diff --git a/en_tn_02-EXO.tsv b/en_tn_02-EXO.tsv
index cd5e353a5..42a3ad22e 100644
--- a/en_tn_02-EXO.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_02-EXO.tsv
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ EXO 1 7 c368 figs-metonymy וּבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 This is
EXO 1 7 c7ep figs-doublet פָּר֧וּ וַֽיִּשְׁרְצ֛וּ וַיִּרְבּ֥וּ וַיַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ 1 All of these verbs mean similar things; they are used together to emphasize that the Israelites became very numerous. If your language doesn’t have as many words that mean the same thing, you can use fewer words and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “had many children and became strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO 1 7 uo65 פָּר֧וּ…וַיִּרְבּ֥וּ…וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ 1 Compare your translation of **fruitful … and multiplied … and the land was filled** here to Genesis 1:28, 9:1, 9:7, and especially Genesis 35:11 where God renamed Jacob to be called Israel.
EXO 1 7 nk2l figs-metaphor פָּר֧וּ וַֽיִּשְׁרְצ֛וּ 1 were fruitful The birth of children to the Israelites is spoken of as if they were plants that were producing fruit and causing new plants to grow around them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “had many children” or “gave birth to many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO 1 7 x97m figs-abstractnouns בִּמְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד 1 were fruitful If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **greatness** in another way. Alternate translation: “and were very great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EXO 1 7 r2f1 figs-activepassive וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ אֹתָֽם 1 the land was filled with them If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language Alternate translation: “and they filled the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+EXO 1 7 x97m figs-abstractnouns בִּמְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד 1 were fruitful If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **greatness** in another way. Alternate translation: “and were very great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 1 7 r2f1 figs-activepassive וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ אֹתָֽם 1 the land was filled with them If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language Alternate translation: “and they filled the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO 1 7 e110 figs-idiom בִּמְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד 1 Here the same word is used twice to emphasize how many the Israelite people had become. If your language does not repeat words like this, express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with much power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO 1 7 piq4 writing-pronouns אֹתָֽם 1 with them Here, **them** refers to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO 1 8 eu8y writing-newevent וַיָּ֥קָם 1 This introduces a new event that happened some time after the events the story has just related. The story does not say how long after those events this new event happened. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ EXO 1 11 l9lj לְמַ֥עַן עַנֹּת֖וֹ בְּסִבְלֹתָ
EXO 1 11 pkz4 עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙ 1 store cities These were places where the leaders put away food and other important things to keep them safe. Alternative translation: “cities in which to put away things to keep them safe”
EXO 1 11 dy34 figs-possession עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙ 1 The possessive is objective; storage of goods is what occurs in the cities. Alternate translation: “cities for storing things”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO 1 12 c1fy grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְכַאֲשֶׁר֙ יְעַנּ֣וּ אֹת֔וֹ כֵּ֥ן יִרְבֶּ֖ה וְכֵ֣ן יִפְרֹ֑ץ 1 This sentence expresses a result that is the opposite of what the king expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
-EXO 1 12 pdfk figs-abstractnouns וַיָּקֻ֕צוּ מִפְּנֵ֖י 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **dread** in another way. Alternate translation: “And they were very afraid of the face of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 1 12 pdfk figs-abstractnouns וַיָּקֻ֕צוּ מִפְּנֵ֖י 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **dread** in another way. Alternate translation: “And they were very afraid of the face of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 1 12 qgzz figs-metonymy מִפְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Here, **face** figuratively means the presence of a person. The phrase means that the Egyptians were afraid of the Israelites’ existence in their country. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “of the growing Israelite population” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EXO 1 13 j1q6 figs-abstractnouns וַיַּעֲבִ֧דוּ מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּפָֽרֶךְ 1 made…work rigorously Here, **rigor** is a noun used to modify the verb **enslaved**. **Rigor** could refer either to how hard the work was or how unkindly the Egyptians treated the Israelites. If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind it in another way. Alternate translation: “And the Egyptians made the sons of Israel work very hard” or “And harshly, the Egyptians made the sons of Israel work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 1 13 j1q6 figs-abstractnouns וַיַּעֲבִ֧דוּ מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּפָֽרֶךְ 1 made…work rigorously Here, **rigor** is a noun used to modify the verb **enslaved**. **Rigor** could refer either to how hard the work was or how unkindly the Egyptians treated the Israelites. If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind it in another way. Alternate translation: “And the Egyptians made the sons of Israel work very hard” or “And harshly, the Egyptians made the sons of Israel work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 1 14 mx6v figs-metaphor וַיְמָרְר֨וּ אֶת־חַיֵּיהֶ֜ם 1 made their lives bitter The difficult lives of the Israelites are spoken of as if their daily lives were bitter food that was difficult to eat. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And they made their lives very difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO 1 14 jre2 figs-abstractnouns בַּעֲבֹדָ֣ה קָשָׁ֗ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind **slavery** in another way. Alternative translation: “by making them work hard as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 1 14 jre2 figs-abstractnouns בַּעֲבֹדָ֣ה קָשָׁ֗ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind **slavery** in another way. Alternative translation: “by making them work hard as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 1 14 cuq7 translate-unknown בְּחֹ֨מֶר֙ 1 mortar Mortar is a mixture of lime with cement, sand, and water, used in building to bond bricks or stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO 1 14 h5dx translate-unknown וּבִלְבֵנִ֔ים 1 **Bricks** are blocks made of clay or mud with straw in them. They are hardened in the sun or in another manner before they are used for building.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO 1 14 gzq7 אֵ֚ת כָּל־עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָבְד֥וּ בָהֶ֖ם בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃ 1 All their required work was hard See how you translated this in [verse 13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “the Egyptians made them work very hard” or “the Egyptians forced them to work very hard”
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ EXO 2 3 ym3k translate-unknown בַחֵמָ֖ר 1 bitumen This is a sticky bl
EXO 2 3 v825 translate-unknown וּבַזָּ֑פֶת 1 pitch This is a sticky brown or black substance that can be made from tree sap. It too can be used to keep out water. Alternate translation: “and with tar” or “and with resin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO 2 3 y8gq translate-unknown בַּסּ֖וּף 1 reeds These **reeds** were a type of tall grass with wide blades that formed a flat surface when woven together. They grew in flat, wet areas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO 2 4 av8b וַתֵּתַצַּ֥ב אֲחֹת֖וֹ מֵרָחֹ֑ק 1 at a distance This means she stood far enough away so that she would not be noticed, but close enough to see the ark. Use a word that expresses this sort of distance in your language.
-EXO 2 4 uf14 figs-abstractnouns מֵרָחֹ֑ק 1 This probably means somewhere in the reeds where she could see the basket, but no one would see her. If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **distance** in another way. Alternate translation: “not far away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 2 4 uf14 figs-abstractnouns מֵרָחֹ֑ק 1 This probably means somewhere in the reeds where she could see the basket, but no one would see her. If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **distance** in another way. Alternate translation: “not far away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 2 4 ruvb translate-kinship אֲחֹת֖וֹ 1 Here, the actions of **his sister** show that she was older. If your language uses a different term for siblings based on their relative ages or the gender of the siblings or both, use one that means “a boy’s older sister.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
EXO 2 4 z1cy grammar-connect-logic-goal לְדֵעָ֕ה מַה־יֵּעָשֶׂ֖ה לֽוֹ 1 This is her purpose in being close by. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternative translation: “in order to learn what would happen to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO 2 5 m3i0 figs-go וַתֵּ֤רֶד 1 **Came down** may be literal or figurative, as important places are often considered to be in a higher place. This means she came from her home, probably Pharaoh’s palace. If a perspective is required for Pharaoh’s daughter, you may choose go or come as works best in your language. “Come” is better as the scene is at the river and she comes to the scene location. However, you also need to consider your language’s way of introducing new participants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ EXO 3 2 x5ci יְהֹוָ֥ה 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed
EXO 3 2 d3tf grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְהִנֵּ֤ה הַסְּנֶה֙ בֹּעֵ֣ר בָּאֵ֔שׁ וְהַסְּנֶ֖ה אֵינֶ֥נּוּ אֻכָּֽל 1 behold The word **behold** here shows that Moses saw something that was very different from what he expected. He expected the bush to be burnt up completely by the fire. Consider using an interjection in your language that expresses that what follows is a surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO 3 2 jmz0 figs-metonymy אֻכָּֽל 1 Here, **being consumed** means being eaten completely until gone. In the case of fire, this is a metonym for burning completely until gone. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “destroyed by the fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 3 3 fpww figs-quotemarks אָסֻֽרָה־נָּ֣א וְאֶרְאֶ֔ה אֶת־הַמַּרְאֶ֥ה הַגָּדֹ֖ל הַזֶּ֑ה מַדּ֖וּעַ לֹא־יִבְעַ֥ר הַסְּנֶֽה 1 This is a direct quote. It’s not specified who Moses spoke to; he may have been alone or with a group of shepherds or his family. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
-EXO 3 3 jbue figs-abstractnouns אֶת־הַמַּרְאֶ֥ה הַגָּדֹ֖ל 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for something strange that someone sees, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **sight** in another way. Alternate translation: “unusual thing that I see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 3 3 jbue figs-abstractnouns אֶת־הַמַּרְאֶ֥ה הַגָּדֹ֖ל 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for something strange that someone sees, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **sight** in another way. Alternate translation: “unusual thing that I see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 3 4 ue8v יְהוָ֖ה…אֱלֹהִ֜ים 1 These terms both refer to the same being, since God’s name is Yahweh.
EXO 3 5 prv9 grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י הַמָּק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתָּה֙ עוֹמֵ֣ד עָלָ֔יו אַדְמַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ הֽוּא 1 set apart This is the reason Moses must stop coming close to the burning bush and take off his sandals. If it would be more natural in your language, you could put the reason before the commands, as in, “The place on which you are standing, it is holy ground, so you must not come close to here. Take your sandals off from on your feet.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO 3 6 sxk8 אָנֹכִי֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔יךָ אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵאלֹהֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב 1 the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob All of these men worshiped the same God. Alternate translation: “the God of your father, of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob”
@@ -181,14 +181,14 @@ EXO 3 6 lfbb grammar-connect-logic-result וַיַּסְתֵּ֤ר מֹשֶׁ
EXO 3 7 nl33 figs-quotemarks וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה 1 After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues through the end of [verse 10](../03/10.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO 3 7 xoz0 figs-idiom רָאֹ֥ה רָאִ֛יתִי 1 The Hebrew practice of verb repetition for intensification cannot be directly translated into English. Here, “see” is repeated in Hebrew. This expresses the intensity, certainty, or clarity of Yahweh’s having **seen** how his people were suffering. Use a natural form of strengthening a verb from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO 3 7 tpk0 figs-possession אֶת־עֳנִ֥י עַמִּ֖י 1 There are two possessives here: (1) “affliction of … people”: This is an event-related possessive where the people are the objects of affliction. They are treated badly as slaves. (2) “my people”: This one is more difficult as it involves both ownership and the possessive of social relationship. God views his people as his possession, and he is also in relationship with them as their God because they are descended from Abraham, though at this time they may not know God as theirs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
-EXO 3 7 nbft figs-abstractnouns עֳנִ֥י עַמִּ֖י אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּמִצְרָ֑יִם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **affliction** in another way. Alternate translation: “how my people who are in Egypt are afflicted” or “how the Egyptians afflict my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 3 7 nbft figs-abstractnouns עֳנִ֥י עַמִּ֖י אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּמִצְרָ֑יִם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **affliction** in another way. Alternate translation: “how my people who are in Egypt are afflicted” or “how the Egyptians afflict my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 3 7 p3tx figs-metonymy מִפְּנֵ֣י נֹֽגְשָׂ֔יו 1 Here, **faces** refers to the whole person or the presence of the person(s) who were oppressing the Israelites. If this image is used in your language, you may translate it. If a similar image is used, you may consider using it. If neither is the case, you may omit the word “face” and translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 3 7 xx7r נֹֽגְשָׂ֔יו 1 taskmasters Alternate translation: “his oppressors”
EXO 3 7 ofxt כִּ֥י 1 Here, **surely** is intensifying the expression of Yahweh’s knowledge. Your translation should express Yahweh’s knowing with certainty or strength.
EXO 3 7 mfn2 grammar-collectivenouns נֹֽגְשָׂ֔יו…מַכְאֹבָֽיו 1 These pronouns, **him** and **his**, refer to the Israelites as a group in the singular. They agree with “people” as a collective noun in [3:6](../03/06.md). Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for “people” in their language. If necessary, change “him” to “them” or change “his” to “hers” or “its” (depending on grammatical gender of “people.”) Alternate translation: “those who oppress them … their anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO 3 7 hkcj figs-possession מַכְאֹבָֽיו 1 This is an event-related possessive where the people (as a group: **his**) are the subjects of **anguish.** Your translation should express that they are deeply distressed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO 3 7 ui28 figs-explicit מַכְאֹבָֽיו 1 It is implied that they are deeply distressed because they are treated badly as slaves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “his anguish from his slavery” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-EXO 3 7 zth8 figs-abstractnouns מַכְאֹבָֽיו 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **anguish** in another way. Alternate translation: “how distressed they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 3 7 zth8 figs-abstractnouns מַכְאֹבָֽיו 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **anguish** in another way. Alternate translation: “how distressed they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 3 8 a1yv grammar-connect-logic-result 0 Verse 8 contains God’s intended result from his acts of seeing and hearing, expressed in both verses 7 and 9. You may need to expressly mark this, for instance by introducing verse 8 with something like “Therefore,” and verse 9 with something like “Again, because.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO 3 8 xy36 figs-go וָאֵרֵ֞ד 1 God is figuratively expressing that he is descending from heaven to earth to intervene. God is always everywhere, but this phrase means that his special attention will be directed to this situation. Use whatever form of come or go is appropriate in your language for this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO 3 8 nahb grammar-collectivenouns לְהַצִּיל֣וֹ…וּֽלְהַעֲלֹתוֹ֮ 1 Here, **him** refers in the singular to the Israelites as a group. It is agreeing with “people” as a collective noun in [3:6](../03/06.md). Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for “people” in their language. See what you did in the [previous verse](../03/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ EXO 3 8 l1as figs-metonymy וּדְבָ֑שׁ 1 honey Since honey is produced
EXO 3 9 a2kf figs-parallelism 0 This verse parallels [verse 7](../03/07.md). Yahweh is restating that the Israelite’s plight has gotten his attention. This creates emphasis and connection to what Yahweh will do with what Moses will do as Yahweh’s appointed leader. If this repetition would confuse your readers consider a paragraph break at the start of this verse to separate the two parallel statements or use some other strategy of emphasis and connection that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO 3 9 tp2v figs-exclamations הִנֵּ֛ה 1 This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “certainly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO 3 9 uup9 figs-personification צַעֲקַ֥ת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בָּ֣אָה אֵלָ֑י 1 the shouts of the people of Israel have come to me Here, **the cry** is spoken of as if it were a person who is capable of moving on his own. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I have heard the cries of the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-EXO 3 9 gwou figs-abstractnouns רָאִ֨יתִי֙ אֶת־הַלַּ֔חַץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִצְרַ֖יִם לֹחֲצִ֥ים אֹתָֽם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **oppression** in another way. Alternate translation: “I have seen how the Egyptians are oppressing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 3 9 gwou figs-abstractnouns רָאִ֨יתִי֙ אֶת־הַלַּ֔חַץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִצְרַ֖יִם לֹחֲצִ֥ים אֹתָֽם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **oppression** in another way. Alternate translation: “I have seen how the Egyptians are oppressing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 3 10 y4m1 grammar-connect-logic-result וְעַתָּ֣ה 1 **And now** functions as a discourse marker expressing logical conclusion. “So then,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO 3 11 y8cr figs-rquestion מִ֣י אָנֹ֔כִי כִּ֥י אֵלֵ֖ךְ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה וְכִ֥י אוֹצִ֛יא אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִמִּצְרָֽיִם 1 Who am I, that I should go to Pharaoh…Egypt? Moses uses this question to tell God that he, Moses, is not the right person for the task. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO 3 12 xugf figs-youdual תַּֽעַבְדוּן֙ 1 If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ EXO 3 16 dvsz figs-quotemarks פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙ 1 This
EXO 3 16 efhh figs-idiom פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙ 1 The word translated **attended** often means God is coming to take action. Translate this phrase in a way that communicates God’s focused, caring observation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO 3 16 p258 figs-idiom פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙ 1 Here, **attended** is repeated in Hebrew. The Hebrew practice of verb repetition for intensification cannot be directly translated into English. This expresses the intensity, certainty, or clarity of Yahweh’s having **attended to** how his people were suffering. Use a natural form of strengthening a verb from your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO 3 16 fv77 figs-youdual אֶתְכֶ֔ם 1 I have indeed observed you The word **you** refers to the people of Israel. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
-EXO 3 16 q4en figs-activepassive הֶעָשׂ֥וּי 1 The focus of this passive is the mistreatment being **done to** the Israelites, not on who is doing it. In fact, **in Egypt** further dissociates the actors from this sentence. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+EXO 3 16 q4en figs-activepassive הֶעָשׂ֥וּי 1 The focus of this passive is the mistreatment being **done to** the Israelites, not on who is doing it. In fact, **in Egypt** further dissociates the actors from this sentence. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO 3 16 johw figs-metonymy בְּמִצְרָֽיִם 1 The phrase **in Egypt** is a metonym for the Egyptian oppressors. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “by the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 3 17 eloj figs-quotemarks 0 If you are using direct quotations, at the end of this verse you should have three closing markers. In English, it looks like ’ ” ’ (without spaces). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO 3 17 c54k figs-quotesinquotes אַעֲלֶ֣ה אֶתְכֶם֮ מֵעֳנִ֣י מִצְרַיִם֒ אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְהַ֣חִתִּ֔י וְהָֽאֱמֹרִי֙ וְהַפְּרִזִּ֔י וְהַחִוִּ֖י וְהַיְבוּסִ֑י אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ 1 This is a fourth-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer three levels. Alternatively, it can be translated as an indirect quotation, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ EXO 3 20 nuzx grammar-connect-logic-result וְשָׁלַחְתִּ֤י 1 Go
EXO 3 20 yds5 figs-metonymy וְשָׁלַחְתִּ֤י אֶת־יָדִי֙ 1 I will reach out with my hand and attack Here, **hand** refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “I will use my strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 3 20 dzsp figs-metonymy מִצְרַ֔יִם 1 **Egypt** refers to both the land and the people group, and then, by extension, to Pharaoh as well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 3 20 c9a3 מִצְרַ֔יִם…בְּקִרְבּ֑וֹ 1 Here, **him** refers to Egypt as a collective.
-EXO 3 20 g0i9 figs-abstractnouns נִפְלְאֹתַ֔י 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **wonders** in another way. Alternate translation: “my amazing acts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 3 20 g0i9 figs-abstractnouns נִפְלְאֹתַ֔י 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **wonders** in another way. Alternate translation: “my amazing acts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 3 20 sqmt grammar-connect-time-sequential וְאַחֲרֵי־כֵ֖ן 1 Here the sequential nature of these happenings is emphasized. Consider using a stronger sequential connective term than usual here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO 3 20 ay53 writing-pronouns יְשַׁלַּ֥ח 1 Here, **he** refers to the Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO 3 20 awxs figs-youdual אֶתְכֶֽם 1 Here, **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
@@ -297,8 +297,8 @@ EXO 4 10 t8i9 בִּ֣י 1 This word is used by a speaker to beg a superior to
EXO 4 10 w12a לֹא֩ אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים אָנֹ֗כִי גַּ֤ם מִתְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִשִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם 1 have never been eloquent Alternate translation: “I have never been an excellent speaker, not now, not before”
EXO 4 10 opes אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים 1 This expression means “a man who uses words well,” in other words, an eloquent man who can speak well and convincingly.
EXO 4 10 pk0l figs-merism גַּ֤ם מִתְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִשִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם 1 These phrases simply mean “in the past.” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
-EXO 4 10 wsl4 figs-123person עַבְדֶּ֑ךָ 1 Moses refers to himself as God’s servant to lower his status before God (and perhaps by doing so to make his argument of inability stronger). If this is confusing in your language, you could make who he means plain. Alternate translation: “me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
-EXO 4 10 bv64 figs-doublet כְבַד־פֶּ֛ה וּכְבַ֥ד לָשׁ֖וֹן 1 I am slow of speech and slow of tongue These phrases mean basically the same thing. Moses uses them to emphasize that he is not a good speaker. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “not good at public speaking”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+EXO 4 10 wsl4 figs-123person עַבְדֶּ֑ךָ 1 Moses refers to himself as God’s servant to lower his status before God (and perhaps by doing so to make his argument of inability stronger). If this is confusing in your language, you can make who he means plain. Alternate translation: “me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
+EXO 4 10 bv64 figs-doublet כְבַד־פֶּ֛ה וּכְבַ֥ד לָשׁ֖וֹן 1 I am slow of speech and slow of tongue These phrases mean basically the same thing. Moses uses them to emphasize that he is not a good speaker. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you can combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “not good at public speaking”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO 4 10 zm3y figs-metonymy לָשׁ֖וֹן 1 slow of tongue Here, **tongue** refers to Moses’ ability to speak. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “speech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 4 11 ks2m figs-rquestion מִ֣י שָׂ֣ם פֶּה֮ לָֽאָדָם֒ 1 Who is it who made man’s mouth? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the Creator who makes it possible for people to speak. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Is it not I, Yahweh, who created the human mouth and the ability to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO 4 11 e1y6 figs-rquestion מִֽי־יָשׂ֣וּם אִלֵּ֔ם א֣וֹ חֵרֵ֔שׁ א֥וֹ פִקֵּ֖חַ א֣וֹ עִוֵּ֑ר 1 Who makes a man mute or deaf or seeing or blind? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who decides if people can speak and hear, and if they can see. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “make people able to speak or hear or to see or to be blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ EXO 5 13 th6x וְהַנֹּגְשִׂ֖ים 1 taskmasters **Taskmasters*
EXO 5 13 ikkf writing-participants וְהַנֹּגְשִׂ֖ים 1 The change of subject is emphasized here. If your language has a way of specifically focusing on the actor in a narrative, use it here. See the UST for how that is done in English. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO 5 13 a5ja דְּבַר־י֣וֹם בְּיוֹמ֔וֹ 1 **Day by day** means “daily.” Alternative translation: “the daily task”
EXO 5 14 h4uo נֹגְשֵׂ֥י 1 **Taskmasters** are Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in [Exodus 5:6](../05/06.md).
-EXO 5 14 unbc figs-activepassive וַיֻּכּ֗וּ שֹֽׁטְרֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 The text does not specify who beat the officers. It was probably either the taskmasters or someone the taskmasters ordered to beat the officers. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And the taskmasters beat the officers of the sons of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+EXO 5 14 unbc figs-activepassive וַיֻּכּ֗וּ שֹֽׁטְרֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 The text does not specify who beat the officers. It was probably either the taskmasters or someone the taskmasters ordered to beat the officers. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And the taskmasters beat the officers of the sons of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO 5 14 eq22 figs-rquestion מַדּ֡וּעַ לֹא֩ כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְכֶ֤ם לִלְבֹּן֙ כִּתְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם גַּם־תְּמ֖וֹל גַּם־הַיּֽוֹם 1 Why have you not produced all the bricks required of you…in the past? The taskmasters used this question to show they were angry with the lack of bricks. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You are not producing enough bricks, either yesterday or today, as you did in the past!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO 5 14 oh6o figs-youdual כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְכֶ֤ם 1 Here, **you** and **your** are plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO 5 14 emq7 figs-synecdoche לֹא֩ כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְכֶ֤ם 1 cried out Here, **you** and **your** do not simply refer to the officers; they refer to the groups of Israelite workers the officers are in charge of. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have your teams not finished their required” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
@@ -443,17 +443,17 @@ EXO 5 14 zklg גַּם־תְּמ֖וֹל גַּם־הַיּֽוֹם 1 This
EXO 5 15 bk9h writing-newevent וַיָּבֹ֗אוּ 1 This begins a new scene, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. The officers have gone to where Pharaoh is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO 5 15 thlj figs-go וַיָּבֹ֗אוּ 1 You will need to decide if go or come is the better translation in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO 5 15 m2nz figs-123person לַעֲבָדֶֽיךָ 1 Here, the Israelite officers use the term **your servants** to refer to themselves in the third person as a way of showing humility. It is also possible that they mean to include all the Israelites. Either option is valid if your language must state who is meant by “your servants.” Alternate translation: “to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
-EXO 5 16 yeql figs-activepassive תֶּ֗בֶן אֵ֤ין נִתָּן֙ לַעֲבָדֶ֔יךָ 1 The text does not specify who is not giving them straw. From the context, the taskmasters and, by implication, Pharaoh himself are the ones not doing this. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternative translation: “You are not giving your servants any straw.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+EXO 5 16 yeql figs-activepassive תֶּ֗בֶן אֵ֤ין נִתָּן֙ לַעֲבָדֶ֔יךָ 1 The text does not specify who is not giving them straw. From the context, the taskmasters and, by implication, Pharaoh himself are the ones not doing this. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternative translation: “You are not giving your servants any straw.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO 5 16 qp5j figs-123person לַעֲבָדֶ֔יךָ…עֲבָדֶ֛יךָ 1 Here, the Israelite officers use the term **your servants** to refer to themselves in the third person as a way of showing humility. It is also possible that they mean to include all the Israelites. Either option is valid if your language must state who is meant by “your servants.” Alternate translation: “to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO 5 16 hsa6 writing-pronouns אֹמְרִ֥ים 1 they are still telling us, ‘Make bricks!’ Here, **they** refers to the Egyptian taskmasters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO 5 16 m0go וְהִנֵּ֧ה 1 **And behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows.
-EXO 5 16 xrly figs-activepassive עֲבָדֶ֛יךָ מֻכִּ֖ים 1 The text does not specify who beat the officers. It was probably either the taskmasters or someone the taskmasters ordered to beat the officers. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+EXO 5 16 xrly figs-activepassive עֲבָדֶ֛יךָ מֻכִּ֖ים 1 The text does not specify who beat the officers. It was probably either the taskmasters or someone the taskmasters ordered to beat the officers. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO 5 16 ff2k figs-euphemism וְחָטָ֥את עַמֶּֽךָ 1 The Israelites are indirectly accusing Pharaoh of doing wrong. To translate this, consider polite or indirect ways of making accusations in your culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO 5 16 l7sn וְחָטָ֥את 1 Alternate translation: “but it is the wrongdoing of”
EXO 5 17 cw5u figs-youdual אַתֶּ֖ם…אַתֶּ֣ם 1 These uses of **you** are plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO 5 17 zlkc figs-exclamations נִרְפִּ֥ים אַתֶּ֖ם נִרְפִּ֑ים 1 Pharaoh repeats himself for emphasis. In your translation, make sure the idea of laziness or idleness is repeated or strengthened in a way that is natural. Alternative translation: “You are extremely lazy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO 5 17 a8o2 figs-quotemarks נֵלְכָ֖ה נִזְבְּחָ֥ה לַֽיהוָֽה 1 Here the king is quoting another person’s speech. This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
-EXO 5 18 x9j7 figs-activepassive וְתֶ֖בֶן לֹא־יִנָּתֵ֣ן לָכֶ֑ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The subject could be “I” (as in Pharaoh) or “we” (as in the Egyptians or Pharaoh and his taskmasters) or “my people.” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+EXO 5 18 x9j7 figs-activepassive וְתֶ֖בֶן לֹא־יִנָּתֵ֣ן לָכֶ֑ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The subject could be “I” (as in Pharaoh) or “we” (as in the Egyptians or Pharaoh and his taskmasters) or “my people.” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO 5 18 z6wt figs-youdual לָכֶ֑ם…תִּתֵּֽנּוּ 1 Here, **you** means all the Israelites or the officers as representatives of all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO 5 19 x6pp grammar-connect-logic-result וַיִּרְא֞וּ שֹֽׁטְרֵ֧י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל אֹתָ֖ם בְּרָ֣ע לֵאמֹ֑ר לֹא־תִגְרְע֥וּ מִלִּבְנֵיכֶ֖ם דְּבַר־י֥וֹם בְּיוֹמֽוֹ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO 5 19 l9d2 figs-rpronouns אֹתָ֖ם 1 when they were told Here the officers are both the subject and object, because they are thinking about their own situation. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ EXO 6 1 vdno figs-parallelism כִּ֣י בְיָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְש
EXO 6 1 sdon מֵאַרְצֽוֹ 1 Alternate translation: “from Egypt”
EXO 6 2 wse5 writing-newevent וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֑ה וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖יו 1 There is a transition here. Before this verse, Yahweh was answering Moses’ question more directly. At the beginning of this verse, Yahweh is reintroduced as “God” because he begins to make a clarifying statement about himself and his relationship with the Israelites and their ancestors as well as his plans for the Israelites. Much of this section repeats what Yahweh has already told Moses. You may want to consider a section break before this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO 6 3 l81y translate-transliterate בְּאֵ֣ל שַׁדָּ֑י 1 I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob **El Shaddai** is a title for God that many scholars think means “almighty.” You will need to decide if you will transliterate the term into your language or translate the meaning. Either approach has broad support. Alternative translation: “as the strongest God of all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
-EXO 6 3 m27p figs-activepassive וּשְׁמִ֣י יְהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א נוֹדַ֖עְתִּי לָהֶֽם 1 I was not known to them If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but they did not know me by my name Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+EXO 6 3 m27p figs-activepassive וּשְׁמִ֣י יְהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א נוֹדַ֖עְתִּי לָהֶֽם 1 I was not known to them If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but they did not know me by my name Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO 6 3 e36z וּשְׁמִ֣י יְהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א נוֹדַ֖עְתִּי לָהֶֽם 1 This statement is very difficult to understand as God’s name, Yahweh, is used throughout Genesis, including by Abraham and others. There are many theories about what it means; the view followed by the UST is that now God is revealing to the Israelites a fuller meaning of his divine name than what Abraham and others knew. Alternate translation: “but my name Yahweh was not understood by them”
EXO 6 4 zxvc figs-quotations לָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֖ם אֶת־אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן 1 This is the content of the covenant promise from God to his people. Some languages may need to make this part a direct quotation. To do so, begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “I said, ‘I will give you the land of Canaan’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO 6 4 gkkc figs-parallelism אֶ֥רֶץ מְגֻרֵיהֶ֖ם אֲשֶׁר־גָּ֥רוּ בָֽהּ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “the land they lived in as temporary residents” or “the land that was not their home but where they lived as foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ EXO 7 2 l44v translate-kinship אָחִ֨יךָ֙ 1 Aaron is older than Mose
EXO 7 2 hdwo figs-quotations וְשִׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵאַרְצֽוֹ 1 Some languages may need to make this a direct quotation. If so, be sure to mark it as a second-level quotation, subordinate to Yahweh’s main speech. See what you did in [6:25](../06/25.md). Alternative translation: “saying, ‘You must let the sons of Israel go from your land’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO 7 2 p9p7 מֵאַרְצֽוֹ 1 Alternate translation: “from Egypt”
EXO 7 3 adsq figs-metaphor אַקְשֶׁ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה 1 This means God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **hard**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 4:21](../04/21.md), but note the slightly different metaphor there: the heart being strong vs. **hard** here. Alternate translation: “will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO 7 3 vtt1 figs-doublet אֶת־אֹתֹתַ֛י וְאֶת־מוֹפְתַ֖י 1 many signs…many wonders The words **signs** and **wonders** mean basically the same thing. God uses them to emphasize the greatness of what he will do in Egypt. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine them.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+EXO 7 3 vtt1 figs-doublet אֶת־אֹתֹתַ֛י וְאֶת־מוֹפְתַ֖י 1 many signs…many wonders The words **signs** and **wonders** mean basically the same thing. God uses them to emphasize the greatness of what he will do in Egypt. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you can combine them.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO 7 4 ar0l figs-youdual אֲלֵכֶם֙ 1 Here, **you** means Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) or plural form (if not) here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO 7 4 e2kv figs-metonymy יָדִ֖י 1 put my hand on The words **my hand** represent God’s great power. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “my power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 7 4 b6h8 figs-metonymy בְּמִצְרָ֑יִם 1 Here, **on Egypt** refers to the land and everything in it, including people, animals, and plants. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ EXO 8 22 apum grammar-collectivenouns עָרֹ֑ב 1 This is a collective singu
EXO 8 22 qb9h translate-unknown עָרֹ֑ב 1 These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO 8 22 refq grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֣עַן תֵּדַ֔ע כִּ֛י אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּקֶ֥רֶב הָאָֽרֶץ 1 This is the goal of treating the Israelites differently. In some languages you may need to put this phrase the beginning of the verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO 8 22 a28h אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּקֶ֥רֶב הָאָֽרֶץ 1 Here, **am** could be connecting **I** and **Yahweh** or it could be connecting **I, Yahweh** and **in the middle of the land**. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am in the middle of the land”
-EXO 8 23 oxr5 figs-abstractnouns פְדֻ֔ת 1 This is a noun derived from a verb meaning “to buy back.” Very broadly, it can mean “to save or rescue.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **redemption**, you could express the same idea in another way. See the next note regarding textual variants for more information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 8 23 oxr5 figs-abstractnouns פְדֻ֔ת 1 This is a noun derived from a verb meaning “to buy back.” Very broadly, it can mean “to save or rescue.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **redemption**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the next note regarding textual variants for more information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 8 23 tf4j translate-textvariants פְדֻ֔ת 1 Many translations follow the Septuagint here, which uses the word “division.” A minor change to the Hebrew would also produce the word translated “treat differently” in the [previous verse](../08/22.md). Alternate translation: “a division” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
EXO 8 23 u4gs עַמִּ֖י 1 Yahweh’s people, that is, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
EXO 8 23 rg2c עַמֶּ֑ךָ 1 Pharaoh’s people, that is, the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians”
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ EXO 8 24 lk5s writing-newevent וַיַּ֤עַשׂ יְהוָה֙ כֵּ֔ן
EXO 8 24 ut0f translate-unknown עָרֹ֣ב 1 There are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO 8 24 dg0k figs-go וַיָּבֹא֙ 1 Some languages may need to translate this as “going” rather than “coming.” Alternate translation: “and … went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO 8 24 tmcf figs-merism בֵּ֥יתָה פַרְעֹ֖ה וּבֵ֣ית עֲבָדָ֑יו 1 This means “to everyone everywhere” (in Egypt), as made explicit in the next statement. This makes clear that the insects were throughout the land. You should translate this in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
-EXO 8 24 nd6e figs-activepassive תִּשָּׁחֵ֥ת הָאָ֖רֶץ מִפְּנֵ֥י הֶעָרֹֽב 1 the land was ruined because of the swarms of flies If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The swarms of flies devastated the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+EXO 8 24 nd6e figs-activepassive תִּשָּׁחֵ֥ת הָאָ֖רֶץ מִפְּנֵ֥י הֶעָרֹֽב 1 the land was ruined because of the swarms of flies If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The swarms of flies devastated the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO 8 24 ngue figs-metonymy מִפְּנֵ֥י הֶעָרֹֽב 1 Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of the insects. Alternate translation: “because the insects were everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 8 25 e7l0 grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וַיִּקְרָ֣א 1 This happened during the plague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
EXO 8 25 gj2w figs-youdual לֵֽאלֹהֵיכֶ֖ם 1 Here, **your** is plural. It could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) if your team decides it means Moses and Aaron; otherwise use a plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
@@ -824,8 +824,8 @@ EXO 10 6 ma0o figs-explicit וַיִּ֥פֶן 1 [Verse 3](../10/03.md) says
EXO 10 7 xn8j figs-rquestion עַד־מָתַי֙ יִהְיֶ֨ה זֶ֥ה לָ֨נוּ֙ לְמוֹקֵ֔שׁ 1 How long will this man be a menace to us? Pharaoh’s servants ask this question to show Pharaoh that he is stubbornly causing the destruction of Egypt. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We must not let this man continue to cause trouble for us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO 10 7 jqbh figs-gendernotations הָ֣אֲנָשִׁ֔ים 1 Here, **men** may be literal or it may refer to the Israelites, including the women and children. In [verse 10](../10/10.md) the king rejects the idea of letting the women and children go, and in [verse 11](../10/11.md) he specifically says that the men can go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO 10 7 xdm5 figs-rquestion הֲטֶ֣רֶם תֵּדַ֔ע כִּ֥י אָבְדָ֖ה מִצְרָֽיִם 1 Do you not yet realize that Egypt is destroyed? Pharaoh’s servants ask this question to bring Pharaoh to recognize what he refuses to see. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should realize that Egypt is destroyed!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-EXO 10 7 c6pr figs-activepassive כִּ֥י אָבְדָ֖ה מִצְרָֽיִם 1 that Egypt is destroyed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that these plagues have destroyed Egypt” or “that their God has destroyed Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-EXO 10 8 bu1x figs-activepassive וַיּוּשַׁ֞ב אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֤ה וְאֶֽת־אַהֲרֹן֙ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֔ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And a servant brought Moses and Aaron back to Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+EXO 10 7 c6pr figs-activepassive כִּ֥י אָבְדָ֖ה מִצְרָֽיִם 1 that Egypt is destroyed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that these plagues have destroyed Egypt” or “that their God has destroyed Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+EXO 10 8 bu1x figs-activepassive וַיּוּשַׁ֞ב אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֤ה וְאֶֽת־אַהֲרֹן֙ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֔ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And a servant brought Moses and Aaron back to Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO 10 8 fzsv מִ֥י וָמִ֖י 1 Alternate translation: “Who all”
EXO 10 9 fnnl figs-exclusive נֵלֵ֑ךְ…נֵלֵ֔ךְ 1 **We** means the Israelites and does not include Pharaoh or the Egyptians. Use an exclusive form here if your language has this distinction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO 10 10 hjc9 יְהִ֨י כֵ֤ן יְהוָה֙ עִמָּכֶ֔ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר אֲשַׁלַּ֥ח אֶתְכֶ֖ם וְאֶֽת־טַפְּכֶ֑ם 1 if I ever let you go and your little ones go **May Yahweh be with you** is usually a blessing but is almost certainly not a blessing here. It likely means something like “It will take Yahweh’s power to make me let you and your children go,” or “May Yahweh be as favorable to you as I am to the idea of letting your children go.” Pharaoh is saying that it will take Yahweh to make him do what Moses wants, but he does not think that will happen. Alternate translation: “It will be clear that Yahweh is with you if I let you and your children go”
@@ -926,8 +926,8 @@ EXO 12 9 ny3a אַל־תֹּאכְל֤וּ מִמֶּ֨נּוּ֙ נָ֔א 1
EXO 12 11 ks7d חֲגֻרִ֔ים 1 belt Here, **belts** are strips of leather or fabric for tying around the waist.
EXO 12 11 nzw2 וַאֲכַלְתֶּ֤ם אֹתוֹ֙ בְּחִפָּז֔וֹן 1 eat it hurriedly Alternate translation: “And you must eat it quickly”
EXO 12 11 r789 figs-explicit פֶּ֥סַח ה֖וּא לַיהוָֽה 1 It is Yahweh’s Passover **It** refers to eating the animal on the tenth day of the month. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “This observance is Yahweh’s Passover” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-EXO 12 12 sa5n figs-abstractnouns וּבְכָל־אֱלֹהֵ֥י מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֥ה שְׁפָטִ֖ים 1 I will bring punishment on all the gods of Egypt If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EXO 12 13 tywz figs-abstractnouns לְמַשְׁחִ֔ית 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 12 12 sa5n figs-abstractnouns וּבְכָל־אֱלֹהֵ֥י מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֥ה שְׁפָטִ֖ים 1 I will bring punishment on all the gods of Egypt If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you can express the same idea in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 12 13 tywz figs-abstractnouns לְמַשְׁחִ֔ית 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 12 13 bnoe figs-activepassive וְלֹֽא־יִֽהְיֶ֨ה בָכֶ֥ם נֶ֨גֶף֙ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I will not put the plague on you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO 12 13 ox3l figs-metonymy בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 Yahweh is going to strike the people and animals who live in **the land of Egypt**. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “on everything living in the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 12 14 fa9q וְהָיָה֩ הַיּ֨וֹם הַזֶּ֤ה 1 Verses 14-[20](../12/20.md) are instructions for the Israelites’ future celebration of the Passover. If your language makes a distinction between near and far future events or between near and general commands, you may need to make clear that these verses primarily have a later application.
