human beings began to sin. But Genesis shows that God continues to have complete control over the world.
Genesis also describes the start of God’s plan to bless the whole world again. This is shown when God makes a covenant with Abraham. With this covenant, God chose Abraham and his descendants to be his people. God promised to bless the world through Abraham’s descendants.
### What was the custom for inheritance as described by Genesis?
There are several passages in Genesis that show the customs of a father who is about to die passing on a blessing to his son. Abraham blessed his son, Isaac, and made him the ancestor of the people of Israel. However, Ishmael, Abraham’s other son, did not receive that same divine blessing. Likewise, Isaac’s older son Esau did not receive the blessing. Isaac’s younger son, Jacob, received it instead. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
Also, it was the custom for a man to divide among his sons his material wealth and land. All his sons received equal portions except the oldest son. The firstborn son received twice as much. His portion was called a double portion. Esau gave up his right to receive the double portion.
### How does Genesis present sin and evil?
Genesis presents sin as doing things that are against God’s word and God’s ways. It presents evil as the opposite of good.
Sin and evil have affected all people. This started when Adam disobeyed God in the Garden of Eden.
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
### What is one way in which Genesis marks the beginning of important sections?
Genesis uses one Hebrew phrase that the ULT translates as “this is the record of,” “these were the events concerning,” or “these were the descendants of.” The information in these sections may have come from sources much older than Moses. These passages are 2:4; 5:1; 6:9; 10:1; 11:10, 27; 25:12, 19; 36:1, 9; 37:2.
If the translator wants to translate in only two ways, we recommend for most passages a phrase such as, “this is the record about” or “this is information about.” Some passages will be better translated, however, as “These were the descendants of.”
### Why are the beginnings of some narrative sections in Genesis difficult to translate?
Often in Genesis, the author first summarizes what is about to happen. Then in the following verses, the author tells the details of what happened. Probable examples of this style occur in Gen. 1:1, 6:22, 18:1, 21:1 and 22:1.
However, in many languages, it is preferred to write summaries at the end of a narrative. In this case, translators may choose a different approach. For example, in Gen. 1:1 (“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth”), translators may decide to translate like this: “This is about how God made the heavens and the earth in the beginning.”
### What is the difference between “people,” “peoples,” and “people groups”?
The word “people” refers to all the individuals who belong to a group, such as “the people of Israel.” The word “peoples” (used in the ULT) refers to multiple groups of people. Each people group might speak their own language, have their own customs, and worships their own gods. Some different peoples in the ancient Near East were those of Israel, Egypt, Edom, Moab, and Ammon.
The expression “people groups” (used in the UST) means the same thing as “peoples” in the ULT. The translator should use the most equivalent term that is common in the project language.
### What is the relationship between individuals and peoples that have similar names?
Many individuals in Genesis eventually had large numbers of descendants who were called after their ancestor’s name. For example, Cush was the name of an individual. But, “Cush” also became the name of nation that his descendants formed. They were called “Cushites.” If possible, when translating these names, the translator should make the individual’s name and the nation’s name similar. Examples of this are “Cush” and “Cushite” or “Moab” and “Moabite.” Otherwise, the translator may say, “the descendants of Cush” or “the descendants of Moab.”
### What do the phrases “to this day” or “of today” mean?
These phrases were used by the narrator to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” and “of today” refer to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, “to this day, at the time when this is being written,” or, “to this day, at the time of writing.” This Hebrew phrase occurs in Gen. 19:37, 19:38, 22:14, 26:33, 32:32, 35:20, 47:26, 48:18.
+GEN 1 intro zb6f 0 # Genesis 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter presents the first account of God creating the world. There is a pattern to this account: “God said…God saw that it was good…This was evening and morning, the first day.” Translators should preserve this pattern in their versions.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### The universe
This account of creation is told within the framework of ancient Hebrew ideas about the universe: the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Over the earth was something like a vast dome, called “an expanse between the waters” (1:6), on top of which was more water. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.
### Evening and morning
Genesis 1 presents the ancient Hebrew idea of a day: it begins with sunset, lasts through the night and continues through the daylight hours until the next sunset. This pattern should be preserved in translation, even if readers in the project language define “day” differently.
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “In the beginning”
Some languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But “very long ago” is different from “in the beginning,” and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly.
### “God said, ‘Let there be’”
This expression occurs often in this chapter. It can be difficult to translate, because God is not shown as talking to a particular person. If God is talking to a thing, it is something not yet in existence. Translators should find the most natural way in the project language to signal the idea that God spoke things into existence; he created the world and the things in it by simply commanding that they should exist.
GEN 1 1 f2mg 0 In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth “This is about how God made the heavens and the earth in the beginning.” This statement summarizes the rest of the chapter. Some languages translate it as “A very long time ago God created the heavens and the earth.” Translate it in a way that shows this actually happened and is not just a folk story.
GEN 1 1 d49e 0 In the beginning This refers to the start of the world and everything in it.
GEN 1 1 sk34 0 the heavens and the earth “the sky, the ground, and everything in them”
diff --git a/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv b/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv
index b752829df..6474e90b4 100644
--- a/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-tran Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
+Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
RUT front intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth
## Part 1: General Introduction
### Outline of Ruth
1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22)
1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)
1. Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)
1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)
1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)
### What is the Book of Ruth about?
This book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.
### How should the title of this book be translated?
This book traditionally has the title **Ruth** because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as ***The Book about Ruth***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur?
The story of Ruth is set during the time when there were **judges** in Israel. These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?
In a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites’ frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth?
Israelites practiced what is called ***levirate marriage***. This was a custom for the closest male relative to provide for a childless widow by marrying her. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would still have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could.
### What was a **kinsman-redeemer**?
A person’s close relative or relatives were expected to act as ***kinsmen-redeemers*** (2:20 ULT) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need. They were also responsible to practice ***levirate marriage***. In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.
### What was **gleaning** in the Book of Ruth?
Poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These **gleaners** picked up sheaves of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.
### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?
A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to a covenant they had with someone else. God promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.
The Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives are part of Israel’s duties in God’s covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth and Naomi gives good examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])
### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?
City gates in the time of Boaz were natural meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were large, perhaps two to three meters in width. Therefore the gateway opening provided a shady area for public meetings. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.
Some English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting ***at*** the city gate. It may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat ***in*** the city gateway.
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
### How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic?
The Book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULT uses various words to indicate these changes, such as ***so,*** ***then,*** and ***now***. Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes.
RUT 1 intro irf4 0 # Ruth 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
### **It happened in the days when the judges ruled**
The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Women without a husband or children
In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Contrast
The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi’s god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
RUT 1 1 sb2j writing-newevent וַיְהִ֗י 1 It happened that ***It was*** or ***This is what happened***. This is a common way of beginning a historical story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])