@@ -937,7 +937,7 @@ EXO 12 15 i9n3 figs-metaphor וְנִכְרְתָ֞ה הַנֶּ֤פֶשׁ
EXO 12 15 enw3 figs-activepassive וְנִכְרְתָ֞ה הַנֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַהִוא֙ מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 As noted in the previous note, the metaphor **cut off** has at least three possible meanings. By whom that person will be cut off is not specified; it could be the Israelites or Yahweh. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The following alternate translations express those: (1) “the people of Israel must send him away” or (2) “I will no longer consider him to be one of the people of Israel” or (3) “the people of Israel must kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO 12 15 eqzu grammar-collectivenouns מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 **Israel** is a collective noun referring to the nation or people group. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO 12 16 bzj6 figs-activepassive וּבַיּ֤וֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן֙ מִקְרָא־קֹ֔דֶשׁ וּבַיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י מִקְרָא־קֹ֖דֶשׁ יִהְיֶ֣ה לָכֶ֑ם 1 an assembly that is set apart to me If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And on the first day and on the seventh day, you shall have an assembly of holiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-EXO 12 16 cb1r figs-abstractnouns מִקְרָא־קֹ֔דֶשׁ…מִקְרָא־קֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 an assembly that is set apart to me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy assembly … a holy assembly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 12 16 cb1r figs-abstractnouns מִקְרָא־קֹ֔דֶשׁ…מִקְרָא־קֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 an assembly that is set apart to me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy assembly … a holy assembly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 12 16 o3oh translate-ordinal וּבַיּ֤וֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן֙…וּבַיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And on day one of the month … and on day seven of the month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO 12 16 l7pj figs-activepassive כָּל־מְלָאכָה֙ לֹא־יֵעָשֶׂ֣ה בָהֶ֔ם 1 No work will be done on these days If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You will do no work on these days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO 12 16 qr65 figs-activepassive ה֥וּא לְבַדּ֖וֹ יֵעָשֶׂ֥ה לָכֶֽם 1 That must be the only work that may be done by you If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which must be the only work that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -1075,7 +1075,7 @@ EXO 14 11 vzw5 figs-rquestion הַֽמִבְּלִ֤י אֵין־קְבָ
EXO 14 11 x4n2 figs-rquestion מַה־זֹּאת֙ עָשִׂ֣יתָ לָּ֔נוּ לְהוֹצִיאָ֖נוּ מִמִּצְרָֽיִם 1 Why have you treated us like this, bringing us out of Egypt? The Israelites ask this question to rebuke Moses for bringing them to the desert to die. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should not have endangered us like this by bringing us out of Egypt!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO 14 12 itb2 figs-rquestion הֲלֹא־זֶ֣ה הַדָּבָ֗ר אֲשֶׁר֩ דִּבַּ֨רְנוּ אֵלֶ֤יךָ בְמִצְרַ֨יִם֙ 1 Is this not what we told you in Egypt? The Israelites ask this question to emphasize that this is what they had told Moses. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “This is exactly what we told you while we were in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO 14 12 ix25 figs-quotations בְמִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר חֲדַ֥ל מִמֶּ֖נּוּ וְנַֽעַבְדָ֣ה אֶת־מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 We said to you, ‘Leave us alone, so we can work for the Egyptians.’ If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the portion following **saying** as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “in Egypt? We told you to leave us alone so we could serve the Egyptians.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
-EXO 14 13 phy1 figs-abstractnouns וּרְאוּ֙ אֶת־יְשׁוּעַ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה לָכֶ֖ם הַיּ֑וֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and see what Yahweh will do for you today, he will save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 14 13 phy1 figs-abstractnouns וּרְאוּ֙ אֶת־יְשׁוּעַ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה לָכֶ֖ם הַיּ֑וֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and see what Yahweh will do for you today, he will save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 14 13 rrd4 לֹ֥א תֹסִ֛יפוּ לִרְאֹתָ֥ם ע֖וֹד עַד־עוֹלָֽם 1 provide for you This statement is very extended for emphasis on its certainty. Alternate translation: “you will not see them again forever”
EXO 14 14 vcdc figs-rpronouns יְהוָ֖ה יִלָּחֵ֣ם 1 The form **Yahweh himself** emphasizes what Yahweh will do in contrast to what the Israelites will do. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “As for Yahweh, he will fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO 14 14 hx1f תַּחֲרִישֽׁוּן 1 Here, **silent** could mean “still.” The Israelites’ lack of action is in contrast to Yahweh’s fighting. It is not a total lack of motion or sound. Alternate translation: “you will not fight”
@@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@ EXO 15 6 jx52 figs-parallelism יְמִֽינְךָ֣ יְהוָ֔ה נֶאְ
EXO 15 6 x1fz figs-metonymy יְמִֽינְךָ֣ יְהוָ֔ה נֶאְדָּרִ֖י בַּכֹּ֑חַ יְמִֽינְךָ֥ יְהוָ֖ה תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב 1 Your right hand, Yahweh, is glorious in power Moses speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh had hands. The **right hand** refers to Yahweh’s power or the things Yahweh does powerfully. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, your power is glorious; Yahweh, your power has shattered the enemy” or “Yahweh, what you do is gloriously powerful; Yahweh, by your power you have shattered the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 15 6 rmd4 figs-metaphor תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב 1 has shattered the enemy Moses speaks of the enemy as if it were fragile and could be **shattered** like glass or pottery. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “completely destroys the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO 15 7 i2x4 figs-parallelism תַּהֲרֹ֣ס קָמֶ֑יךָ תְּשַׁלַּח֙ חֲרֹ֣נְךָ֔ יֹאכְלֵ֖מוֹ כַּקַּֽשׁ 1 those who rose up against you These lines are synonymous parallels where the second takes the abstract idea in the first portion (**you overthrow those who rise up against you**) and makes it concrete (though still with poetic imagery). Alternate translation: “you overthrow those who rise up against you by sending out your heat to devour them like stubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
-EXO 15 7 kmv4 figs-abstractnouns וּבְרֹ֥ב גְּאוֹנְךָ֖ 1 those who rose up against you If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **abundance** and **majesty**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “You are abundantly majestic and” or “Because you are abundantly majestic,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 15 7 kmv4 figs-abstractnouns וּבְרֹ֥ב גְּאוֹנְךָ֖ 1 those who rose up against you If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **abundance** and **majesty**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “You are abundantly majestic and” or “Because you are abundantly majestic,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 15 7 nd3t figs-metaphor קָמֶ֑יךָ 1 those who rose up against you Rebelling against Yahweh is spoken of as **rising up against** him. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “those who rebel against you” or “your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO 15 7 kst4 חֲרֹ֣נְךָ֔ 1 You sent out your wrath Alternate translation: “your wrath” or “your fury”
EXO 15 7 glq7 figs-personification תְּשַׁלַּח֙ חֲרֹ֣נְךָ֔ 1 You sent out your wrath Moses speaks of Yahweh’s wrath (literally **heat**) as if it were a servant that Yahweh sent out to do something. Alternate translation: “You show your wrath” or “You act according to your wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
@@ -1149,18 +1149,18 @@ EXO 15 10 yrj5 figs-metaphor נָשַׁ֥פְתָּ בְרוּחֲךָ֖ 1
EXO 15 10 f7d3 figs-simile צָֽלֲלוּ֙ כַּֽעוֹפֶ֔רֶת בְּמַ֖יִם אַדִּירִֽים 1 sank like lead in the mighty waters **Lead** is a heavy metal that is commonly used to make things sink in water. It is used here to show how quickly God’s enemies were destroyed. Alternate translation: “sank as fast as a heavy piece of metal in the deep turbulent waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO 15 11 wq2s figs-rquestion מִֽי־כָמֹ֤כָה בָּֽאֵלִם֙ יְהוָ֔ה 1 Who is like you, Yahweh, among the gods? Moses uses this question to show how great God is. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “O Yahweh, no one is like you among the gods!” or “Yahweh, none of the gods is like you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO 15 11 pp57 figs-rquestion מִ֥י כָּמֹ֖כָה נֶאְדָּ֣ר בַּקֹּ֑דֶשׁ נוֹרָ֥א תְהִלֹּ֖ת עֹ֥שֵׂה פֶֽלֶא 1 Who is like you,…doing miracles? Moses uses this question to show how great God is. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “No one is like you. No one is majestic in holiness as you are, no one is honored in praises as you are, and no one does miracles as you do!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-EXO 15 11 uhfj figs-abstractnouns נֶאְדָּ֣ר בַּקֹּ֑דֶשׁ 1 Who is like you,…doing miracles? If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “majestic and holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 15 11 uhfj figs-abstractnouns נֶאְדָּ֣ר בַּקֹּ֑דֶשׁ 1 Who is like you,…doing miracles? If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “majestic and holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 15 12 cid8 figs-metonymy יְמִ֣ינְךָ֔ 1 with your right hand The phrase **right hand** represents the strong power of God. Alternate translation: “with your strong power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 15 12 bkg2 figs-metaphor נָטִ֨יתָ֙ יְמִ֣ינְךָ֔ 1 You reached out with your right hand Moses speaks about God causing something to happen as if God **reached out** with his** hand**. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “With your strong power you made it happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO 15 12 g7bv figs-personification תִּבְלָעֵ֖מוֹ אָֽרֶץ 1 the earth swallowed them Moses personifies the earth as if it could swallow or devour with its mouth. Alternate translation: “the earth devours them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO 15 13 cvea figs-parallelism נָחִ֥יתָ בְחַסְדְּךָ֖ עַם־ז֣וּ גָּאָ֑לְתָּ נֵהַ֥לְתָּ בְעָזְּךָ֖ 1 the earth swallowed them These lines are structural parallels where the lines are saying similar things, but the parallelism is more in the construction of the lines. **In your** is repeated and the concepts of **led** and **guided** are very similar to one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
-EXO 15 13 znbr figs-abstractnouns קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 the earth swallowed them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 15 13 znbr figs-abstractnouns קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 the earth swallowed them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 15 14 qlpy figs-parallelism 0 tremble Verses 14-16a form a complex parallel structure where things are repeated in reverse. (See the [introduction to chapter 15](../15/intro.md) and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO 15 14 zi1m figs-explicit יִרְגָּז֑וּן 1 tremble This means to shake with fear. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO 15 14 uqf7 figs-personification חִ֣יל אָחַ֔ז יֹשְׁבֵ֖י פְּלָֽשֶׁת 1 terror will seize the inhabitants of Philistia Moses speaks of **anguish** as if it were a person that could forcefully grab hold of someone and make them extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “the inhabitants of Philistia will be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO 15 15 qyix figs-personification אֵילֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב יֹֽאחֲזֵ֖מוֹ רָ֑עַד 1 terror will seize the inhabitants of Philistia Moses speaks of **trembling** as if it were a person that could forcefully grab hold of someone and make them extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “the leaders of Moab will be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO 15 15 ya48 figs-metaphor נָמֹ֕גוּ 1 will melt away Moses uses the phrase, **melted away,** to speak of people becoming weak because of their fear. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “became weak from fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO 15 16 nk67 figs-doublet תִּפֹּ֨ל עֲלֵיהֶ֤ם אֵימָ֨תָה֙ וָפַ֔חַד 1 Terror and dread will fall on them **Terror and dread** form a doublet meaning “extremely fearful.” If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “They will become extremely fearful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+EXO 15 16 nk67 figs-doublet תִּפֹּ֨ל עֲלֵיהֶ֤ם אֵימָ֨תָה֙ וָפַ֔חַד 1 Terror and dread will fall on them **Terror and dread** form a doublet meaning “extremely fearful.” If your language does not use repetition in this way, you can combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “They will become extremely fearful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO 15 16 kbt5 figs-metaphor תִּפֹּ֨ל עֲלֵיהֶ֤ם אֵימָ֨תָה֙ וָפַ֔חַד 1 Terror and dread will fall on them **Terror and dread** are pictured as physical objects that could **fall on** people. The image might be of them crushing people or being a heavy weight that people struggle under (however, the image is not specified). It means that the people will feel the emotions of terror and dread very strongly. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “They will be overwhelmed with feelings of terror and dread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO 15 16 t2yp figs-metonymy בִּגְדֹ֥ל זְרוֹעֲךָ֖ 1 Because of your arm’s power Yahweh’s **arm** represents his great strength. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Because of your great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 15 16 umm7 figs-simile יִדְּמ֣וּ כָּאָ֑בֶן 1 they will become as still as a stone This could mean: (1) “they will be silent like stone” or (2) “they will be motionless as stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
@@ -1220,7 +1220,7 @@ EXO 16 22 xk6x translate-ordinal בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁ֗
EXO 16 22 zj1u מִשְׁנֶ֔ה 1 twice Alternate translation: “two times as much”
EXO 16 22 f4j9 לֶ֨חֶם֙ 1 bread This refers to the **bread** that appeared as thin flakes on the ground each morning.
EXO 16 23 wc4a שַׁבָּת֧וֹן שַׁבַּת־קֹ֛דֶשׁ לַֽיהוָ֖ה 1 a solemn rest Alternate translation: “is a day to stop working completely and dedicate to Yahweh”
-EXO 16 23 cqjd figs-abstractnouns שַׁבַּת־קֹ֛דֶשׁ 1 a solemn rest If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 16 23 cqjd figs-abstractnouns שַׁבַּת־קֹ֛דֶשׁ 1 a solemn rest If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 16 24 y4d9 וְלֹ֣א הִבְאִ֔ישׁ 1 did not become foul Alternate translation: “And it did not smell rotten”
EXO 16 25 pr1p כִּֽי־שַׁבָּ֥ת הַיּ֖וֹם לַיהוָ֑ה 1 today is a day reserved as a Sabbath to honor Yahweh Alternate translation: “today is a Sabbath, a day to honor Yahweh by not working”
EXO 16 26 jv77 translate-ordinal וּבַיּ֧וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֛י 1 but the seventh day If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but on day seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
@@ -1357,11 +1357,11 @@ EXO 20 intro x7vt 0 # Exodus 20 General Notes
## Structure and Formatt
EXO 20 2 qg71 figs-metaphor מִבֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים 1 house of slavery Yahweh speaks of **Egypt** as if it were a **house** where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:3](../13/03.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO 20 3 r9h3 לֹֽ֣א יִהְיֶֽה־לְךָ֛ אֱלֹהִ֥ים אֲחֵרִ֖ים עַל־פָּנָֽיַ 1 You must have no other gods before me Alternate translation: “You must not worship any other gods besides me”
EXO 20 4 s7n3 figs-merism וְכָל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר בַּשָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ מִמַּ֔עַל וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּאָ֖רֶץ מִתָּ֑חַת וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר בַּמַּ֖יִם מִתַּ֥חַת לָאָֽרֶץ 1 nor the likeness This list means all created things wherever they are. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “nor anything that looks like anything created, whether that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
-EXO 20 4 rkn1 figs-abstractnouns וְכָל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה 1 nor the likeness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **likeness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “nor anything looking like something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 20 4 rkn1 figs-abstractnouns וְכָל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה 1 nor the likeness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **likeness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “nor anything looking like something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 20 5 ka3i writing-pronouns לָהֶ֖ם 1 You must not bow down to them or worship them Here, **them** refers to carved figures or idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO 20 5 hx93 figs-ellipsis בָּנִ֛ים עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְעַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים 1 to the third and the fourth generation Alternate translation: “Generation” is implied by **sons**, therefore **third and fourth** refers to the grandchildren and great-grandchildren. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the sons down to the third and fourth generations” or “and even on the grandchildren and great-grandchildren” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO 20 5 s2ia translate-ordinal עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְעַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים 1 to the third and the fourth generation If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “to generations 3 and 4”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
-EXO 20 6 u9nc figs-abstractnouns וְעֹ֥שֶׂה חֶ֖סֶד לַאֲלָפִ֑ים לְאֹהֲבַ֖י 1 I show covenant faithfulness to thousands of those who love me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “I am faithful to the covenant with thousands of those who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 20 6 u9nc figs-abstractnouns וְעֹ֥שֶׂה חֶ֖סֶד לַאֲלָפִ֑ים לְאֹהֲבַ֖י 1 I show covenant faithfulness to thousands of those who love me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “I am faithful to the covenant with thousands of those who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 20 6 oyh7 figs-ellipsis לַאֲלָפִ֑ים 1 to the third and the fourth generation Alternate translation: “Generation” is implied by the previous verse. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply necessary words from the context. Alternate translation: “to the thousandth generation” or “for a thousand generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO 20 6 yw38 figs-metonymy לַאֲלָפִ֑ים לְאֹהֲבַ֖י 1 to thousands of those who love me Here, **thousands** may mean: (1) “forever,” that is, “to all descendants forever” (2) a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “for every generation” or “forever to innumerable people who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 20 7 o96b תִשָּׂ֛א…יִשָּׂ֥א 1 take the name of Yahweh your God To **lift up**, take, or use the name of Yahweh (with emptiness, i.e. improperly) covers many sorts of speaking or invoking his name or making a claim to him or attempting to manipulate him or misrepresenting him. A broad word should be used in translation of this term.
@@ -1524,10 +1524,10 @@ EXO 22 28 tdj6 וְנָשִׂ֥יא בְעַמְּךָ֖ לֹ֥א תָ
EXO 22 29 p8nk figs-doublenegatives לֹ֣א תְאַחֵ֑ר 1 You must not hold back offerings If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “You must bring all of your offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO 22 30 j345 translate-numbers שִׁבְעַ֤ת 1 For seven days Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO 22 30 m4wq translate-ordinal בַּיּ֥וֹם הַשְּׁמִינִ֖י 1 the eighth day If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 8” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
-EXO 22 31 jjhn figs-abstractnouns וְאַנְשֵׁי־קֹ֖דֶשׁ תִּהְי֣וּן לִ֑י 1 the eighth day If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “And you shall be holy men to men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 22 31 jjhn figs-abstractnouns וְאַנְשֵׁי־קֹ֖דֶשׁ תִּהְי֣וּן לִ֑י 1 the eighth day If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “And you shall be holy men to men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 23 intro hk5t 0 # Exodus 23 General Notes
## Structure
This chapter continues the list of case laws for Israel. It also touches on the patterns of life regarding the Sabbaths ([verses 10-12](../23/10.md)) and Festivals ([verses 14-19](../23/14.md)). At [verse 20](../23/20.md) Yahweh begins telling them about their future as they go to and live in the promised land.
## Special Concepts in this Chapter
### Celebrations of feasts and festivals
The people of Israel were required to celebrate certain feasts and festivals. These were part of the law of Moses, and some are described in this chapter. Their purpose was to worship Yahweh and to remember the great things Yahweh has done for them.
EXO 23 1 we1y 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel.
-EXO 23 1 eeoc figs-abstractnouns לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֖א שֵׁ֣מַע שָׁ֑וְא 1 dishonest witness If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **report** and **emptiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “You must not report emptily” or “You must not report falsely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 23 1 eeoc figs-abstractnouns לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֖א שֵׁ֣מַע שָׁ֑וְא 1 dishonest witness If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **report** and **emptiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “You must not report emptily” or “You must not report falsely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 23 1 l4xr שֵׁ֣מַע שָׁ֑וְא 1 General Information: Alternate translation: “a false testimony”
EXO 23 1 fu5k figs-idiom אַל־תָּ֤שֶׁת יָֽדְךָ֙ עִם־רָשָׁ֔ע 1 dishonest witness Here, to **put your hand with the wicked** means to support the lies that he is telling in order to harm someone else. The image is of putting out your hand to help him, to make him stronger than he would be on his own. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “You must not assist the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO 23 1 y1a3 figs-metonymy עֵ֥ד חָמָֽס 1 dishonest witness Here, **violence** can also mean “wrong.” Either way, it means to harm another person by committing injustice (violence to justice) by lying. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “a false witness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -1538,7 +1538,7 @@ EXO 23 2 tnv2 לִנְטֹ֛ת…לְהַטֹּֽת 1 pervert justice Her
EXO 23 6 z2al לֹ֥א תַטֶּ֛ה מִשְׁפַּ֥ט אֶבְיֹנְךָ֖ בְּרִיבֽוֹ 1 Do not thrust aside justice for your poor in his lawsuit Alternate translation: “Do not decide to treat a poor man unjustly in legal matters”
EXO 23 6 vh76 בְּרִיבֽוֹ 1 lawsuit Here, **in his lawsuit** refers to any matter that a court decides.
EXO 23 7 ljdw figs-metaphor מִדְּבַר־שֶׁ֖קֶר תִּרְחָ֑ק 1 I will not acquit the wicked Here distance is used figuratively to tell the Israelites to have no part in deception. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Do not speak deceptively” or “Do not join a false matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO 23 7 c6xl figs-doublet וְנָקִ֤י וְצַדִּיק֙ 1 I will not acquit the wicked These two terms mean very similar things, both of which contrast with **the wicked** later in the verse. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “and … the person who has not done anything wrong or the person who always does what is right” or “and … the person who does right and not wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+EXO 23 7 c6xl figs-doublet וְנָקִ֤י וְצַדִּיק֙ 1 I will not acquit the wicked These two terms mean very similar things, both of which contrast with **the wicked** later in the verse. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you can combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “and … the person who has not done anything wrong or the person who always does what is right” or “and … the person who does right and not wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO 23 7 mf4w לֹא־אַצְדִּ֖יק רָשָֽׁע 1 I will not acquit the wicked Alternate translation: “I will not find the wicked not guilty” or “I will not say that a wicked person is innocent”
EXO 23 8 gh3v figs-personification כִּ֤י הַשֹּׁ֨חַד֙ יְעַוֵּ֣ר פִּקְחִ֔ים וִֽיסַלֵּ֖ף דִּבְרֵ֥י צַדִּיקִֽים 1 bribe blinds…perverts Here, a “bribe” is described as if it could take action itself that negatively affects justice. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “for if you do, an evil person can give money to blind the clear-sighted and to pervert the words of the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO 23 8 ai37 figs-metaphor כִּ֤י הַשֹּׁ֨חַד֙ יְעַוֵּ֣ר פִּקְחִ֔ים וִֽיסַלֵּ֖ף דִּבְרֵ֥י צַדִּיקִֽים 1 bribe blinds…perverts To **blind the clear-sighted** is a metaphor that means causing those who know what is right to act like they do not. And **perverts the words of the righteous** could mean causes those who would speak the truth (in court) to lie or causes the judge to give an evil judgment or causes those listening to **the words of the righteous** to choose to act as if they had heard something different. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “for a bribe causes those who understand the right thing to do not to do it and causes good men to speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -1768,14 +1768,14 @@ EXO 28 intro r3yx 0 # Exodus 28 General Notes
## Structure
- v.
EXO 28 1 e1xb figs-yousingular וְאַתָּ֡ה 1 Call to yourself Here, **you** refers to Moses; in this case, it is used to highlight that he is the person who must do the next thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
EXO 28 1 w9ls translate-kinship אַהֲרֹ֨ן אָחִ֜יךָ 1 Call to yourself Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
EXO 28 1 ofgr translate-names נָדָ֧ב וַאֲבִיה֛וּא אֶלְעָזָ֥ר וְאִיתָמָ֖ר 1 Call to yourself These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-EXO 28 2 zxy0 figs-abstractnouns בִגְדֵי־קֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 Call to yourself If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “holy clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 28 2 zxy0 figs-abstractnouns בִגְדֵי־קֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 Call to yourself If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “holy clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 28 3 n17y figs-yousingular וְאַתָּ֗ה 1 Call to yourself Here, **you** refers to Moses; in this case, it is used to highlight that he is the person who must do the next thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
EXO 28 3 c9pv figs-parallelism אֶל־כָּל־חַכְמֵי־לֵ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּאתִ֖יו ר֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Call to yourself There is a little bit of parallelism here. Yahweh is clarifying who causes someone to be **wise of heart**. You could translate this in a more causative way if that would make more sense. Alternate translation: “to anyone whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom, making them wise of heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO 28 3 wt7m figs-metonymy אֶל־כָּל־חַכְמֵי־לֵ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּאתִ֖יו ר֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Call to yourself Here, **heart** and **spirit** are both referring to things innately possessed by a person that is, traits of a person. **Wisdom** refers to skill or talent with crafting in this case. Together **wise of heart** and **filled with the spirit of wisdom** both essentially mean “a talented craftsman.” If it would be more clear to your readers, you may consider making some of this more explicit. Alternate translation: “to every talented craftsman, those whom I have made skilled in their work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 28 4 tr5e וּכְתֹ֥נֶת תַּשְׁבֵּ֖ץ 1 a coat of woven work We do not know what word translated **of woven work** means, as it only occurs here and in [verse 39](../28/39.md) as a verb. Alternate translation: “and a checkered tunic” or “an embroidered garment”
EXO 28 4 dz5h translate-unknown מִצְנֶ֣פֶת 1 turban This is a head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. You may translate it using a word commonly used for a similar item in your culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO 28 4 k184 translate-unknown וְאַבְנֵ֑ט 1 sash The **sash** is a piece of cloth that people wear around their waist or across their chest. You may translate it with a word commonly used for a similar item in your culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-EXO 28 4 jqtg figs-abstractnouns בִגְדֵי־קֹ֜דֶשׁ 1 sash If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 28 4 jqtg figs-abstractnouns בִגְדֵי־קֹ֜דֶשׁ 1 sash If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 28 5 rxke translate-unknown וְאֶת־הַתְּכֵ֖לֶת וְאֶת־הָֽאַרְגָּמָ֑ן וְאֶת־תּוֹלַ֥עַת הַשָּׁנִ֖י 1 sash This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or ”thread” may be the best understanding. See how you translated this in [25:4](../25/04.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO 28 5 pfq5 translate-unknown תּוֹלַ֥עַת הַשָּׁנִ֖י 1 sash A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO 28 6 u3rx translate-unknown וְשֵׁ֥שׁ מָשְׁזָ֖ר 1 fine-twined linen This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md). Alternate translation: “fine twined linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
@@ -1863,7 +1863,7 @@ EXO 29 4 a6rz אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד 1 tent of meeting The **tent of meeti
EXO 29 5 pr4i translate-unknown בְּחֵ֖שֶׁב 1 finely-woven waistband This was a cloth belt made from narrow linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:8](../28/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO 29 6 ap2x translate-unknown הַמִּצְנֶ֖פֶת…הַמִּצְנָֽפֶת 1 turban This was a head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO 29 6 y59s translate-unknown נֵ֥זֶר הַקֹּ֖דֶשׁ 1 holy crown This **crown** is described in [Exodus 28:36](../28/36.md) as being engraved with the words “Holy to Yahweh” and made of pure gold. There it is referred to by a different Hebrew word, which is translated as “rosette.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-EXO 29 6 n4bt figs-abstractnouns אֶת־נֵ֥זֶר הַקֹּ֖דֶשׁ 1 holy crown If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the holy crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 29 6 n4bt figs-abstractnouns אֶת־נֵ֥זֶר הַקֹּ֖דֶשׁ 1 holy crown If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the holy crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 29 7 rwuj translate-unknown שֶׁ֣מֶן הַמִּשְׁחָ֔ה 1 holy crown See how you translated **oil of anointing** in [25:6](../25/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO 29 8 v46k writing-pronouns בָּנָ֖יו 1 bring his sons Alternate translation: “Aaron’s sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO 29 9 j3a8 translate-unknown אַבְנֵ֜ט 1 sashes A **sash** is a decorative piece of cloth that people wear around their waist or across their chest. See how you translated this word in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
@@ -1903,7 +1903,7 @@ EXO 29 26 c21f translate-symaction וְהֵנַפְתָּ֥ אֹת֛וֹ
EXO 29 27 dzkx translate-symaction הַתְּנוּפָ֗ה וְאֵת֙ שׁ֣וֹק הַתְּרוּמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוּנַ֖ף וַאֲשֶׁ֣ר הוּרָ֑ם 1 Aaron’s ram of dedication The act of raising the meat symbolized dedicating it to Yahweh. The priests would be acting out handing the offering to him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. See how you translated this in [verse 24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO 29 28 uc2d וְהָיָה֩ לְאַהֲרֹ֨ן וּלְבָנָ֜יו לְחָק־עוֹלָ֗ם מֵאֵת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּ֥י תְרוּמָ֖ה ה֑וּא 1 This will be a perpetual share for Aaron and his sons Alternate translation: “This offering is what Aaron and his sons will always receive from the people”
EXO 29 28 q3ms מֵאֵת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּ֥י תְרוּמָ֖ה ה֑וּא וּתְרוּמָ֞ה יִהְיֶ֨ה מֵאֵ֤ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ מִזִּבְחֵ֣י שַׁלְמֵיהֶ֔ם תְּרוּמָתָ֖ם לַיהוָֽה 1 This will be a perpetual share for Aaron and his sons The amount of repetition in this verse may make it difficult to translate smoothly. You may consider combining some phrases if that would work better in your language. Alternate translation: “for the Israelites must offer this portion from what they bring to Yahweh as peace offerings to him”
-EXO 29 29 qta8 figs-abstractnouns וּבִגְדֵ֤י הַקֹּ֨דֶשׁ֙ 1 The holy garments of Aaron must also be reserved for his sons after him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 29 29 qta8 figs-abstractnouns וּבִגְדֵ֤י הַקֹּ֨דֶשׁ֙ 1 The holy garments of Aaron must also be reserved for his sons after him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 29 29 a59z figs-idiom וּלְמַלֵּא־בָ֖ם אֶת־יָדָֽם 1 The holy garments of Aaron must also be reserved for his sons after him **Fill their hand** seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). Alternate translation: “to ordain them in the clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO 29 31 l3xk אֵ֥יל הַמִּלֻּאִ֖ים 1 the ram for the installation of the priests The **ram of consecration** refers to the second ram, the one described in [verses 19](../29/19.md) and following.
EXO 29 31 u9kl figs-explicit בְּמָקֹ֥ם קָדֹֽשׁ 1 in a holy place This is not the same as the Holy Place outside of the Most Holy Place. This probably refers to a place within the courtyard. However, its exact location is not otherwise specified. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the entrance to the tent of meeting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -1976,12 +1976,12 @@ EXO 30 24 n38f translate-bweight בְּשֶׁ֣קֶל הַקֹּ֑דֶשׁ
EXO 30 24 dv89 translate-bvolume הִֽין 1 one hin If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the quantity in modern measurements. Alternatively, to help your readers recognize that the biblical writings come from long ago when people used different measurements, you could express the amount using the ancient measurement, the **hin**, and explain the equivalent in modern measurements in a footnote.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
EXO 30 25 k3s5 מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה רֹקֵ֑חַ 1 the work of a perfumer This could mean: (1) Moses was to have an ointment mixer do the work. (2) Moses was to do the work himself the way an ointment mixer would do it.
EXO 30 25 yv9l translate-unknown רֹקֵ֑חַ 1 a perfumer This is a person who is skilled in mixing spices and oils. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-EXO 30 25 ioem figs-abstractnouns שֶׁ֥מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 a perfumer If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy oil of anointment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 30 25 ioem figs-abstractnouns שֶׁ֥מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 a perfumer If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy oil of anointment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 30 26 u241 figs-you וּמָשַׁחְתָּ֥ 1 You must anoint Here, **you** may refer to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO 30 29 np7g אֹתָ֔ם 1 set them apart Here, **them** refers to the items listed in [Exodus 30:26-28](../30/26.md).
EXO 30 29 m062 figs-possession קֹ֣דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֑ים 1 set them apart Here, **holiest holy** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:37](../29/37.md). Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO 30 31 k4s7 לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶֽם 1 throughout your people’s generations Alternate translation: “all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
-EXO 30 31 e2ti figs-abstractnouns שֶׁ֠מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֨דֶשׁ 1 throughout your people’s generations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [30:25](../30/25.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 30 31 e2ti figs-abstractnouns שֶׁ֠מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֨דֶשׁ 1 throughout your people’s generations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [30:25](../30/25.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 30 32 rlk4 figs-activepassive עַל־בְּשַׂ֤ר אָדָם֙ לֹ֣א יִיסָ֔ךְ 1 It must not be applied to people’s skin If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You shall not pour it on the body of a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO 30 32 v3br וּבְמַ֨תְכֻּנְתּ֔וֹ 1 with the same formula Alternate translation: “and … with the same ingredients” or “and … with the same items” or “and … according to this recipe”
EXO 30 32 it0x grammar-connect-logic-result קֹ֣דֶשׁ ה֔וּא קֹ֖דֶשׁ יִהְיֶ֥ה לָכֶֽם 1 with the same formula The second half of this statement (**it shall be holy to you**) explains to the people the result of this oil being holy, which is, they must respect it as a holy thing. It may make more sense in some languages to move this whole statement to the beginning of the verse, because the rule about pouring on someone’s body is an application of the result. Alternate translation (placed at the beginning of the verse): “Because it is sacred, you must treat it like it is sacred, therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
@@ -2004,10 +2004,10 @@ EXO 31 intro wfk7 0 # Exodus 31 General Notes
## Structure and Formatt
EXO 31 2 m8ju figs-idiom קָרָ֣אתִֽי בְשֵׁ֑ם 1 I have called by name Yahweh speaks of choosing specific people as calling them by name. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I have chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO 31 2 hf5r translate-names בְּצַלְאֵ֛ל…אוּרִ֥י…ח֖וּר 1 Bezalel…Uri…Hur These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO 31 3 f7sk figs-metaphor וָאֲמַלֵּ֥א אֹת֖וֹ ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit Yahweh speaks of giving Bezalel his spirit as if Bezalel were a container and God’s spirit were a liquid. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “I have given my spirit to Bezalel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO 31 3 hley figs-abstractnouns בְּחָכְמָ֛ה 1 I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. Alternate translation: “so he can work skillfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EXO 31 3 my4f figs-abstractnouns וּבִתְבוּנָ֥ה 1 I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EXO 31 3 emp5 figs-abstractnouns וּבְדַ֖עַת 1 I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he knows his work well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EXO 31 3 r6i5 figs-abstractnouns וּבְכָל־מְלָאכָֽה 1 for all kinds of craftsmanship If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **craftsmanship** in another way. Alternate translation: “and for making all kinds of crafts” or “and so that he can make all kinds of things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 31 3 hley figs-abstractnouns בְּחָכְמָ֛ה 1 I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. Alternate translation: “so he can work skillfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 31 3 my4f figs-abstractnouns וּבִתְבוּנָ֥ה 1 I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 31 3 emp5 figs-abstractnouns וּבְדַ֖עַת 1 I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he knows his work well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 31 3 r6i5 figs-abstractnouns וּבְכָל־מְלָאכָֽה 1 for all kinds of craftsmanship If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **craftsmanship** in another way. Alternate translation: “and for making all kinds of crafts” or “and so that he can make all kinds of things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 31 6 jh61 translate-names אָהֳלִיאָ֞ב…אֲחִֽיסָמָךְ֙ 1 Oholiab…Ahisamak These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO 31 6 wcq7 figs-idiom וּבְלֵ֥ב כָּל־חֲכַם־לֵ֖ב נָתַ֣תִּי חָכְמָ֑ה 1 I have put skill into the hearts of all who are wise God speaks of making people able to make things as if he were putting the ability into their hearts. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I have given skill to all who are wise” or “I have made all who are wise able to make things well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO 31 11 iusb writing-pronouns יַעֲשֽׂוּ 1 I have put skill into the hearts of all who are wise **They** refers to Bezalel and Oholiab as well as the unnamed other “skilled of heart” (talented craftsmen) referred to in [verse 2](../31/02.md) and [verse 6](../30/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
@@ -2097,9 +2097,9 @@ EXO 32 29 rkp6 מִלְא֨וּ יֶדְכֶ֤ם הַיּוֹם֙ לַֽ
EXO 32 29 c6fg figs-explicit כִּ֛י אִ֥ישׁ בִּבְנ֖וֹ וּבְאָחִ֑יו 1 for each of you has taken action against his son and his brother If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the fact that they did this in obedience to God explicitly. Alternate translation: “For you have obeyed Yahweh, because each man was against his son and against his brother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO 32 29 l54l וְלָתֵ֧ת עֲלֵיכֶ֛ם הַיּ֖וֹם בְּרָכָֽה 1 for each of you has taken action against his son and his brother This phrase is difficult to interpret. Several options depend on exactly how the conjunction, preposition, and verb combination are interpreted. The first difficulty is related to the difficulty with the previous verb: have they already been blessed or are they going to be blessed? (Alternate translation: “to have put a blessing on yourselves today”) The second difficulty is: should the clause connections be understood to say that the blessing is because of their actions, or more strongly, that a desire for blessing motivated them to take action? (Alternate translation: “and therefore a blessing is put on you today” or “so that a blessing may be put over you today”) The third difficulty is: while ultimately all blessing is from Yahweh, which is the subject here, Yahweh or the Levites? (Alternate translation: “and so Yahweh is putting a blessing on you today”) As with the previous clause, you may want to follow the decision of another translation your people are familiar with. Alternate translation: “, by that you brought blessing on yourselves”
EXO 32 30 kvj4 figs-doublet חֲטָאתֶ֖ם חֲטָאָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה 1 You have committed a very great sin Here, **sin** used as a verb and then repeated as a noun for emphasis. Along with **great**, it suggests that the people sinned very, very badly. If the repetition of words in this way would not create emphasis, use another form in your language that would. Alternate translation: “You have sinned extremally badly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
-EXO 32 30 r5fn figs-abstractnouns חֲטָאתֶ֖ם חֲטָאָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה 1 You have committed a very great sin If your language does not use an abstract noun for **sin**, you could express the idea behind it in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 32 30 r5fn figs-abstractnouns חֲטָאתֶ֖ם חֲטָאָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה 1 You have committed a very great sin If your language does not use an abstract noun for **sin**, you can express the idea behind it in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 32 31 ccpg figs-doublet חָטָ֞א הָעָ֤ם הַזֶּה֙ חֲטָאָ֣ה 1 You have committed a very great sin Here, **sin** is used as a verb and then repeated as a noun for emphasis. Along with **great**, it suggests that the people sinned very, very badly. If the repetition of words in this way would not create emphasis, use another form in your language that would. Alternate translation: “this people has sinned extremely badly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
-EXO 32 31 y049 figs-abstractnouns חֲטָאָ֣ה 1 You have committed a very great sin If your language does not use an abstract noun for **sin**, you could express the idea behind it in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 32 31 y049 figs-abstractnouns חֲטָאָ֣ה 1 You have committed a very great sin If your language does not use an abstract noun for **sin**, you can express the idea behind it in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 32 31 yeta אֱלֹהֵ֥י 1 You have committed a very great sin Alternate translation: “a god”
EXO 32 32 brpu figs-ellipsis וְעַתָּ֖ה אִם־תִּשָּׂ֣א חַטָּאתָ֑ם 1 blot me out of the book Moses leaves out his conclusion, perhaps as a way of making this conditional phrase into a request, or perhaps to avoid suggesting to God what would be good for him to do. However, if leaving out a conclusion would be misunderstood in your language you may need to rephrase it or add the implied conclusion. Alternate translation: “But now, if you forgive their sin, good!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO 32 32 c72y figs-metonymy מְחֵ֣נִי 1 blot me out of the book Here, **me** refers to the name of Moses. Alternate translation: “erase my name from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -2163,9 +2163,9 @@ EXO 33 17 chua grammar-connect-logic-result גַּ֣ם אֶת־הַדָּבָ
EXO 33 17 ln7y figs-idiom מָצָ֤אתָ חֵן֙ בְּעֵינַ֔י 1 you have found favor in my eyes Here, **you have found favor in my eyes** is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. You may also need to make the phrase active in form and change the abstract noun **favor** into another form. Finally, **eyes** are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you dealt with the multiple issues in the phrase **you have found favor in my eyes** in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO 33 17 aln2 figs-yousingular מָצָ֤אתָ 1 General Information: Here, **you** is singular and refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
EXO 33 17 u2nv figs-idiom וָאֵדָעֲךָ֖ בְּשֵֽׁם 1 I know you by name To know someone by name is to know them well. See how you translated this in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md). Alternate translation: “and I know you well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-EXO 33 18 w73v figs-abstractnouns כְּבֹדֶֽךָ 1 I know you by name If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 33 18 w73v figs-abstractnouns כְּבֹדֶֽךָ 1 I know you by name If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 33 19 sx1a figs-metaphor אֲנִ֨י אַעֲבִ֤יר כָּל־טוּבִי֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יךָ 1 I will make all my goodness pass before you Yahweh speaks of his **goodness** like it was an object that he could move over Moses. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO 33 19 e3o3 figs-abstractnouns טוּבִי֙ 1 I will make all my goodness pass before you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **goodness**, you could express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 33 19 e3o3 figs-abstractnouns טוּבִי֙ 1 I will make all my goodness pass before you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **goodness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 33 19 gzr5 figs-metonymy עַל־פָּנֶ֔יךָ…לְפָנֶ֑יךָ 1 I will make all my goodness pass before you Here, **face** means “you.” Alternate translation: “above you … before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 33 19 d4z9 וְקָרָ֧אתִֽי בְשֵׁ֛ם יְהוָ֖ה 1 I will make all my goodness pass before you The meaning of the phrase is unclear. It may mean that Yahweh will disclose something about his character to Moses. Alternate translation: “and I will proclaim my name, ‘Yahweh,’ ”
EXO 33 19 vqq6 figs-parallelism וְחַנֹּתִי֙ אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָחֹ֔ן וְרִחַמְתִּ֖י אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲרַחֵֽם 1 I will make all my goodness pass before you These statements use parallelism internally and between each other. They stress Yahweh’s divine prerogative to do whatever he wants. The structure also parallels Yahweh’s I AM statements in [Exodus 3:14](../03/14.md). If this form of parallelism would be misunderstood in your language, consider another form that emphasizes that Yahweh is graciously kind to exactly those and only those to whom he chooses to show kindness, and he does so without outside influence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
@@ -2174,7 +2174,7 @@ EXO 33 20 fyc0 כִּ֛י לֹֽא־יִרְאַ֥נִי הָאָדָ֖ם
EXO 33 21 loep writing-quotations וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה 1 I will make all my goodness pass before you In some languages it may be better to omit **And Yahweh said** at the start of this verse to avoid stopping and restarting the quotation. Yahweh is speaking from 33:19-34:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
EXO 33 21 s4iy הִנֵּ֥ה 1 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
EXO 33 22 qhe6 figs-metaphor בַּעֲבֹ֣ר כְּבֹדִ֔י 1 See Yahweh speaks of his **glory** as if it were an object that he could move over Moses. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “while I pass over gloriously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO 33 22 o5as figs-abstractnouns כְּבֹדִ֔י 1 See If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 33 22 o5as figs-abstractnouns כְּבֹדִ֔י 1 See If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 33 22 ivf5 figs-personification וְשַׂכֹּתִ֥י כַפִּ֛י עָלֶ֖יךָ 1 See Here Yahweh speaks as if he, like a person, had hands that could cover things. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use a simile to retain the image, as this figure is important to retain and extends into the next verse. Alternate translation: “I will cover you as with a hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO 33 23 fmu8 figs-personification וַהֲסִרֹתִי֙ אֶת־כַּפִּ֔י וְרָאִ֖יתָ אֶת־אֲחֹרָ֑י וּפָנַ֖י לֹ֥א יֵרָאֽוּ 1 you will see my back The strong personification image of Yahweh continues throughout this verse and should be retained, if possible. You may have to use similes if this would be misunderstood in your culture. Alternate translation: “Then it will be as if I stop covering you with a hand, and you will see a small part of my glory, like a person’s back, but not my full glory, like a person’s face.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO 33 23 jq7t grammar-connect-logic-contrast וּפָנַ֖י 1 you will see my back Here, **but my face** is moved to the front of the clause to emphasize contrast with **my back**. If your language has a certain way of contrasting elements, be sure to make a strong contrast between Yahweh’s face and back. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
@@ -2190,13 +2190,13 @@ EXO 34 5 r9ey figs-metonymy וַיִּקְרָ֥א בְשֵׁ֖ם יְהו
EXO 34 6 fz1q figs-123person יְהוָ֣ה׀ יְהוָ֔ה אֵ֥ל רַח֖וּם וְחַנּ֑וּן 1 Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious God is speaking about himself. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am God, and I am merciful and gracious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO 34 6 t0kd figs-doublet רַח֖וּם וְחַנּ֑וּן 1 Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious This is emphasizing that Yahweh cares for people and acts kindly toward them. If doubling would not strengthen the statement here in your language, consider another form that would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO 34 6 f7iq figs-idiom אֶ֥רֶךְ אַפַּ֖יִם 1 Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious The phrase **long of nostril** is an idiom that means Yahweh does not get angry easily or quickly. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “slow to anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-EXO 34 6 j7we figs-abstractnouns וְרַב־חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶֽת 1 abounding in covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. (For **covenant faithfulness**, see [Exodus 20:6](../20/06.md)). Alternate translation: “always being faithful to my covenant and always being trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 34 6 j7we figs-abstractnouns וְרַב־חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶֽת 1 abounding in covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. (For **covenant faithfulness**, see [Exodus 20:6](../20/06.md)). Alternate translation: “always being faithful to my covenant and always being trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 34 6 d1qj figs-doublet חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶֽת 1 abounding in covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness This is emphasizing that Yahweh always does what he promises toward the people he loves. If doubling would not strengthen the statement here in your language, consider another form that would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO 34 7 lt2j figs-abstractnouns נֹצֵ֥ר חֶ֨סֶד֙ לָאֲלָפִ֔ים 1 keeping covenant faithfulness for thousands of generations See how you translated **covenant faithfulness**in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “faithfully loving thousands of generations” or “faithful to his covenant with thousands of generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 34 7 x90l figs-hyperbole לָאֲלָפִ֔ים 1 But he will This large number is used to mean “forever” or “to all descendants forever.” It is deliberately contrasted with **third** and **fourth** later in the verse to emphasize how much longer God’s covenant faithfulness is than his anger. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that conveys a very long time. Alternate translation: “for every generation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO 34 7 dxkb figs-metonymy לָאֲלָפִ֔ים 1 But he will The word **thousands** is a metonym for a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “to innumerable people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 34 7 hllt figs-litany עָוֺ֛ן וָפֶ֖שַׁע וְחַטָּאָ֑ה 1 But he will This list is meant to convey the idea of every kind of wrong. If a list like this would be misunderstood in your language you may need to use other terms or forms to make this point. Alternate translation: “every kind of sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]])
-EXO 34 7 e2qc figs-abstractnouns עָוֺ֛ן וָפֶ֖שַׁע וְחַטָּאָ֑ה…עֲוֺ֣ן 1 But he will If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **iniquity, transgression, and sin**, you could express the same ideas in another way., as modeled in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 34 7 e2qc figs-abstractnouns עָוֺ֛ן וָפֶ֖שַׁע וְחַטָּאָ֑ה…עֲוֺ֣ן 1 But he will If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **iniquity, transgression, and sin**, you can express the same ideas in another way., as modeled in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 34 7 x397 figs-123person וְנַקֵּה֙ לֹ֣א יְנַקֶּ֔ה 1 he will by no means clear the guilty Yahweh is speaking about himself. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “But I will certainly not acquit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO 34 7 ts1b figs-ellipsis וְנַקֵּה֙ לֹ֣א יְנַקֶּ֔ה 1 will by no means clear the guilty Whom Yahweh will not acquit is not stated. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translations: “But he will certainly not clear the guilty” or “But he will certainly not say that the guilty are innocent” or “But he will certainly not free guilty people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO 34 7 lyrg figs-metonymy עֲוֺ֣ן 1 will by no means clear the guilty Here, **iniquity** refers to the consequences or the punishment for iniquity. Alternate translation: “the punishment for the iniquity of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -2208,7 +2208,7 @@ EXO 34 8 c1qt figs-rpronouns וַיִּשְׁתָּֽחוּ 1 their children
EXO 34 8 mf8o figs-doublet וַיִּקֹּ֥ד אַ֖רְצָה וַיִּשְׁתָּֽחוּ 1 their children These two verbs have very similar meanings and are often used together to express people’s physical and spiritual posture in worship. If such repetition would be misunderstood in your language, you may need to express the physical action and spiritual action explicitly. Alternate translation: “and bowed to the ground in worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO 34 9 mh3a figs-idiom מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ 1 If now I have found favor in your eyes Here, **found favor** is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. You may also need to make the phrase active in form and change the abstract noun **favor** into another form. Finally, **eyes** are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you dealt with the multiple issues in the phrase **I have found favor in your eyes** in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO 34 9 vhu5 figs-metaphor עַם־קְשֵׁה־עֹ֨רֶף֙ ה֔וּא 1 If now I have found favor in your eyes Moses speaks of the people being rebellious as if they had **hard necks**. See how you translated this in [Exodus 32:9](../32/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO 34 9 hw66 figs-doublet לַעֲוֺנֵ֥נוּ וּלְחַטָּאתֵ֖נוּ 1 our iniquity and our sin The words **iniquity** and **sin** mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “all our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+EXO 34 9 hw66 figs-doublet לַעֲוֺנֵ֥נוּ וּלְחַטָּאתֵ֖נוּ 1 our iniquity and our sin The words **iniquity** and **sin** mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you can combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “all our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO 34 10 zwsm 0 your people Starting in this verse, the covenant is largely repeated and consists of two parts: (1) what Yahweh will do, which is detailed in verses 10-11 (and briefly restated in verse 24) and (2) what is required of the Israelites, which is detailed in verses 12-26. For further context, see [Exodus 19:5 and following](../19/05.md), and [23:20-24:8](../23/20.md). Verses 12-26 are another list of ten commandments.
EXO 34 10 ps7o figs-idiom כֹּרֵ֣ת בְּרִית֒ 1 your people To **cut a covenant** means to make a covenant. The terminology refers to ancient rituals around making covenants, which is illustrated in Genesis 15. See the imagery and how you translated there. Alternate translation: “am about to make a covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO 34 10 zdq6 figs-possession עַמְּךָ֙ 1 your people Here, the **people** are referred to as belonging to Moses. This refers to his being their leader. Alternate translation: ”the people you lead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
@@ -2328,7 +2328,7 @@ EXO 35 21 p2ls figs-parallelism וַיָּבֹ֕אוּ כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ
EXO 35 21 r34y figs-synecdoche וַיָּבֹ֕אוּ כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣וֹ לִבּ֑וֹ וְכֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נָדְבָ֨ה רוּח֜וֹ אֹת֗וֹ הֵ֠בִיאוּ 1 all the tribes of Israel Here, **heart** and **spirit** both refer to a person’s will, their desire to do something. Many languages will have similar expressions, perhaps using different body and spirit words or concepts which you can use. If your language would not express a person’s will in this way, you could translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “And every man whose will lifted him came, and all who felt impelled brought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO 35 21 ckmu figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣וֹ לִבּ֑וֹ 1 all the tribes of Israel Here, **heart lifted** is a metaphor for being willing or excited. Many languages will have similar expressions, perhaps using a different body part or a different action. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “who was excited” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO 35 21 u7kq figs-gendernotations כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣וֹ לִבּ֑וֹ וְכֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נָדְבָ֨ה רוּח֜וֹ אֹת֗וֹ 1 all the tribes of Israel Here, **man, whose,** and **him** all refer to men and women in a general way. This is made explicit in the next verse. If your readers might misunderstand this, you may use terms that include men and women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
-EXO 35 21 kew0 figs-abstractnouns וּלְבִגְדֵ֖י הַקֹּֽדֶשׁ 1 all the tribes of Israel If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **holiness** in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). Alternate translation: “and for the holy clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 35 21 kew0 figs-abstractnouns וּלְבִגְדֵ֖י הַקֹּֽדֶשׁ 1 all the tribes of Israel If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **holiness** in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). Alternate translation: “and for the holy clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 35 22 mwx8 figs-synecdoche כֹּ֣ל׀ נְדִ֣יב לֵ֗ב 1 all who had a willing heart Here, **heart** refers to a person’s will, their desire to do something. It is spoken of as causing a person to bring these gifts to Yahweh. This is a shortening and combining of the figure used in the [previous verse](../35/21.md): **heart** and **impelled** are brought together. See how you translated these ideas in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “anyone whose will impelled him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO 35 22 yzsw ל׀ נְדִ֣יב 1 all who had a willing heart Alternate translation: “who were impelled of”
EXO 35 22 wwp2 figs-litany חָ֣ח וָנֶ֜זֶם וְטַבַּ֤עַת וְכוּמָז֙ כָּל־כְּלִ֣י זָהָ֔ב 1 brooches, earrings, rings, and ornaments These are different kinds of jewelry. The exact identity of each object is not known. The phrase **all of the things of gold** could either modify the whole list, meaning “all these items were made of gold,” or could mean “many other gold things.” If taken as a summary statement, in some languages it may be clearer to move it to the front of the list. Alternate translation: “all kinds of gold jewelry including necklaces, nose rings, signet rings, and gold ornaments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]])
@@ -2353,10 +2353,10 @@ EXO 35 30 z1e2 0 Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur, from the tribe of Judah What M
EXO 35 30 kx4o translate-names בְּצַלְאֵ֛ל…אוּרִ֥י…ח֖וּר 1 Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur, from the tribe of Judah These are men’s names. See [31:2](../31/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO 35 31 zd74 0 filled Bezalel…craftsmanship This verse is a quote from [Exodus 31:3](../31/03.md)
EXO 35 31 gse9 figs-metaphor וַיְמַלֵּ֥א אֹת֖וֹ ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit Yahweh speaks of giving Bezalel his spirit as if Bezalel were a container and God’s spirit were a liquid. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “And he has given his spirit to Bezalel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO 35 31 jsd7 figs-abstractnouns בְּחָכְמָ֛ה 1 He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. Alternate translation: “so he can work skillfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EXO 35 31 hnju figs-abstractnouns וּבְדַ֖עַת 1 He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EXO 35 31 qx5o figs-abstractnouns וּבְדַ֖עַת 1 He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he knows his work well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EXO 35 31 cf63 figs-abstractnouns וּבְכָל־מְלָאכָֽה 1 He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit If your language does not use an abstract noun for **craftsmanship**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun in another way. Alternate translation: “and for making all kinds of crafts” or “and so that he can make all kinds of things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 35 31 jsd7 figs-abstractnouns בְּחָכְמָ֛ה 1 He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. Alternate translation: “so he can work skillfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 35 31 hnju figs-abstractnouns וּבְדַ֖עַת 1 He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 35 31 qx5o figs-abstractnouns וּבְדַ֖עַת 1 He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he knows his work well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 35 31 cf63 figs-abstractnouns וּבְכָל־מְלָאכָֽה 1 He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit If your language does not use an abstract noun for **craftsmanship**, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun in another way. Alternate translation: “and for making all kinds of crafts” or “and so that he can make all kinds of things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 35 32 r7e3 0 to make artistic designs…bronze This verse is identical to [Exodus 31:4](../31/04.md), except for the first **and**.
EXO 35 33 fj6f 0 also to cut and set stones…craftsmanship This verse is identical to [Exodus 31:5](../31/05.md) except for the final **of invention**.
EXO 35 34 xd67 figs-idiom וּלְהוֹרֹ֖ת נָתַ֣ן בְּלִבּ֑וֹ 1 He has put it in his heart to teach Here, **put in his heart** is an idiom referring to ability and desire. These are spoken of as if they are something that could be placed in a heart. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “And he gave to them the ability and desire to teach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@@ -2369,8 +2369,8 @@ EXO 36 1 ubk2 0 General Information: This verse is the end of a quotation from
EXO 36 1 ds99 translate-names בְצַלְאֵ֨ל וְאָהֳלִיאָ֜ב 1 Bezalel **Bezalel and Oholiab** are the names of men. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md) and [31:6](../31/06.md) as well as in the end of [chapter 35](../35/30.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO 36 1 y1h1 figs-gendernotations אִ֣ישׁ 1 Bezalel We know from [35:25](../35/25.md) that women were included in the skilled workers, so **man** means every person. Alternate translation: “person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO 36 1 tr3p figs-synecdoche חֲכַם־לֵ֗ב 1 to whom Yahweh has given skill and ability Here, **of heart** refers to innately possessing something, in this case ability or skill. Some languages will use a different body part for this image. Alternate translation: “with innate ability” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
-EXO 36 1 ah6j figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֤ה 1 to whom Yahweh has given skill and ability If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. See [35:31](../35/31.md). Alternate translation: “the ability to work skillfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EXO 36 1 d6os figs-abstractnouns וּתְבוּנָה֙ 1 to whom Yahweh has given skill and ability If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. See [35:31](../35/31.md). Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 36 1 ah6j figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֤ה 1 to whom Yahweh has given skill and ability If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. See [35:31](../35/31.md). Alternate translation: “the ability to work skillfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 36 1 d6os figs-abstractnouns וּתְבוּנָה֙ 1 to whom Yahweh has given skill and ability If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. See [35:31](../35/31.md). Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 36 1 mdi4 figs-metonymy מְלֶ֖אכֶת עֲבֹדַ֣ת הַקֹּ֑דֶשׁ 1 according to all that Yahweh has commanded Here, **service** refers to worshiping Yahweh, and the phrase **work of the service** refers to building the Dwelling (**Holy Place**) where the Israelites would worship Yahweh. See [35:24](../35/24.md). Alternate translation: “the building of the Holy Place for worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO 36 2 tda7 אֶל־בְּצַלְאֵ֘ל וְאֶל־אָֽהֳלִיאָב֒ וְאֶל֙ כָּל־אִ֣ישׁ חֲכַם־לֵ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֨ר נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה חָכְמָ֖ה בְּלִבּ֑וֹ 1 in whose mind Yahweh had given skill See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../36/01.md).
EXO 36 2 vvtz figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֖ה 1 in whose mind Yahweh had given skill See how you translated **skill** in the [previous verse](../36/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
@@ -2500,7 +2500,7 @@ EXO 38 30 rck7 מִכְבַּ֥ר 1 grate A **grate** is a frame of crossed bar
EXO 38 31 bvr9 יִתְדֹ֧ת…יִתְדֹ֥ת 1 tent pegs These are sharp bronze stakes that were used to secure the corners of a tent to the ground. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:19](../27/19.md).
EXO 39 intro mll6 0 # Exodus 39 General Notes
- This chapter continues the record of the construction in almost exact repetition of Yahweh’s instructions. The special, holy clothing mentioned in previous chapters is produced to the correct specifications in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
Be sure to consult your previous work to maintain consistency. Verses 1-31 of this chapter follow [Exodus 28:1-37](../28/01.md) with some differences. Verses 33-41 follow [35:10-19](../35/10.md).
- Throughout the chapter the people making the items are referred to interchangeably as **he** or **they**. Both are generic nouns referring to any of the team of skilled craftsmen. You could change all instances to “they” or “he” if that would be understood better in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO 39 1 h8kg 0 as Yahweh had commanded Moses See how you translated similar instructions in [Exodus 28:4-5](../28/04.md).
-EXO 39 1 e1xh figs-abstractnouns בִּגְדֵ֤י הַקֹּ֨דֶשׁ֙ 1 as Yahweh had commanded Moses If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). Alternate translation: “the holy clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO 39 1 e1xh figs-abstractnouns בִּגְדֵ֤י הַקֹּ֨דֶשׁ֙ 1 as Yahweh had commanded Moses If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). Alternate translation: “the holy clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO 39 2 b9mg 0 General Information: This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:6](../28/06.md).
EXO 39 4 pq62 0 Connecting Statement: This verse is very similar to [28:7](../28/07.md).
EXO 39 5 g75w 0 General Information: This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:8](../28/08.md).
diff --git a/en_tn_03-LEV.tsv b/en_tn_03-LEV.tsv
index 4fdb4d5f0..6f2167361 100644
--- a/en_tn_03-LEV.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_03-LEV.tsv
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ LEV 3 17 q2wd וְכָל־ דָּ֖ם 1 or any blood Alternate translation:
LEV 4 intro wrl4 0 # Leviticus 4 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter gives instructions on how to offer a sacrifice for unintentional sins. This is known as a sin offering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Unintentional sins
Many scholars have taken special note that all of the sacrifices concern sins that are unintentional and that no provision is offered for sins intentionally committed. Many have suggested that it is only the sacrifice of Jesus’ life that can be offered for these sins. Many also believe that this offering parallels the sacrifice of Jesus.
LEV 4 2 zhp4 figs-quotesinquotes דַּבֵּ֞ר אֶל־ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֘ל לֵאמֹר֒ נֶ֗פֶשׁ כִּֽי־ תֶחֱטָ֤א 1 “Speak to the sons of Israel, saying, ‘When a person sins This is a quotation that contains a quotation. You can use an direct quotation instead. “Tell the people of Israel that when anyone sins” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
LEV 4 2 qh8x figs-activepassive מִצְוֺ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֖ר לֹ֣א תֵעָשֶׂ֑ינָה 1 the commands of Yahweh, about what must not be done If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the commands of Yahweh that tell people what they must not do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-LEV 4 3 g1z4 figs-abstractnouns לְאַשְׁמַ֣ת הָעָ֑ם 1 so as to bring guilt on the people If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **guilt**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “so as to cause the people to be guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 4 3 g1z4 figs-abstractnouns לְאַשְׁמַ֣ת הָעָ֑ם 1 so as to bring guilt on the people If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **guilt**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “so as to cause the people to be guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 4 4 xx9l וְהֵבִ֣יא אֶת־ הַפָּ֗ר 1 And he must bring the bull Alternate translation: “And the high priest must bring the bull”
LEV 4 4 zy1f translate-symaction וְסָמַ֤ךְ אֶת־ יָדוֹ֙ עַל־ רֹ֣אשׁ 1 And he must lay his hand on the head of This is a symbolic action that identifies the person with the animal he is offering. In this way the person is offering himself to Yahweh through the animal. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
LEV 4 5 m58i figs-explicit וְלָקַ֛ח הַכֹּהֵ֥ן הַמָּשִׁ֖יחַ מִדַּ֣ם 1 And the anointed priest will take some of the blood of It is implied that the priest catches **the blood** in a bowl as it drains from the animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ LEV 4 18 xn3f קַרְנֹ֣ת הַמִּזְבֵּ֗חַ 1 the horns of the
LEV 4 18 ni6l כָּל־ הַדָּ֗ם יִשְׁפֹּךְ֙ 1 he will pour out all the blood Alternate translation: “he will pour out the rest of the blood”
LEV 4 19 t3pe כָּל־ חֶלְבּ֖וֹ יָרִ֣ים מִמֶּ֑נּוּ וְהִקְטִ֖יר 1 all its fat he will remove from it and burn Alternate translation: “he will remove all the fat from the bull and burn the fat”
LEV 4 20 k2wc וְעָשָׂ֣ה 1 And he must do Alternate translation: “And the priest must do”
-LEV 4 20 t3ph figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּ֧ר עֲלֵהֶ֛ם הַכֹּהֵ֖ן 1 the priest will make atonement for the people If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for the people’s sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 4 20 t3ph figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּ֧ר עֲלֵהֶ֛ם הַכֹּהֵ֖ן 1 the priest will make atonement for the people If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for the people’s sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 4 20 jd5j figs-activepassive וְנִסְלַ֥ח לָהֶֽם 1 and it will be forgiven them If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will forgive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 4 22 xg1v figs-activepassive מִכָּל־ מִצְוֺת֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהָ֜יו אֲשֶׁ֧ר לֹא־ תֵעָשֶׂ֛ינָה 1 from all the commands of Yahweh his God that should not be done If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: from all the things that God has commanded the people not to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 4 23 g4fd figs-activepassive הוֹדַ֤ע אֵלָיו֙ חַטָּאת֔וֹ אֲשֶׁ֥ר חָטָ֖א בָּ֑הּ 1 his sin by which he has sinned is made known to him If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he realizes that he has sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ LEV 4 24 zee3 לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה 1 before the face of Yahweh Al
LEV 4 25 wnl3 figs-explicit וְלָקַ֨ח הַכֹּהֵ֜ן מִדַּ֤ם 1 And the priest will take some of the blood It is implied that **the priest** will catch **the blood** in a bowl as the blood drains from the goat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
LEV 4 25 hd5k קַרְנֹ֖ת מִזְבַּ֣ח 1 the horns of the altar The **horns of the altar** refer to the corners of the altar. They are shaped like the horns of an ox. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 4:7](../04/07.md).
LEV 4 26 el4n יַקְטִ֣יר 1 he will burn Alternate translation: “the priest will burn”
-LEV 4 26 h9gk figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּ֨ר עָלָ֧יו הַכֹּהֵ֛ן 1 The priest will make atonement for the ruler If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for the ruler” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 4 26 h9gk figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּ֨ר עָלָ֧יו הַכֹּהֵ֛ן 1 The priest will make atonement for the ruler If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for the ruler” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 4 26 zhk2 figs-activepassive וְנִסְלַ֥ח לֽוֹ 1 and it will be forgiven him If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive the ruler’s sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 4 27 ppx5 figs-activepassive אַחַ֨ת מִמִּצְוֺ֧ת יְהוָ֛ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־ תֵעָשֶׂ֖ינָה 1 one thing from the commands of Yahweh that must not be done All of the people of Israel were commanded not to sin. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “one thing that Yahweh commanded the people not to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 4 28 al2q figs-activepassive הוֹדַ֣ע אֵלָ֔יו חַטָּאת֖וֹ אֲשֶׁ֣ר חָטָ֑א 1 his sin which he sinned is made known to him If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he becomes aware of the sin he committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ LEV 4 31 hmu3 יָסִ֗יר 1 he will remove Here **he** refers to the person
LEV 4 31 x3cz figs-activepassive כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר הוּסַ֣ר חֵלֶב֮ 1 just as the fat is removed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “just as a person cuts away the fat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 4 31 y4ug וְהִקְטִ֤יר הַכֹּהֵן֙ 1 And the priest will burn it Alternate translation: “And the priest will burn the fat”
LEV 4 31 e8ap figs-metaphor לְרֵ֥יחַ נִיחֹ֖חַ לַיהוָ֑ה 1 as a sweet aroma to Yahweh **Yahweh** being pleased with the sincere worshiper who offered the sacrifice is spoken of as if God were pleased with the **aroma** of the burning sacrifice. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-LEV 4 31 f423 figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּ֥ר עָלָ֛יו הַכֹּהֵ֖ן 1 The priest will make atonement for the man If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for the man’s sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 4 31 f423 figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּ֥ר עָלָ֛יו הַכֹּהֵ֖ן 1 The priest will make atonement for the man If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for the man’s sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 4 31 rty9 figs-activepassive וְנִסְלַ֥ח לֽוֹ 1 and it will be forgiven him If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will forgive the man’s sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 4 33 gp8z translate-symaction וְסָמַךְ֙ אֶת־ יָד֔וֹ עַ֖ל רֹ֣אשׁ 1 And he will lay his hand on the head of This is a symbolic action that identifies the person with the animal he is offering. In this way the person is offering himself to Yahweh through the animal. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
LEV 4 33 n4w5 אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשְׁחַ֖ט 1 where he slaughters Alternate translation: “where the priest kills”
@@ -145,32 +145,32 @@ LEV 4 34 k2b9 כָּל־ דָּמָ֣הּ יִשְׁפֹּ֔ךְ 1 he will p
LEV 4 35 z6xq יָסִ֗יר 1 he will remove Here, **he** refers to the person offering the sacrifice.
LEV 4 35 i2gb figs-activepassive כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר יוּסַ֥ר חֵֽלֶב־ הַכֶּשֶׂב֮ 1 just as the fat of the lamb is removed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “just as a person cuts away the fat of the lamb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 4 35 mpi3 וְהִקְטִ֨יר הַכֹּהֵ֤ן אֹתָם֙ 1 And the priest will burn them Alternate translation: “And the priest will burn the fat”
-LEV 4 35 sy5y figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּ֨ר עָלָ֧יו הַכֹּהֵ֛ן עַל־ חַטָּאת֥וֹ 1 will make atonement for him for the sin he has committed If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for the sin the person committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 4 35 sy5y figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּ֨ר עָלָ֧יו הַכֹּהֵ֛ן עַל־ חַטָּאת֥וֹ 1 will make atonement for him for the sin he has committed If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for the sin the person committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 4 35 m4ms figs-activepassive וְנִסְלַ֥ח לֽוֹ 1 and it will be forgiven him If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will forgive the man’s sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 5 intro dfg1 0 # Leviticus 5 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter gives instructions about how to offer a specific type of sacrifice.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Not testifying
If a person saw a crime, or a wrong being done, they were required to be a witness about what they saw or heard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])
### Sacrifices for the poor
This chapter explains that poor people were allowed to offer less expensive sacrifices if they could not afford more costly sacrifices.
LEV 5 1 rx2n 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do.
LEV 5 2 ix6b figs-metaphor טָמֵא֒…טְמֵאָ֗ה…טְמֵאָ֔ה…טָמֵ֑א…טָמֵ֖א 1 unclean … unclean … unclean … unclean … unclean Something that God has declared to be unfit for people to touch or eat is spoken of as if it were physically **unclean**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LEV 5 2 e821 בְנִבְלַ֨ת…בְּנִבְלַת֙…בְּנִבְלַ֖ת 1 it be the carcass of … the carcass of … the carcass of Alternate translation: “it be the dead body of … the dead body of … the dead body of”
-LEV 5 3 kp8s figs-abstractnouns כִ֤י יִגַּע֙ בְּטֻמְאַ֣ת אָדָ֔ם 1 if he touches the uncleanness of someone, whatever that uncleanness is If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **uncleanness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “if he touches anything that makes a person unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 5 3 kp8s figs-abstractnouns כִ֤י יִגַּע֙ בְּטֻמְאַ֣ת אָדָ֔ם 1 if he touches the uncleanness of someone, whatever that uncleanness is If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **uncleanness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “if he touches anything that makes a person unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 5 3 b9ah figs-metaphor בְּטֻמְאַ֣ת…טֻמְאָת֔וֹ…יִטְמָ֖א 1 the uncleanness of … his uncleanness … one becomes unclean Something that Yahweh has declared unfit for a person to touch or eat is spoken of as if it were physically **unclean**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LEV 5 3 k7l9 figs-activepassive וְנֶעְלַ֣ם מִמֶּ֔נּוּ 1 and it is concealed from him If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and he does not realize it” or “and he does not know about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 5 4 l73y figs-synecdoche נֶ֡פֶשׁ כִּ֣י תִשָּׁבַע֩ לְבַטֵּ֨א בִשְׂפָתַ֜יִם 1 if a person swears rashly with his lips Here, **lips** represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “if anyone swears rashly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
LEV 5 4 g4f9 figs-explicit נֶ֡פֶשׁ כִּ֣י תִשָּׁבַע֩ לְבַטֵּ֨א 1 if a person swears rashly This means to swear an oath without thinking seriously about it. It implies that after the person **swears** the oath that he either cannot fulfill it or he does not really want to fulfill it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-LEV 5 6 fj3k figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּ֥ר עָלָ֛יו הַכֹּהֵ֖ן 1 the priest will make atonement for him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 5 6 fj3k figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּ֥ר עָלָ֛יו הַכֹּהֵ֖ן 1 the priest will make atonement for him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 5 8 bz85 וּמָלַ֧ק אֶת־ רֹאשׁ֛וֹ מִמּ֥וּל עָרְפּ֖וֹ וְלֹ֥א יַבְדִּֽיל 1 And he will wring off its head from the front of its neck, but he will not sever it Alternate translation: “And he will kill it by twisting its head and breaking its neck, but he will not remove the head”
LEV 5 10 t4n3 כַּמִּשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 according to the regulation Alternate translation: “as Yahweh has instructed”
-LEV 5 10 sf4t figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּ֨ר עָלָ֧יו הַכֹּהֵ֛ן 1 the priest will make atonement for him for the sin that he has committed If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 5 10 sf4t figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּ֨ר עָלָ֧יו הַכֹּהֵ֛ן 1 the priest will make atonement for him for the sin that he has committed If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 5 10 v199 figs-activepassive וְנִסְלַ֥ח לֽוֹ 1 and it will be forgiven for him If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will forgive the person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 5 11 cq1l translate-bvolume עֲשִׂירִ֧ת הָאֵפָ֛ה 1 a tenth of an ephah of An ephah is 22 liters. A **tenth of an ephah** is about two liters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
LEV 5 11 lta4 translate-fraction עֲשִׂירִ֧ת 1 a tenth of A **tenth** is one part out of ten equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
LEV 5 12 hn99 וֶהֱבִיאָהּ֮ 1 And he must bring it Alternate translation: “And he must bring the fine flour”
LEV 5 12 u4a3 אֶת־ אַזְכָּרָתָה֙ 1 as its memorial offering The **memorial offering** is the handful that the priest burns on the altar represents the entire offering. This means the whole offering belongs to Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 2:2](../02/02.md).
-LEV 5 13 g136 figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּר֩ עָלָ֨יו הַכֹּהֵ֜ן 1 will make atonement If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 5 13 g136 figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּר֩ עָלָ֨יו הַכֹּהֵ֜ן 1 will make atonement If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 5 13 zpm8 figs-activepassive וְנִסְלַ֣ח ל֑וֹ 1 and it will be forgiven for him If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will forgive that person’s sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 5 15 at39 נֶ֚פֶשׁ כִּֽי־ תִמְעֹ֣ל מַ֔עַל וְחָֽטְאָה֙ בִּשְׁגָגָ֔ה מִקָּדְשֵׁ֖י יְהוָ֑ה 1 If a person acts unfaithfully and sins by mistake with the holy things of Yahweh This means the person sinned by not giving to **Yahweh** what Yahweh commanded him to give. Alternate translation: “If a person sins by failing to give to Yahweh what belongs to Yahweh”
LEV 5 16 rlc3 וְאֶת־ חֲמִֽישִׁתוֹ֙ יוֹסֵ֣ף עָלָ֔יו 1 and one-fifth of it he must add to it This means the person must pay an extra **one-fifth** of the value of what he owes to Yahweh.
LEV 5 16 g15p translate-fraction חֲמִֽישִׁתוֹ֙ 1 one-fifth of it The **one-fifth** is one part out of five equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
-LEV 5 16 c3af figs-abstractnouns וְהַכֹּהֵ֗ן יְכַפֵּ֥ר עָלָ֛יו 1 the priest will make atonement for him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 5 16 c3af figs-abstractnouns וְהַכֹּהֵ֗ן יְכַפֵּ֥ר עָלָ֛יו 1 the priest will make atonement for him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 5 16 c61p figs-activepassive וְנִסְלַ֥ח לֽוֹ 1 and it will be forgiven for him If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will forgive that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 5 17 aht3 figs-activepassive אַחַת֙ מִכָּל־ מִצְוֺ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֖ר לֹ֣א תֵעָשֶׂ֑ינָה 1 one thing from all the commands of Yahweh that must not be done If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “one thing that Yahweh has commanded the people not to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 5 17 kv1l figs-metaphor וְנָשָׂ֥א עֲוֺנֽוֹ 1 and must bear his iniquity A person’s **iniquity** is spoken of as if it were a physical object that the person carries. Here the word **iniquity** represents the punishment for that guilt. Alternate translation: “and he is responsible for his own guilt” or “Yahweh will punish him for his sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ LEV 6 5 sv3s בְּרֹאשׁ֔וֹ 1 in full Alternate translation: “f
LEV 6 5 tr1m translate-fraction וַחֲמִשִׁתָ֖יו יֹסֵ֣ף 1 and he must add one-fifth its value This means the person must return what he owes to someone and pay an extra **one-fifth** of the value. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 5:16](../05/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
LEV 6 5 n94x figs-activepassive לַאֲשֶׁ֨ר ה֥וּא ל֛וֹ יִתְּנֶ֖נּוּ 1 He must give it to whom it belongs If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he must pay the person he owes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 6 6 b7td figs-ellipsis בְּעֶרְכְּךָ֥ 1 with your estimate of its value This means the person must determine how many shekels the ram is worth by using the official standard of the sacred tent. You can make clear the understood information. See how this was translated in [Leviticus 5:15](../05/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
-LEV 6 7 ybw2 figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּ֨ר עָלָ֧יו הַכֹּהֵ֛ן 1 The priest will make atonement for him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 6 7 ybw2 figs-abstractnouns וְכִפֶּ֨ר עָלָ֧יו הַכֹּהֵ֛ן 1 The priest will make atonement for him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the priest will atone for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 6 7 mnh9 לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה 1 before the face of Yahweh Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh”
LEV 6 7 n4ih figs-activepassive וְנִסְלַ֣ח ל֑וֹ 1 and it will be forgiven for him This means Yahweh will forgive the person, not the priest. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and God will forgive him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 6 9 zk2u figs-quotesinquotes צַ֤ו אֶֽת־ אַהֲרֹן֙ וְאֶת־ בָּנָ֣יו לֵאמֹ֔ר זֹ֥את תּוֹרַ֖ת הָעֹלָ֑ה 1 “Command Aaron and his sons, saying, ‘This is the law of the burnt offering This sentence has a quotation within a quotation. You can state this as an indirect quotation. “Tell Aaron and his sons that this is the law” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ LEV 7 3 d8qy אֶת־ הַקֶּֽרֶב 1 the inner parts The **inner parts
LEV 7 4 u1cz הַכְּסָלִ֑ים 1 the loins The **loins** is the part of the body on the sides of the backbone between the ribs and hipbone. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 3:4](../03/04.md).
LEV 7 6 ei3l figs-activepassive יֵאָכֵ֔ל 1 It must be eaten If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They must eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 7 7 hyn1 תּוֹרָ֥ה אַחַ֖ת לָהֶ֑ם 1 The law is the same for them Alternate translation: “The law is the same for both of them”
-LEV 7 7 waf4 figs-abstractnouns הַכֹּהֵ֛ן אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְכַפֶּר־ בּ֖וֹ 1 to the priest who makes atonement with them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The priest who offers the sacrifice to atone for someone’s sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 7 7 waf4 figs-abstractnouns הַכֹּהֵ֛ן אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְכַפֶּר־ בּ֖וֹ 1 to the priest who makes atonement with them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The priest who offers the sacrifice to atone for someone’s sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 7 8 f82t ע֤וֹר 1 the hide of The **hide** is the coat or skin of a herd animal.
LEV 7 9 yc6s figs-activepassive אֲשֶׁ֤ר תֵּֽאָפֶה֙ בַּתַּנּ֔וּר…נַעֲשָׂ֥ה בַמַּרְחֶ֖שֶׁת 1 that is baked in an oven …cooked in a frying pan If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that someone bakes in an oven … that someone cooks in a frying pan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 7 9 q9rm translate-unknown בַּתַּנּ֔וּר 1 in an oven This **oven** was probably a hollow object made of clay. A fire was lit under the oven, and the heat would bake the dough inside of the oven. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 2:4](../02/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ LEV 7 12 hv26 figs-activepassive וְסֹ֣לֶת מֻרְבֶּ֔כֶת חַ
LEV 7 12 qye6 וְסֹ֣לֶת מֻרְבֶּ֔כֶת חַלֹּ֖ת 1 and well-mixed cakes of fine flour These **cakes** were a thick bread. It is similar to the first type of bread except it is made with the finest flour.
LEV 7 13 t3ll חַלֹּת֙ 1 the cakes These **cakes** were a thick bread.
LEV 7 15 w5qb לֹֽא־ יַנִּ֥יחַ 1 He must not leave Alternate translation: “The person who offers the sacrifice must not leave”
-LEV 7 15 h75f figs-abstractnouns וּבְשַׂ֗ר זֶ֚בַח תּוֹדַ֣ת שְׁלָמָ֔יו 1 for the purpose of giving thanks If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **thanksgiving**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the meat that makes up the peace offering for the purpose of thanking Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 7 15 h75f figs-abstractnouns וּבְשַׂ֗ר זֶ֚בַח תּוֹדַ֣ת שְׁלָמָ֔יו 1 for the purpose of giving thanks If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **thanksgiving**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And the meat that makes up the peace offering for the purpose of thanking Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 7 16 wgx8 figs-activepassive יֵאָכֵ֑ל…וְהַנּוֹתָ֥ר מִמֶּ֖נּוּ יֵאָכֵֽל 1 it may be eaten … whatever remains of it may be eaten If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he may eat it … he may eat whatever remains of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 7 17 m4fq translate-ordinal בַּיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔י 1 on the third day The word **third** is the ordinal number for three. Alternate translation: “after two days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
LEV 7 17 ykv8 figs-activepassive וְהַנּוֹתָ֖ר מִבְּשַׂ֣ר הַזָּ֑בַח בַּיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔י בָּאֵ֖שׁ יִשָּׂרֵֽף 1 And what is left from the meat of the sacrifice must be burned in the fire on the third day If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And on the third day he must burn in the fire what is left from the meat of the sacrifice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ LEV 8 16 s1n5 הַכָּבֵ֔ד…הַכְּלָיֹ֖ת 1 the liver …
LEV 8 17 l8kn עֹרוֹ֙ 1 its hide A **hide** is the coat or skin of a herd animal.
LEV 8 18 r16d translate-symaction וַֽיִּסְמְכ֞וּ אַהֲרֹ֧ן וּבָנָ֛יו אֶת־ יְדֵיהֶ֖ם עַל־ רֹ֥אשׁ 1 And Aaron and his sons laid their hands on the head of This is a symbolic action that identifies **Aaron and his sons** with the animal they are offering. In this way they are offering themselves to Yahweh through the animal. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
LEV 8 21 d927 figs-metaphor לְרֵֽיחַ־ נִיחֹ֨חַ֙ 1 a sweet aroma Yahweh being pleased with the sincere worshiper who offered the sacrifice is spoken of as if God were pleased with the **aroma** of the burning sacrifice. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-LEV 8 22 qr6w figs-abstractnouns אֵ֖יל הַמִּלֻּאִ֑ים 1 the ram of consecration If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **consecration**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the ram for setting Aaron and his sons apart for service to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 8 22 qr6w figs-abstractnouns אֵ֖יל הַמִּלֻּאִ֑ים 1 the ram of consecration If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **consecration**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the ram for setting Aaron and his sons apart for service to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 8 22 v85u translate-symaction וַֽיִּסְמְכ֞וּ אַהֲרֹ֧ן וּבָנָ֛יו אֶת־ יְדֵיהֶ֖ם עַל־ רֹ֥אשׁ 1 And Aaron and his sons laid their hands on the head of This is a symbolic action that identifies **Aaron and his sons** with the animal they are offering. In this way the they are offering themselves to Yahweh through the animal. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
LEV 8 23 e9be figs-explicit וַיִּשְׁחָ֓ט׀ וַיִּקַּ֤ח מֹשֶׁה֙ מִדָּמ֔וֹ 1 And Moses slaughtered it and took some of its blood It is implied that **Moses** caught the **blood** in a bowl as the blood drained out from the animal. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “And Moses slaughtered it, caught some of the blood in a bowl,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
LEV 8 25 jt5v הַקֶּרֶב֒ 1 the inner parts Here, **the inner parts** refers to the stomach and intestines. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md).
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ LEV 8 31 bf4q figs-quotesinquotes צִוֵּ֨יתִי֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר אַ
LEV 8 33 m5um figs-activepassive עַ֚ד י֣וֹם מְלֹ֔את יְמֵ֖י מִלֻּאֵיכֶ֑ם 1 until the day of the fulfillment of the days of your consecration If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until you fulfill the days of your ordination” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 8 33 l462 יְמֵ֖י מִלֻּאֵיכֶ֑ם 1 the days of your consecration This **consecration** was an official ceremony that made someone a priest. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 8:29](../08/29.md).
LEV 8 34 ds5f figs-activepassive לַעֲשֹׂ֖ת 1 to be done If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “us to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-LEV 8 34 e67x figs-abstractnouns לְכַפֵּ֥ר עֲלֵיכֶֽם 1 to make atonement for you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to atone for your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 8 34 e67x figs-abstractnouns לְכַפֵּ֥ר עֲלֵיכֶֽם 1 to make atonement for you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **atonement**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to atone for your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 8 35 m25h figs-activepassive כֵ֖ן צֻוֵּֽיתִי 1 this is what I have been commanded If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “this is what he has commanded me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 9 intro s8cl 0 # Leviticus 9 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Aaron begins to function as the high priest in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]])
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Following Yahweh’s instructions
Great care is taken to show that Aaron perfectly followed Yahweh’s instructions. Moses records every detail to show how Aaron correctly followed Yahweh.
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “Fire came out from Yahweh”
Aaron did not create the fire that consumed his sacrifice. Instead, Yahweh miraculously began the fire which consumed the sacrifice. This showed that the sacrifice was acceptable to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])
LEV 9 1 ksc2 translate-ordinal בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁמִינִ֔י 1 on the eighth day The word **eighth** is the ordinal number for eight. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ LEV 11 18 thz2 translate-unknown הַתִּנְשֶׁ֥מֶת…הַקָּ
LEV 11 19 tq7q הַחֲסִידָ֔ה…הָאֲנָפָ֖ה 1 the stork … the heron The **stork** and **heron** are birds that feed on rodents and lizards.
LEV 11 19 v489 translate-unknown הַדּוּכִיפַ֖ת 1 the hoopoe The **hoopoe** is a bird that eats rodents and insects and is awake mainly at night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
LEV 11 19 gzj5 הָעֲטַלֵּֽף 1 the bat Although not a bird, the **bat** is included in this list because it has wings and flies. It has a furry body and is awake mainly at night. It eats insects and rodents.
-LEV 11 20 ad7v figs-abstractnouns שֶׁ֥קֶץ ה֖וּא לָכֶֽם 1 All winged insects that walk on four legs are detestable to you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **detestable**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you will hate it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 11 20 ad7v figs-abstractnouns שֶׁ֥קֶץ ה֖וּא לָכֶֽם 1 All winged insects that walk on four legs are detestable to you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **detestable**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you will hate it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 11 20 a5q6 figs-idiom כֹּ֚ל שֶׁ֣רֶץ הָע֔וֹף הַהֹלֵ֖ךְ עַל־ אַרְבַּ֑ע 1 Every flying insect that walks on all fours Here the phrase **all fours** is an idiom that means to crawl on the ground on four legs. This sets these insects apart from other flying things, such as birds, that have only two feet. Alternate translation: “Every four-legged flying insect that crawls on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
LEV 11 22 dqs7 translate-unknown אֶת־ הָֽאַרְבֶּ֣ה…הַסָּלְעָ֖ם…הַחַרְגֹּ֣ל…הֶחָגָ֖ב 1 the locust … the bald locust … the cricket … the grasshopper These are small insects that eat plants and can jump. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
LEV 11 24 n92t וּלְאֵ֖לֶּה 1 and by these Here, **these** refers to the animals he is about to list in the following verses.
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ LEV 13 6 cx9z figs-metaphor וְטִהֲר֤וֹ הַכֹּהֵן֙…
LEV 13 6 wn1f מִסְפַּ֣חַת 1 a rash A **rash** is an area of the skin that is irritated.
LEV 13 8 ym6d figs-metaphor וְטִמְּא֥וֹ הַכֹּהֵ֖ן 1 then the priest must pronounce him unclean The man whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically **unclean**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LEV 13 8 lsj4 צָרַ֥עַת 1 a skin disease See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 13:3](../13/03.md).
-LEV 13 9 f447 figs-activepassive וְהוּבָ֖א אֶל־ הַכֹּהֵֽן 1 then he must be brought to the priest The **priest** would determine if a disease was spreading. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “then someone must bring him to the priest” or “then he must go to the priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+LEV 13 9 f447 figs-activepassive וְהוּבָ֖א אֶל־ הַכֹּהֵֽן 1 then he must be brought to the priest The **priest** would determine if a disease was spreading. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “then someone must bring him to the priest” or “then he must go to the priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 13 10 y3fz וּמִֽחְיַ֛ת בָּשָׂ֥ר חַ֖י 1 and there is new raw flesh Here, **new raw flesh** could refer to open sores on the skin or it could refer to new skin that has grown, but the area around it is still diseased. Either one indicates that the skin disease is not healing properly.
LEV 13 11 l2em צָרַ֨עַת נוֹשֶׁ֤נֶת 1 chronic skin disease A **chronic** **disease** is one that continues or reoccurs over a long period of time.
LEV 13 11 w1up figs-metaphor וְטִמְּא֖וֹ הַכֹּהֵ֑ן…כִּ֥י טָמֵ֖א הֽוּא 1 and the priest must pronounce him unclean … because he is unclean The man whom other people must not touch is spoken of as if he were physically **unclean**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ LEV 14 32 eka8 נֶ֣גַע צָרָ֑עַת 1 is an infection of skin disease
LEV 14 32 p78r figs-explicit אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־ תַשִּׂ֥יג יָד֖וֹ 1 whose hand is not able to reach Translate this so it is clear that the person does not have enough money to purchase a standard offering. Alternate translation: “who does not have enough money to buy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
LEV 14 34 snu5 figs-you כִּ֤י תָבֹ֨אוּ֙ 1 When you have come Here, **you** refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
LEV 14 34 u9um נֶ֣גַע צָרַ֔עַת 1 an infection of skin disease See how you translated this phrase in [Leviticus 13:47](../13/47.md).
-LEV 14 34 ap3a figs-abstractnouns אֶ֥רֶץ אֲחֻזַּתְכֶֽם 1 in the land of your possession If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **possession**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “in the land that you possess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 14 34 ap3a figs-abstractnouns אֶ֥רֶץ אֲחֻזַּתְכֶֽם 1 in the land of your possession If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **possession**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “in the land that you possess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 14 36 q9ki figs-activepassive וְלֹ֥א יִטְמָ֖א כָּל־ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בַּבָּ֑יִת 1 so that all that is in the house will not be made unclean Once the priest declared **the house** to be unclean, everything in the house became **unclean**, as well. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that he does not need to declare anything left in the house to be unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 14 36 uq4m figs-metaphor וְלֹ֥א יִטְמָ֖א כָּל־ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בַּבָּ֑יִת 1 so that all that is in the house will not be made unclean The house that Yahweh has stated is unfit for people to touch or live in is spoken of as if it were physically **unclean**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LEV 14 37 nv5n וּמַרְאֵיהֶ֥ן שָׁפָ֖ל מִן־ הַקִּֽיר 1 and it appears to be deeper than the wall This means the priest is to determine whether mildew has gone **deeper** that just the surface of the **wall**.
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ LEV 15 28 wynt figs-activepassive טָהֲרָ֖ה מִזּוֹבָ֑הּ
LEV 15 28 aw6t figs-metaphor תִּטְהָֽר 1 she will be clean The woman whom other people may touch is spoken of as if she were physically **clean**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LEV 15 30 ja3w מִזּ֖וֹב טֻמְאָתָֽהּ 1 because of her unclean fluid discharge Alternate translation: “because of her flow of blood that makes her unclean”
LEV 15 31 ayf7 figs-metaphor וְהִזַּרְתֶּ֥ם אֶת־ בְּנֵי־ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִטֻּמְאָתָ֑ם 1 And you must separate the sons of Israel from their uncleanness Yahweh speaks of preventing the people from becoming unclean as if it were keeping the people at a safe distance from uncleanness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-LEV 15 31 qmq1 figs-abstractnouns וְהִזַּרְתֶּ֥ם אֶת־ בְּנֵי־ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִטֻּמְאָתָ֑ם 1 And you must separate the sons of Israel from their uncleanness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **uncleanness**, you could express the same idea with “unclean.” Alternate translation: “And you must prevent the people of Israel from becoming unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 15 31 qmq1 figs-abstractnouns וְהִזַּרְתֶּ֥ם אֶת־ בְּנֵי־ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִטֻּמְאָתָ֑ם 1 And you must separate the sons of Israel from their uncleanness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **uncleanness**, you can express the same idea with “unclean.” Alternate translation: “And you must prevent the people of Israel from becoming unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 15 31 z8ta figs-metaphor מִטֻּמְאָתָ֑ם 1 from their uncleanness People whom other people may not touch and who are not acceptable for God’s purposes are spoken of as if they were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LEV 15 32 pb3a זֹ֥את תּוֹרַ֖ת 1 This is the law Alternate translation: “This is what must be done”
LEV 15 32 mf54 figs-metaphor לְטָמְאָה 1 to become unclean People whom other people may not touch are spoken of as if they were physically **unclean**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ LEV 22 6 a8tz figs-metaphor נֶ֚פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּגַּע־ בּ
LEV 22 6 v9vm עַד־ הָעָ֑רֶב 1 until the evening Alternate translation: “until sunset”
LEV 22 7 w1dk figs-metaphor וְטָהֵ֑ר 1 then he will be clean A person who is acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically **clean**. Alternate translation: “then he will be considered clean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LEV 22 8 tve2 figs-activepassive נְבֵלָ֧ה וּטְרֵפָ֛ה 1 an animal found dead or killed by wild animals If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “an animal that someone found dead or that a wild animal has killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-LEV 22 12 dg4g figs-abstractnouns בִּתְרוּמַ֥ת הַקֳּדָשִׁ֖ים 1 the holy contribution offerings If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **contributions**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the holy offerings which people have contributed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 22 12 dg4g figs-abstractnouns בִּתְרוּמַ֥ת הַקֳּדָשִׁ֖ים 1 the holy contribution offerings If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **contributions**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the holy offerings which people have contributed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 22 14 rd8r וְיָסַ֤ף חֲמִֽשִׁיתוֹ֙ עָלָ֔יו וְנָתַ֥ן לַכֹּהֵ֖ן אֶת־ הַקֹּֽדֶשׁ 1 then he must add its fifth on it and give the holy thing to the priest This could mean: (1) that the person had to replace the food that he had eaten with the same kind of food or (2) that the person had to pay money to the priest for the food that he had eaten.
LEV 22 14 kg3k translate-fraction חֲמִֽשִׁיתוֹ֙ 1 its fifth The term **its fifth** refers to one part out of five equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
LEV 22 15 qr33 translate-symaction אֵ֥ת אֲשֶׁר־ יָרִ֖ימוּ 1 that they lifted up Here the phrase **lifted up** refers to a symbolic gesture of respect that represents offering something to Yahweh. It means basically the same thing as “presented.” Alternate translation: “that they offered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
@@ -1024,12 +1024,12 @@ LEV 25 19 cf3a figs-idiom וַאֲכַלְתֶּ֖ם לָשֹׂ֑בַע 1
LEV 25 20 m3ed figs-you תֹאמְר֔וּ 1 you say Here, **you** refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
LEV 25 21 qk7b figs-personification וְצִוִּ֤יתִי אֶת־ בִּרְכָתִי֙ לָכֶ֔ם 1 Then I will command my blessing for you God speaks of Yahweh’s **blessing** as if it were a person that could obey him. Alternate translation: “Then I will send my blessing on you” or “Then I will bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
LEV 25 23 gm2n figs-activepassive וְהָאָ֗רֶץ לֹ֤א תִמָּכֵר֙ 1 And the land must not be sold If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must not sell your land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-LEV 25 24 af5k figs-abstractnouns גְּאֻלָּ֖ה תִּתְּנ֥וּ לָאָֽרֶץ 1 You must observe the right of redemption If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **redemption**, you could express the same idea with the verbs “redeem” or “buy back.” Alternate translation: “you must remember that the original owner has the right to redeem the land whenever he wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 25 24 af5k figs-abstractnouns גְּאֻלָּ֖ה תִּתְּנ֥וּ לָאָֽרֶץ 1 You must observe the right of redemption If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **redemption**, you can express the same idea with the verbs “redeem” or “buy back.” Alternate translation: “you must remember that the original owner has the right to redeem the land whenever he wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 25 27 c8fs אֶת־ שְׁנֵ֣י מִמְכָּר֔וֹ 1 the years of its sale Alternate translation: “the number of years since he sold the land”
LEV 25 27 lw57 figs-explicit וְהֵשִׁיב֙ אֶת־ הָ֣עֹדֵ֔ף לָאִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֣ר מָֽכַר־ ל֑וֹ 1 and return the balance to the man whom he sold it to This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and repay to the purchaser who bought it the money the purchaser would have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
LEV 25 28 gbe7 שְׁנַ֣ת הַיּוֹבֵ֑ל 1 the year of Jubilee See how you translated this in [Leviticus 25:10](../25/10.md). Alternate translation: “the year of restoration” or “the year to return land”
LEV 25 28 me5x וְשָׁ֖ב לַאֲחֻזָּתֽוֹ 1 and he will return to his property Alternate translation: “and he will go back to his land”
-LEV 25 29 ibe6 figs-abstractnouns גְּאֻלָּת֔וֹ 1 the right of redemption If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **redemption**, you could express the same idea with the verbs “redeem” or “buy back.” Alternate translation: “the right to redeem it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 25 29 ibe6 figs-abstractnouns גְּאֻלָּת֔וֹ 1 the right of redemption If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **redemption**, you can express the same idea with the verbs “redeem” or “buy back.” Alternate translation: “the right to redeem it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 25 30 h32c figs-activepassive וְאִ֣ם לֹֽא־ יִגָּאֵ֗ל 1 And if it is not redeemed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And if he or his family does not redeem the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 25 31 hgm4 וּבָתֵּ֣י הַחֲצֵרִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֵין־ לָהֶ֤ם חֹמָה֙ סָבִ֔יב 1 And the houses of the villages that have no wall around them Some **villages** did not have a **wall** around them.
LEV 25 33 yf5t מִמְכַּר־ בַּ֛יִת 1 a sold house Alternate translation: “a house that he has sold”
@@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@ LEV 25 48 u2as figs-activepassive אַחֲרֵ֣י נִמְכַּ֔ר גְּאֻ
LEV 25 50 c6m4 עַ֖ד שְׁנַ֣ת הַיֹּבֵ֑ל 1 until the year of Jubilee An Israelite could be a slave only **until the year of Jubilee**. These instructions are for when an Israelite wanted to buy back his freedom before the year of Jubilee.
LEV 25 50 fa22 שְׁנַ֣ת הַיֹּבֵ֑ל 1 the year of Jubilee Alternate translation: “the year of restoration” or “the year to return land and to free slaves”
LEV 25 50 twu2 בְּמִסְפַּ֣ר שָׁנִ֔ים 1 according to the number of years Alternate translation: “according to the number of years until the jubilee that the Israelite would have continued to work but will not”
-LEV 25 50 cqg2 figs-activepassive כִּימֵ֥י שָׂכִ֖יר יִהְיֶ֥ה עִמּֽוֹ 1 like the days of a hired worker it will be with him If the Israelite bought back his freedom, the foreigner would have to hire a servant to do the work that the Israelite would have done but will not. If your language does not use the passive verb **hired** in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “according to the rate a person would pay to hire a servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+LEV 25 50 cqg2 figs-activepassive כִּימֵ֥י שָׂכִ֖יר יִהְיֶ֥ה עִמּֽוֹ 1 like the days of a hired worker it will be with him If the Israelite bought back his freedom, the foreigner would have to hire a servant to do the work that the Israelite would have done but will not. If your language does not use the passive verb **hired** in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “according to the rate a person would pay to hire a servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 25 51 iq2q יָשִׁ֣יב 1 he must pay back Alternate translation: “the Israelite slave must pay back”
LEV 25 54 yn4a figs-activepassive וְאִם־ לֹ֥א יִגָּאֵ֖ל בְּאֵ֑לֶּה 1 And if he is not redeemed by these If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If no one redeems him by these means” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LEV 25 54 lr8h figs-explicit וְאִם־ לֹ֥א יִגָּאֵ֖ל בְּאֵ֑לֶּה 1 And if he is not redeemed by these You can state explicitly who he is to be redeemed from. Alternate translation: “If no one redeems him by these means from the one who bought him as a slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -1058,7 +1058,7 @@ LEV 26 2 rh4n אֶת־ שַׁבְּתֹתַ֣י תִּשְׁמֹ֔רוּ 1 M
LEV 26 3 wkx2 figs-parallelism בְּחֻקֹּתַ֖י תֵּלֵ֑כוּ וְאֶת־ מִצְוֺתַ֣י תִּשְׁמְר֔וּ וַעֲשִׂיתֶ֖ם אֹתָֽם 1 you walk in my statutes and keep my commandments and do them These are three ways of saying the same thing. They emphasize that the people must obey everything that God commands them to do. Alternate translation: “If you carefully obey my laws and commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
LEV 26 3 kv48 figs-metaphor בְּחֻקֹּתַ֖י תֵּלֵ֑כוּ 1 you walk in my statutes Behaving according to the **statutes** is spoken of as if they were to **walk** in the laws. Alternate translation: “you behave according to my laws” or “you live according to my laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LEV 26 5 t78x figs-synecdoche וַאֲכַלְתֶּ֤ם לַחְמְכֶם֙ לָשֹׂ֔בַע 1 And you will eat your bread to satisfaction Here **bread** represents food. Alternate translation: “will eat your food to satisfaction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
-LEV 26 5 unad figs-abstractnouns וַאֲכַלְתֶּ֤ם לַחְמְכֶם֙ לָשֹׂ֔בַע 1 And you will eat your bread to satisfaction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **satisfaction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And you will eat food until you are satisfied” or “And you will have plenty of food to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 26 5 unad figs-abstractnouns וַאֲכַלְתֶּ֤ם לַחְמְכֶם֙ לָשֹׂ֔בַע 1 And you will eat your bread to satisfaction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **satisfaction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “And you will eat food until you are satisfied” or “And you will have plenty of food to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 26 6 m5jk וְנָתַתִּ֤י שָׁלוֹם֙ בָּאָ֔רֶץ 1 And I will give peace in the land Alternate translation: “And I will cause there to be peace in the land”
LEV 26 6 s3gb figs-metonymy וְחֶ֖רֶב לֹא־ תַעֲבֹ֥ר בְּאַרְצְכֶֽם 1 and the sword will not pass through your land Here the word **sword** represents enemy armies or enemy attacks. Alternate translation: “and no armies will attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
LEV 26 7 xxd1 figs-metonymy וְנָפְל֥וּ לִפְנֵיכֶ֖ם לֶחָֽרֶב 1 and they will fall before your face by the sword Here, **fall** represents dying, and **the sword** represents either attacking people with a sword or battle in general. Alternate translation: “and they will die when you attack them with the sword” or “and you will kill them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -1082,14 +1082,14 @@ LEV 26 20 c0hd figs-idiom וְתַ֥ם לָרִ֖יק כֹּחֲכֶ֑
LEV 26 21 fy3n figs-metaphor תֵּֽלְכ֤וּ עִמִּי֙ 1 you walk against me Walking represents behavior. To **walk against** God represents opposing him or rebelling against him. Alternate translation: “you rebel against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LEV 26 21 mar9 figs-metaphor וְיָסַפְתִּ֤י עֲלֵיכֶם֙ מַכָּ֔ה שֶׁ֖בַע 1 then I will add upon you a plague seven times Yahweh causing disasters to happen to the Israelites is spoken of as if he would strike them with blows or hit them. Alternate translation: “I will cause seven times as many disasters to come against you” or “I will punish you seven times more severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LEV 26 21 tp4i figs-idiom שֶׁ֖בַע 1 seven times Here, **seven times** is not literal. It means Yahweh will increase the severity of his punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-LEV 26 21 uyk7 figs-abstractnouns כְּחַטֹּאתֵיכֶֽם 1 in proportion to your sins If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sins**, you could express the same idea with the verb “sin.” Alternate translation: “according to how much you have sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 26 21 uyk7 figs-abstractnouns כְּחַטֹּאתֵיכֶֽם 1 in proportion to your sins If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sins**, you can express the same idea with the verb “sin.” Alternate translation: “according to how much you have sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 26 22 qpn6 וְנָשַׁ֖מּוּ דַּרְכֵיכֶֽם 1 And your roads will become deserted Here, **deserted** means that there is no one there. Alternate translation: “And so no one will travel on your roads”
LEV 26 23 u17j וְאִ֨ם־ בְּאֵ֔לֶּה 1 And if in spite of these things Alternate translation: “And if when I punish you like this” or “And if I discipline you like this and”
LEV 26 23 a4z5 figs-metaphor לֹ֥א תִוָּסְר֖וּ לִ֑י 1 you do not accept my discipline Accepting his **discipline** represents responding rightly to it. In this case responding rightly to it is choosing to obey him. Alternate translation: “you still do not listen to my correction” or “you still do not obey me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LEV 26 23 l9uu figs-metaphor וַהֲלַכְתֶּ֥ם עִמִּ֖י קֶֽרִי 1 and you walk against me in opposition To **walk** represents behavior. Walking **in opposition** to him means opposing him or fighting against him. Alternate translation: “and you oppose me” or “and you fight against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LEV 26 24 v5bm figs-metaphor וְהָלַכְתִּ֧י אַף־ אֲנִ֛י עִמָּכֶ֖ם בְּקֶ֑רִי 1 then I will also walk, I myself, against you in opposition To **walk** represents behavior. Walking **in opposition** to him means opposing him or fighting against him. Alternate translation: “then I myself will also oppose you” or “ then I myself will also fight against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LEV 26 24 e1h9 וְהִכֵּיתִ֤י אֶתְכֶם֙ גַּם־ אָ֔נִי שֶׁ֖בַע 1 And I will strike you, even I myself, seven times The number **seven** represents completeness. Alternate translation: “And I will personally punish you many times” or “And I myself will punish you most severely”
-LEV 26 24 rqi5 figs-abstractnouns עַל־ חַטֹּאתֵיכֶֽם 1 because of your sins If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sins**, you could express the same idea with the verb “sin.” Alternate translation: “because you continue to sin against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LEV 26 24 rqi5 figs-abstractnouns עַל־ חַטֹּאתֵיכֶֽם 1 because of your sins If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sins**, you can express the same idea with the verb “sin.” Alternate translation: “because you continue to sin against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LEV 26 25 ca56 figs-metonymy וְהֵבֵאתִ֨י עֲלֵיכֶ֜ם חֶ֗רֶב 1 And I will bring a sword upon you Here the word **sword** represents an army or an attack from an army. Alternate translation: “And I will bring an enemy army against you” or “And I will cause an enemy army to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
LEV 26 25 z45g נֹקֶ֨מֶת֙ נְקַם־ בְּרִ֔ית 1 that will avenge with the vengeance of the covenant Alternate translation: “that will punish you because you broke the covenant”
LEV 26 25 tfd5 figs-activepassive וְנֶאֱסַפְתֶּ֖ם 1 and you will be gathered If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and you will gather together” or “and you will run to hide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
diff --git a/en_tn_04-NUM.tsv b/en_tn_04-NUM.tsv
index 95d3ed480..0604fdc7c 100644
--- a/en_tn_04-NUM.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_04-NUM.tsv
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ NUM 4 15 g62y figs-metonymy 0 when the camp moves forward Here the word “camp
NUM 4 15 v6kc 0 Kohath See how you translated this man’s name in [Numbers 3:17](../03/17.md).
NUM 4 15 qmf7 0 the holy instruments Alternate translation: “the holy equipment”
NUM 4 16 u5dz figs-metonymy 0 the oil for the light Here the word “light” is used to refer to the “lamps.” Alternate translation: “the oil for the lamps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-NUM 4 16 f9nu figs-abstractnouns 0 the care of Here If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **care**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “those who care for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+NUM 4 16 f9nu figs-abstractnouns 0 the care of Here If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **care**, you can express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “those who care for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NUM 4 18 aq3k figs-explicit אַל־ תַּכְרִ֕יתוּ אֶת־ שֵׁ֖בֶט מִשְׁפְּחֹ֣ת הַקְּהָתִ֑י מִתּ֖וֹךְ הַלְוִיִּֽם 1 Do not let the tribe of the clans of the Kohathite be cut off from the midst of the Levites This phrase refers to the death of the Kohathites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NUM 4 18 nvnd figs-activepassive אַל־ תַּכְרִ֕יתוּ אֶת־ שֵׁ֖בֶט מִשְׁפְּחֹ֣ת הַקְּהָתִ֑י מִתּ֖וֹךְ הַלְוִיִּֽם 1 Do not let the tribe of the clans of the Kohathite be cut off from the midst of the Levites If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not do anything that will cause me to completely remove the tribe of the clans of the Kohathite from among the Levites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NUM 4 19 tb7z 0 by doing this This phrase refers to what Yahweh says next. Moses will protect the Kohathites by not allowing them to go in and see the holy place.
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ NUM 6 4 clz1 figs-merism 0 from the seeds to their skins These two extremes are
NUM 6 5 tyv2 figs-idiom 0 vow of separation This is an idiom. Here “separation” means “dedication” Alternate translation: “vow of dedication” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NUM 6 5 nb5a figs-activepassive 0 no razor is to be used on his head If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one is to use a razor on his head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NUM 6 5 izs6 figs-idiom יְמֵי֙ נֶ֣דֶר נִזְר֔וֹ 1 the days of the vow of his separation Here, **separation** is an idiom that means “dedication.” Alternate translation: “the days of the vow of his dedication” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-NUM 6 5 zvr4 figs-abstractnouns יְמֵי֙ נֶ֣דֶר נִזְר֔וֹ 1 the days of the vow of his separation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ** separation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the days that he has promised to dedicated himself to Yahweh” or “the days that he has promised to serve Yahweh”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+NUM 6 5 zvr4 figs-abstractnouns יְמֵי֙ נֶ֣דֶר נִזְר֔וֹ 1 the days of the vow of his separation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ** separation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the days that he has promised to dedicated himself to Yahweh” or “the days that he has promised to serve Yahweh”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NUM 6 5 qjl8 figs-activepassive 0 to Yahweh are fulfilled If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to Yahweh are complete” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NUM 6 5 mba5 figs-activepassive 0 He must be set apart to Yahweh If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He must set himself apart to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NUM 6 6 jjz3 figs-idiom 0 separates This is an idiom for dedication. Alternate translation: “dedicates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ NUM 6 7 i1uk figs-idiom 0 separated This is an idiom for dedication. Alternate
NUM 6 7 t4h2 figs-metaphor 0 unclean A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NUM 6 7 u8g3 figs-activepassive 0 he is separated If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he has separated himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NUM 6 8 n3en figs-idiom 0 separation This is an idiom for dedication. Alternate translation: “dedication” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-NUM 6 8 d127 0 of his separation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **separation**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “that he has separated himself”
+NUM 6 8 d127 0 of his separation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **separation**, you can express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “that he has separated himself”
NUM 6 8 d9wb figs-activepassive 0 reserved for Yahweh If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he has reserved himself for Yahweh” or “set apart for Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NUM 6 9 x63g figs-metonymy 0 defiles his consecrated head Here “head” represents the Nazirite man’s hair, which symbolizes his vow. Alternate translation: “defiles his long hair which shows everyone he is separated to God” or “he becomes defiled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NUM 6 9 mt83 translate-ordinal 0 the seventh day Alternate translation: “day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ NUM 6 12 mf7y figs-explicit 0 He must bring a male lamb … as a guilt offering
NUM 6 12 kt7i figs-activepassive 0 The days before he defiled himself must not be counted If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He must not count the days before he defiled himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NUM 6 12 da8t figs-activepassive 0 his consecration was defiled If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he defiled himself” or “he made himself unacceptable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NUM 6 13 siwl figs-idiom יְמֵ֣י נִזְר֔וֹ 1 the days of his separation Here, **separation** is an idiom that means “dedication.” Alternate translation: “the days of his dedication” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-NUM 6 13 q7eh figs-abstractnouns יְמֵ֣י נִזְר֔וֹ 1 the days of his separation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ** separation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the days when he dedicates himself to Yahweh” or “the period when he has served Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+NUM 6 13 q7eh figs-abstractnouns יְמֵ֣י נִזְר֔וֹ 1 the days of his separation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ** separation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the days when he dedicates himself to Yahweh” or “the period when he has served Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NUM 6 13 k6an figs-activepassive 0 He must be brought If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Someone must bring him” or “He must go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NUM 6 14 p848 figs-explicit 0 He must present his offering to Yahweh He must bring his offering to the priest to be sacrificed to Yahweh. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “He must present his offering to Yahweh by bringing it to the priest to be sacrificed” or “He must present his offering to Yahweh by bringing it to the priest who will sacrifice it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NUM 6 15 xq3r figs-activepassive 0 bread made without yeast If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “bread he made without yeast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ NUM 6 16 f2x5 0 He must offer his sin offering Alternate translation: “He”
NUM 6 17 ge1q 0 the fellowship offering Alternate translation: “as the fellowship offering”
NUM 6 17 d7zf figs-ellipsis 0 The priest must present also … drink offering You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “The priest must present also … the drink offering to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NUM 6 18 x9jb figs-idiom נִזְר֑וֹ…נִזְר֔וֹ 1 his separation … his separation Here, **his separation** is an idiom that means “his dedication.” Alternate translation: “indicating his dedication … indicating his dedication” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-NUM 6 18 rrkq figs-abstractnouns נִזְר֑וֹ…נִזְר֔וֹ 1 his separation … his separation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind both instances of the word **separation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “indicating how he has separated himself … indicating how he has separated himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+NUM 6 18 rrkq figs-abstractnouns נִזְר֑וֹ…נִזְר֔וֹ 1 his separation … his separation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind both instances of the word **separation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “indicating how he has separated himself … indicating how he has separated himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NUM 6 19 h5f8 figs-activepassive 0 the boiled shoulder of the ram This means that he had boiled the ram’s shoulder. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the shoulder of the ram that he boiled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NUM 6 19 ia1k figs-abstractnouns אֶת־ נִזְרֽוֹ 1 his separation Here, the abstract noun **separation** can be expressed with the verb “dedicated.” Alternate translation: “indicating his dedication” or “indicating that he has dedicated himself to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NUM 6 20 izv4 figs-explicit 0 The priest must wave them After handing the items to the Nazirite, the priest takes them back to offer them to Yahweh. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Then the priest must take them back and wave them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ NUM 6 20 vm26 0 together with Alternate translation: “as well as”
NUM 6 20 nr52 figs-activepassive 0 that was waved If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the priest waved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NUM 6 20 bvx2 figs-activepassive 0 that was presented If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that he presented” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NUM 6 21 bzm4 figs-idiom נִזְר֔וֹ…נִזְרֽוֹ 1 his separation … his separation Here, **separation** is an idiom that means “dedication.” Alternate translation: “his dedication … his dedication” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-NUM 6 21 cz8k figs-abstractnouns נִזְר֔וֹ…נִזְרֽוֹ 1 his separation … his separation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **separation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “having dedicated himself to Yahweh … having dedicated himself to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+NUM 6 21 cz8k figs-abstractnouns נִזְר֔וֹ…נִזְרֽוֹ 1 his separation … his separation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **separation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “having dedicated himself to Yahweh … having dedicated himself to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NUM 6 21 emt3 figs-explicit 0 Whatever else he may give This refers to the Nazirite deciding to give other offering beyond what he has been commanded to give. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “If he decides to give any additional offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NUM 6 21 ngu2 0 he must keep the obligations of the vow he has taken Alternate translation: “he must still obey the requirements of the vow he has taken”
NUM 6 21 vb7m figs-parallelism 0 he must keep the obligations … to keep the promise indicated by the law for the Nazirite These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize that he must obey the obligations of his vow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ NUM 7 intro tjd7 0 # Numbers 7 General Notes
## Structure and formatti
NUM 7 1 pvb3 0 Moses completed the tabernacle Alternate translation: “Moses finished setting up the tabernacle”
NUM 7 2 uj4z figs-parallelism 0 the leaders of Israel … the heads of their ancestor’s families These two phrases describe the same group of people two different ways. Alternate translation: “the leaders of Israel who are also the heads of their ancestors families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
NUM 7 2 p163 figs-metonymy 0 the heads of their ancestor’s families Here the leaders of the families are referred to as “heads.” Alternate translation: “the leaders of their ancestor’s families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-NUM 7 2 p4mr figs-abstractnouns 0 had overseen the counting of the men If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **counting**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “had helped Aaron and Moses to count the men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+NUM 7 2 p4mr figs-abstractnouns 0 had overseen the counting of the men If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **counting**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “had helped Aaron and Moses to count the men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NUM 7 3 el48 figs-explicit 0 They brought their offerings before Yahweh … They presented these things in front of the tabernacle This means that they gave their offerings to Yahweh and brought them to the tabernacle. These phrases may be combined to add clarity. Alternate translation: “They brought their offerings to Yahweh and presented them to him in front of the tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NUM 7 3 ch2v translate-numbers 0 six covered carts and twelve oxen Alternate translation: “6 covered carts and 12 oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
NUM 7 5 c3l4 0 to each one as his work needs them Alternate translation: “to each man as he needs them for his work”
@@ -837,13 +837,13 @@ NUM 14 6 s58b translate-symaction 0 tore their clothes Tearing one’s clothes
NUM 14 8 nc38 figs-metaphor 0 The land flows with milk and honey They spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants flowed through it. See how you translated this in [Numbers 13:27](../13/27.md). Alternate translation: “It is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” or “It is very fertile land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NUM 14 9 yk5g figs-metaphor כִּ֥י לַחְמֵ֖נוּ הֵ֑ם 1 for they are our food Joshua and Caleb speak of destroying their enemies as easily as if they were eating bread. Alternate translation: “for we will destroy them as easily as we can eat food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NUM 14 9 en4q figs-activepassive 0 Their protection will be removed from them If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove their protection from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-NUM 14 9 z1a2 figs-abstractnouns 0 Their protection If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you could express the same idea with “protect.” Alternate translation: “Anyone that might protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+NUM 14 9 z1a2 figs-abstractnouns 0 Their protection If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you can express the same idea with “protect.” Alternate translation: “Anyone that might protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NUM 14 11 g9t8 figs-rquestion 0 How long must this people despise me? How long must they fail to trust me, despite all the signs … them? Yahweh uses these questions to show that he was angry and had lost patience with the people. They can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “This people has despised me for too long. They have failed to trust me for too long, despite all the signs … them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NUM 14 12 fg73 0 disinherit them This may imply that he would destroy them, and some versions translate it that way. Alternate translation: “reject them from being my people”
NUM 14 12 i52q figs-you 0 make from your own clan Here “your” is singular and refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
NUM 14 14 ugy1 figs-metaphor 0 you are seen face to face This could mean: (1) Moses speaks of God showing himself to his people as if God had allowed them to actually see his face. Alternate translation: “they have seen you” or (2) Moses speaks of the intimate relationship between him and God as if Moses could see God’s face when God spoke to him. Alternate translation: “you speak directly to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NUM 14 15 py5f figs-metaphor 0 as one man Killing them all at the same time is spoken of as killing them as one person. Alternate translation: “all at one time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-NUM 14 18 rp6d figs-abstractnouns 0 abundant in covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always faithfully loves his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+NUM 14 18 rp6d figs-abstractnouns 0 abundant in covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always faithfully loves his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NUM 14 18 gp2r figs-metaphor 0 He will by no means clear the guilty Clearing away people’s sin is a metaphor for refusing to punish them. God would not clear away the sin of guilty people. Alternate translation: “He will always punish the guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NUM 14 18 z9da figs-metaphor 0 when he brings the punishment of the ancestors’ sin on their descendants Punishing people is spoken of as if punishment were an object that could be brought and put on people. Alternate translation: “when he punishes the guilty people’s descendants for the guilty people’s sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NUM 14 21 ft8l figs-activepassive 0 all the earth will be filled with my glory If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “my glory will fill all the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@ NUM 22 5 vlg5 figs-hyperbole 0 They cover the face of the earth This is an exag
NUM 22 5 h1t4 figs-idiom 0 the face of the earth This refers to the surface of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NUM 22 6 fdd6 0 drive them Alternate translation: “chase them”
NUM 22 6 cb7x figs-activepassive 0 I know that whomever you bless will be blessed, and whomever you curse will be cursed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I know you have the power to bless or to curse people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-NUM 22 7 f3re figs-abstractnouns 0 payment for divination If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **divination**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “money to pay Balaam to curse Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+NUM 22 7 f3re figs-abstractnouns 0 payment for divination If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **divination**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “money to pay Balaam to curse Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NUM 22 7 gjm1 figs-go 0 They came to Balaam You may prefer to say “They went to Balaam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
NUM 22 7 ipu7 0 spoke to him Balak’s words Alternate translation: “told him the message from Balak”
NUM 22 7 xtx6 0 Balak This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Numbers 22:2](../22/02.md).
@@ -1343,7 +1343,7 @@ NUM 24 21 htj2 figs-metaphor 0 your nest is in the rocks This is a metaphor tha
NUM 24 22 ce4c figs-activepassive 0 Nevertheless you Kenites will be consumed by fire when Assyria carries you away captive Here the destruction of the Kenites is spoken of as if they were burned up in a fire. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Nevertheless the Assyrians will destroy you Kenites like a fire, and take you away as captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NUM 24 23 bj5v figs-rquestion 0 Who will survive when God does this? If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will survive when God does this!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NUM 24 24 rl4t translate-names 0 Kittim This is the name of a city on an island in the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-NUM 24 24 zm8g figs-abstractnouns 0 they, too, will end in destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “God will destroy them also” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+NUM 24 24 zm8g figs-abstractnouns 0 they, too, will end in destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “God will destroy them also” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NUM 24 25 wf69 0 Balak This is the king of Moab. See how you translated this in [Numbers 22:2](../22/02.md).
NUM 25 intro vs5m 0 # Numbers 25 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The story of Balaam concludes in this chapter.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Foreign women
Balaam told the young women from Moab to act friendly to the Israelite men and invite them to feasts in honor of their god Baal. The men went to the feasts and worshiped Baal. God was angry and killed 24,000 Israelite men. Foreign women are often the source of problems in Israel. They caused the men to worship their false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
NUM 25 1 bx2y translate-names 0 Shittim This is the name of a place in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
@@ -1367,7 +1367,7 @@ NUM 25 14 xw6i figs-activepassive 0 who was killed If your language does not us
NUM 25 14 r6ve translate-names 0 Zimri … Salu These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NUM 25 15 e341 translate-names 0 Zur This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NUM 25 15 pqc7 translate-names 0 Kozbi This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-NUM 25 18 uaj4 figs-abstractnouns 0 with their deceitfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **deceitfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “by deceiving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+NUM 25 18 uaj4 figs-abstractnouns 0 with their deceitfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **deceitfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “by deceiving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NUM 25 18 kw2l 0 They led you into evil Alternate translation: “They persuaded you to do this evil thing”
NUM 25 18 dj72 0 in the case of Peor … in the matter of Peor Both of these phrases mean that these things happened at Mount Peor.
NUM 25 18 h4fy 0 Peor Peor was the name of a mountain. See how you translated this in [Numbers 23:28](../23/28.md).
diff --git a/en_tn_05-DEU.tsv b/en_tn_05-DEU.tsv
index 3c46e893a..3e0ed512f 100644
--- a/en_tn_05-DEU.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_05-DEU.tsv
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ DEU 4 5 yhv5 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of
DEU 4 5 hs9r 0 Look Alternate translation: “Pay attention”
DEU 4 5 bis8 0 that you should do so in the midst of the land Alternate translation: “that you should obey them when you live in the land”
DEU 4 6 zr9k figs-doublet 0 keep them and do them These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they are to obey them. Alternate translation: “obey them carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
-DEU 4 6 bhy7 figs-abstractnouns 0 this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the peoples If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas behind the words **wisdom** and **understanding**, you could express the same idea with adjective phrases. Here, the word **sight** refers to how the peoples judge or decide on the value of something. Alternate translation: “this is what will show the peoples that you are wise and that you understand what is important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+DEU 4 6 bhy7 figs-abstractnouns 0 this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the peoples If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas behind the words **wisdom** and **understanding**, you can express the same idea with adjective phrases. Here, the word **sight** refers to how the peoples judge or decide on the value of something. Alternate translation: “this is what will show the peoples that you are wise and that you understand what is important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
DEU 4 6 sr33 figs-metonymy 0 this great nation is a wise and understanding people The word “nation” is a metonym for the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “the people of this great nation are wise and understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
DEU 4 7 thf7 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel.
DEU 4 7 m62n figs-rquestion 0 For what other great nation is there … him? If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “For there is no other great nation … him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ DEU 5 9 a6ef figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the pe
DEU 5 9 sxf4 0 You will not bow down to them or serve them Alternate translation: “You will not worship the carved figures or do as they command”
DEU 5 9 q9rc 0 You will not Alternate translation: “Never”
DEU 5 9 qi9s 0 I … am a jealous God Alternate translation: “I … want you to worship only me”
-DEU 5 10 zxf7 figs-abstractnouns 0 showing covenant faithfulness to thousands, to those who love me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “faithfully loving thousands, those who love me” or “being faithful to the covenant with thousands, with those who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 5 10 zxf7 figs-abstractnouns 0 showing covenant faithfulness to thousands, to those who love me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “faithfully loving thousands, those who love me” or “being faithful to the covenant with thousands, with those who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 5 10 gvi1 figs-explicit 0 to thousands, to those who love me Some translations read “to a thousand generations of those who love me.” The word “thousands” is a metonym for a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “forever, to those who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
DEU 5 11 kd28 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
DEU 5 11 nj56 0 You will not take the name of Yahweh Alternate translation: “You will not use the name of Yahweh”
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ DEU 7 24 q4py 0 stand before you Alternate translation: “stand against you
DEU 7 25 tq89 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh’s words. In verse 25 he speaks to the group as a group, so the forms of “you” are plural, but in verse 26 he speaks as if the Israelites are one person, so the forms are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
DEU 7 25 y5bl 0 You will burn This is a command.
DEU 7 25 d8rc 0 do not covet … trapped by it These words add to the instruction to burn the idols.
-DEU 7 25 su6c figs-metaphor 0 you will become trapped by it Even taking the gold or silver on the idols could cause the people to start worshiping them. By doing this they would become like an animal caught by a trap. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it will become a trap to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+DEU 7 25 su6c figs-metaphor 0 you will become trapped by it Even taking the gold or silver on the idols could cause the people to start worshiping them. By doing this they would become like an animal caught by a trap. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it will become a trap to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
DEU 7 25 z31g 0 for it is an abomination to Yahweh your God These words tell why Yahweh wants the people to burn the idols. “do this because Yahweh your God hates it very much”
DEU 7 26 b8dp figs-doublet 0 You will utterly detest and abhor The words “detest” and “abhor” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of hatred. Alternate translation: “You will completely hate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
DEU 7 26 xs75 figs-metaphor 0 for it is set apart for destruction Yahweh cursing something and promising to destroy it is spoken of as if Yahweh were setting the object apart from everything else. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has set it apart for destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ DEU 9 9 icg8 figs-parallelism 0 the tablets of stone, the tablets of the covena
DEU 9 9 z7w7 translate-numbers 0 forty days and forty nights Alternate translation: “40 days and 40 nights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
DEU 9 10 e2t6 figs-activepassive 0 on them was written everything just like all the words that Yahweh announced to you If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh wrote on them the same words he had said to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
DEU 9 10 cq6h 0 Yahweh announced … out of the middle of the fire It was as if Yahweh were a person standing in the middle of a fire and speaking with a loud voice.
-DEU 9 10 v46n figs-abstractnouns 0 on the day of the assembly If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **assembly**, you could express the same idea with the verb “gather together.” Alternate translation: “on the day when you Israelites all came and met together in one place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 9 10 v46n figs-abstractnouns 0 on the day of the assembly If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **assembly**, you can express the same idea with the verb “gather together.” Alternate translation: “on the day when you Israelites all came and met together in one place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 9 11 a75b translate-numbers 0 forty days and forty nights Alternate translation: “40 days and 40 nights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
DEU 9 11 cq34 figs-parallelism 0 the two tablets of stone, the tablets of the covenant The second phrase clarifies that “the two tablets of stone” are the ones on which God wrote the Ten Commandments. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
DEU 9 12 n8p5 0 your people … have corrupted themselves Alternate translation: “your people … are doing what is wrong.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:16](../04/16.md).
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ DEU 10 3 v71i 0 General Information: Moses continues to remind the people of I
DEU 10 3 wt9n figs-ellipsis 0 the first This refers to the first set of tablets that Moses had broken. Alternate translation: “the tablets I had before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
DEU 10 3 u26k 0 went up the mountain Alternate translation: “went up Mount Sinai”
DEU 10 4 gjg7 0 out of the middle of the fire It was as if Yahweh were a person standing in the middle of a fire and speaking with a loud voice. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 9:10](../09/10.md).
-DEU 10 4 ax1a 0 on the day of the assembly If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **assembly**, you could express the same idea with the verb “gather together.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 9:10](../09/10.md). Alternate translation: “on the day when you Israelites all came and met together in one place”
+DEU 10 4 ax1a 0 on the day of the assembly If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **assembly**, you can express the same idea with the verb “gather together.” See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 9:10](../09/10.md). Alternate translation: “on the day when you Israelites all came and met together in one place”
DEU 10 5 wr6b 0 General Information: Moses continues to remind the people of Israel about what happened in the past.
DEU 10 5 n7vn 0 I turned Here “I” refers to Moses.
DEU 10 5 a3fq 0 came down from the mountain Alternate translation: “came down from Mount Sinai”
@@ -825,7 +825,7 @@ DEU 11 25 w58w figs-metonymy 0 upon all the land that you tread on Here “the
DEU 11 26 l2v1 0 General Information: Here Moses summarizes the two options the people of Israel could choose. They could choose to obey and receive God’s blessing or they could choose to disobey and receive God’s punishment.
DEU 11 26 tc5k 0 Look Alternate translation: “Pay attention”
DEU 11 26 d2d5 figs-metaphor 0 I set before you today a blessing and a curse Allowing the people to choose whether they want God to bless them or curse them is spoken of as if a blessing and a curse were objects that Moses is setting in front of them. Alternate translation: “Today you must choose whether God will bless you or curse you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-DEU 11 27 lzg6 figs-abstractnouns 0 the blessing, if you obey If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **blessing**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “God will bless you if you obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 11 27 lzg6 figs-abstractnouns 0 the blessing, if you obey If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **blessing**, you can express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “God will bless you if you obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 11 28 ei5p figs-metaphor 0 but turn aside from the way that I command you today, to go after other gods The commands of Yahweh that Moses is telling the people are spoken of as if they were God’s way or road. To not obey God’s commands is spoken of as if people physically were to turn in another direction away from Yahweh to follow other gods. Alternate translation: “but stop obeying what I command you today, in order to worship other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
DEU 11 28 u5cq 0 other gods that you have not known This refers to the gods that other people groups worship. The Israelites know Yahweh because he has revealed himself to them and they have experienced his power.
DEU 11 29 m6sp 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.
@@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ DEU 12 7 tvl1 0 It is there This refers to the place that Yahweh will choose f
DEU 12 7 a9rd figs-synecdoche 0 rejoice about everything that you have put your hand to Here “put your hand to” represents the whole person and work that he has done. Alternate translation: “rejoice about all the work you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
DEU 12 8 jea6 0 You will not do all the things that we are doing here today Alternate translation: “You will not do as we are doing here today.” This means that they would worship in the promised land differently than the way they were worshiping at that moment.
DEU 12 8 qri6 figs-metaphor 0 now everyone is doing whatever is right in his own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “everyone is doing what he considers to be right” or “now everyone is doing what he judges to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-DEU 12 9 b2t6 figs-abstractnouns 0 to the rest If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **the rest**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to the land where you will rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 12 9 b2t6 figs-abstractnouns 0 to the rest If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **the rest**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to the land where you will rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 12 9 d8re figs-metaphor 0 to the inheritance that Yahweh your God is giving you The land that God is giving to the people of Israel is spoken of as if it were a possession that a father leaves as an inheritance for his children. Alternate translation: “to the land that Yahweh your God is giving to you as a permanent possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
DEU 12 10 fj6s 0 live in the land This refers to the land of Canaan.
DEU 12 10 p9tv figs-metaphor 0 in the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit God giving the land of Canaan to the people of Israel is spoken of as if he were a father giving an inheritance to his children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -938,7 +938,7 @@ DEU 13 4 gw9x figs-metaphor 0 You will walk after Yahweh your God Obeying and w
DEU 13 4 s4p9 figs-metonymy 0 obey his voice Here “voice” represents what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “obey what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
DEU 13 4 ugl8 figs-metaphor 0 cling to him To have a good relationship with Yahweh and to completely rely on him is spoken of as if the person were clinging to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “rely on him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
DEU 13 5 d5ix figs-activepassive 0 will be put to death If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-DEU 13 5 h1yd figs-abstractnouns 0 he has spoken rebellion If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebellion**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “he has tried to make you rebel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 13 5 h1yd figs-abstractnouns 0 he has spoken rebellion If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebellion**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “he has tried to make you rebel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 13 5 ttf1 figs-metaphor 0 who redeemed you out of the house of bondage Yahweh rescuing the people of Israel from being slaves in Egypt is spoken of as if Yahweh paid money to redeem his people out of slavery. Alternate translation: “who rescued you out of the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
DEU 13 5 z5ns figs-metonymy 0 the house of bondage Here “house of bondage” represents Egypt where the people of Yahweh had been slaves. Alternate translation: “Egypt where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
DEU 13 5 tbl6 figs-metaphor 0 draw you out of the way in which Yahweh your God commanded you to walk How God wants a person to live or behave is spoken of as if it were a way or road on which God wants his people to walk. A person trying to cause someone else to stop obeying God is spoken of as if the person were trying to get the other person to stop walking on God’s way or road. Alternate translation: “make you disobey what Yahweh your God commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ DEU 17 2 liy9 figs-synecdoche 0 within any of your city gates Here “city gate
DEU 17 2 f7d1 figs-metonymy 0 what is evil in the sight of Yahweh your God The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “something that Yahweh your God thinks is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
DEU 17 2 yhj2 0 transgresses his covenant Alternate translation: “disobeys his covenant”
DEU 17 4 pz4e figs-activepassive 0 if you are told about this If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone tells you about this disobedient act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-DEU 17 4 fqc1 figs-abstractnouns 0 you must make a careful investigation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **investigation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you must carefully investigate what happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 17 4 fqc1 figs-abstractnouns 0 you must make a careful investigation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **investigation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you must carefully investigate what happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 17 4 b585 figs-activepassive 0 such an abomination has been done in Israel If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone has done such a horrible thing in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
DEU 17 6 rul7 figs-metonymy 0 At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, will he who must die be put to death Here “the mouth” represents the testimony of a witness. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If two or three witnesses speak against the person, then you must execute him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
DEU 17 6 d4v8 figs-metonymy 0 but at the mouth of only one witness he must not be put to death Here “the mouth” represents the testimony of a witness. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but if only one person speaks against him, then you must not execute him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -1171,8 +1171,8 @@ DEU 17 7 c151 figs-nominaladj 0 you will remove the evil from among you The nom
DEU 17 8 q5bw 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.
DEU 17 8 j7yz 0 If a matter arises Alternate translation: “If there is a matter” or “If there is a situation”
DEU 17 8 ahf5 0 one person’s right and another person’s right A “right” is a person’s legal authority to do something or to possess something.
-DEU 17 9 i57n figs-abstractnouns 0 you will seek their advice If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **advice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you will ask them to advise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-DEU 17 9 xe5f figs-abstractnouns 0 they will give you the verdict If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **verdict**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they will decide on the matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 17 9 i57n figs-abstractnouns 0 you will seek their advice If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **advice**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you will ask them to advise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 17 9 xe5f figs-abstractnouns 0 they will give you the verdict If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **verdict**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they will decide on the matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 17 11 n3uq figs-metaphor 0 Follow the law they teach you A person obeying what the priests and judge decide is spoken of as if the person were physically following behind the law. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must obey what the judge and priests decide about the matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
DEU 17 11 a1r9 figs-metaphor 0 Do not turn aside from what they tell you, to the right hand or to the left A person not doing exactly what the judge and priests say is spoken of as if he were turning off the correct path. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Do not disobey anything they tell you” or “Do everything they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
DEU 17 12 l4fz 0 in not listening to the priest … or in not listening to the judge Alternate translation: “and does not obey the priest … or does not obey the judge”
@@ -1476,9 +1476,9 @@ DEU 22 12 r2vr 0 the cloak a long garment that a person wears over his other c
DEU 22 13 ej5s 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.
DEU 22 13 bv6z figs-euphemism 0 he goes in to her This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “he has sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
DEU 22 14 ir9k 0 then accuses her of shameful things Alternate translation: “then accuses her of having slept with someone before she was married”
-DEU 22 14 qkl1 figs-abstractnouns 0 puts a bad reputation on her If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reputation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “makes other people think she is a bad person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 22 14 qkl1 figs-abstractnouns 0 puts a bad reputation on her If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reputation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “makes other people think she is a bad person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 22 14 pd58 figs-euphemism 0 but when I came near to her This is a polite way of saying “to have sexual relations with someone.” Alternate translation: “but when I slept with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
-DEU 22 14 l34f 0 I found no proof of virginity in her If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **proof**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “she could not prove to me that she was a virgin”
+DEU 22 14 l34f 0 I found no proof of virginity in her If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **proof**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “she could not prove to me that she was a virgin”
DEU 22 15 m57e 0 General Information: Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.
DEU 22 15 k5i1 figs-abstractnouns 0 must take proof of her virginity The abstract nouns “proof” and “virginity” can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “must take something that proves that she has never had sexual relations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 22 16 vy46 0 General Information: Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel.
@@ -1490,7 +1490,7 @@ DEU 22 18 q13n 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people o
DEU 22 19 c6dg 0 they must fine him Alternate translation: “they must make him pay as a punishment”
DEU 22 19 j3h6 translate-bmoney 0 one hundred shekels Alternate translation: “100 shekels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
DEU 22 19 njg8 0 give them to the father of the girl Alternate translation: “give the money to the father of the girl”
-DEU 22 19 q46p figs-abstractnouns 0 has caused a bad reputation for a virgin of Israel If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reputation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “has caused people to think that a virgin of Israel is a bad person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 22 19 q46p figs-abstractnouns 0 has caused a bad reputation for a virgin of Israel If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reputation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “has caused people to think that a virgin of Israel is a bad person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 22 19 w6zh 0 he may not send her away Alternate translation: “never allow him to divorce her”
DEU 22 19 sb61 figs-idiom 0 during all his days This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “for his entire life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
DEU 22 20 u7al 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel.
@@ -1947,7 +1947,7 @@ DEU 28 62 j7ul figs-metonymy 0 to the voice of Yahweh Here the metonym “voice
DEU 28 63 mhe6 figs-you 0 Yahweh once rejoiced over you … multiplying you … rejoice over you in making you perish and in destroying you. You will be plucked Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so all instances of “you” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
DEU 28 63 b3je 0 Yahweh once rejoiced over you in doing you good, and in multiplying you Alternate translation: “Yahweh once enjoyed doing you good and causing you to become many”
DEU 28 63 eu1a 0 he will rejoice over you in making you perish Alternate translation: “he will enjoy making you die”
-DEU 28 63 imz8 figs-metaphor 0 You will be plucked off the land that you are going into to possess Moses uses a metaphor to speak of the people as though they were fruit that Yahweh would take off a bush. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will remove you from the land which you are entering to possess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+DEU 28 63 imz8 figs-metaphor 0 You will be plucked off the land that you are going into to possess Moses uses a metaphor to speak of the people as though they were fruit that Yahweh would take off a bush. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will remove you from the land which you are entering to possess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
DEU 28 63 le25 figs-you 0 you are going Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
DEU 28 64 xuc8 figs-you 0 scatter you … you will worship … you have not known … you nor your ancestors Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
DEU 28 64 l3nk figs-merism 0 from the one end of the earth to the other end of the earth These two extremes together mean everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “throughout the earth” or “all over the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
@@ -2001,7 +2001,7 @@ DEU 29 20 h57e 0 Yahweh will blot out his name from under heaven This means Go
DEU 29 22 j9qf 0 The generation to come, your children who will rise up after you The words “your children … after you” tell who “the generation to come” is.
DEU 29 23 n8yz 0 when they see that the whole land has become sulfur and burning salt People put sulfur and salt on the soil to keep anything from growing. “when they see that Yahweh has burned the land with sulfur and salt”
DEU 29 23 g15s figs-activepassive 0 where nothing is sown or bears fruit If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “where no one can sow seed and the crops do not bear fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-DEU 29 23 bw2x 0 like the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **overthrow**, you could express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “as when Yahweh completely destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah”
+DEU 29 23 bw2x 0 like the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **overthrow**, you can express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “as when Yahweh completely destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah”
DEU 29 23 j85x translate-names 0 Admah and Zeboyim These are names of cities that Yahweh destroyed along with Sodom and Gomorrah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
DEU 29 24 j5xg figs-quotations 0 they will say together with all the other nations … mean? This can be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “they will ask with all the other nations why Yahweh has done this to the land, and what the heat of this great anger means.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
DEU 29 24 z3lu 0 they will say together with all the other nations Alternate translation: “your descendants and the people of all the other nations will say”
@@ -2025,7 +2025,7 @@ DEU 30 1 qk91 0 among all the other nations Alternate translation: “while yo
DEU 30 1 ug75 0 has driven you Alternate translation: “has forced you to go”
DEU 30 2 edl2 figs-metonymy 0 obey his voice Here “voice” is referring to what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “obey what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
DEU 30 2 s239 figs-metonymy 0 with all your heart and with all your soul Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:29](../04/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
-DEU 30 3 m7q5 figs-abstractnouns 0 reverse your captivity Alternate translation: “free you from your captivity.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **captivity**, you could express the same idea with a verbal clause. Alternate translation: “free you from those who had captured you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 30 3 m7q5 figs-abstractnouns 0 reverse your captivity Alternate translation: “free you from your captivity.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **captivity**, you can express the same idea with a verbal clause. Alternate translation: “free you from those who had captured you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 30 4 icb7 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
DEU 30 4 g129 0 If any of your exiled people are in the farthest places Alternate translation: “Even those of your exiled people who are in the farthest places”
DEU 30 4 w6nm 0 under the heavens Alternate translation: “under the sky” or “on the earth”
@@ -2202,7 +2202,7 @@ DEU 32 22 eis3 0 to the lowest Sheol Alternate translation: “even to the wor
DEU 32 23 g9k3 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
DEU 32 23 p1xb figs-metaphor 0 I will heap disasters on them Yahweh speaks of bad things that would happen to the Israelites as if they were something like dirt that he could pile up on top of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “I will make sure that many bad things happen to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
DEU 32 23 ys8x figs-metaphor 0 I will shoot all my arrows at them Here Yahweh compares the bad things he will make sure happen to the Israelites to someone shooting arrows from a bow. Alternate translation: “I will do all I can do to kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-DEU 32 24 vr46 figs-activepassive 0 They will be wasted by hunger If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hunger**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “be hungry..” Alternate translation: “They will grow weak and die because they are hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 32 24 vr46 figs-activepassive 0 They will be wasted by hunger If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hunger**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “be hungry..” Alternate translation: “They will grow weak and die because they are hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 32 24 sj74 figs-activepassive 0 They will … hunger and devoured by burning heat and bitter destruction Here, **burning heat** could mean: (1) the Israelites will suffer from fevers or (2) the weather will be unusually hot during a drought or famine. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They will … hunger, and burning heat and terrible disasters will devour them” or “They will … hunger, and they will die from burning heat and terrible disasters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
DEU 32 24 l8d2 figs-synecdoche 0 I will send on them the teeth of wild animals, with the poison of things that crawl in the dust The teeth and the poison are synecdoches for the animals that use these things to kill. Alternate translation: “I will send wild animals to bite them, and things that crawl in the dust to bite and poison them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
DEU 32 25 ci4t figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
@@ -2219,7 +2219,7 @@ DEU 32 27 w8l7 0 judge mistakenly Alternate translation: “misunderstand”
DEU 32 27 sbq8 figs-metonymy 0 Our hand is exalted Here “hand” represents the strength or power of a person. To be exalted is an idiom for defeating an enemy. Alternate translation: “We have defeated them because we are more powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
DEU 32 28 uqg7 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
DEU 32 29 p62h figs-hypo 0 Oh, that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their coming fate Moses states something that he wishes were true, but he knows that they are not wise and do not understand that their disobedience will cause Yahweh to bring this disaster on them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
-DEU 32 29 c7cm figs-abstractnouns 0 their coming fate If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fate**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what is going to happen to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 32 29 c7cm figs-abstractnouns 0 their coming fate If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fate**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what is going to happen to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 32 30 u5ex figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. He continues to quote Yahweh’s words and tell them more of what they would have understood if they were wise ([Deuteronomy 32:29](../32/29.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
DEU 32 30 qr7h figs-rquestion 0 How could one chase a thousand … Yahweh had given them up? Moses uses a question to scold the people for not being wise enough to understand why their enemies are defeating them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
DEU 32 30 vu9l translate-numbers 0 How could one chase a thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “How could 1 enemy soldier chase 1,000 of your men, and 2 enemy soldiers cause 10,000 of your men to run away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
@@ -2243,7 +2243,7 @@ DEU 32 35 dj8g figs-idiom 0 their foot slips Something bad has happened to them
DEU 32 35 ad9x 0 the day of disaster for them Alternate translation: “the time for me to destroy them”
DEU 32 35 jvl7 figs-metaphor 0 the things that are to come on them will hurry to happen Yahweh speaks of the bad things that will happen to his enemies as if the bad things were people running eagerly to punish them. Alternate translation: “I will punish them quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
DEU 32 36 h6tb figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak a poetic song to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
-DEU 32 36 z7w2 figs-abstractnouns 0 For Yahweh will give justice to his people If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with an adjective or as an adverb. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will do what is just for his people” or “For Yahweh will act justly towards his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 32 36 z7w2 figs-abstractnouns 0 For Yahweh will give justice to his people If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you can express the same idea with an adjective or as an adverb. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will do what is just for his people” or “For Yahweh will act justly towards his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 32 36 s7w9 0 he will pity his servants Alternate translation: “he will feel that he needs to help his servants”
DEU 32 37 y7ls figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
DEU 32 38 en77 figs-rquestion 0 The gods who ate the fat of their sacrifices and drank the wine of their drink offerings? Here Yahweh mocks the people of Israel for offering sacrifices to other gods. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The gods to whom the Israelites offered meat and wine have not come to help them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
@@ -2270,7 +2270,7 @@ DEU 32 46 iw4n 0 I have witnessed to you This could mean: (1) “I have testif
DEU 32 46 a9uh 0 your children Alternate translation: “your children and descendants”
DEU 32 47 v8tt 0 this is Alternate translation: “this law is”
DEU 32 47 wd7v figs-litotes 0 no trivial matter This litotes can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “something very important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
-DEU 32 47 i8bs figs-metonymy 0 because it is your life If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **life**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “live..” You may need to make explicit the metonymy of obeying the law, which represents the law itself. Alternate translation: “because you will live if you obey it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+DEU 32 47 i8bs figs-metonymy 0 because it is your life If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **life**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “live..” You may need to make explicit the metonymy of obeying the law, which represents the law itself. Alternate translation: “because you will live if you obey it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
DEU 32 47 a2bz figs-metaphor 0 prolong your days Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
DEU 32 49 i56s translate-names 0 mountains of Abarim This is the name of a mountain range in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
DEU 32 49 gwe2 0 Abarim, up Mount Nebo Alternate translation: “Abarim and climb up Mount Nebo”
@@ -2299,7 +2299,7 @@ DEU 33 6 xmf7 0 Let Reuben live This begins Moses’ blessings to the individu
DEU 33 6 qs86 0 but may his men be few Other This could mean: (1) “and may his men not be few” or (2) “even though his men are few.”
DEU 33 7 e9mj figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:2](../33/02.md). The blessings are short poems. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
DEU 33 7 hxx8 figs-metonymy 0 to the voice of Judah Here “voice of Judah” refers to the cries and prayers of the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “when the people of Judah pray to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-DEU 33 7 v8f7 figs-abstractnouns 0 be a help If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **help**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “help him to fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 33 7 v8f7 figs-abstractnouns 0 be a help If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **help**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “help him to fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 33 8 hq6l figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:2](../33/02.md). The blessings are short poems. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
DEU 33 8 f539 figs-you 0 Your Thummim and your Urim These were sacred stones the high priest carried on his breastplate and used at times to determine God’s will. Here “your” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
DEU 33 8 d4cp figs-metonymy 0 your faithful one, the one whom you tested … with whom you struggled Moses refers to the tribe of Levi as if it were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -2336,7 +2336,7 @@ DEU 33 15 ex8p 0 ancient mountains Alternate translation: “the mountains tha
DEU 33 15 e1pr 0 everlasting hills Alternate translation: “the hills that will exist forever”
DEU 33 16 rm3x figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses continues to bless the tribes of Israel; the blessings are short poems. He continues to describe the tribe of Joseph, which he began to do in [Deuteronomy 33:13](../33/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
DEU 33 16 t49i figs-activepassive 0 May his land be blessed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 33:13](../33/13.md). Alternate translation: “May Yahweh bless his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-DEU 33 16 sq7u 0 its abundance If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abundance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what it produces in large amounts”
+DEU 33 16 sq7u 0 its abundance If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abundance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what it produces in large amounts”
DEU 33 16 z8v1 figs-explicit 0 him who was in the bush The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who spoke to Moses from the burning bush” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
DEU 33 16 s176 figs-metaphor 0 Let the blessing come on the head of Joseph This metaphor is of a man putting his hand on the head of a son and asking God to bless the son. The man here is Yahweh. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh bless Joseph as a father blesses his son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
DEU 33 16 yvh8 figs-synecdoche 0 come on the head of Joseph, and on the top of the head of him Here “head” and “top of the head” represent the whole person. Also, Joseph represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “be upon the descendants of Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -2372,7 +2372,7 @@ DEU 33 25 ht1b figs-you 0 your city bars … your days … your security Moses
DEU 33 25 eim5 figs-explicit 0 May your city bars be iron and bronze Cities had large bars across their gates to keep enemies out. The meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “May you be safe from attacks by your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
DEU 33 26 wxb7 figs-metaphor 0 rides through the heavens … on the clouds This is an image of Yahweh riding on clouds through the sky like a king on his chariot riding through a battlefield. Alternate translation: “rides through the heavens like a king rides through a battlefield … on the clouds like a king on his chariot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
DEU 33 26 l9qh figs-you 0 to your help Alternate translation: “to help you.” Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
-DEU 33 27 if2j figs-abstractnouns 0 The eternal God is a refuge Here, **refuge** refers to a shelter or a place safe from danger. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **refuge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The eternal God will protect his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 33 27 if2j figs-abstractnouns 0 The eternal God is a refuge Here, **refuge** refers to a shelter or a place safe from danger. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **refuge**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The eternal God will protect his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 33 27 bk5r figs-metaphor 0 underneath are the everlasting arms The words “everlasting arms” are a metaphor for Yahweh’s promise to protect his people forever. Alternate translation: “he will support and take care of his people forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
DEU 33 27 hrf2 figs-pastforfuture 0 He thrust out … he said Moses speaks of the future as if it were the past to emphasize that what he is saying will come true. AT “He will thrust out … he will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
DEU 33 27 zfz8 figs-you 0 before you … Destroy Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the word “you” and the command “destroy” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
@@ -2384,7 +2384,7 @@ DEU 33 28 qcg6 0 dew water that forms on leaves and grass on cool mornings. Se
DEU 33 29 hn5q figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words “you” and “your” here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
DEU 33 29 q9sn figs-rquestion 0 Who is like you, a people saved by Yahweh … majesty? If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There is no other people group like you, a people whom Yahweh has saved … majesty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
DEU 33 29 n3du figs-merism 0 the shield … the sword This merism speaks of Yahweh defending the Israelites from their enemies and enabling them to attack their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
-DEU 33 29 tm9a figs-metaphor 0 the shield of your help The word “shield” is a metaphor for Yahweh protecting and defending the Israelites. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **help**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the one who protects you and helps you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+DEU 33 29 tm9a figs-metaphor 0 the shield of your help The word “shield” is a metaphor for Yahweh protecting and defending the Israelites. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **help**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the one who protects you and helps you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
DEU 33 29 cur3 figs-metaphor 0 the sword of your majesty The word “sword” is a metaphor for the power to kill with the sword in order to win battles. Alternate translation: “the one who enables you to win battles and so have majesty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
DEU 33 29 ly3l 0 you will trample down their high places This could mean: (1) the Israelites will destroy the places where the other people worship false gods or (2) the Israelites will walk on the backs of their enemies when the Israelites defeat them.
DEU 34 intro kh67 0 # Deuteronomy 34 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter may have been written by Joshua, since it recorded Moses’ death. This chapter officially ends the revelation of the law of Moses, and life in the Promised Land is about to begin again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
diff --git a/en_tn_06-JOS.tsv b/en_tn_06-JOS.tsv
index f15cf3d47..7ac5b4209 100644
--- a/en_tn_06-JOS.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_06-JOS.tsv
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ JOS 7 17 br4y figs-idiom וַיַּקְרֵ֞ב אֶת־מִשְׁפַּ֤ח
JOS 7 17 z419 אֶת־מִשְׁפַּ֤חַת הַזַּרְחִי֙ 1 the clan of the Zerahites The clan was named after the man named Zerah.
JOS 7 17 ha7i translate-names זַבְדִּֽי 1 Zabdi This is a man’s name. Translate as you did in [Joshua 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JOS 7 18 u41u translate-names עָכָ֞ן…כַּרְמִ֧י…זַבְדִּ֛י…זֶ֖רַח 1 Zabdi … Achan … Karmi … Zerah These are men’s names. Translate them as you did in [Joshua 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-JOS 7 19 k521 figs-abstractnouns וְתֶן־ל֣וֹ תוֹדָ֑ה 1 give your confession to him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **confession, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “confess.” Alternate translation: “confess to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOS 7 19 k521 figs-abstractnouns וְתֶן־ל֣וֹ תוֹדָ֑ה 1 give your confession to him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **confession, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “confess.” Alternate translation: “confess to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOS 7 19 fv9g figs-metaphor אַל־תְּכַחֵ֖ד מִמֶּֽנִּי 1 Do not hide it from me Hiding information represents trying to keep someone from knowing it. Alternate translation: “Do not try to prevent me from knowing what you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOS 7 21 b9nn translate-bweight וּמָאתַ֧יִם שְׁקָלִ֣ים 1 two hundred shekels This is over two kilograms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
JOS 7 21 y7vj translate-bweight חֲמִשִּׁ֤ים שְׁקָלִים֙ 1 fifty shekels This is over 500 grams. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ JOS 17 17 wa3y figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 the house of Joseph H
JOS 17 18 w4m4 וּבֵ֣רֵאת֔וֹ 1 you will clear it Alternate translation: “you will clear the forest of trees” or “you will cut down its trees”
JOS 18 intro j38i 0 # Joshua 18 General Notes
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
This chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOS 18 1 fkg2 figs-events וְהָאָ֥רֶץ נִכְבְּשָׁ֖ה לִפְנֵיהֶֽם 1 and they conquered the land They had conquered the people who lived in the land before they set up the tent of meeting. Alternate translation: “after they had conquered the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
-JOS 18 2 ynk6 figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־חָלְק֖וּ אֶת־נַֽחֲלָתָ֑ם 1 whose inheritance had not been assigned The land that the tribes would receive is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they would receive as a permanent possession. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to whom Joshua had not assigned land as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JOS 18 2 ynk6 figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־חָלְק֖וּ אֶת־נַֽחֲלָתָ֑ם 1 whose inheritance had not been assigned The land that the tribes would receive is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they would receive as a permanent possession. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to whom Joshua had not assigned land as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOS 18 3 bia9 figs-rquestion עַד־אָ֨נָה֙ אַתֶּ֣ם מִתְרַפִּ֔ים לָבוֹא֙ לָרֶ֣שֶׁת אֶת־הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֙ נָתַ֣ן לָכֶ֔ם יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבֽוֹתֵיכֶֽם 1 How long will you put off … has given you? Joshua asks this question in order to encourage the Israelites to take possession of the land. Alternate translation: “For long enough, you have put off … has given you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOS 18 4 p7hg figs-idiom וְיִֽתְהַלְּכ֥וּ בָאָ֛רֶץ 1 the land up and down The words “up and down” mean in every direction. Alternate translation: “the land in every direction” or “throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOS 18 4 zry7 וְיִכְתְּב֥וּ אוֹתָ֛הּ לְפִ֥י נַֽחֲלָתָ֖ם 1 write out a description of it with a view to their inheritances This means that they will describe the portions of land that each tribe would like to receive for an inheritance.
diff --git a/en_tn_07-JDG.tsv b/en_tn_07-JDG.tsv
index 558adb4a9..9eb2a1a76 100644
--- a/en_tn_07-JDG.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_07-JDG.tsv
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ JDG 3 10 f953 figs-metonymy 0 The hand of Othniel Here “hand” is a metonym
JDG 3 11 svg9 figs-metonymy 0 The land had peace “The land” is used to refer to the people who lived in the land. Alternate translation: “The people lived peacefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JDG 3 11 i8ks translate-numbers 0 forty years “40 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
JDG 3 12 l914 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in [Judges 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JDG 3 12 nj1t figs-abstractnouns 0 Yahweh gave strength to Eglon king of Moab If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh made Eglon king of Moab strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JDG 3 12 nj1t figs-abstractnouns 0 Yahweh gave strength to Eglon king of Moab If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh made Eglon king of Moab strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JDG 3 12 s1wn figs-synecdoche 0 to Eglon king of Moab to overpower the Israelites Here “Eglon king of Moab” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “to Eglon king of Moab and his soldiers as they attacked the Israelite army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JDG 3 12 z23q translate-names 0 Eglon This is the name of a king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JDG 3 13 rp3h 0 the City of Palms This is another name for the city of Jericho. See how you translated this in [Judges 1:16](../01/16.md).
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ JDG 11 37 dh7s 0 grieve over my virginity Alternate translation: “weep becau
JDG 11 39 n4my figs-euphemism 0 had never known a man This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “had never had sexual relations with a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
JDG 11 40 s739 0 the Gileadite This refers to someone from Gilead. See how you translated this in [Judges 10:3](../10/03.md).
JDG 12 intro p8zn 0 # Judges 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The account of Jephthah concludes in this chapter.
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Shibboleth
This is a word in Hebrew. Its importance in this chapter is because of its sounds, not its meaning. The translator should not translate the meaning of this word, but should transliterate or transfer it into the target language by substituting letters that have the same sounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
-JDG 12 1 mp3k figs-abstractnouns 0 A call went out to the men of Ephraim If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **call**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The men of Ephraim were called together” or “The men … of Ephraim called together their soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JDG 12 1 mp3k figs-abstractnouns 0 A call went out to the men of Ephraim If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **call**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The men of Ephraim were called together” or “The men … of Ephraim called together their soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JDG 12 1 ubq3 translate-names 0 Zaphon This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JDG 12 1 hh1l 0 passed through … pass through or “traveled through … travel” or “journeyed through … journey”
JDG 12 1 lt7l figs-idiom 0 We will burn your house down over you This idiom means to burn down a house with people inside it. Alternate translation: “We will burn your house down with you still in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@@ -1374,7 +1374,7 @@ JDG 21 10 ajh8 0 strike … with the edge of the sword Alternate translation:
JDG 21 12 n2u2 0 Jabesh Gilead This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Judges 21:8](../21/08.md).
JDG 21 12 ani7 translate-numbers 0 four hundred young women “400 young women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
JDG 21 12 w47b figs-euphemism 0 who had not known a man by lying with him This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “who had not had sexual relations with a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
-JDG 21 13 c39b figs-abstractnouns 0 they were offering them peace If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **peace**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they wanted to stop fighting with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JDG 21 13 c39b figs-abstractnouns 0 they were offering them peace If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **peace**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they wanted to stop fighting with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JDG 21 14 h1ad 0 Jabesh Gilead This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Judges 21:8](../21/08.md).
JDG 21 14 iu7g 0 there were not enough women for all of them There were six hundred Benjamite men, and only four hundred women from Jabesh Gilead.
JDG 21 15 v114 0 made a division between the tribes of Israel Alternate translation: “had caused the tribes of Israel not to be unified”
@@ -1385,7 +1385,7 @@ JDG 21 18 qnk3 figs-synecdoche 0 a wife to Benjamin Here Benjamin refers to the
JDG 21 19 u453 writing-background 0 which is north of Bethel, east of the road that goes up from Bethel to Shechem, and south of Lebonah This is background information to explain to the reader where the city of Shiloh is located. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
JDG 21 19 m2hz translate-names 0 Lebonah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JDG 21 21 am3f figs-explicit 0 each one of you should grab a wife … go back to the land of Benjamin It is understood that the Benjamites would take these women back to their own land with them. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “each one of you should seize one of the girls of Shiloh, and then take her back with you to the land of Benjamin to become your wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-JDG 21 22 z5gg figs-abstractnouns 0 Show us favor If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Act kindly toward us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JDG 21 22 z5gg figs-abstractnouns 0 Show us favor If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Act kindly toward us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JDG 21 22 zsi5 figs-explicit 0 because we did not get wives for each man during the war The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because we did not get wives for each of them during the war with Jabesh Gilead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JDG 21 22 pcc6 0 You are innocent … not give your daughters to them This refers to the men of Shiloh. They did not voluntarily give their daughters to the Benjamites, and therefore did not break their promise not to do that.
JDG 21 23 ng9r 0 the number of wives that they needed This refers to one wife for each of the two hundred Benjamite men who did not receive wives from Jabesh Gilead ([Judges 21:14](../21/14.md)).
diff --git a/en_tn_09-1SA.tsv b/en_tn_09-1SA.tsv
index 2bb6e10e2..aee74e996 100644
--- a/en_tn_09-1SA.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_09-1SA.tsv
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1SA 8 9 dmf6 0 Now listen to them Alternate translation: “Now do what they are asking you to do”
1SA 8 9 c3yq 0 warn them solemnly Alternate translation: “be very serious as you warn them”
1SA 8 11 lsu4 0 This will be the practice … He will take The practice of the king will be to take. This begins the list of things he will take.
-1SA 8 11 ah6l figs-abstractnouns 0 This will be the practice of the king who will reign over you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **practice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “This is how the king who will reign over you will act” or “This is what the king who will reign over you will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1SA 8 11 ah6l figs-abstractnouns 0 This will be the practice of the king who will reign over you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **practice**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “This is how the king who will reign over you will act” or “This is what the king who will reign over you will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1SA 8 11 s2yh 0 appoint them to his chariots Alternate translation: “have them drive chariots in battle”
1SA 8 11 w2k2 0 be his horsemen They will ride horses into battle.
1SA 8 13 d6m4 0 Connecting Statement: Samuel continues to tell what things the king will take.
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1SA 10 20 qbp1 figs-activepassive 0 the tribe of Benjamin was chosen This can be translated in active form. It is probably best not to say how the people knew whom Yahweh had chosen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh chose the tribe of Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1SA 10 21 f8p3 figs-activepassive 0 the clan of the Matrites was chosen … Saul son of Kish was chosen This can be translated in active form. It is probably best not to say how the people knew whom Yahweh had chosen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh chose the clan of the Matrites … Yahweh chose Saul son of Kish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1SA 10 23 ab3b 0 he was taller than any of the people from his shoulders upward The other tall people in Israel did not even come up to his shoulders. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 9:2](../09/02.md).
-1SA 10 25 v52k figs-abstractnouns 0 the customs and rules of kingship If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **kingship**, you could express the same idea with a noun clause. Alternate translation: “the customs and rules that a king would be required to follow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1SA 10 25 v52k figs-abstractnouns 0 the customs and rules of kingship If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **kingship**, you can express the same idea with a noun clause. Alternate translation: “the customs and rules that a king would be required to follow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1SA 10 26 re4y figs-idiom 0 whose hearts God had touched God touching a person’s heart is an idiom that means God put something in their mind or moved them to do something. Alternate translation: “who wanted to go with Saul because God had changed their thinking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1SA 10 27 u77f figs-rquestion 0 How can this man save us? This is a rhetorical question that is used to express sarcasm. Alternate translation: “This man has no power to save us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1SA 10 27 qwt6 0 despised strongly disliked or hated
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1SA 14 13 wcb3 figs-explicit 0 Jonathan climbed up on his hands and feet He did this because it was very steep. This could be made explicit. Alternate translation: “So Jonathan climbed up, using his hands and his feet because it was very steep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1SA 14 13 hb6a figs-activepassive 0 The Philistines were put to death before Jonathan If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Jonathan killed the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1SA 14 13 h93x 0 his armor bearer put some to death behind him Alternate translation: “Jonathan’s armor bearer followed him and also killed Philistine soldiers”
-1SA 14 15 r2ci figs-abstractnouns 0 There was a panic in the camp, in the field, and among the people If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **panic**, you could express the same idea with a verb or as an adjective. Alternate translation: “The Philistine soldiers in the camp and in the field, and all the people with them, panicked” or “The Philistine soldiers in the camp and in the field, and all the people with them, became very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1SA 14 15 r2ci figs-abstractnouns 0 There was a panic in the camp, in the field, and among the people If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **panic**, you can express the same idea with a verb or as an adjective. Alternate translation: “The Philistine soldiers in the camp and in the field, and all the people with them, panicked” or “The Philistine soldiers in the camp and in the field, and all the people with them, became very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1SA 14 15 lmj6 0 the raiders the Philistines who were raiding Israelite cities
1SA 14 15 ety8 figs-explicit 0 The earth quaked It may be helpful to state the cause. Alternate translation: “God caused the ground to shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1SA 14 16 y56n translate-names 0 Gibeah This was the town where Saul was born. Translated “Gibeah” as in [1 Samuel 10:26](../10/26.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
@@ -663,8 +663,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1SA 15 22 f8kc figs-metonymy 0 the voice of Yahweh Here “voice” refers to the commands that Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “the things that Yahweh commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1SA 15 22 wen9 0 Obedience is better than sacrifice God wanted Saul’s complete obedience in the destruction of the Amalekites. Nothing in the land was fit for sacrifice.
1SA 15 22 u1dg 0 better than the fat of rams Alternate translation: “better than to sacrifice the fat of rams as a burnt offering”
-1SA 15 23 m9ce figs-abstractnouns 0 rebellion is like the sin of divination If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebellion**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to rebel is as sinful as practicing divination” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-1SA 15 23 xz9b figs-abstractnouns 0 stubbornness is like wickedness and iniquity If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **stubbornness**, you could express the same idea with a verb. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “being stubborn is as bad as doing wicked things and practicing iniquity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1SA 15 23 m9ce figs-abstractnouns 0 rebellion is like the sin of divination If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebellion**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to rebel is as sinful as practicing divination” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1SA 15 23 xz9b figs-abstractnouns 0 stubbornness is like wickedness and iniquity If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **stubbornness**, you could express the same idea with a verb. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “being stubborn is as bad as doing wicked things and practicing iniquity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1SA 15 23 cx9p 0 the word of Yahweh Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s message” or “Yahweh’s command”
1SA 15 23 n8ey 0 rejected you from being king Alternate translation: “decided that you will no longer be king”
1SA 15 24 g1fl figs-idiom 0 I have broken Yahweh’s commandment This is an idiom that means he had disobeyed the commandment. Alternate translation: “I have disobeyed what Yahweh commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1SA 16 18 bp1w 0 one prudent in speech Alternate translation: “one wise in speech” or “one who speaks wisely”
1SA 16 18 l27k figs-idiom 0 Yahweh is with him Here “with him” means Yahweh helps and blesses David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1SA 16 21 g496 figs-go 0 David came to Saul Here “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
-1SA 16 21 i2aj figs-abstractnouns 0 entered his service If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **service**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “began to serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1SA 16 21 i2aj figs-abstractnouns 0 entered his service If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **service**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “began to serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1SA 16 21 pq6t 0 he became his armor bearer Alternate translation: “David became Saul’s armor bearer”
1SA 16 22 mk1a figs-idiom 0 Let David stand before me Here “stand before me” is an idiom that means to continue in Saul’s service. Alternate translation: “Let David stay in my service” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1SA 16 22 b5l4 figs-metonymy 0 he has found favor in my eyes Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and “my sight” represents how Saul judges or evaluates David. Alternate translation: “he has found favor in my judgment” or “I am pleased with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -1081,7 +1081,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1SA 23 19 n8vj translate-names 0 Jeshimon This is the name of a desert area near the Dead Sea. It can also be translated as “the Judean Wilderness” or “the wasteland.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1SA 23 20 tx3q figs-pronouns 0 surrender him into the king’s hand The word “hand” is a metonym for power. The Ziphites speak to Saul as if he were another man to show him that they respect him. Alternate translation: “give David to you so you can do whatever you desire with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1SA 23 21 udu8 figs-activepassive 0 May you be blessed by Yahweh This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I hope that Yahweh blesses you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-1SA 23 21 yr45 figs-abstractnouns 0 you have had compassion on me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **compassion**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “kind.” Saul says this because they had told him about David and they were willing to help Saul capture David. Alternate translation: “you have been kind to me” or “you have kindly told this to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1SA 23 21 yr45 figs-abstractnouns 0 you have had compassion on me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **compassion**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “kind.” Saul says this because they had told him about David and they were willing to help Saul capture David. Alternate translation: “you have been kind to me” or “you have kindly told this to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1SA 23 22 vg7r figs-doublet 0 Learn and find out These two words mean almost the same thing and can be translated as one phrase. Alternate translation: “Know for sure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1SA 23 22 ln65 0 who has seen him Alternate translation: “who saw him”
1SA 23 22 i9bi figs-activepassive 0 It is told to me This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People tell me” or “I have heard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -1149,7 +1149,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1SA 25 3 r2tp figs-metonymy 0 He was a descendant of the house of Caleb Here “house” represents family. Alternate translation: “He was a descendant of the family of Caleb” or “He was a descendant of Caleb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1SA 25 4 j27u 0 shearing his sheep Alternate translation: “shaving the wool off his sheep”
1SA 25 5 lq45 0 greet him in my name Alternate translation: “greet him as I would greet him if I were there”
-1SA 25 6 n38g figs-abstractnouns 0 Live in prosperity “I desire that you may live in prosperity.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **prosperity**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I desire that you possess many good things as long as you live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1SA 25 6 n38g figs-abstractnouns 0 Live in prosperity “I desire that you may live in prosperity.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **prosperity**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I desire that you possess many good things as long as you live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1SA 25 6 x8p8 0 Peace to you and peace to your house, and peace be to all that you have Alternate translation: “I desire that peace may come to you, your household and your possessions”
1SA 25 7 u29d 0 you have shearers “your shearers are working” or “your shearers have sheep to shear.” David wants his men to speak so that Nabal understands that his sheep were well because David’s men helped guard them.
1SA 25 7 d9si figs-litotes 0 we did them no harm, and they missed nothing David is pointing out how he and his men offered protection to Nabal’s servants and flocks. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we kept them and all their property from harm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
@@ -1241,7 +1241,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1SA 25 39 j9hl figs-idiom 0 has taken up the cause of my insult from the hand of Nabal This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “has defended me after Nabal insulted me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1SA 25 39 n5td figs-activepassive 0 has taken up the cause of my insult The abstract nouns “cause” and “insult” can be translated as verbs. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “has shown that what I was doing was right by punishing Nabal for insulting me” or (2) Alternate translation: “has acted, when Nabal insulted me, as if Nabal had insulted him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1SA 25 39 w9kj figs-pronouns 0 has kept back his servant from evil David speaks as if he were another person to show his respect for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “has kept me back from doing evil deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
-1SA 25 39 cq6p figs-abstractnouns 0 has turned Nabal’s evil action back on his own head If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **action**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “has done to Nabal what Nabal planned to do to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1SA 25 39 cq6p figs-abstractnouns 0 has turned Nabal’s evil action back on his own head If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **action**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “has done to Nabal what Nabal planned to do to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1SA 25 39 lb46 figs-synecdoche 0 on his own head The head is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “on him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1SA 25 39 ci9p figs-ellipsis 0 sent and spoke to Abigail, to take her to himself as wife You may make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “sent men to speak to Abigail and tell her that David wanted to take her to be his wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1SA 25 41 nmv3 figs-metonymy 0 She arose, bowed herself Abigail responded by bowing. The reader should understand that she was probably already standing when the men were talking to her in [1 Samuel 25:40](../25/40.md), and so the word “arose” is a metonym for deciding to bow down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -1404,7 +1404,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1SA 30 6 q4yw figs-synecdoche 0 all the people were bitter in spirit The word “bitter” is a metaphor for the desire to rebel. The word “spirit” is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “all the people were ready to rebel against David” or “all the people were very unhappy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1SA 30 6 plf4 0 David strengthened himself in Yahweh, his God This could mean: (1) “David took courage because he knew Yahweh his God would help him” or (2) “Yahweh his God made David strong.”
1SA 30 7 na36 0 General Information: David seeks Yahweh’s direction in dealing with the raid on his people.
-1SA 30 8 l4pe figs-abstractnouns 0 David prayed to Yahweh for direction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **direction**, you could express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “David prayed that Yahweh would tell David what David should do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1SA 30 8 l4pe figs-abstractnouns 0 David prayed to Yahweh for direction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **direction**, you can express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “David prayed that Yahweh would tell David what David should do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1SA 30 8 a2ps 0 pursue chase and try to catch
1SA 30 9 f5ck translate-numbers 0 six hundred men 600 men (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
1SA 30 9 n8t4 0 brook small stream
@@ -1434,7 +1434,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1SA 30 22 jt6r 0 the booty the goods they had taken from the enemy in battle. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 30:16](../30/16.md).
1SA 30 22 n8ra 0 we have recovered Alternate translation: “we have regained” or “we have gotten back”
1SA 30 24 n8h7 figs-rquestion 0 Who will listen to you in this matter? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement: Alternate translation: “No one will listen to you in this matter.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-1SA 30 24 sv97 figs-abstractnouns 0 as the share is for anyone who goes If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **share**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “as what belongs to anyone who goes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1SA 30 24 sv97 figs-abstractnouns 0 as the share is for anyone who goes If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **share**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “as what belongs to anyone who goes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1SA 30 24 xyy4 0 anyone who goes into battle the warriors who actually fought the enemy in war
1SA 30 24 ff29 0 will share and share alike Alternate translation: “will make sure that all receive the same amount”
1SA 30 24 jdd3 0 anyone who waits by the baggage the people who supported the warriors by managing and guarding their supplies
diff --git a/en_tn_10-2SA.tsv b/en_tn_10-2SA.tsv
index abb9f0aa5..79670fbc1 100644
--- a/en_tn_10-2SA.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_10-2SA.tsv
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2SA 9 1 cy22 0 Jonathan’s sake Jonathan was Saul’s son and David’s best friend.
2SA 9 2 id7a translate-names 0 Ziba This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2SA 9 2 ura2 0 I am your servant Ziba calls himself “your servant” to show great respect to David.
-2SA 9 3 j5la 0 I may show the kindness of God If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **kindness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “kind.” Alternate translation: “I may be kind as I promised God I would be”
+2SA 9 3 j5la 0 I may show the kindness of God If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **kindness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “kind.” Alternate translation: “I may be kind as I promised God I would be”
2SA 9 3 u7ba figs-metonymy 0 who is lame in his feet “whose feet are damaged.” The word “feet” here refers to the ability to walk. Alternate translation: “who is unable to walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2SA 9 4 ee6a translate-names 0 Machir … Ammiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2SA 9 4 st1r translate-names 0 Lo Debar This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2SA 13 12 fd8t 0 appalling very shameful
2SA 13 13 j8jb figs-rquestion 0 How could I be rid of my shame? Tamar asks this rhetorical question to emphasize how much shame she would have if she slept with him. Tamar speaks of getting rid of her shame as if it were an enemy or a tormentor that she needed to escape from. Alternate translation: “If you do this, I would have to endure shame everywhere I go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2SA 13 14 ras3 figs-euphemism 0 he lay with her This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “he had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
-2SA 13 16 zc24 figs-abstractnouns 0 Because this great evil of making me leave is even worse If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **this great evil**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “It would be very evil to make me leave! It would be even worse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2SA 13 16 zc24 figs-abstractnouns 0 Because this great evil of making me leave is even worse If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **this great evil**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “It would be very evil to make me leave! It would be even worse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2SA 13 17 au8l figs-explicit 0 bolt the door after her This means to lock the door so that she will not be able to come back in again. Alternate translation: “lock the door so that she cannot come back in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2SA 13 18 c6te figs-explicit 0 bolted the door after her This means to lock the door so that she will not be able to come back in again. Alternate translation: “locked the door so that she could not go back in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2SA 13 19 i3wt translate-symaction 0 put ashes on her head and tore her robe. She put her hands on her head These are acts of mourning and grief in the Israelite culture. Alternate translation: “put ashes on her head and tore her robe to show that she was very sad. Then to show her grief, she put her hands on her head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
diff --git a/en_tn_11-1KI.tsv b/en_tn_11-1KI.tsv
index 208c29f1b..6ed836ee0 100644
--- a/en_tn_11-1KI.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_11-1KI.tsv
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1KI 1 51 g2ei figs-pronouns 0 he will not kill his servant Adonijah speaks of himself as if he were speaking of another person so people will think that he respects King Solomon. Alternate translation: “he will not kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
1KI 1 52 jr66 0 General Information: Solomon spares the life of Adonijah.
1KI 1 52 t3dr figs-explicit 0 not a hair of his will fall to the earth This is an exaggeration to say that Solomon will keep Adonijah safe. Alternate translation: “not a hair of his head will fall” or “I will keep him safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
-1KI 1 52 d933 figs-abstractnouns 0 wickedness is found in him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. It is spoken of as if it were an object that could be found in a container. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “he does what is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+1KI 1 52 d933 figs-abstractnouns 0 wickedness is found in him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. It is spoken of as if it were an object that could be found in a container. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “he does what is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1KI 2 intro nsa1 0 # 1 Kings 2 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter has two stories: David’s last advice to Solomon and Solomon’s punishment of those who supported Adonijah and also Shimei, who had cursed David when David was fleeing from Absalom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Exalting oneself
Exalting oneself can lead to disaster as when Adonijah made himself king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exalt]])
## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Euphemism
David spoke of his impending death using a euphemism: “I am going the way of all the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Parallelism
David wanted to emphasize the importance of obeying God to his son Solomon. He used parallelism, saying the same thing seven times using different words: “Keep the commands of Yahweh your God to walk in his ways, to obey his statutes, his commandments, his decisions, and his covenant decrees, being careful to do what is written in the law of Moses.” Some languages have other ways of emphasizing an idea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1KI 2 2 v679 figs-euphemism 0 I am going the way of all the earth This is a polite way of saying “I am going to die.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1KI 2 2 n19l figs-ellipsis 0 show yourself a man The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “show everyone that you are a man” or “live so that everyone can see you are a good man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1KI 3 4 hhq1 0 the great high place Alternate translation: “the most famous place for makings sacrifices” or “the most important altar”
1KI 3 5 f1km 0 Ask! What should I give you? Alternate translation: “Ask me for whatever you want and I will give it to you.” or “What do you want? Ask and I will give it to you.”
1KI 3 6 e1uh 0 General Information: Solomon responds to God’s question.
-1KI 3 6 ii4s figs-abstractnouns 0 You have shown great covenant faithfulness to your servant If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “You have been very faithful to your covenant with your servant” or “You have greatly and faithfully loved your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1KI 3 6 ii4s figs-abstractnouns 0 You have shown great covenant faithfulness to your servant If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “You have been very faithful to your covenant with your servant” or “You have greatly and faithfully loved your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1KI 3 6 kyk6 figs-metaphor 0 because he walked before you in trustworthiness, in righteousness, and in uprightness of heart Walking is a metaphor for the way one lives. The abstract nouns “trustworthiness,” “righteousness,” and “uprightness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because he was trustworthy and righteous, and his heart was upright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1KI 3 6 c77h figs-metaphor 0 in uprightness of heart A sincere person is spoken of as one whose heart is upright. Alternate translation: “he was sincere” or “he spoke the truth and did what was good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1KI 3 6 tyy2 figs-pronouns 0 have given him a son The “son” is Solomon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1KI 4 27 gs98 0 every man in his month Solomon had assigned 12 officers in [1 Kings 4:7](../04/07.md) to bring him food in different months.
1KI 4 27 v6uc figs-litotes 0 They let nothing be lacking This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “They provided everything that Solomon needed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
1KI 4 29 ej9q figs-abstractnouns 0 God gave Solomon great wisdom and understanding The abstract nouns “wisdom” and “understanding” can be translated as verbs. God giving him these things means that God enabled him to have these qualities. Alternate translation: “God enabled Solomon to be wise and to understand many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-1KI 4 29 h9j6 figs-simile 0 wideness of understanding like the sand on the seashore Solomon was able to understand many things about many different subjects. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wideness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Solomon was able to understand many things about a wide range of subjects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+1KI 4 29 h9j6 figs-simile 0 wideness of understanding like the sand on the seashore Solomon was able to understand many things about many different subjects. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wideness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Solomon was able to understand many things about a wide range of subjects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1KI 4 30 w9j4 0 Solomon’s wisdom exceeded the wisdom of all the people Alternate translation: “Solomon was wiser than all the wise people”
1KI 4 30 g12d 0 the people of the east This refers to people from countries east of Israel such as Arabia and Mesopotamia.
1KI 4 31 cu1z translate-names 0 Ethan … Heman … Kalkol … Darda … Mahol men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1KI 8 20 n57n figs-metonymy 0 for the name of Yahweh The word “name” is a metonym for the person, and “for … name” refers to worshiping the person. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “in which people will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1KI 8 21 ts1y figs-metonymy 0 is Yahweh’s covenant, which The stone tablets on which Yahweh had written the terms of the covenant are spoken of as if they were the covenant itself. Alternate translation: “are the tablets on which Yahweh wrote the terms of the covenant that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1KI 8 22 p4j2 0 all the assembly of Israel Alternate translation: “all the people of Israel who were gathered there”
-1KI 8 23 zb47 figs-abstractnouns 0 who keeps his covenant faithfulness with your servants If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “who faithfully loves your servants” or “who is faithful to your covenant with your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1KI 8 23 zb47 figs-abstractnouns 0 who keeps his covenant faithfulness with your servants If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “who faithfully loves your servants” or “who is faithful to your covenant with your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1KI 8 23 vza1 figs-metaphor 0 walk before you with all their heart The way a person lives is spoken of as if that person were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “live wholeheartedly the way that you want them to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1KI 8 24 zl94 figs-metonymy 0 fulfilled it with your hand The hand is a metonym for the power of the hand. Alternate translation: “by your power fulfilled what you said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1KI 8 25 u5vi figs-metonymy 0 to sit on the throne of Israel The throne is a metonym for the activity of the one who sits on the throne. Alternate translation: “to rule over Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1KI 8 32 ls6h 0 give to him according to his righteousness Alternate translation: “to give him what he deserves because he is righteous”
1KI 8 33 sjq6 figs-activepassive 0 your people Israel are defeated by an enemy If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “an enemy defeats your people Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1KI 8 33 kus8 0 confess your name This could mean: (1) “confess that they have sinned against you” or (2) “praise you” or (3) “say that they will obey you from now on.”
-1KI 8 33 axr3 figs-abstractnouns 0 request forgiveness from you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **forgiveness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “ask you to forgive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1KI 8 33 axr3 figs-abstractnouns 0 request forgiveness from you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **forgiveness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “ask you to forgive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1KI 8 35 ij63 figs-metaphor 0 the skies are shut up and there is no rain The sky is spoken of as if it were a building in which God stores the rain. Alternate translation: “you do not allow rain to fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1KI 8 35 gf9v 0 confess your name This could mean: (1) “confess that they have sinned against you” or (2) “praise you” or (3) “say that they will obey you from now on.” See how you translated this in [1 Kings 8:33](../08/33.md).
1KI 8 36 uz9g figs-metaphor 0 in which they should walk The way a person lives is spoken of as if that person were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “that they should live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1KI 9 6 rn8v figs-doublet 0 my commandments and my statutes Here the words “commandments” and “statutes” mean basically the same thing and emphasize all that Yahweh has commanded. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1KI 9 6 h58e figs-parallelism 0 worship other gods and bow down to them These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1KI 9 7 jc4g figs-metonymy 0 set apart to my name Here the word “name” is a metonym for the person who possesses something. Alternate translation: “set apart for myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-1KI 9 7 s96h figs-abstractnouns 0 I will cast it out of my sight If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sight**, you could express the same idea with the verb “see.” Looking at something is a metaphor for protecting it. Alternate translation: “I will put it where I no longer have to see it” or “I will get rid of it so I no longer have to protect it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+1KI 9 7 s96h figs-abstractnouns 0 I will cast it out of my sight If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sight**, you can express the same idea with the verb “see.” Looking at something is a metaphor for protecting it. Alternate translation: “I will put it where I no longer have to see it” or “I will get rid of it so I no longer have to protect it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1KI 9 8 r7b8 0 This temple will become a heap of ruins Alternate translation: “This temple will be destroyed and its remains will be piled into a high mound”
1KI 9 8 i5gt figs-activepassive 0 will be shocked and will hiss If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will express amazement and make a sound of disrespect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1KI 9 9 dng9 figs-parallelism 0 bowed down to them and worshiped them These two phrases mean the same thing. The phrase “bowed down to them” describes the posture that people used in worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1KI 10 22 qu73 translate-unknown 0 apes and baboons These animals live wild in Africa. At the ends of their four limbs are what look like human hands and feet, and they have long tails. Some people consider baboons a type of ape. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1KI 10 24 d3dl figs-hyperbole 0 All the earth This is a generalization. Alternate translation: “People from everywhere” or “People from many different places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
1KI 10 24 a1m3 figs-metonymy 0 sought the presence of Solomon The presence of the person is a metonym for being able to speak and listen to the person. Alternate translation: “sought an audience with Solomon” or “wanted to visit Solomon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-1KI 10 24 en9c figs-metonymy 0 to hear his wisdom, which God had put in his heart The heart is a metonym for what a person thinks and is spoken of as if it were a container. Here, **wisdom** is spoken of as if it were an object that could be put in a container and can be translated as an adjective. It can be a metonym for either the person or the words the person speaks. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to hear his wisdom, which God had given him” or “to hear how wise God had enabled him to be” or “to hear him speak the wise words that God had enabled him to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+1KI 10 24 en9c figs-metonymy 0 to hear his wisdom, which God had put in his heart The heart is a metonym for what a person thinks and is spoken of as if it were a container. Here, **wisdom** is spoken of as if it were an object that could be put in a container and can be translated as an adjective. It can be a metonym for either the person or the words the person speaks. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to hear his wisdom, which God had given him” or “to hear how wise God had enabled him to be” or “to hear him speak the wise words that God had enabled him to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1KI 10 26 d168 translate-numbers 0 1,400 chariots and twelve thousand horsemen “one thousand four hundred chariots and 12,000 horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
1KI 10 27 hi32 figs-hyperbole 0 The king had silver in Jerusalem, as much as the stones on the ground The narrator uses exaggeration to emphasize the great amount of silver that was in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “The king had so much silver in Jerusalem, it was like there was as much silver as there was stones on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
1KI 10 28 qm3h figs-activepassive 0 were imported from Egypt If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that his merchants had bought from people in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1KI 13 5 pg6i figs-activepassive 0 The altar was also split apart If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh also split the altar apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1KI 13 5 r5aa figs-activepassive 0 as described by the sign that the man of God had given by the word of Yahweh If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “as the man of God had described by the word of Yahweh as a sign” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1KI 13 5 u4ww 0 the word of Yahweh Alternate translation: “the message of Yahweh” or “Yahweh’s message”
-1KI 13 6 y2ga figs-abstractnouns 0 Plead for the favor of Yahweh your God If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Plead that Yahweh your God may favor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1KI 13 6 y2ga figs-abstractnouns 0 Plead for the favor of Yahweh your God If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Plead that Yahweh your God may favor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1KI 13 6 mlb5 figs-activepassive 0 my hand may be restored to me again If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh may restore my hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1KI 13 6 whk6 figs-activepassive 0 the king’s hand was restored to him again, and it became as it was before If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh restored the king’s hand and made it as it was before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1KI 13 7 hp7c figs-rpronouns 0 Come home with me and refresh yourself The word “yourself” is a reflexive pronoun. Alternate translation: “Come home with me and eat some food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1KI 14 2 qek9 0 disguise yourself Alternate translation: “change how you appear to others”
1KI 14 2 dqs3 figs-activepassive 0 you will not be recognized If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will recognize you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1KI 14 5 gqa2 0 Look, the wife of Jeroboam Here the word “Look” means “pay attention.”
-1KI 14 5 j3d5 figs-abstractnouns 0 coming to seek advice from you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **advice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “coming to ask you to advise her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1KI 14 5 j3d5 figs-abstractnouns 0 coming to seek advice from you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **advice**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “coming to ask you to advise her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1KI 14 5 yfs2 figs-idiom 0 Say such and such to her The words “such and such” mean that Yahweh told Ahijah what to say. Alternate translation: “Speak in this way to her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1KI 14 6 ua5q figs-rquestion 0 Why do you pretend to be someone you are not? This question shows that Ahijah knew she was disguised. Alternate translation: “Stop pretending to be someone else; I know who you are.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1KI 14 6 d37a figs-activepassive 0 I have been sent to you with bad news If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh told me to give you bad news” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -942,7 +942,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1KI 14 21 g2ic translate-names 0 Naamah This is a woman’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1KI 14 22 gl83 figs-metonymy 0 Judah did Here “Judah” represents the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “The people of Judah did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1KI 14 22 x9gx figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The “sight” of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 11:6](../11/06.md). Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-1KI 14 22 v839 figs-abstractnouns 0 they provoked him to jealousy If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **jealousy**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “they made him jealous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1KI 14 22 v839 figs-abstractnouns 0 they provoked him to jealousy If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **jealousy**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “they made him jealous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1KI 14 22 ms6i 0 their fathers Alternate translation: “their ancestors”
1KI 14 23 p8sk 0 For they also built The word “they” here refers to the people of Judah.
1KI 14 23 chb2 figs-metonymy 0 built for themselves The words “for themselves” are a metonym for what they will do with the high places. Alternate translation: “built for their own use” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1KI 15 29 zqy4 0 his royal line Alternate translation: “Jeroboam’s royal line”
1KI 15 29 w2vx 0 just as Yahweh had spoken by his servant Ahijah the Shilonite In [1 Kings 14:10](../14/10.md) and [1 Kings 14:11](../14/11.md) Yahweh spoke through his prophet Ahijah and told Jeroboam that he would destroy his family.
1KI 15 29 vmg9 0 Ahijah the Shilonite Alternate translation: “Ahijah, who was from Shiloh”
-1KI 15 30 p24y figs-abstractnouns 0 for the sins of Jeroboam which he committed and by which he led Israel to sin If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sins**, you could express the same idea with the verb “sin.” Alternate translation: “because Jeroboam sinned and led Israel to sin in the same ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1KI 15 30 p24y figs-abstractnouns 0 for the sins of Jeroboam which he committed and by which he led Israel to sin If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sins**, you can express the same idea with the verb “sin.” Alternate translation: “because Jeroboam sinned and led Israel to sin in the same ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1KI 15 30 l8b6 figs-metaphor 0 by which he led Israel to sin Leading people to do something represents influencing them to do something. Alternate translation: “by which he influenced Israel to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1KI 15 31 p7n1 figs-rquestion 0 are they not written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Nadab is in this other book. See how you translated a similar phrase concerning Judah in [1 Kings 14:29](../14/29.md). This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “they are written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1KI 15 31 i3dw figs-activepassive 0 are they not written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel? If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone has written about this in the book of the events of the kings of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -1063,7 +1063,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1KI 16 6 wwv5 figs-metaphor 0 became king in his place The phrase “in his place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “became king instead of Baasha” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1KI 16 7 u6cg figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. See how you translated this in [1 Kings 6:11](../06/11.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1KI 16 7 q8l2 figs-metaphor 0 all the evil that he did in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment. Alternate translation: “all the things that Baasha that are evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “all the things that Baaha did that Yahweh considers to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-1KI 16 7 cw1d figs-abstractnouns 0 so as to provoke him to anger If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “angry.” Alternate translation: “so as to make Yahweh very angry” or “that made God very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1KI 16 7 cw1d figs-abstractnouns 0 so as to provoke him to anger If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “angry.” Alternate translation: “so as to make Yahweh very angry” or “that made God very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1KI 16 7 zvf1 figs-synecdoche 0 with the work of his hands Here Basha is represented by his “hands.” This speaks of all of his actions as his “work.” Alternate translation: “by the things Baasha had done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1KI 16 8 d1yz 0 Tirzah This is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [1 Kings 14:17](../14/17.md).
1KI 16 9 v34c 0 His servant Zimri Alternate translation: “Elah’s servant Zimri”
diff --git a/en_tn_12-2KI.tsv b/en_tn_12-2KI.tsv
index f8cb5a720..2954304fb 100644
--- a/en_tn_12-2KI.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_12-2KI.tsv
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2KI 15 3 tc2q figs-metaphor 0 what was right in the eyes of Yahweh The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what was right in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2KI 15 4 v4ck figs-activepassive 0 the high places were not taken away If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one took away the high places” or “Azariah did not have anyone take the high places away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2KI 15 4 kum4 figs-metaphor 0 were not taken away Being taken away represents being destroyed. Alternate translation: “were not destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-2KI 15 5 a3rs figs-abstractnouns 0 to the day of his death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **death**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “die.” Alternate translation: “until the day he died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2KI 15 5 a3rs figs-abstractnouns 0 to the day of his death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **death**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “die.” Alternate translation: “until the day he died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2KI 15 5 gk1i 0 Jotham, the king’s son, was over the household The word “household” refers to the people living in the king’s palace. Because Azariah was a leper, he had to live in a separate house. So his son, Jotham, took charge over the palace.
2KI 15 5 pz41 figs-metaphor 0 was over the household Being over the household represents having authority over those in it. Alternate translation: “was in charge of the household” or “had authority over those in Azariah’s palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2KI 15 6 i6ew figs-rquestion 0 are they not written … Judah? This question is used to either inform or remind the readers that the information about Azariah is in this other book. This can also be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are written … Judah.” or “you can read about them … Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -928,19 +928,19 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2KI 15 13 wql8 figs-explicit 0 he reigned only one month in Samaria Samaria is the city that he lived in when was king of Israel. Alternate translation: “Shallum lived in Samaria and reigned over Israel for only one month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2KI 15 14 y7eg translate-names 0 Menahem … Gadi These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2KI 15 14 tv6u figs-metaphor 0 became king in his place The phrase “in his place” is a metaphor meaning “instead of him.” Alternate translation: “became king instead of Shallum” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-2KI 15 15 t6xd figs-explicit 0 the conspiracy that he formed If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **conspiracy**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “plan.” It can be stated clearly what this conspiracy was. Alternate translation: “how he planned to murder King Zechariah” or “and how he murdered King Zechariah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+2KI 15 15 t6xd figs-explicit 0 the conspiracy that he formed If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **conspiracy**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “plan.” It can be stated clearly what this conspiracy was. Alternate translation: “how he planned to murder King Zechariah” or “and how he murdered King Zechariah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2KI 15 15 nd96 figs-activepassive 0 they are written in the book of the events of the kings of Israel If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you can read about them in the book of the events of the kings of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2KI 15 16 pmb9 translate-names 0 Tiphsah This is the name of a city. Some versions have “Tappuah,” which is the name of another city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2KI 15 17 wu8n figs-explicit 0 In the thirty-ninth year of Azariah king of Judah It can be stated clearly that this is the thirty-ninth year of his reign. Alternate translation: “In year 39 of the reign of Azariah king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
2KI 15 18 pk5a figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-2KI 15 18 xfk1 figs-abstractnouns 0 For his whole life If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **life**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “live.” Alternate translation: “The whole time that he lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2KI 15 18 xfk1 figs-abstractnouns 0 For his whole life If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **life**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “live.” Alternate translation: “The whole time that he lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2KI 15 18 y9u5 figs-metaphor 0 he did not depart from the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat Departing from sins represents refusing to do those sins. Alternate translation: “Zechariah did not refuse to commit the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat” or “He sinned as Jeroboam son of Nebat had sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2KI 15 18 pj1m figs-metonymy 0 who had caused Israel to sin Here the word “Israel” represents the people of the kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “who had caused the people of Israel to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2KI 15 19 r6vc figs-synecdoche 0 Pul the king of Assyria came against the land The phrase “Pul the king of Assyria” represents Pul and his army. Alternate translation: “Pul the king of Assyria came with his army against the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2KI 15 19 s53r translate-names 0 Pul the king of Assyria Pul is the name of a man who was king of Assyria. He was also named Tiglath-Pileser. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2KI 15 19 wap9 figs-idiom 0 came against the land The phrase “came against” is an idiom meaning to attack. “The land” refers to the land of Israel and represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “came with his army to attack the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2KI 15 19 s8m5 translate-numbers 0 one thousand talents of silver “1,000 talents of silver.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “thirty-three thousand kilograms of silver” or “thirty-three metric tons of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
-2KI 15 19 ft85 figs-abstractnouns 0 so that Pul’s support might be with him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **support**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “support.” Alternate translation: “so that Pul might support him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2KI 15 19 ft85 figs-abstractnouns 0 so that Pul’s support might be with him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **support**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “support.” Alternate translation: “so that Pul might support him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2KI 15 19 wx2a figs-metaphor 0 to strengthen the kingdom of Israel in his hand Having the kingdom in his hand represents ruling the kingdom. Alternate translation: “to strengthen his rule over the kingdom of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2KI 15 20 nd7g 0 exacted this money from Israel Alternate translation: “took this money from Israel”
2KI 15 20 b1hv translate-bmoney 0 fifty shekels of silver You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “six hundred grams of silver” or “three-fifths of a kilogram of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
@@ -1267,7 +1267,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2KI 21 14 nm49 figs-synecdoche 0 give them into the hand of their enemies Here the “hand” of the enemies refers to their enemies’ control. Alternate translation: “let their enemies defeat them and take over their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2KI 21 16 db4v 0 Moreover, Manasseh Alternate translation: “Also, Manasseh” or “In addition, Manasseh”
2KI 21 16 f4ns figs-metonymy 0 Manasseh shed much innocent blood The words “shed much innocent blood” are a metonym for killing people violently. It might be best to translate this so the reader understands that other people helped Manasseh do this. Alternate translation: “Manasseh ordered his soldiers to kill many innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-2KI 21 16 sx9u figs-hyperbole 0 he had filled Jerusalem from one end to another with death This hyperbole emphasizes the great number of people Manasseh had killed throughout Jerusalem. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **death**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “dead people.” Alternate translation: “there were very many dead people throughout Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2KI 21 16 sx9u figs-hyperbole 0 he had filled Jerusalem from one end to another with death This hyperbole emphasizes the great number of people Manasseh had killed throughout Jerusalem. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **death**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “dead people.” Alternate translation: “there were very many dead people throughout Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2KI 21 16 ff48 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in [2 Kings 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2KI 21 17 ce1p figs-activepassive 0 are they not written … Judah? This can be expressed in active form and assumes that the answer is positive. The question is rhetorical and is used for emphasis. See how this phrase is translated in [2 Kings 8:23](../08/23.md). Alternate translation: “they are written … Judah.” or “you can find them … Judah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2KI 21 18 i542 figs-euphemism 0 slept with his ancestors and This is a polite way of saying he “died, as his ancestors had, and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
@@ -1396,7 +1396,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2KI 23 25 tg6s 0 who turned to Yahweh Alternate translation: “who gave himself completely to Yahweh”
2KI 23 25 evf3 0 Nor did any king like Josiah arise after him Alternate translation: “And since then there has never been a king who was like Josiah”
2KI 23 26 p9h5 0 Nevertheless The writer uses this word to show that even though all of these things that Josiah did were good, Yahweh was still angry with Judah.
-2KI 23 26 cls6 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh did not turn away from the burning of his fierce anger, which burned against Fire is a metaphor for anger, and starting a fire is a metaphor for becoming angry. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh did not stop being fierce because he was angry with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2KI 23 26 cls6 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh did not turn away from the burning of his fierce anger, which burned against Fire is a metaphor for anger, and starting a fire is a metaphor for becoming angry. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh did not stop being fierce because he was angry with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2KI 23 26 a2wd 0 had done to provoke him Alternate translation: “had done to cause him to be angry”
2KI 23 27 d6xf 0 out of my sight Alternate translation: “from where I am” or “from being near me”
2KI 23 27 bsh5 figs-metonymy 0 My name will be there The name is a metonym for the honor that people should give to the person. Alternate translation: “People should worship me there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
diff --git a/en_tn_13-1CH.tsv b/en_tn_13-1CH.tsv
index bbea7a3ed..66ec3397c 100644
--- a/en_tn_13-1CH.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_13-1CH.tsv
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1CH 16 22 l3gs figs-hyperbole 0 Do not touch my anointed ones Here “touch” means to harm. It is an exaggeration Yahweh used to strengthen his warning to not harm his people. Alternate translation: “Do not harm the people I have anointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
1CH 16 23 ahj3 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1CH 16 23 zh12 figs-metonymy 0 all the earth This refers to the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “all you people who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-1CH 16 23 fd6r figs-abstractnouns 0 announce his salvation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” Alternate translation: “announce that he has saved us” or “tell people that he is the one who saves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1CH 16 23 fd6r figs-abstractnouns 0 announce his salvation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” Alternate translation: “announce that he has saved us” or “tell people that he is the one who saves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1CH 16 23 cc7q 0 day after day Alternate translation: “every day”
1CH 16 24 qr3t 0 Declare his glory among the nations Alternate translation: “Tell all the people in every nation about his great glory”
1CH 16 25 spj1 figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh is great and is to be praised greatly This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is great. Praise him greatly” or “Yahweh is great, and people should praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1CH 16 27 tn19 0 in his place Alternate translation: “in his temple” or “in his sanctuary”
1CH 16 28 xdy9 0 Ascribe to Yahweh Alternate translation: “Give praise to Yahweh” or “Praise Yahweh”
1CH 16 28 p45c figs-abstractnouns 0 ascribe to Yahweh glory and strength The abstract nouns “glory” and “strength” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh because he is glorious and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-1CH 16 29 gji5 figs-abstractnouns 0 Ascribe to Yahweh the glory his name deserves If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **glory**, you could express the same idea with a verb or adjective. Alternate translation: “Glorify Yahweh just as his name deserves” or “Proclaim that Yahweh is glorious just as his name deserves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1CH 16 29 gji5 figs-abstractnouns 0 Ascribe to Yahweh the glory his name deserves If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **glory**, you can express the same idea with a verb or adjective. Alternate translation: “Glorify Yahweh just as his name deserves” or “Proclaim that Yahweh is glorious just as his name deserves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1CH 16 29 j5b6 figs-metonymy 0 his name deserves Here “his name” refers to the person of God. Alternate translation: “due to him” or “he deserves” or “he is worthy to receive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1CH 16 29 vwz4 figs-explicit 0 Bow down to Yahweh The implied information is that the people were to bow down in worship. Alternate translation: “Bow down to worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
1CH 16 29 ff2x figs-abstractnouns 0 in the splendor of holiness The abstract nouns “splendor” and “holiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because he is gloriously beautiful and holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
@@ -980,7 +980,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1CH 16 32 erj7 figs-explicit 0 that which fills it shout with joy The implied information is that this refers to all the creatures living in the sea. They are spoken of as if they should shout with joy like people might do. Alternate translation: “the sea creatures shout joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1CH 16 32 wzv5 figs-personification 0 Let the fields be joyful, and all that is in them “Let the fields and all that is in them be joyful.” The author speaks as if the fields and the animals that live in them have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the fields themselves and all the animals that live in them are rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1CH 16 33 y73k figs-personification 0 let the trees in the forest shout for joy This speaks about the trees as if they were people who could shout for joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-1CH 16 34 x1rs figs-abstractnouns 0 for his covenant faithfulness endures forever If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “for he faithfully loves us forever” or “for he is faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1CH 16 34 x1rs figs-abstractnouns 0 for his covenant faithfulness endures forever If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “for he faithfully loves us forever” or “for he is faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1CH 16 35 f9i7 figs-metonymy 0 from the other nations Here “the other nations” represents the people in those nations. Alternate translation: “from the people of other nations” or “from the armies of other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1CH 16 35 d411 figs-metonymy 0 give thanks to your holy name Here Yahweh is referred to by his “holy name.” Alternate translation: “give thanks to you” or “give thanks to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1CH 16 36 b74g figs-merism 0 from everlasting to everlasting This refers to two extremes and means for all time. Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
@@ -1041,7 +1041,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1CH 17 12 krt9 figs-metonymy 0 I will establish his throne forever The right to rule as king is described by the place where a king sits. Alternate translation: “I will make his rule over Israel to last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1CH 17 13 x7rm 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues describing his promises to King David through the prophet Nathan.
1CH 17 13 gz2c 0 I will be a father to him, and he will be my son The prophecy in 17:11-14 refers to Solomon, David’s son. But, aspects of the prophecy will be fulfilled by Jesus. So, here it is best to translate the words “father” and “son” with your normal words for a biological father and son.
-1CH 17 13 hk4h figs-abstractnouns 0 I will not take my covenant faithfulness away from him, as I took it from Saul If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “I will never stop faithfully loving him, as I stopped loving Saul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1CH 17 13 hk4h figs-abstractnouns 0 I will not take my covenant faithfulness away from him, as I took it from Saul If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “I will never stop faithfully loving him, as I stopped loving Saul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1CH 17 14 c3xe 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh finishes describing his promises to King David through the prophet Nathan.
1CH 17 14 ja8t figs-parallelism 0 I will set him over my house and in my kingdom forever, and his throne will be established forever These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize that David’s dynasty will last forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1CH 17 14 s265 figs-activepassive 0 his throne will be established forever If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will establish his throne forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1CH 17 18 i49r 0 Connecting Statement: David continues to speak to Yahweh.
1CH 17 18 l6hv figs-rquestion 0 What more can I, David, say to you? David uses this question to emphasize that he has nothing left to say to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “There is nothing more I can say to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1CH 17 18 bjc6 figs-parallelism 0 You have honored your servant. You have given your servant special recognition These two phrases have similar meanings and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
-1CH 17 18 d86h figs-abstractnouns 0 You have given your servant special recognition If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **recognition**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “recognize.” Alternate translation: “You have recognized your servant in a special way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1CH 17 18 d86h figs-abstractnouns 0 You have given your servant special recognition If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **recognition**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “recognize.” Alternate translation: “You have recognized your servant in a special way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1CH 17 19 a849 0 Connecting Statement: David continues to speak to Yahweh.
1CH 17 19 h72j figs-123person 0 your servant’s sake Here David refers to himself as “your servant.” This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “my sake” or “my benefit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1CH 17 19 wp5s 0 to fulfill your own purpose Alternate translation: “to accomplish what you planned to do”
@@ -1083,7 +1083,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1CH 17 25 ld4t 0 Connecting Statement: David continues to speak to Yahweh.
1CH 17 25 h2bm figs-123person 0 your servant David refers to himself as “your servant.” This can be expressed in the first person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1CH 17 25 p41k figs-metonymy 0 that you will build him a house Here the metonym “house” refers to David’s ancestors continuing on as the rulers of Israel. In [1 Chronicles 17:4](../17/04.md) Yahweh tells David he would not be the one to build a house for Yahweh. There “house” represented a temple. If your language has a word that can express both ideas, use it here and in 17:4. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-1CH 17 25 wn4q 0 I, your servant, have found courage If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **courage**, you could express the same idea with the verb “encouraged.” Alternate translation: “I, your servant, am encouraged”
+1CH 17 25 wn4q 0 I, your servant, have found courage If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **courage**, you can express the same idea with the verb “encouraged.” Alternate translation: “I, your servant, am encouraged”
1CH 17 26 v3hz 0 Connecting Statement: David continues to speak to Yahweh.
1CH 17 26 m68t 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
1CH 17 27 vtj4 0 Connecting Statement: David continues to speak to Yahweh.
@@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1CH 19 1 i9za 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
1CH 19 1 b5fi translate-names 0 Nahash This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1CH 19 2 dn3v translate-names 0 Nahash … Hanun These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-1CH 19 2 ql9n figs-abstractnouns 0 I will show kindness … showed kindness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **kindness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will be kind … was kind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+1CH 19 2 ql9n figs-abstractnouns 0 I will show kindness … showed kindness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **kindness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will be kind … was kind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1CH 19 2 l5d4 0 console comfort
1CH 19 3 z7kg figs-rquestion 0 Do you think that David is honoring your father because he has sent men to comfort you? The princes asked this question to turn the king against David. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not think that David is honoring your father because he has sent men to comfort you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1CH 19 3 x9u2 figs-rquestion 0 Do not his servants come to you to explore and examine the land in order to overthrow it? The princes asked this question to turn the king against David. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely his servants come to you to explore the land in order to overthrow it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
diff --git a/en_tn_14-2CH.tsv b/en_tn_14-2CH.tsv
index 7e0b950f2..b33ef37f6 100644
--- a/en_tn_14-2CH.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_14-2CH.tsv
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 1 6 cal1 0 went up there Alternate translation: “went up to the high place at Gibeon”
2CH 1 6 ptf1 translate-numbers 0 one thousand “1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
2CH 1 7 jhc5 0 Ask! What should I give you? If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Ask for whatever you want from me.”
-2CH 1 8 l8pa figs-abstractnouns 0 You have shown great covenant faithfulness to David If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “You have greatly and faithfully loved David” or “You have been very faithful to David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2CH 1 8 l8pa figs-abstractnouns 0 You have shown great covenant faithfulness to David If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “You have greatly and faithfully loved David” or “You have been very faithful to David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 1 9 y1bm 0 Now Here the word “Now” is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
2CH 1 9 p4wp figs-activepassive 0 let your promise to David my father be carried out If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “please do what you promised to David my father that you would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CH 1 9 ur26 figs-simile 0 a people as numerous as the dust of the earth This simile emphasizes the great number of Israelites. Alternate translation: “countless people” or “very many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 2 10 v169 0 ground wheat Alternate translation: “wheat flour”
2CH 2 10 wk75 translate-bvolume 0 twenty thousand baths A bath is 22 liters. Twenty thousand baths equals 440 kiloliters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
2CH 2 12 yb7r figs-abstractnouns 0 gifted with prudence and understanding This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “prudence” and “understanding.” Alternate translation: “who is very intelligent and understands many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-2CH 2 13 m162 figs-abstractnouns 0 gifted with understanding If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “understands” or “wise.” Alternate translation: “who understand many things” or “who is very wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2CH 2 13 m162 figs-abstractnouns 0 gifted with understanding If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “understands” or “wise.” Alternate translation: “who understand many things” or “who is very wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 2 13 b5gt translate-names 0 Huram-Abi This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2CH 2 14 w9mh 0 He is skilled at work in gold … crimson wool Translate many of these words as you did in [2 Chronicles 2:7](../02/07.md).
2CH 2 14 k19k 0 fine linen Alternate translation: “high quality cloth” or “the best cloth”
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 5 12 uu2u translate-numbers 0 120 priests “one hundred and twenty priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
2CH 5 13 hzq8 figs-activepassive 0 making one sound to be heard for praising and thanking Yahweh If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “making one sound as they praised and thanked Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CH 5 13 m6zc figs-idiom 0 raised their voices This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “sang loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-2CH 5 13 h8ri figs-abstractnouns 0 for his covenant loyalty endures forever If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **covenant loyalty**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “for he is faithful forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2CH 5 13 h8ri figs-abstractnouns 0 for his covenant loyalty endures forever If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **covenant loyalty**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “for he is faithful forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 5 13 eju9 figs-activepassive 0 Then the house, the house of Yahweh, was filled with a cloud If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then a cloud filled the house of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CH 6 intro j414 0 # 2 Chronicles 6 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Temple dedication
Solomon dedicated the temple with a prayer asking God to honor the temple. It was common to dedicate something important to God when it was completed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
2CH 6 1 q2mk figs-123person 0 Yahweh has said that he Solomon speaks to Yahweh as if he were speaking to someone else to show that he respects Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you have said that you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 6 24 mve8 0 because they have sinned against you Alternate translation: “because your people Israel have sinned against you”
2CH 6 24 b8g1 figs-metaphor 0 if they turn back to you Here “turn back to you” represents submitting again to God. Alternate translation: “if they submit to you again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CH 6 24 lg98 0 confess your name This could mean: (1) “confess that they have sinned against you” or (2) “praise you” or (3) “say that they will obey you from now on.”
-2CH 6 24 tl3k figs-abstractnouns 0 request forgiveness before you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **forgiveness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “ask you to forgive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2CH 6 24 tl3k figs-abstractnouns 0 request forgiveness before you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **forgiveness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “ask you to forgive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 6 25 ejw4 figs-idiom 0 please listen from the heavens To “listen” is an idiom for responding to prayer. Alternate translation: “please honor their prayer” or “please answer their prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CH 6 25 h3hp figs-explicit 0 bring them back to the land that you gave to them and to their ancestors This implies that when their enemies defeated them, God’s people will have gone to live in other lands. Alternate translation: “bring them back to their own land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CH 6 26 px2t figs-metaphor 0 When the skies are shut up and there is no rain The sky is spoken of as if it were a building in which God stores the rain, and when God does not want it to rain he closes the door to the building. Alternate translation: “When you do not allow rain to fall from the skies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 6 40 a4re figs-activepassive 0 to the prayer that is made in this place This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “to the prayer that we make in this place” or “to us as we pray to you in this place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CH 6 41 w18l figs-metaphor 0 arise, Yahweh God, to your resting place This pictures God as if he were sitting on his throne, and asks that he will get up from his throne and come to this place. Alternate translation: “arise, Yahweh God, and come to your resting place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CH 6 41 wy6c 0 the ark of your strength Alternate translation: “the ark, which is a symbol of your power”
-2CH 6 41 w8wp figs-metaphor 0 Let your priests … be clothed with salvation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “to save.” This could mean: (1) being clothed with salvation is a metaphor for experiencing salvation. Alternate translation: “Let your priests … know that you have saved them” or (2) being clothed with salvation is a metaphor for demonstrating salvation. Alternate translation: “Let your priests … demonstrate how you save people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2CH 6 41 w8wp figs-metaphor 0 Let your priests … be clothed with salvation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “to save.” This could mean: (1) being clothed with salvation is a metaphor for experiencing salvation. Alternate translation: “Let your priests … know that you have saved them” or (2) being clothed with salvation is a metaphor for demonstrating salvation. Alternate translation: “Let your priests … demonstrate how you save people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 6 42 gdj1 figs-metaphor 0 do not turn the face of your anointed away from you Turning the face of someone away represents rejecting him. Alternate translation: “do not reject your anointed one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CH 6 42 y5ew figs-metonymy 0 your anointed “your anointed one.” Being anointed is a metonym for being chosen by God. King Solomon may have been speaking specifically about himself. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one you anointed” or “me, the one you chose to be king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CH 6 42 fdg8 0 Keep in mind your acts of covenant loyalty for David, your servant The phrase “your acts” can be expressed with the phrase “what you have done.” Alternate translation: “Remember what you have done for David, your servant, because of your covenant loyalty”
@@ -328,13 +328,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 7 intro uu1a 0 # 2 Chronicles 7 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Solomon’s dream
God appeared again to Solomon in a dream and said the temple was acceptable and he honored it with his presence. He would remain as long as Israel obeyed him. If they worshiped other gods and idols he would let their enemies destroy the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
2CH 7 1 ffl2 0 the house Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s house” or “the temple”
2CH 7 3 xie8 translate-symaction 0 they bowed down with their faces to the ground on the stone pavement This is a position of humility and worship. Alternate translation: “they lay down on the ground with their faces touching the stone pavement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
-2CH 7 3 ti2r figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant loyalty endures forever If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **covenant loyalty**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “loyal” and the verb “promise.” Alternate translation: “God will always be loyal to us because of his covenant” or “God will always faithfully do for us what he promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2CH 7 3 ti2r figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant loyalty endures forever If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **covenant loyalty**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “loyal” and the verb “promise.” Alternate translation: “God will always be loyal to us because of his covenant” or “God will always faithfully do for us what he promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 7 4 b3k1 figs-hyperbole 0 all the people This generalization refers either: (1) to the people whom Solomon called to Jerusalem and who are listed in [2 Chronicles 5:2](../05/02.md), or (2) to those who traveled to Jerusalem for the feast, not necessarily to every person who lived in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2CH 7 5 sd7i translate-numbers 0 twenty-two thousand oxen “22,000 oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
2CH 7 5 lkm9 translate-numbers 0 120,000 sheep and goats “one hundred and twenty thousand sheep and goats” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
2CH 7 6 f3sl 0 each standing where they serve Alternate translation: “each standing in their appointed place”
2CH 7 6 k3sl figs-ellipsis 0 the Levites also with instruments of music of Yahweh The word “stood” is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: the Levites also stood with instruments of music of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
-2CH 7 6 j2mb figs-abstractnouns 0 For his covenant faithfulness endures for ever If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully” or “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [2 Chronicles 7:3](../07/03.md). Alternate translation: “God will always be faithful to his covenant with us” or “God will always faithfully love us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2CH 7 6 j2mb figs-abstractnouns 0 For his covenant faithfulness endures for ever If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully” or “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [2 Chronicles 7:3](../07/03.md). Alternate translation: “God will always be faithful to his covenant with us” or “God will always faithfully love us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 7 6 q9x6 figs-hyperbole 0 all Israel This generalization refers to those who were at the feast in Jerusalem, not necessarily to every person who lived in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2CH 7 7 q42r figs-metonymy 0 the bronze altar that he had made The author speaks of Solomon commanding someone to make the bronze altar and telling him how to do it as if Solomon himself had made it. Alternate translation: “the bronze altar that he had commanded someone to make” or “the bronze altar that he had caused to be made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CH 7 7 i9gh figs-explicit 0 was not able to hold the burnt offerings, the grain offerings, and the fat This was because there were so many offerings. Alternate translation: “was not able to hold the large amount of burnt offerings, grain offerings, and fat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -472,14 +472,14 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 9 17 lgr9 translate-unknown 0 ivory Ivory is the hard, white substance from the tusks or teeth of large animals, such as the elephant, walrus, or hippopotamus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2CH 9 18 v6bc figs-explicit 0 two lions These were statues. Alternate translation: “two statues of lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CH 9 20 h9zg translate-names 0 the House of the Forest of Lebanon Solomon’s palace was built of trees from Lebanon. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 9:16](../09/16.md). This could mean: (1) this was the name of a large room in the palace. Alternate translation: “the Hall of the Forest of Lebanon” or (2) this was the name of his whole palace. Alternate translation: “the Palace of the Forest of Lebanon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-2CH 9 20 i115 figs-activepassive 0 silver was not considered valuable in Solomon’s days Silver was so common in Solomon’s days that if a king wanted to show his wealth, he would not do it by making things out of silver. Instead he would use gold, which was less common and more valuable. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people did not value silver so much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+2CH 9 20 i115 figs-activepassive 0 silver was not considered valuable in Solomon’s days Silver was so common in Solomon’s days that if a king wanted to show his wealth, he would not do it by making things out of silver. Instead he would use gold, which was less common and more valuable. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people did not value silver so much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CH 9 20 d78i figs-explicit 0 in Solomon’s days Here “Solomon’s days” refers to the time when Solomon ruled. Alternate translation: “when Solomon ruled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CH 9 21 y4vx 0 a fleet of oceangoing ships Alternate translation: “a group of ships that travel on the ocean”
2CH 9 21 cbw6 0 along with the fleet of Hiram Alternate translation: “along with Hiram’s fleet of ships”
2CH 9 21 rah3 translate-unknown 0 apes and baboons It is not certain whether the word translated as “apes” here refers to apes, baboons, or monkeys. It is not certain whether the word translated as “baboons” here refers to baboons or peacocks. This can be translated more generally as “animals from far away” or “animals from Africa.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2CH 9 23 mq7h figs-hyperbole 0 All the kings of the earth The word “all” here is a generalization. Alternate translation: “Kings from around the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2CH 9 23 phf7 figs-metonymy 0 sought the presence of Solomon The presence of a person is a metonym for being able to speak and listen to the person. Alternate translation: “wanted to visit Solomon” or “came to visit Solomon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-2CH 9 23 ujf3 figs-metonymy 0 to hear his wisdom, which God had put in his heart The heart is a metonym for what a person thinks, and here it is spoken of as if it were a container. Here, **wisdom** is a metonym for the wise things a person thinks or says. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to hear how wise God had enabled him to be” or “to hear him speak the wise words that God had enabled him to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+2CH 9 23 ujf3 figs-metonymy 0 to hear his wisdom, which God had put in his heart The heart is a metonym for what a person thinks, and here it is spoken of as if it were a container. Here, **wisdom** is a metonym for the wise things a person thinks or says. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to hear how wise God had enabled him to be” or “to hear him speak the wise words that God had enabled him to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CH 9 23 l6ce figs-metaphor 0 which God had put in his heart God putting wisdom in Solomon’s heart represents God making Solomon wise. Alternate translation: “which God had given him” or “because God had made him wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CH 9 24 mvr7 figs-idiom 0 year after year This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “every year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CH 9 25 k9au translate-numbers 0 four thousand stalls … twelve thousand horsemen “4,000 stalls…12,000 horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
@@ -851,8 +851,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 19 2 ms7g 0 went out to meet him Here the word “him” refers to Jehoshaphat.
2CH 19 2 utb7 figs-rquestion 0 Should you be helping the wicked? Should you be loving those who hate Yahweh? These questions expect negative answers to make the point that Jehoshaphat should not have helped Ahab. Alternate translation: “You should not help the wicked! You should not love those who hate Yahweh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CH 19 2 elv9 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
-2CH 19 2 r2e7 figs-abstractnouns 0 anger from Yahweh is on you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you could express the same idea with the word “angry.” This phrase can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is angry with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-2CH 19 3 st16 figs-abstractnouns 0 there is some good to be found in you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **good**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. This phrase can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “you have done some good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+2CH 19 2 r2e7 figs-abstractnouns 0 anger from Yahweh is on you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you can express the same idea with the word “angry.” This phrase can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is angry with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+2CH 19 3 st16 figs-abstractnouns 0 there is some good to be found in you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **good**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. This phrase can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “you have done some good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CH 19 3 jk3y figs-metonymy 0 you have taken the Asherah poles out of the land Since Jehoshaphat was king, he may have told his officials to do these things for him. Alternate translation: “you have had your people take the Asherah poles out of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CH 19 3 dtu5 0 Asherah poles See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 14:3](../14/03.md).
2CH 19 3 wqa1 figs-idiom 0 fixed your heart Here the heart represents the will. Jehoshaphat’s will is spoken of as being fixed or immovable, which means having an unchanging intention to seek God. Alternate translation: “firmly decided” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@@ -867,16 +867,16 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 19 7 zrc9 0 let the fear of Yahweh be upon you This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “you should remember to fear Yahweh when you judge”
2CH 19 7 k52c figs-abstractnouns 0 there is no iniquity with Yahweh our God, nor is there any favoritism or bribe taking The abstract nouns “iniquity,” “favoritism,” and “bribe” can be translated using the verbs “sin,” “favor,” and “bribe.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh our God will not sin or favor one person over another in judgment or be bribed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 19 8 mdr1 figs-metaphor 0 heads of the ancestral houses Here “heads” is a metaphor for the most important part, and “houses” represents families. Alternate translation: “leaders of the ancient families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-2CH 19 8 z2bw figs-abstractnouns 0 for carrying out judgment for Yahweh If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “to judge.” Alternate translation: “for judging the people for Yahweh” or “for judging on Yahweh’s behalf” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2CH 19 8 z2bw figs-abstractnouns 0 for carrying out judgment for Yahweh If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “to judge.” Alternate translation: “for judging the people for Yahweh” or “for judging on Yahweh’s behalf” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 19 8 j9ry 0 for the sake of disputes Alternate translation: “for settling disputes” or “for resolving arguments”
-2CH 19 9 v6vw figs-abstractnouns 0 You must serve in reverence for Yahweh If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reverence**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “You must serve while fearing Yahweh” or “You must serve while respecting Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2CH 19 9 v6vw figs-abstractnouns 0 You must serve in reverence for Yahweh If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reverence**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “You must serve while fearing Yahweh” or “You must serve while respecting Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 19 9 a5tt figs-metonymy 0 with your whole heart Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “with your whole being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CH 19 10 x1yh 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in this verse refers to those persons Jehoshaphat appointed to be judges.
2CH 19 10 ngf4 0 Connecting Statement: Jehoshaphat continues to instruct some of the Levites and the priests, and some of the heads of the ancestral houses of Israel, who he appointed to be judges.
2CH 19 10 b6rq figs-activepassive 0 Whenever any dispute comes to you from your brothers who live in their cities If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Whenever your brothers who live in their cities bring you a dispute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CH 19 10 acv8 0 from your brothers Here “brothers” is a general reference to fellow Israelites.
2CH 19 10 sk2a figs-metonymy 0 bloodshed Here the killing of people is spoken of as shedding their blood, where “blood” represents their lives. Alternate translation: “the killing of people” or “murder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-2CH 19 10 ur11 figs-abstractnouns 0 anger will come toward you and toward your brothers If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “angry.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will be angry with you and your brothers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+2CH 19 10 ur11 figs-abstractnouns 0 anger will come toward you and toward your brothers If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “angry.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will be angry with you and your brothers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CH 19 11 xw19 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in this verse refers to those persons Jehoshaphat appointed to be judges.
2CH 19 11 pi87 0 Connecting Statement: Jehoshaphat continues to instruct some of the Levites and the priests, and some of the heads of the ancestral houses of Israel, who he appointed to be judges.
2CH 19 11 d1sw 0 See, Amariah Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: Amariah”
@@ -923,7 +923,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 20 20 kt3f translate-names 0 Tekoa Translate the name of this city the same as in [2 Chronicles 11:6](../11/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2CH 20 20 d9i5 figs-activepassive 0 you will be supported If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will support you” or “he will help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CH 20 20 hu6r 0 Trust in his prophets, and you will succeed Alternate translation: “If you trust in Yahweh’s prophets, then you will succeed”
-2CH 20 21 tx3k figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant faithfulness endures forever If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully” or “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [2 Chronicles 7:3](../07/03.md). Alternate translation: “he faithfully loves us forever” or “he is always faithful to his covenant with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2CH 20 21 tx3k figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant faithfulness endures forever If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully” or “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [2 Chronicles 7:3](../07/03.md). Alternate translation: “he faithfully loves us forever” or “he is always faithful to his covenant with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 20 22 v52l figs-ellipsis 0 to sing and to praise They were singing to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to sing and to praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2CH 20 22 pe93 figs-explicit 0 Yahweh set men This means that Yahweh caused some of the enemy soldiers to ambush other enemy soldiers. Alternate translation: “Yahweh set some enemy soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CH 20 22 evi9 0 ambush a surprise attack
@@ -1022,7 +1022,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 22 5 q19z translate-names 0 Hazael This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2CH 22 6 f5en 0 of the wounds that they had given him Alternate translation: “from the wounds that he received at the battle”
2CH 22 6 a51c 0 went down to Jezreel Jezreel was lower in elevation than Jerusalem.
-2CH 22 7 es6p figs-abstractnouns 0 Now the destruction of Ahaziah was brought about by God If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God caused Ahaziah to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+2CH 22 7 es6p figs-abstractnouns 0 Now the destruction of Ahaziah was brought about by God If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God caused Ahaziah to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CH 22 7 py2x 0 visit to Joram … went with Jehoram “Joram” and “Jehoram” are two names for the same person.
2CH 22 7 jk9g translate-names 0 Nimshi This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2CH 22 7 fsr1 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Ahab The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the descendants of Ahab. See how you translated this in [2 Chronicles 21:6](../21/06.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Ahab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -1222,7 +1222,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 25 26 yq3e 0 the book of the kings of Judah and Israel This refers to a book that no longer exists.
2CH 25 27 s5wp figs-idiom 0 turned away from following Yahweh Here “turn away” is an idiom that means he no longer obeyed Yahweh. Alternate translation: “stopped obeying Yahweh” or “started to disobey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CH 25 27 n2ru 0 they began to make a conspiracy … they sent The text does not state to whom “they” refers. Retain the generic “they” in your translation if possible.
-2CH 25 27 v2jh figs-abstractnouns 0 make a conspiracy against him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **conspiracy**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “conspire against him” or “plot against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2CH 25 27 v2jh figs-abstractnouns 0 make a conspiracy against him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **conspiracy**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “conspire against him” or “plot against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 25 27 ndw6 translate-names 0 Lachish a city in Judah (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2CH 25 28 p98d 0 They brought The text does not state to whom the word “They” refers. Retain the generic “they” in your translation if possible.
2CH 25 28 m98i 0 brought him back Alternate translation: “brought back his body”
@@ -1434,7 +1434,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 30 6 cg34 figs-metonymy 0 who have escaped from the hand of the kings of Assyria The word “hand” often represents power or authority. Here it represents the kings’ cruel authority to force people to go to other countries. Alternate translation: “who have escaped from the power of the kings of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CH 30 7 ly2x 0 Connecting Statement: This is a continuation of King Hezekiah’s message to the people of Israel.
2CH 30 7 k5bi figs-metaphor 0 your brothers Here “brothers” represents other people of Israel. Alternate translation: “your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-2CH 30 7 hu7l figs-abstractnouns 0 he made them an object of horror If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **horror**, you could express the same idea with the words “horrified” or “horrible.” The author writes of what God did to their ancestors in terms of how other people would react when the saw what God did. Alternate translation: “he made them something that people would be horrified to see” or “he punished them horribly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+2CH 30 7 hu7l figs-abstractnouns 0 he made them an object of horror If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **horror**, you can express the same idea with the words “horrified” or “horrible.” The author writes of what God did to their ancestors in terms of how other people would react when the saw what God did. Alternate translation: “he made them something that people would be horrified to see” or “he punished them horribly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CH 30 8 szj4 figs-metaphor 0 give yourselves to Yahweh This represents submitting to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “submit to Yahweh” or “dedicate yourselves to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CH 30 8 lh8c figs-metonymy 0 come into his holy place Here “his holy place” refers to God’s temple in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “come to his temple in Jerusalem for it is holy” or “come to his temple in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CH 30 8 qz7u figs-personification 0 so that his fierce anger may turn away from you The author writes of anger as if it were a person that can turn away from people. God’s anger turning away from them represents him no longer being angry with them. Alternate translation: “so that he will no longer be angry with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
@@ -1516,7 +1516,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 31 21 xn3s figs-metaphor 0 to seek his God Seeking Yahweh represents choosing to know, worship, and obey him. Alternate translation: “to obey his God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CH 31 21 hpa7 figs-metonymy 0 he performed it with all his heart Here the word “heart” refers to a person’s will and desire. Alternate translation: “he performed it with all his will” or “he was completely committed to what he did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CH 32 intro abcw 0 # 2 Chronicles 32 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The story of King Hezekiah is completed in this chapter.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Trust in Yahweh
Because Hezekiah trusted God, God rescued Jerusalem from the attacked of the Assyrian army and healed Hezekiah when he was very sick. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
-2CH 32 1 cr8m figs-abstractnouns 0 After these things and these acts of faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “After Hezekiah faithfully did all the things Yahweh commanded him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2CH 32 1 cr8m figs-abstractnouns 0 After these things and these acts of faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “After Hezekiah faithfully did all the things Yahweh commanded him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 32 1 kg14 figs-synecdoche 0 Sennacherib, king of Assyria, came … He camped Here Sennacherib represents his army. Alternate translation: “Sennacherib, king of Assyria, and his army came … They camped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2CH 32 1 ql5r figs-go 0 came and entered Judah Here “came” can be stated as “went.” Alternate translation: “went and entered Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2CH 32 2 cc6u figs-synecdoche 0 that Sennacherib had come and that he intended Here Sennacherib also represents his army. Alternate translation: “that Sennacherib and his army had come and that they intended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
@@ -1555,7 +1555,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 32 21 d5z2 0 with shame on his face Alternate translation: “embarrassed” or “ashamed”
2CH 32 21 vc32 0 the house of his god Alternate translation: “the temple of his god”
2CH 32 22 aiw4 figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of Sennacherib … from the hand of all others Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “from the power of Sennacherib … from the power of all others” or “from Sennacherib … from all others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-2CH 32 22 s1f2 figs-abstractnouns 0 gave them rest on every side If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rest**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “peacefully.” Alternate translation: “caused them to live peacefully with all the people of the nations around them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2CH 32 22 s1f2 figs-abstractnouns 0 gave them rest on every side If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rest**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “peacefully.” Alternate translation: “caused them to live peacefully with all the people of the nations around them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 32 23 bw24 figs-idiom 0 he was lifted up in the eyes of all nations Here “lifted up” is an idiom that means to honor. Also, “in the eyes” is a metaphor that represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “the people of all the nations honored him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CH 32 24 m9ff figs-activepassive 0 that he would be healed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that he would heal Hezekiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CH 32 25 y1pq figs-activepassive 0 But Hezekiah did not pay back Yahweh for the help given to him If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But Hezekiah did not act in a grateful way after Yahweh helped him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -1705,7 +1705,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
2CH 35 1 bg3u 0 in Jerusalem Yahweh had commanded Moses that all the people of Israel were to go to Jerusalem to celebrate the Passover.
2CH 35 1 ha3p translate-hebrewmonths 0 the fourteenth day of the first month This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The fourteenth day is near the beginning of April on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
2CH 35 2 q95a figs-metaphor 0 He placed the priests in their positions Placing the priests in a position is a metaphor for telling the priests which jobs they are to do. The reader should probably understand that Josiah commanded his officials to give instructions to the priests. Alternate translation: “He had people tell the priests which jobs to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-2CH 35 2 l5ws figs-abstractnouns 0 in the service of If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **service**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “as they served in” or “to serve well in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+2CH 35 2 l5ws figs-abstractnouns 0 in the service of If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **service**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “as they served in” or “to serve well in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CH 35 3 ahj4 figs-explicit 0 that Solomon son of David, king of Israel built The readers should understand that Solomon probably commanded other people to do the actual work. Alternate translation: “that Solomon, king of Israel, commanded the people to build” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CH 35 4 hep3 0 by the name of your ancestral houses and your divisions The word “name” is a collective noun, referring to each name of each ancestral house and each division. Your language may need to say “according to the names of your ancestral houses and your divisions.”
2CH 35 4 ir2z figs-metonymy 0 your ancestral houses The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. Alternate translation: “the families that are descendants of your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
diff --git a/en_tn_15-EZR.tsv b/en_tn_15-EZR.tsv
index da21c7af4..b18b92856 100644
--- a/en_tn_15-EZR.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_15-EZR.tsv
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ EZR 5 5 gv23 figs-metaphor וְעֵ֣ין אֱלָהֲהֹ֗ם הֲוָת
EZR 5 5 mvci grammar-connect-logic-result וְלָא 1 the eye of God was on Here the word **and** indicates that the clause it introduces explains the results of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “as a result … not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EZR 5 5 eu4e figs-explicit וְלָא־בַטִּ֣לוּ הִמּ֔וֹ עַד־טַעְמָ֖א לְדָרְיָ֣וֶשׁ יְהָ֑ךְ 1 a report could be sent to Darius and a decree was returned concerning this matter Here the word **they** refers to Tattenai and his associates. The implication is that they did not make the Jewish leaders stop rebuilding the temple right away. Rather, they chose to wait until they could send a report about the rebuilding to Darius, to see what he would say about it. Alternate translation: “and Tattenai and his associates did not make the Jews stop rebuilding the temple right away, but they decided instead to report the matter to King Darius” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 5 5 udsx grammar-connect-time-sequential וֶאֱדַ֛יִן 1 a report could be sent to Darius and a decree was returned concerning this matter This phrase indicates that this event would take place after the event the story has just described. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
-EZR 5 5 y8gi יְתִיב֥וּן נִשְׁתְּוָנָ֖א עַל־דְּנָֽה 1 a report could be sent to Darius and a decree was returned concerning this matter Here the word **they** primarily refers to Darius. As in [4:18](../04/18.md), the plural may be used to indicate the king and his officials, who would consider the matter openly in the royal court. If this is confusing in your language, you could use the singular. Alternate translation: “he sent back a letter to tell them what to do about this”
+EZR 5 5 y8gi יְתִיב֥וּן נִשְׁתְּוָנָ֖א עַל־דְּנָֽה 1 a report could be sent to Darius and a decree was returned concerning this matter Here the word **they** primarily refers to Darius. As in [4:18](../04/18.md), the plural may be used to indicate the king and his officials, who would consider the matter openly in the royal court. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the singular. Alternate translation: “he sent back a letter to tell them what to do about this”
EZR 5 6 jbg5 translate-names תַּתְּנַ֣י…וּשְׁתַ֤ר בּוֹזְנַי֙ 1 This is a copy of the letter These are the names of two men. See how you translated them in [5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 5 6 uq1x וּכְנָ֣וָתֵ֔הּ 1 the Province Beyond the River Alternate translation: “and their colleagues”
EZR 5 7 tqh1 figs-quotemarks לְדָרְיָ֥וֶשׁ מַלְכָּ֖א שְׁלָמָ֥א כֹֽלָּא 1 the Province Beyond the River Here the book begins to quote the letter that Tattenai and his associates sent to King Darius. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ EZR 6 16 xnpw grammar-connect-time-sequential וַעֲבַ֣דוּ 1 the rest
EZR 6 16 ajjz figs-metaphor בְנֵֽי־יִ֠שְׂרָאֵל 1 the rest of the children of the exile Here, **sons** figuratively means “descendants.” Here the book envisions all of the Israelites as descendants of the patriarch Jacob, who was also known as Israel. The expression comprises the three groups that are listed next, the priests, Levites, and other Jews. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 6 16 cq1q figs-idiom וּשְׁאָ֣ר בְּנֵי־גָלוּתָ֗א 1 the rest of the children of the exile As indicated in [2:1](../02/01.md) and [8:35](../08/35.md), the phrase **the sons of the exile** refers specifically to the group of Jewish people who returned to the land of Judah from Babylon after King Nebuchadnezzar had conquered Jerusalem and had taken many Jews as captives to Babylon. Alternate translation: “and the Jews who had returned from exile” or “and the Jews who had returned to their homeland” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EZR 6 16 z1u1 figs-abstractnouns וַעֲבַ֣דוּ…חֲנֻכַּ֛ת בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֥א דְנָ֖ה בְּחֶדְוָֽה 1 the rest of the children of the exile The abstract noun **dedication** refers to a special ceremony the Israelites conducted to set the temple apart as a place for the worship of Yahweh. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the idea behind this word with a verb such as “consecrate.” Alternate translation: “joyfully consecrated this temple for the worship of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EZR 6 16 i1qx figs-abstractnouns וַעֲבַ֣דוּ…חֲנֻכַּ֛ת בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֥א דְנָ֖ה בְּחֶדְוָֽה 1 the rest of the children of the exile If your language does not use abstract nouns such as **joy**, you could translate the idea behind it with an adverb such as “joyfully.” Alternate translation: “joyfully dedicated this temple to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZR 6 16 i1qx figs-abstractnouns וַעֲבַ֣דוּ…חֲנֻכַּ֛ת בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֥א דְנָ֖ה בְּחֶדְוָֽה 1 the rest of the children of the exile If your language does not use abstract nouns such as **joy**, you can translate the idea behind it with an adverb such as “joyfully.” Alternate translation: “joyfully dedicated this temple to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 6 17 iel9 figs-abstractnouns וְהַקְרִ֗בוּ לַחֲנֻכַּת֮ בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֣א דְנָה֒ 1 one hundred bulls … four hundred lambs As in the previous sentence, the abstract noun **dedication** refers to a special ceremony that the Israelites conducted. Once again you could translate the idea behind this word with a verb such as “dedicate” or “consecrate” Alternate translation: “As they dedicated this temple, they offered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 6 17 r49v figs-explicit וְהַקְרִ֗בוּ…תּוֹרִ֣ין מְאָ֔ה דִּכְרִ֣ין מָאתַ֔יִן אִמְּרִ֖ין אַרְבַּ֣ע מְאָ֑ה וּצְפִירֵ֨י עִזִּ֜ין לחטיא…תְּרֵֽי־עֲשַׂ֔ר 1 one hundred bulls … four hundred lambs The implication, as [6:9](../06/09.md) indicates explicitly, is that the bulls, rams, and lambs were used for whole burnt offerings. If it would be helpful, review the note to [3:2](../03/02.md) about what whole burnt offerings were and why they were offered. Alternate translation: “they offered 100 bulls, 200 rams, and 400 lambs as whole burnt offerings and 12 male goats as a sin offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 6 17 j5b6 figs-idiom וּצְפִירֵ֨י עִזִּ֜ין 1 one hundred bulls … four hundred lambs A male goat is called a buck. So this expression, **bucks of goats**, means the same thing as male goats in [8:35](../08/35.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
diff --git a/en_tn_16-NEH.tsv b/en_tn_16-NEH.tsv
index c4cf8f9e2..faa0f5ff6 100644
--- a/en_tn_16-NEH.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_16-NEH.tsv
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ NEH 2 17 we6m figs-you אַתֶּ֤ם רֹאִים֙ הָרָעָה֙ 1 You s
NEH 2 17 ac97 figs-activepassive יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ חֲרֵבָ֔ה וּשְׁעָרֶ֖יהָ נִצְּת֣וּ בָאֵ֑שׁ 1 Jerusalem is desolate and its gates have been burned by fire If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express the meaning here using active forms. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem lies in ruins, and our enemies have burned down its gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 2 17 f468 figs-explicit יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ חֲרֵבָ֔ה וּשְׁעָרֶ֖יהָ נִצְּת֣וּ בָאֵ֑שׁ 1 Jerusalem is desolate and its gates have been burned by fire The implication is, “We need to do something about this!” If your readers would misunderstand this, you could add something like that explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 2 17 ac99 לְכ֗וּ וְנִבְנֶה֙ אֶת־חוֹמַ֣ת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֔ם 1 Come, and let us build the wall of Jerusalem **Come** does not mean “come over to this place” but “come on, let’s do this!” Nehemiah is issuing both an invitation and a public challenge to everyone who is listening. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could translate his words in a way that reflects this. Alternate translation: “I challenge all of you to join me in rebuilding the wall of Jerusalem.”
-NEH 2 17 ll6y figs-abstractnouns וְלֹא־נִהְיֶ֥ה ע֖וֹד חֶרְפָּֽה 1 and we will no longer be a reproach If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reproach**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “ashamed.” Alternate translation: “so we will no longer be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+NEH 2 17 ll6y figs-abstractnouns וְלֹא־נִהְיֶ֥ה ע֖וֹד חֶרְפָּֽה 1 and we will no longer be a reproach If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reproach**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “ashamed.” Alternate translation: “so we will no longer be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 2 18 twi7 figs-metaphor יַ֣ד אֱלֹהַ֗י אֲשֶׁר־הִיא֙ טוֹבָ֣ה עָלַ֔י 1 the hand of my God, that it was good upon me Here hand is a metaphor meaning strength, power, control, or action. In this context, it means that God had been acting toward Nehemiah in a positive and favorable manner. See how you translated the similar expression in [2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: “God’s favor had been upon me” or “God had been helping me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 2 18 a11c דִּבְרֵ֥י הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָֽמַר־לִ֑י 1 the words of the king that he had spoken to me Alternate translation: “I also told them how the king had given me permission to come.”
NEH 2 18 a13c figs-explicit נָק֣וּם וּבָנִ֔ינוּ 1 We will rise up and build The implication is that the people responded this way after they heard all that God had done for Nehemiah. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “When they heard this, they said, ‘Let’s get going and begin building!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
diff --git a/en_tn_17-EST.tsv b/en_tn_17-EST.tsv
index 67833fb45..d29ce8281 100644
--- a/en_tn_17-EST.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_17-EST.tsv
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ EST 3 1 abh9 figs-explicit גִּדַּל֩…אֲחַשְׁוֵר֜וֹשׁ א
EST 3 1 abi0 figs-doublet וַֽיְנַשְּׂאֵ֑הוּ וַיָּ֨שֶׂם֙ אֶת־כִּסְא֔וֹ מֵעַ֕ל כָּל־הַשָּׂרִ֖ים 1 He lifted him up and placed his seat of authority from over all the officials These two phrases mean the same thing. They are used together to emphasize that the king was making Haman very powerful. You could combine them and say something like, “the king gave Haman a very high position that was over all of his other officials.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EST 3 1 pl9i figs-metaphor וַֽיְנַשְּׂאֵ֑הוּ 1 He lifted him up Here, **lifting** is a metaphor meaning to advance or promote a person to a higher, more important position than they held previously. Alternate translation: “he gave him a more important position” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EST 3 1 ptm4 figs-idiom כִּסְא֔וֹ 1 his seat of authority Here, **seat of authority** means Haman’s position or status in the Persian government. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-EST 3 1 abi1 figs-abstractnouns כִּסְא֔וֹ 1 his seat of authority If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **authority**, you could express the same idea with a concrete noun for this whole phrase. For example, you can say, “his position.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EST 3 1 abi1 figs-abstractnouns כִּסְא֔וֹ 1 his seat of authority If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **authority**, you can express the same idea with a concrete noun for this whole phrase. For example, you can say, “his position.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EST 3 1 abi2 מֵעַ֕ל כָּל־הַשָּׂרִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר אִתּֽוֹ 1 from over all the officials who were with him **Him** in this phrase may refer to the king. You could say that “the king promoted him above his other officials” or “gave him more authority than all of his other officials” or that “Haman became more important than all of his other officials.”
EST 3 2 abi3 figs-metonymy וְכָל־עַבְדֵ֨י הַמֶּ֜לֶךְ אֲשֶׁר־בְּשַׁ֣עַר הַמֶּ֗לֶךְ 1 Then all the servants of the king who were at the gate of the king Here, the **gate of the king**, probably the entrance to the citadel, may figuratively represent the citadel itself, the place where these people served the king. The citadel, in turn, would represent everyone who served the king. So you could say just “all the king’s other servants.” However, this may also be a reference to the specific group of officials who were stationed at the gate, the way Mordecai was. Alternate translation: “the royal officials who were stationed at the palace gate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EST 3 2 abi4 figs-explicit וְכָל־עַבְדֵ֨י הַמֶּ֜לֶךְ…כֹּרְעִ֤ים וּמִֽשְׁתַּחֲוִים֙ לְהָמָ֔ן 1 all the servants of the king … were bowing down and prostrating themselves to Haman The servants were required to do this as a way of honoring him whenever Haman walked by. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could say this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ EST 4 17 abs5 figs-explicit וַֽיַּעֲבֹ֖ר מָרְדֳּכָ֑י 1
EST 4 17 abs6 כְּכֹ֛ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוְּתָ֥ה עָלָ֖יו אֶסְתֵּֽר 1 according to the whole charge that Esther had laid upon him Alternate translation: “everything that Esther had told him to do”
EST 5 intro k5ff 0 # Esther 5 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter begins a section about Haman’s fall (Chapters 5-7).
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Esther’s respect
Esther approached the king with the utmost of respect. By doing this, her character became respected by the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EST 5 1 j53r writing-newevent וַיְהִ֣י ׀ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֗י 1 Now it happened on the third day This introduces a new event in the story. Alternate translation: “three days later” or “when Esther had been fasting for three days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
-EST 5 1 abs7 figs-abstractnouns וַתִּלְבַּ֤שׁ אֶסְתֵּר֙ מַלְכ֔וּת 1 Esther put on royalty If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **royalty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective and a concrete noun. Alternate translation: “Esther put on the robes that showed that she was the queen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EST 5 1 abs7 figs-abstractnouns וַתִּלְבַּ֤שׁ אֶסְתֵּר֙ מַלְכ֔וּת 1 Esther put on royalty If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **royalty**, you can express the same idea with an adjective and a concrete noun. Alternate translation: “Esther put on the robes that showed that she was the queen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EST 5 1 abs8 figs-explicit וַתִּלְבַּ֤שׁ אֶסְתֵּר֙ מַלְכ֔וּת 1 Esther put on royalty It is clear from the story that before she went to see the king, Esther got a banquet ready so that she could invite him and Haman to come to it right away. If it is confusing to leave that out, you can explain that here. Alternate translation, add: “Esther prepared a grand banquet and then put on her royal robes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EST 5 1 abs9 בַּחֲצַ֤ר בֵּית־הַמֶּ֨לֶךְ֙ הַפְּנִימִ֔ית 1 the inner court of the palace of the king See how you translated this in [4:11](../04/11.md). Alternate translation: “the inner courtyard of the palace”
EST 5 1 uk7p נֹ֖כַח בֵּ֣ית הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ 1 opposite to the house of the king Alternate translation: “across from the room where the king was”
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ EST 5 4 abu0 figs-yousingular הַמִּשְׁתֶּ֖ה אֲשֶׁר־עָש
EST 5 5 abu1 figs-explicit וַיֹּ֣אמֶר הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ 1 Then the king said The king would have said this to his servants, not to Esther. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “The king said to his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EST 5 5 abu2 מַהֲרוּ֙ אֶת־הָמָ֔ן לַעֲשׂ֖וֹת אֶת־דְּבַ֣ר אֶסְתֵּ֑ר 1 Bring Haman quickly, in order to do the word of Esther The **word of Esther** means her invitation to the banquet. Alternate translation: “go and get Haman and bring him quickly to the banquet that Esther has prepared”
EST 5 5 abu3 עָשְׂתָ֥ה 1 had made Alternate translation: “had prepared for them”
-EST 5 6 d5wr figs-parallelism מַה־שְּׁאֵלָתֵ֖ךְ וְיִנָּ֣תֵֽן לָ֑ךְ וּמַה־בַּקָּשָׁתֵ֛ךְ עַד־חֲצִ֥י הַמַּלְכ֖וּת וְתֵעָֽשׂ 1 What is your petition? And let it be given to you. And what is your request? As much as half of the kingdom, and let it be done. These two question-and-statement pairs mean almost the same thing. Ahasuerus says the same thing twice in slightly different ways to show that he is truly disposed to give Esther whatever she wants. If this is confusing, you do not need to repeat both phrases in your translation. You could combine them into one or replace the repetition with a statement of what the repetition means, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “now please tell me what you really want. I will do it for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
+EST 5 6 d5wr figs-parallelism מַה־שְּׁאֵלָתֵ֖ךְ וְיִנָּ֣תֵֽן לָ֑ךְ וּמַה־בַּקָּשָׁתֵ֛ךְ עַד־חֲצִ֥י הַמַּלְכ֖וּת וְתֵעָֽשׂ 1 What is your petition? And let it be given to you. And what is your request? As much as half of the kingdom, and let it be done. These two question-and-statement pairs mean almost the same thing. Ahasuerus says the same thing twice in slightly different ways to show that he is truly disposed to give Esther whatever she wants. If this is confusing, you do not need to repeat both phrases in your translation. you can combine them into one or replace the repetition with a statement of what the repetition means, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “now please tell me what you really want. I will do it for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EST 5 6 pj3p figs-explicit מַה־שְּׁאֵלָתֵ֖ךְ וְיִנָּ֣תֵֽן לָ֑ךְ וּמַה־בַּקָּשָׁתֵ֛ךְ עַד־חֲצִ֥י הַמַּלְכ֖וּת וְתֵעָֽשׂ 1 What is your petition? When Ahasuerus asked Esther in the throne room what she wanted, she said that she wanted him and Haman to come to a banquet she had prepared. But since the king asks her once again at the banquet what she wants, it is clear that he knew this was not her real request. Instead, he knew that she wanted to show him hospitality first, as a gesture of respect for him and their relationship. You can indicate this by translating, “Now please tell me what you really want.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EST 5 6 q5nt figs-abstractnouns שְּׁאֵלָתֵ֖ךְ…בַּקָּשָׁתֵ֛ךְ 1 your petition … your request The two abstract nouns **petition** and **request** can be expressed with a single phrase using the verb “want.” Alternate translation: “what you really want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EST 5 6 e2v2 figs-activepassive וְיִנָּ֣תֵֽן…וְתֵעָֽשׂ 1 And let it be given to you … let it be done You can capture these parallel passive statements with one statement using an active form. Alternate translation: “I will give you anything you ask for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
diff --git a/en_tn_18-JOB.tsv b/en_tn_18-JOB.tsv
index c1065d754..a56db8f14 100644
--- a/en_tn_18-JOB.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_18-JOB.tsv
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ JOB 7 2 g9ji figs-simile 0 Like a slave … like a hired man Job compares his m
JOB 7 2 f1pu figs-explicit 0 the shadows of evening “cool shade.” The implied information is that the shadows of evening provide coolness and shade from the sun (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOB 7 2 d651 0 looks for his wages Alternate translation: “waits for his pay”
JOB 7 3 fpt6 figs-activepassive 0 I have been made to endure months of misery; I have been given trouble-filled nights This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “so I endure months of misery; I get trouble-filled nights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-JOB 7 3 cp2i figs-explicit 0 months of misery If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **misery**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “miserable.” Alternate translation: “months when I am miserable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JOB 7 3 cp2i figs-explicit 0 months of misery If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **misery**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “miserable.” Alternate translation: “months when I am miserable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOB 7 4 m7jx figs-explicit 0 When I lie down The implied information is that this is when Job would lie down to sleep at night. Alternate translation: “When I lie down to sleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOB 7 4 fij2 figs-rpronouns 0 I say to myself Job poses a question to no one else in particular. Alternate translation: “I ask” or “I wonder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
JOB 7 4 sf4y figs-rquestion 0 When will I get up and when will the night be gone? Job poses this question to emphasize his intense suffering during the hours he should be sleeping. Alternate translation: “I wish I could get up, but night continues.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ JOB 7 9 g4h1 0 he who goes down to Sheol will come up no more Alternate transl
JOB 7 10 xnf4 figs-metonymy 0 his place The words “his place” represent those who live in his place. Alternate translation: “the people who live in his place” or “his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 7 11 ed6a figs-parallelism 0 I will speak in the anguish of my spirit; I will complain in the bitterness of my soul Job conveys a single idea using two different statements to emphasize the reason he will not remain silent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOB 7 11 q76q figs-metonymy 0 I will not restrain my mouth Here the mouth represents speech. Alternate translation: “I will not restrain my speech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-JOB 7 11 v8zz figs-abstractnouns 0 in the anguish of my spirit “in the distress of my spirit” or “in the torment of my suffering.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anguish**, you could express the same idea with the adverb “distress.” Alternate translation: “while my spirit is distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 7 11 v8zz figs-abstractnouns 0 in the anguish of my spirit “in the distress of my spirit” or “in the torment of my suffering.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anguish**, you can express the same idea with the adverb “distress.” Alternate translation: “while my spirit is distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 7 11 ti81 figs-metaphor 0 in the bitterness of my soul Here sorrow is spoken of as if it tasted bitter, and “soul” refers to the whole man. Alternate translation: “with anger and resentment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JOB 7 12 qy6r figs-rquestion 0 Am I the sea or a sea monster that you place a guard over me? Job poses this question to express his anger at God. In comparing himself to the sea or a sea monster, Job suggests that God regards him as a hideous creature. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am not the sea or a sea monster that needs a guard to watch it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 7 13 v7e8 figs-metonymy 0 My bed will comfort me, and my couch will ease my complaint Here “bed” and “couch” are metonyms for “sleep.” In lying down to sleep, Job would hope to be comforted. The metonyms also have human attributes; they have the ability to comfort and ease a person. Alternate translation: “My bed, my couch, will be like someone who can comfort me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ JOB 9 3 a6um 0 argue dispute
JOB 9 3 el71 figs-idiom 0 he cannot answer him once in a thousand times “Once in a thousand times” here is an idiom that means “at all.” This could mean: (1) “he cannot give any answer to God” or (2) “God will not answer him at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOB 9 3 t9fi 0 a thousand times Alternate translation: “1,000 times”
JOB 9 4 mh8a figs-metonymy 0 wise in heart Here the heart represents the inner being or thoughts. Alternate translation: “wise in what he decides” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-JOB 9 4 f7rj figs-abstractnouns 0 mighty in strength If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “strong.” Alternate translation: “mighty in how strong he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 9 4 f7rj figs-abstractnouns 0 mighty in strength If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “strong.” Alternate translation: “mighty in how strong he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 9 4 b286 figs-rpronouns 0 hardened himself against him To harden oneself means to be stubborn. Alternate translation: “resisted him” or “defied him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
JOB 9 5 at5b 0 he who removes the mountains Alternate translation: “God removes the mountains”
JOB 9 6 m19t 0 he who shakes the earth Alternate translation: “God shakes the earth”
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ JOB 9 17 qb29 0 tempest a powerful or violent storm
JOB 9 17 rl4w 0 multiplies my wounds Alternate translation: “gives me many wounds” or “wounds me again and again”
JOB 9 17 qw6a 0 without cause Alternate translation: “even though I have not given him cause to do so” or “even though I am innocent”
JOB 9 18 bw17 figs-idiom 0 to regain my breath This is an idiom that means “to be able to breathe again” or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-JOB 9 18 uqz6 figs-metaphor 0 he fills me with bitterness This verse pictures God as filling up Job’s life with things that make him bitter. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **bitterness**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “bitter.” Alternate translation: “he fills me up with bitter things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 9 18 uqz6 figs-metaphor 0 he fills me with bitterness This verse pictures God as filling up Job’s life with things that make him bitter. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **bitterness**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “bitter.” Alternate translation: “he fills me up with bitter things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 9 19 qi46 0 If it is a matter of strength Alternate translation: “If there is a contest of strength”
JOB 9 19 ad8i 0 behold, he is mighty Alternate translation: “look and you will see that he is mighty” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you: he is mighty”
JOB 9 19 a2rc 0 he is mighty Alternate translation: “he is the strong one”
@@ -525,11 +525,11 @@ JOB 9 26 icr6 figs-simile 0 They are as fast as papyrus reed boats Job compares
JOB 9 26 hle5 0 papyrus reed boats “boats made out of reeds.” Papyrus reed is a hollow grass that grows along the banks of rivers.
JOB 9 26 vrq5 figs-simile 0 as fast as the eagle that swoops down on its victim Job compares how quickly his days are passing by to a large bird diving toward its prey. Alternate translation: “as fast as the eagle that flies down quickly to catch its food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOB 9 26 iuy1 0 swoops down Alternate translation: “rushes down”
-JOB 9 27 wk23 figs-abstractnouns 0 I would forget about my complaints If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **complaint**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “complain.” Alternate translation: “I would stop complaining” or “I would stop complaining against God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 9 27 wk23 figs-abstractnouns 0 I would forget about my complaints If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **complaint**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “complain.” Alternate translation: “I would stop complaining” or “I would stop complaining against God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 9 27 gn93 figs-explicit 0 my complaints It can be stated clearly whom Job was complaining against. Alternate translation: “my complaints against God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOB 9 27 vk9t figs-metaphor 0 I would take off my sad face and be happy Job’s sad face is spoken of here as if it was something that could be removed. Alternate translation: “I would stop looking unhappy and smile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 9 28 rek4 grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 I would be afraid of all my sorrows Verses 28 and 29 express the consequences if Job does what he says in verse 27. This can be expressed by adding the word “then.” Alternate translation: “Then I would be afraid of all my sorrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
-JOB 9 28 hqx2 figs-abstractnouns 0 of all my sorrows If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sorrows**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “of everything that hurts me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 9 28 hqx2 figs-abstractnouns 0 of all my sorrows If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sorrows**, you can express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “of everything that hurts me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 9 29 js2a figs-activepassive 0 I will be condemned “I will be accused and punished.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will condemn me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOB 9 29 w57l figs-rquestion 0 why, then, should I try in vain? Job uses this question to emphasize that he does not think it is of any use trying to get God’s attention. The implied information about what Job is trying can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “It is of no use to try to get God’s attention.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOB 9 30 l6jt 0 If I washed myself with snow water Alternate translation: “If I bathed my body in pure, clean water”
@@ -544,13 +544,13 @@ JOB 9 33 z743 0 There is no judge between us This means there is no judge who
JOB 9 33 es66 figs-idiom 0 lay his hand upon us both Here “lay his hand upon” means having power or authority over. Alternate translation: “take hold of both of us” or “have authority over both of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOB 9 34 hm1t 0 Connecting Statement: These verses continue the previous argument that no one is greater than God who could act as a judge between God and Job.
JOB 9 34 cc5r figs-metonymy 0 take God’s rod off me Here “God’s rod” is a metonym for God punishing or correcting Job. Alternate translation: “stop God from punishing me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-JOB 9 34 vs1b figs-abstractnouns 0 keep his terror from frightening me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “terrify.” Alternate translation: “keep him from terrifying and frightening me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 9 34 vs1b figs-abstractnouns 0 keep his terror from frightening me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “terrify.” Alternate translation: “keep him from terrifying and frightening me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 9 35 fa78 0 Then would I speak up Alternate translation: “Then I would speak”
JOB 9 35 ug86 0 as things are now Alternate translation: “because this is how things are now”
JOB 10 intro ul99 0 # Job 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job’s response to Bildad.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Job’s righteousness
Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse Yahweh. Instead, he defends himself to Yahweh, while trusting in his decision. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Rhetorical questions
Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to defend himself. He does not believe that he committed a sin deserving severe punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 10 1 ch7h 0 I am weary of my life Alternate translation: “I am tired of living”
JOB 10 1 p5cl figs-abstractnouns 0 I will give free expression to my complaint The abstract nouns “expression” and “complaint” can be translated as the verbs “express” and “complain.” Alternate translation: “I will freely express what I have to complain about” or “I will argue freely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-JOB 10 1 zk1f figs-metaphor 0 I will speak in the bitterness of my soul How Job feels is compared to a bitter taste. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **bitterness**, you could express the same idea with the adverb “bitterly.” Alternate translation: “My inner being will speak bitterly” or “I will bitterly speak out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 10 1 zk1f figs-metaphor 0 I will speak in the bitterness of my soul How Job feels is compared to a bitter taste. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **bitterness**, you can express the same idea with the adverb “bitterly.” Alternate translation: “My inner being will speak bitterly” or “I will bitterly speak out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 10 3 aaw5 figs-rquestion 0 Is it good to you that you should oppress me, to despise the work of your hands while you smile on the plans of the wicked? This question expects a “no” answer and can be changed into a statement. Alternate translation: “It is not good that you should oppress me, that you should despise the work of your hands, while you smile on the plans of the wicked.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 10 3 vw7h figs-synecdoche 0 the work of your hands Here God is represented by his “hands.” Alternate translation: “what you have created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JOB 10 3 q8wf figs-idiom 0 smile on the plans of the wicked Here the idiom “smiling on” represents God’s approval. Alternate translation: “approve the plans of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@@ -586,13 +586,13 @@ JOB 10 15 h2sc figs-idiom 0 lift up my head This idiom means to be sure or conf
JOB 10 15 yg3e 0 I am filled with disgrace—see my affliction Another possible meaning, followed by some versions, is, “I am full of disgrace and am completely full of my own suffering,” where the disgrace is bad but the suffering is even worse.
JOB 10 15 amu8 0 I am filled with disgrace Alternate translation: “I am totally ashamed” or “No one respects me anymore”
JOB 10 15 fs2u 0 disgrace shame
-JOB 10 15 bu5t figs-abstractnouns 0 see my affliction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **affliction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “afflict.” Alternate translation: “see how God is afflicting me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 10 15 bu5t figs-abstractnouns 0 see my affliction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **affliction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “afflict.” Alternate translation: “see how God is afflicting me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 10 16 z3nm figs-hypo 0 If my head were lifted up, you would stalk me like a lion This could mean: (1) this is a hypothetical situation that has not happened or (2) this is a description of a situation that happens repeatedly. Alternate translation: “When my head is lifted up, you stalk me like a lion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
JOB 10 16 ya75 figs-idiom 0 If my head were lifted up This idiom means to become self-confident or proud. Alternate translation: “If I become proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
JOB 10 16 bss8 figs-simile 0 you would stalk me like a lion Possible meanings of this simile are: (1) God hunts Job like a lion hunts its prey or (2) Job is like a lion being hunted by God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOB 10 16 yj7r figs-irony 0 again you would show yourself with marvellous acts of power against me This phrase expresses irony in how God displays his marvelous power by acting to harm Job. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
JOB 10 17 u754 figs-metaphor 0 You bring new witnesses against me Job’s troubles from God are spoken of as if they were people who were witnesses against him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JOB 10 17 di4r figs-abstractnouns 0 increase your anger against me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “angry.” Alternate translation: “are more and more angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 10 17 di4r figs-abstractnouns 0 increase your anger against me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “angry.” Alternate translation: “are more and more angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 10 17 zs8c figs-metaphor 0 you attack me with fresh armies God sending troubles against Job is spoken of as if God was constantly sending new armies against him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 10 18 zk6f figs-metaphor 0 brought me out of the womb Here being brought out of the womb represents being born into this world. Alternate translation: “brought me out of my mother’s womb” or “brought me into this world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 10 18 n2ql figs-metaphor 0 given up my spirit Giving up one’s spirit represents dying. Alternate translation: “died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -625,10 +625,10 @@ JOB 11 8 hb95 figs-rquestion 0 what can you know? Zophar uses this question to
JOB 11 9 i9xz 0 Its measure This could mean: (1) God’s greatness or (2) the greatness of God’s wisdom.
JOB 11 9 z6cv figs-metaphor 0 is longer than the earth … wider than the sea God’s greatness or wisdom is spoken of as if it could be measured in distance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 11 10 y4fx 0 If he … shuts anyone up Alternate translation: “If God … shuts anyone up in prison”
-JOB 11 10 d1jn figs-abstractnouns 0 if he calls anyone to judgment If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “if God calls anyone to go to him so that God might judge him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 11 10 d1jn figs-abstractnouns 0 if he calls anyone to judgment If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “if God calls anyone to go to him so that God might judge him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 11 10 f915 figs-rquestion 0 who can stop him? This question emphasizes that no one can stop God. Alternate translation: “no one can stop him!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 11 11 gdx6 figs-rquestion 0 does he not notice it? This emphasizes that God does notice sin. Alternate translation: “he surely notices it!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-JOB 11 12 e8e9 figs-abstractnouns 0 But foolish people have no understanding If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with the verb “understand.” Alternate translation: “But foolish people do not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 11 12 e8e9 figs-abstractnouns 0 But foolish people have no understanding If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you can express the same idea with the verb “understand.” Alternate translation: “But foolish people do not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 11 12 jlz1 figs-irony 0 they will get it when a wild donkey gives birth to a man Since a wild donkey can never give birth to a man, this means that foolish people will never get understanding. Alternate translation: “only if a wild donkey could give birth to a man could foolish people get understanding” or “it is as impossible for a foolish person to get understanding as it is for a donkey to give birth to a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
JOB 11 13 k56l figs-metaphor 0 suppose that you had set your heart right The heart represents thoughts and attitudes. Setting it right represents correcting it. Alternate translation: “even if you had corrected your attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 11 13 mm3c translate-symaction 0 had reached out with your hands toward God This is a symbolic action representing asking God for help. Alternate translation: “had made an appeal and prayed to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
@@ -644,7 +644,7 @@ JOB 11 17 s8z7 figs-metaphor 0 it would become like the morning The morning rep
JOB 11 18 iqu3 figs-parallelism 0 You would be secure … take your rest in safety Zophar repeats the same idea for emphasis and describes the possibility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
JOB 11 18 f1be figs-idiom 0 would take your rest in safety “Take your rest” here is an idiom for “rest.” The phrase “in safety” can be expressed with the word “safely.” Alternate translation: “would rest safely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 11 19 fm2w figs-parallelism 0 Also you would lie down in rest … your favor. Zophar repeats the same idea for emphasis and describes the possibility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
-JOB 11 19 hc18 figs-abstractnouns 0 you would lie down in rest If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rest**, you could express the same idea with the verb “rest.” Alternate translation: “you would lie down and rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 11 19 hc18 figs-abstractnouns 0 you would lie down in rest If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rest**, you can express the same idea with the verb “rest.” Alternate translation: “you would lie down and rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 11 20 s359 figs-metaphor 0 the eyes of wicked people will fail Their eyes represent their understanding. Alternate translation: “the understanding of the wicked people will fail” or “the wicked people will not be able to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 12 intro u4jn 0 # Job 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job’s response to Zophar.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Job’s righteousness
Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. His friends, on the other hand, judge Job’s case, which Job recognizes to be Yahweh’s authority. These three friends therefore try to take God’s place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])
## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Metaphors
Job uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express his pain or despair. He is also upset with the advice of his friends, who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
### Rhetorical questions
Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Zophar that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job’s response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 12 2 dpz4 figs-irony 0 No doubt you are the people; wisdom will die with you Job mocks how they are acting and shows how ridiculous they sound. Alternate translation: “Surely you are such important people that wisdom cannot exist without you” or “You all act like you are the only wise people and that when you die, wisdom will disappear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
@@ -671,24 +671,24 @@ JOB 12 9 tht3 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of Yahweh has done this Yahweh’s hand
JOB 12 10 tx1w figs-metonymy 0 In his hand is the life … and the breath of all mankind Yahweh’s hand represents his control or power. Alternate translation: “God controls the life of every living thing and gives breath to all mankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 12 10 s1sr figs-metonymy 0 the breath of all mankind Here “breath” represents life or the ability to live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 12 11 d5vn figs-rquestion 0 Does not the ear test words just as the palate tastes its food? Job uses this question to emphasize that people listen to what others say and judge whether it is good or not. The ear and palate are metonyms for hearing and tasting. Alternate translation: “We hear what people say and test it just as we taste food and test it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
-JOB 12 12 v4ft figs-abstractnouns 0 With aged men is wisdom “Aged men have wisdom.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with “wise.” The word “men” refers to people in general. Alternate translation: “Old people are wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
-JOB 12 12 lhn1 figs-abstractnouns 0 in length of days is understanding This represents people gaining understanding when they live a long time. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with the phrase “understand much.” Alternate translation: “people gain understanding when they live a long time” or “people who live a long time understand much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 12 12 v4ft figs-abstractnouns 0 With aged men is wisdom “Aged men have wisdom.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you can express the same idea with “wise.” The word “men” refers to people in general. Alternate translation: “Old people are wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
+JOB 12 12 lhn1 figs-abstractnouns 0 in length of days is understanding This represents people gaining understanding when they live a long time. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you can express the same idea with the phrase “understand much.” Alternate translation: “people gain understanding when they live a long time” or “people who live a long time understand much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 12 13 mmb7 0 General Information: Verse 13 says that God is wise and mighty. The rest of this chapter shows that this is true by telling about the wise and mighty things that God does.
JOB 12 13 tw4v figs-abstractnouns 0 With God are wisdom and might The abstract nouns “wisdom” and “might” can be expressed with the adjectives “wise” and “mighty.” Alternate translation: “God is wise and mighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 12 14 aq2d 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
JOB 12 14 v1pt figs-activepassive 0 it cannot be built again If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one can rebuild it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-JOB 12 14 c4eb figs-abstractnouns 0 if he imprisons someone, there can be no release If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **release**, you could express the same idea with the verb “free.” Alternate translation: “if God shuts someone in, no one can free him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 12 14 c4eb figs-abstractnouns 0 if he imprisons someone, there can be no release If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **release**, you can express the same idea with the verb “free.” Alternate translation: “if God shuts someone in, no one can free him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 12 15 pl3c figs-metaphor 0 if he withholds the waters, they dry up Possible meanings are that withholding waters represents: (1) preventing the rain from falling. Alternate translation: “if he stops the rain from falling the land dries up” or (2) preventing running water from flowing. Alternate translation: “if he stops the water from flowing, the land dries up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 12 15 rel2 figs-metaphor 0 if he sends them out, they overwhelm the land Possible meanings are that sending them out is a metaphor meaning: (1) causing the rain to fall. Alternate translation: “if he causes a lot of rain to fall, it floods the land” or (2) causing the waters to flow. Alternate translation: “if he makes a lot of water flow, it floods the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 12 16 gqf6 figs-abstractnouns 0 With him are strength and wisdom The abstract nouns “strength” and “wisdom” can be expressed with the words “strong” and “wise.” Alternate translation: “God is strong and wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 12 16 uuh8 0 people who are deceived and the deceiver are both in his power Being in God’s power represents God ruling over them. Alternate translation: “people who believe a lie and people who lie to others are both in his power” or “God rules over both people who believe lies and people who lie to others”
JOB 12 17 lk8b figs-metaphor 0 He leads counselors away barefoot Leading counselors away barefoot represents taking away their wisdom and authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JOB 12 17 ux12 figs-abstractnouns 0 in sorrow If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sorrow**, you could express the same idea with the words “sad” or “grieve” Alternate translation: “and they feel very sad” or “and they grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 12 17 ux12 figs-abstractnouns 0 in sorrow If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sorrow**, you can express the same idea with the words “sad” or “grieve” Alternate translation: “and they feel very sad” or “and they grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 12 17 uu39 0 he turns judges into fools Alternate translation: “he makes judges become foolish”
JOB 12 18 w5lc figs-metonymy 0 He takes off the chain of authority from kings Possible meanings are that: (1) this is a metonym for causing kings to no longer have authority. Alternate translation: “He takes away the authority of kings” or (2) this is a metonym for setting people free from the chains that kings have put on them. Alternate translation: “He takes off the bonds that kings have put on people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 12 18 p4c4 figs-metonymy 0 he wraps a cloth about their waists This cloth is probably what a slave wears. To put these cloths on kings represents making the kings slaves. Alternate translation: “he makes kings wear the clothing of slaves” or “he makes them slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 12 19 mkn4 figs-metaphor 0 He leads priests away barefoot Leading priests away barefoot represents taking away their authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JOB 12 19 wut2 figs-abstractnouns 0 in sorrow If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sorrow**, you could express the same idea with the words “sad” or “grieve” Alternate translation: “and they feel sad” or “and they grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 12 19 wut2 figs-abstractnouns 0 in sorrow If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sorrow**, you can express the same idea with the words “sad” or “grieve” Alternate translation: “and they feel sad” or “and they grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 12 19 ch3f 0 overthrows mighty people Alternate translation: “defeats powerful people”
JOB 12 20 g3na figs-metonymy 0 He removes the speech of those who had been trusted Removing their speech represents making them unable to speak. Alternate translation: “He makes those who were trusted unable to speak” or “He silences people whom others trusted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 12 20 dk1e figs-metonymy 0 takes away the understanding of the elders Taking away their understanding represents making them unable to understand or make good decisions. Alternate translation: “makes the elders unable to understand” or “makes the elders unable to make good decisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ JOB 13 3 mx6r 0 I wish to reason with God Job’s friends are judging him, but
JOB 13 4 f979 figs-metaphor 0 you whitewash the truth with lies Putting whitewash or plaster on the truth represents ignoring the truth. Alternate translation: “you hide the truth with lies” or “you lie and ignore the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 13 4 p89c figs-metaphor 0 you are all physicians of no value Being a physician represents being a person who comforts others. Being of no value means that they do not know how to do what they should. Alternate translation: “you are all like physicians who do not know how to heal people” or “you all come to comfort me, but you do not know how, like unskilled physicians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 13 5 gp7i figs-idiom 0 hold your peace This expression means “be quiet” or “stop talking.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-JOB 13 5 t33j figs-abstractnouns 0 That would be your wisdom They thought that they were saying wise things, but Job was saying that they would be wiser if they would stop talking. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with another word such as “wise.” Alternate translation: “If you were to do that, you would be wise” or “If you were to stop talking, you would appear wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 13 5 t33j figs-abstractnouns 0 That would be your wisdom They thought that they were saying wise things, but Job was saying that they would be wiser if they would stop talking. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you can express the same idea with another word such as “wise.” Alternate translation: “If you were to do that, you would be wise” or “If you were to stop talking, you would appear wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 13 6 ezt5 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues to speak to his friends.
JOB 13 6 v78i figs-synecdoche 0 listen to the pleading of my own lips Here “lips” represent the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “listen to what I myself plead for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JOB 13 7 scy3 figs-rquestion 0 Will you speak unrighteously … deceitfully for him? Job uses these two questions to rebuke his friends for speaking unrighteously. Alternate translation: “You think that you are speaking for God, but you are speaking unrighteously. You are speaking deceitfully.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
@@ -737,10 +737,10 @@ JOB 13 13 wau3 figs-idiom 0 let me alone This is an idiom that means “stop bo
JOB 13 13 vp1h figs-metaphor 0 let come what may on me Things coming on a person represents things happening to a person. This expression starting with “let” means that he does not care what might happen to him. Alternate translation: “let whatever may happen to me happen” or “I do not care what may happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 13 14 wk5u figs-metonymy 0 I will take my own flesh … in my hands “Flesh” here is a metonym for life. “Teeth” and “hands” are metonyms for his own control. These two phrases together emphasize that Job is willing to risk his life by arguing his case with God. Alternate translation: “I am ready to risk my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOB 13 16 t8zh 0 Connecting Statement: Job finishes speaking to his friends and begins to address God directly.
-JOB 13 16 e8gk figs-abstractnouns 0 This will be the reason for my deliverance If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **deliverance**, you could express the same idea with the verb “deliver.” Alternate translation: “This is the reason that God will deliver me” or “This is why God will save me from my troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 13 16 e8gk figs-abstractnouns 0 This will be the reason for my deliverance If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **deliverance**, you can express the same idea with the verb “deliver.” Alternate translation: “This is the reason that God will deliver me” or “This is why God will save me from my troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 13 17 ppd9 0 God, listen carefully Job begins directing his speech directly to God.
JOB 13 17 z88n figs-parallelism 0 listen carefully to my speech; let my declaration come to your ears These two lines mean basically the same thing and intensify Job’s request for God to listen to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
-JOB 13 17 g1xr figs-abstractnouns 0 let my declaration come to your ears If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **declaration**, you could express the same idea with the verb “declare.” The ears represent listening. Alternate translation: “listen to my declaration” or “listen to what I declare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JOB 13 17 g1xr figs-abstractnouns 0 let my declaration come to your ears If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **declaration**, you can express the same idea with the verb “declare.” The ears represent listening. Alternate translation: “listen to my declaration” or “listen to what I declare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 13 18 dj3q 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues speaking to God.
JOB 13 18 y2bk 0 See now This emphasizes what follows. “Listen now” or “Please pay special attention”
JOB 13 18 mb7w figs-metaphor 0 I have set my defense in order Setting his defense in order represents deciding what he will say to defend himself. Alternate translation: “I have thought through how I will defend myself” or “I have decided how I will explain myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ JOB 13 25 xm7f figs-rquestion 0 Will you persecute … pursue dry stubble? Job
JOB 13 26 ta4y 0 Connecting Statement: Job finishes presenting his case to God.
JOB 13 26 h6dc figs-metaphor 0 For you write down bitter things against me “Bitter things” represents accusations. Alternate translation: “For you write down accusations against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 13 26 bc79 figs-metaphor 0 you make me inherit the iniquities of my youth Inheriting the iniquities of his youth is a metaphor. This could mean: (1) being guilty for the sins of his youth. Alternate translation: “you say that I am still guilty for the sins of my youth” or (2) being punished for the sins of his youth. Alternate translation: “you punish me for the sins of my youth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JOB 13 26 l6wj figs-abstractnouns 0 the iniquities of my youth If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **youth**, you could express the same idea with the word “young.” Alternate translation: “the sins I committed when I was young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 13 26 l6wj figs-abstractnouns 0 the iniquities of my youth If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **youth**, you can express the same idea with the word “young.” Alternate translation: “the sins I committed when I was young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 13 27 l4hh figs-metaphor 0 You also put my feet in the stocks Doing this represents punishing Job and keeping him from living freely as if Job had committed a crime and was a prisoner. Alternate translation: “It is as though you put my feet in the stocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 13 27 lk93 0 the stocks This could mean: (1) a frame that holds a prisoner’s feet in place so that he cannot move at all or (2) chains around a prisoner’s feet that make it hard for him to walk. These are used as a form of punishment.
JOB 13 27 v659 figs-metaphor 0 all my paths “Paths” represent the things Job does. Alternate translation: “everything I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -782,7 +782,7 @@ JOB 14 5 fm5b figs-activepassive 0 Man’s days are determined This can be expr
JOB 14 5 iz79 figs-metonymy 0 The number of his months is with you The number of man’s months being with God represents God deciding the number of months that the man will live. “You decide how many months he will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 14 5 jij3 figs-metaphor 0 you have appointed his limits that he cannot pass Passing a limit represents living past a time that God has set for a person to die. Alternate translation: “you have appointed the time that he will die, and he cannot live longer than that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 14 6 w4rx 0 hired man a man who is hired to do a job and goes home afterwards
-JOB 14 7 l8i1 figs-abstractnouns 0 There can be hope for a tree If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hope**, you could express the same idea with the verb “hope.” The hope is explained in verses 7-9. Alternate translation: “We can hope that a tree will live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JOB 14 7 l8i1 figs-abstractnouns 0 There can be hope for a tree If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hope**, you can express the same idea with the verb “hope.” The hope is explained in verses 7-9. Alternate translation: “We can hope that a tree will live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOB 14 7 ezr1 0 it might sprout again Alternate translation: “it might start growing again”
JOB 14 7 jj4i figs-metaphor 0 so that its tender stalk does not disappear Disappearing represents dying. Alternate translation: “so that its young shoot will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 14 8 u25b 0 Though Alternate translation: “Even if”
@@ -802,7 +802,7 @@ JOB 14 13 km9h figs-idiom 0 call me to mind Call someone to mind is an idiom me
JOB 14 14 u755 figs-rquestion 0 If a man dies, will he live again? The implicit answer is “no.” Alternate translation: “If a man dies, he will not live again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 14 14 a2dm figs-explicit 0 If so What “so” refers to is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “If he would live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOB 14 14 he34 0 to wait all my weary time there Alternate translation: “to wait all my time there even though I would be weary”
-JOB 14 14 ws2y figs-abstractnouns 0 until my release should come If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **release**, you could express the same idea with the verb “release.” Alternate translation: “until I should be released” or “until you release me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 14 14 ws2y figs-abstractnouns 0 until my release should come If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **release**, you can express the same idea with the verb “release.” Alternate translation: “until I should be released” or “until you release me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 14 15 tbe8 0 I would answer Alternate translation: “I would do what you wanted me to do”
JOB 14 15 d3u1 figs-abstractnouns 0 You would have a desire for The noun “desire” can be expressed with the verbs “desire” or “want.” Alternate translation: “You would desire” or “You would want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 14 15 j3fp figs-metonymy 0 for the work of your hands Here God’s hands represent him making things. Job refers to himself as the work of God’s hands. Alternate translation: “for me, whom you have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@ JOB 14 18 hga3 figs-doublet 0 mountains fall and come to nothing “Come to not
JOB 14 18 h2q3 figs-activepassive 0 rocks are moved out of their place This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “rocks tumble down from their place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOB 14 19 nc2a figs-simile 0 Like this, you destroy the hope of man If it is easier in your language, you can put this phrase at the beginning of verse 18 and adjust the text accordingly. Alternate translation: “You destroy the hope of man, just like … dust of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOB 14 19 dj8q figs-metaphor 0 you destroy the hope of man Destroying hope represents causing the things people hope for not to happen. Alternate translation: “You prevent the hope of man from happening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JOB 14 19 usl5 figs-abstractnouns 0 the hope of man If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hopes**, you could express the same idea with the verb “hope.” Alternate translation: “the things that man hopes for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 14 19 usl5 figs-abstractnouns 0 the hope of man If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hopes**, you can express the same idea with the verb “hope.” Alternate translation: “the things that man hopes for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 14 20 q4my 0 You always defeat him The word “him” refers to any person. Alternate translation: “You always defeat man” or “You always defeat people”
JOB 14 20 uah1 figs-euphemism 0 he passes away Passing away represents dying. Alternate translation: “he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
JOB 14 20 p3dh 0 you change his face This could mean: (1) the pain just before dying makes his face contract or (2) when a person dies, God makes the person’s face look different.
@@ -1068,12 +1068,12 @@ JOB 19 4 bfn1 figs-explicit 0 my error remains my own concern Job implies that
JOB 19 4 fb5f 0 my error Alternate translation: “my sin” or “my mistake”
JOB 19 5 z7gm 0 If indeed you will exalt yourselves above me Alternate translation: “If you think you are better than I am” or “Since you act as though you are better than I am”
JOB 19 5 ms5y figs-explicit 0 use my humiliation against me How his friends would do this can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “claim that my humiliation is proof against me” or “use my humiliation as evidence that I am guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-JOB 19 5 tzm1 figs-abstractnouns 0 use my humiliation against me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **humiliation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “humiliate.” Alternate translation: “claim that what has happened to humiliate me proves that I am guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 19 5 tzm1 figs-abstractnouns 0 use my humiliation against me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **humiliation**, you can express the same idea with the verb “humiliate.” Alternate translation: “claim that what has happened to humiliate me proves that I am guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 19 6 gb9h figs-metaphor 0 has caught me in his net Job speaks as if God were a hunter that has trapped Job in his net. This metaphor represents God taking control of Job and Job’s feeling of helplessness. Alternate translation: “has trapped me” or “has taken control of me” or “has control of what happens to me, so that I am helpless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 19 7 bp47 0 See, I cry out Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: I cry out”
JOB 19 7 zyg9 figs-explicit 0 Violence! This is a cry for help. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Violence! Help!” or “Help! I am being attacked!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOB 19 7 i3lc 0 I call out for help Alternate translation: “I shout for help” or “I cry for help”
-JOB 19 7 i4w8 figs-abstractnouns 0 but there is no justice If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a phrase that makes the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “but no one protects me from those who do me wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JOB 19 7 i4w8 figs-abstractnouns 0 but there is no justice If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you can express the same idea with a phrase that makes the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “but no one protects me from those who do me wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOB 19 8 dpr7 figs-metaphor 0 He has walled up … darkness in my path Job uses these images to describe how God has made him feel helpless and hopeless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 19 8 ly9g 0 He has walled up my way so that I cannot pass Alternate translation: “God has put a wall on the road that I am walking on” or “He has blocked the way so I cannot keep going”
JOB 19 9 wfj7 figs-metaphor 0 He has stripped … the crown from my head Job uses these images to say that God has taken his good reputation, wealth, and dignity away from him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -1130,13 +1130,13 @@ JOB 19 28 ddd3 figs-metaphor 0 The root of his troubles lies in him The “root
JOB 19 29 tw35 figs-metonymy 0 then be afraid of the sword Possible meanings are that the sword represents: (1) God judging them. Alternate translation: “then be afraid that God will judge you” or (2) God killing them. Alternate translation: “then be afraid that God will kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 19 29 t8gg figs-abstractnouns 0 because wrath brings the punishment of the sword The abstract nouns “wrath” and “punishment” can be expressed with the adjective “angry” and the verb “punish.” This could mean: (1) God’s anger results in punishment. Alternate translation: “because God will be angry with you and punish you” or (2) the anger of Job’s friends results in punishment. Alternate translation: “because if you are so angry with me, God will punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 19 29 yy9j 0 brings Alternate translation: “causes” or “results in”
-JOB 19 29 n1i1 figs-abstractnouns 0 there is a judgment If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you could express the same idea with the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “God judges people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 19 29 n1i1 figs-abstractnouns 0 there is a judgment If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you can express the same idea with the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “God judges people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 20 intro p78g 0 # Job 20 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is the advice of Job’s friend, Zophar. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke, and he is even angry at Job. He claims that Job took advantage of the poor and is being punished for it.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Zophar’s advice
Zophar tells Job to curse Yahweh. The advice Zophar gives to Job is bad advice. He tries to convince Job that he is sinning and has been punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Metaphors
There are many metaphors used in this chapter. Zophar uses them to explain the temporary nature of life and riches. He also uses them to describe God’s punishment of Job. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 20 1 p292 0 General Information: Zophar replies to Job.
JOB 20 1 chh1 0 Zophar the Naamathite See how you translated this man’s name in [Job 2:11](../02/11.md). Since this is the second time that Zophar speaks, some translations omit “the Naamathite” here.
JOB 20 2 eef1 figs-metaphor 0 My thoughts make me answer quickly The idea of Zophar’s thoughts making him do something represents his strong desire to do something. Alternate translation: “I want very much to answer you quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JOB 20 2 wy6h figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the worry that is in me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **worry**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “worried.” The reason for the worry can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “because I am very worried about you” or “because I am very worried because of what you said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-JOB 20 3 m5c5 figs-abstractnouns 0 I hear a rebuke that dishonors me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebuke**, you could express the same idea with the verb “rebuke.” Alternate translation: “I hear you rebuke me, and what you say dishonors me” or “You insult me by how you rebuke me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 20 2 wy6h figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the worry that is in me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **worry**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “worried.” The reason for the worry can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “because I am very worried about you” or “because I am very worried because of what you said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JOB 20 3 m5c5 figs-abstractnouns 0 I hear a rebuke that dishonors me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebuke**, you can express the same idea with the verb “rebuke.” Alternate translation: “I hear you rebuke me, and what you say dishonors me” or “You insult me by how you rebuke me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 20 3 y21q 0 a spirit from my understanding answers me Here “spirit” probably refers to a thought or idea. Alternate translation: “a thought from my understanding answers me”
JOB 20 3 pk2s figs-personification 0 a spirit from my understanding answers me This “spirit” or thought is spoken of as if it were a person that could answer Zophar. Alternate translation: “I have a thought from my understanding, and now I know what I wanted to know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JOB 20 3 dt4l figs-explicit 0 a spirit from my understanding answers me The content of the answer can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “a thought from my understanding answers me about how I can reply to you” or “I have a thought from my understanding, and now I know how I can reply to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -1144,9 +1144,9 @@ JOB 20 3 dha7 figs-abstractnouns 0 a spirit from my understanding answers me Th
JOB 20 4 um5p 0 Do you not know this fact from ancient times … man on earth Zophar begins a rhetorical question to cause Job to think deeply about what he will now say.
JOB 20 5 cr4t 0 Connecting Statement: Zophar finishes the rhetorical question he began in verse 4.
JOB 20 5 nhc5 figs-rquestion 0 the triumph … for a moment? Zophar uses a rhetorical question to cause Job to think deeply about what he will now say. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. “Surely you know … man on earth; the triumph … for a moment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-JOB 20 5 ubq8 figs-abstractnouns 0 the triumph of a wicked man is short If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **triumph**, you could express the same idea with the verbs “triumph” or “celebrate.” Alternate translation: “the wicked man triumphs only a short time” or “the wicked person celebrates for only a little while” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-JOB 20 5 u62f figs-abstractnouns 0 the joy of a godless man lasts only for a moment If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **joy**, you could express the same idea with the verb “rejoice” or the adjective “happy.” The word “moment” is an exaggeration to emphasize that the time is very short. Alternate translation: “a godless man rejoices for only a moment” or “the godless man is happy for only a very short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
-JOB 20 6 jjd5 figs-abstractnouns 0 Though his height reaches up to the heavens “Though the wicked person’s height reaches up to the heavens.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **height**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “tall.” Alternate translation: “Though he is as tall as the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 20 5 ubq8 figs-abstractnouns 0 the triumph of a wicked man is short If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **triumph**, you can express the same idea with the verbs “triumph” or “celebrate.” Alternate translation: “the wicked man triumphs only a short time” or “the wicked person celebrates for only a little while” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 20 5 u62f figs-abstractnouns 0 the joy of a godless man lasts only for a moment If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **joy**, you can express the same idea with the verb “rejoice” or the adjective “happy.” The word “moment” is an exaggeration to emphasize that the time is very short. Alternate translation: “a godless man rejoices for only a moment” or “the godless man is happy for only a very short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
+JOB 20 6 jjd5 figs-abstractnouns 0 Though his height reaches up to the heavens “Though the wicked person’s height reaches up to the heavens.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **height**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “tall.” Alternate translation: “Though he is as tall as the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 20 6 v8z8 figs-metaphor 0 Though his height reaches up to the heavens The wicked man’s height represents either his reputation or his pride. Also, here “reaches up to the heavens” represents being very great. Alternate translation: “Though his reputation is great” or “Though his pride is great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 20 6 by93 figs-metaphor 0 his head reaches to the clouds “and though his head is as high as the clouds.” This also represents his reputation or pride being great. This means the same as the previous phrase. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOB 20 7 b9xv figs-simile 0 will perish permanently like his own feces Feces mixes in with the ground and disappears. The reference to feces may also imply that the wicked person is worthless. Alternate translation: “will perish permanently like his feces, which completely disappears in the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ JOB 20 18 w9e5 figs-metaphor 0 will not be able to eat it Here “to eat” the
JOB 20 21 e2vt figs-doublenegatives 0 There is nothing left that he did not devour This can be reworded with only one of the negatives. Alternate translation: “He devoured everything, and there is nothing left” or “There is nothing left because he devoured everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
JOB 20 21 zi35 figs-metaphor 0 There is nothing left that he did not devour Here “devour” represents taking things for himself. Alternate translation: “There is nothing left that he did not take for himself” or “He took everything for himself, and there is nothing left” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 20 22 k3n2 0 he will fall into trouble Alternate translation: “he will suddenly experience trouble”
-JOB 20 22 tq3y figs-metonymy 0 the hand of everyone who is in poverty will come against him Here “hand” represents power, and “hand … will come against him” represents people attacking him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “poor.” Alternate translation: “everyone who is in poverty will attack him” or “everyone who is poor will attack him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 20 22 tq3y figs-metonymy 0 the hand of everyone who is in poverty will come against him Here “hand” represents power, and “hand … will come against him” represents people attacking him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “poor.” Alternate translation: “everyone who is in poverty will attack him” or “everyone who is poor will attack him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 20 23 d4yy figs-metonymy 0 to fill his stomach Here “fill his stomach” is a metonym meaning eat a lot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 20 23 kha9 figs-metaphor 0 God will throw the fierceness of his wrath on him The “fierceness of his wrath” represents God’s anger and punishment. Throwing the punishment on him represents punishing him severely. Alternate translation: “God will be angry and throw down his punishment on him” or “God will be angry and punish him severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 20 23 i6l2 figs-metaphor 0 God will rain it down on him “God will cause it to rain down on him.” Here “rain it down on him” represents causing much punishment to happen to the man. Alternate translation: “God will punish him severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -1197,7 +1197,7 @@ JOB 20 28 pfc3 0 General Information: This concludes Zophar’s speech to Job.
JOB 20 28 u2v7 0 vanish disappear
JOB 20 28 r6s5 figs-metaphor 0 his goods will flow away on Here “flow away” represents being taken away from him. Alternate translation: “his goods will be taken away from him, like goods that float away in a flood, on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 20 28 wi73 0 his goods Alternate translation: “his possessions”
-JOB 20 28 e2e8 figs-metonymy 0 the day of God’s wrath Here “wrath” represents punishment. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wrath**, you could express the same idea with the verb punish. Alternate translation: “the day when God punishes people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JOB 20 28 e2e8 figs-metonymy 0 the day of God’s wrath Here “wrath” represents punishment. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wrath**, you can express the same idea with the verb punish. Alternate translation: “the day when God punishes people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 20 29 d9w5 figs-metaphor 0 This is the wicked man’s portion from God Here “portion from God” represents what God has decided should happen to someone. It is spoken of as if it were something that God would give him. Alternate translation: “This is what God has decided should happen to the wicked man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 20 29 a1s8 figs-metaphor 0 the heritage reserved for him by God This represents what God has decided should happen to someone. It is spoken of as if it were something that God would give him as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “what God has planned to give to him” or “what God has planned should happen to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 21 intro k6tx 0 # Job 21 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job’s response to Zophar. It is also a response to all three of his friends in general.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Ancestor’s sin
In the ancient Near East, it was common to believe that a person could be punished because of the sins of their fathers and ancestors. It was seen as the punishment of a god. While a father’s sin may have consequences for their children, Yahweh does not punish people because of their father’s sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Rhetorical questions
Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Zophar that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job’s argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
@@ -1446,7 +1446,7 @@ JOB 25 4 v4y8 figs-rquestion 0 How then can man be righteous with God? The impl
JOB 25 4 z1j1 figs-rquestion 0 How can he who is born … acceptable to him? The implicit reaction is that he cannot. Alternate translation: “He who is born of a woman cannot be clean or acceptable to him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 25 4 kx6l figs-idiom 0 he who is born of a woman This idiom includes everyone. Alternate translation: “any person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOB 25 5 f8pe 0 See The word “See” here adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Indeed”
-JOB 25 5 un12 figs-abstractnouns 0 the moon has no brightness to him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **brightness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “the moon is not bright enough for God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 25 5 un12 figs-abstractnouns 0 the moon has no brightness to him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **brightness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “the moon is not bright enough for God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 25 5 kt4v 0 the stars are not pure in his sight Here “pure” means “perfect.” Alternate translation: “he does not think even the stars are perfect”
JOB 25 6 c7kh figs-parallelism 0 How much less man … a son of man, who is a worm These two lines say the same thing and are used together to emphasize that man is not perfect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOB 25 6 h6x7 figs-metaphor 0 who is a worm Bildad states that human beings are as worthless as worms. Alternate translation: “who is as worthless as a worm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -1481,7 +1481,7 @@ JOB 27 2 vm9g 0 As surely as God lives This phrase shows that Job is taking an
JOB 27 2 zm2r figs-metaphor 0 has taken away my justice Justice is spoken of as if it were an object that could be taken away or given. Taking it away represents refusing to treat Job with justice. Alternate translation: “has refused to treat me justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 27 2 tp23 figs-metonymy 0 made my life bitter Job’s “life” being bitter represents Job feeling resentful toward God. Alternate translation: “has caused me to become resentful” or “has made me feel angry because of the unfair way he has treated me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 27 3 m4bm 0 while my life is yet in me This refers to the duration of the rest of his life. Alternate translation: “during the whole time that my life is yet in me” or “as long as my life is yet in me”
-JOB 27 3 ny28 figs-abstractnouns 0 while my life is yet in me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **life**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “alive” or the verb “live.” Alternate translation: “as long as I am still alive” or “while I still live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 27 3 ny28 figs-abstractnouns 0 while my life is yet in me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **life**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “alive” or the verb “live.” Alternate translation: “as long as I am still alive” or “while I still live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 27 3 xg5k figs-metonymy 0 the breath from God is in my nostrils “Breath … in my nostrils” represents being able to breathe. “Breath from God” represents God making him able to breathe. Alternate translation: “God enables me to breathe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 27 3 krx8 0 nostrils Alternate translation: “nose”
JOB 27 4 xct5 figs-parallelism 0 My lips will not speak wickedness, neither will my tongue speak deceit These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that he will not speak in such ways. The phrases “My lips” and “my tongue” represent Job himself. Alternate translation: “I will not speak wickedness or deceit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
@@ -1489,7 +1489,7 @@ JOB 27 4 vg54 figs-abstractnouns 0 speak wickedness … speak deceit The abstra
JOB 27 5 tp64 0 I will never admit that you three are right Alternate translation: “I will never agree with you and say that you three are right”
JOB 27 5 n6mb figs-you 0 that you three are right The word “you” here is plural. It refers to Job’s friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
JOB 27 5 uy2n 0 I will never deny my integrity Alternate translation: “I will never say that I am not innocent” or “I will always say that I am innocent”
-JOB 27 6 rv4l figs-metaphor 0 I hold fast to my righteousness Here “hold fast” is a metaphor that represents being determined to continue to say something. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with “righteous.” Alternate translation: “I am determined to continue saying that I am righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 27 6 rv4l figs-metaphor 0 I hold fast to my righteousness Here “hold fast” is a metaphor that represents being determined to continue to say something. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you can express the same idea with “righteous.” Alternate translation: “I am determined to continue saying that I am righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 27 6 ccm5 figs-metaphor 0 will not let it go Here “will not let it go” is a metaphor that represents not stopping saying something. Alternate translation: “will not stop saying that I am righteous” or “will not stop saying so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 27 6 ttu9 figs-metonymy 0 my thoughts will not reproach me Here the phrase “my thoughts” represents Job. Alternate translation: “even in my thoughts, I will not reproach myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 27 7 x6mp figs-parallelism 0 Let my enemy be … let him who rises up against me be The two clauses that start with these words share the same meaning. They are used together to emphasize Job’s strong desire that this should happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
@@ -1505,7 +1505,7 @@ JOB 27 9 a8tx figs-metonymy 0 Will God hear his cry Here “hear his cry” rep
JOB 27 10 kq3b figs-rquestion 0 Will he delight himself in the Almighty and call upon God at all times? Job uses this question to say that the godless man will not do these things. This question can be translated as a simple statement. Alternate translation: “He will not delight himself in the Almighty and call upon God at all times.” or “He will not be happy about what the Almighty does and he will not pray to God often.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 27 11 s3uq figs-you 0 I will teach you Each occurrence of “you” in these verses is plural and refers to Job’s three friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
JOB 27 11 fyx9 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of God God’s “hand” represents his power. Alternate translation: “the power of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-JOB 27 11 re4m figs-abstractnouns 0 I will not conceal the thoughts of the Almighty If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **thoughts**, you could express the same idea with the verb “think.” Alternate translation: I will not hide from you what the Almighty thinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 27 11 re4m figs-abstractnouns 0 I will not conceal the thoughts of the Almighty If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **thoughts**, you can express the same idea with the verb “think.” Alternate translation: I will not hide from you what the Almighty thinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 27 12 pnx9 figs-rquestion 0 why then have you spoken all this nonsense? Job uses this question to rebuke his friends for saying such foolish things. This question can be translated as a simple statement. Alternate translation: “you should not have spoken so foolishly!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 27 13 g6qh 0 This is the portion of a wicked man with God Alternate translation: “This is what God has planned for the wicked man”
JOB 27 13 djh6 figs-metaphor 0 the heritage of the oppressor that he receives from the Almighty Here “the heritage of the oppressor” is a metaphor representing what will happen to the oppressor. What God will do to him is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that God will give him. Alternate translation: “what the Almighty will do to the oppressor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -1593,14 +1593,14 @@ JOB 28 23 qlj3 figs-metaphor 0 God understands the way to it; he knows its plac
JOB 28 24 q6zd 0 the very ends of the earth Alternate translation: “the farthest places on the earth”
JOB 28 25 l7lk figs-metaphor 0 parceled out the waters by measure This describes God deciding how much water should be in each place. Possible meanings are that this refers to deciding: (1) how much rain should be in each cloud or (2) how much water should be in each sea. Alternate translation: “decided how much water should be in each place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 28 26 qy1s 0 a path for the thunder Alternate translation: “he decided how the thunder can be heard” or “he decided the path of the thunderstorm”
-JOB 28 28 l4bu figs-abstractnouns 0 See, the fear of the Lord—that is wisdom If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fear**, you could express the same idea with the verbs “fear” or “respect.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with another word such as “wise.” Alternate translation: “Listen, if you fear the Lord, you will be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-JOB 28 28 m7dq figs-metaphor 0 to depart from evil is understanding Here “depart from evil” means refusing to do evil things. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with the verb “understand.” Alternate translation: “if you refuse to do evil, then you will understand many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JOB 28 28 l4bu figs-abstractnouns 0 See, the fear of the Lord—that is wisdom If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fear**, you could express the same idea with the verbs “fear” or “respect.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you can express the same idea with another word such as “wise.” Alternate translation: “Listen, if you fear the Lord, you will be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 28 28 m7dq figs-metaphor 0 to depart from evil is understanding Here “depart from evil” means refusing to do evil things. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you can express the same idea with the verb “understand.” Alternate translation: “if you refuse to do evil, then you will understand many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 29 intro eli2 0 # Job 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job’s statement, but now it is directly addressed to Yahweh.
In this chapter, Job recalls the days before Yahweh’s blessings were taken from him. This is only one part of Job’s argument that continues for the next 3 chapters.
JOB 29 2 h8k3 figs-exclamations 0 Oh, that I were as I was in the past months Job uses this exclamation to express a wish. Alternate translation: “I wish that I were as I was in past months” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
JOB 29 3 n6gg figs-metaphor 0 when his lamp shined on my head God’s lamp shining on Job represents God blessing Job. Alternate translation: “when God’s blessing was like a lamp shining its light on my head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 29 3 z42n figs-metaphor 0 when I walked through darkness by his light Walking through darkness represents experiencing difficult situations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 29 4 bk56 figs-metaphor 0 in the ripeness of my days Job speaks of when he was young and strong as if his days were the time when the harvest is ripe. Alternate translation: “when I was young and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JOB 29 4 d6y9 figs-abstractnouns 0 when the friendship of God was on my tent If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **friendship**, you could express the same idea with the noun “friend.” The word “tent” represents Job’s home. Alternate translation: “when God was my friend and protected my home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JOB 29 4 d6y9 figs-abstractnouns 0 when the friendship of God was on my tent If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **friendship**, you can express the same idea with the noun “friend.” The word “tent” represents Job’s home. Alternate translation: “when God was my friend and protected my home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 29 6 xbc3 figs-hyperbole 0 when my way was covered with cream “when my path was flowing with cream.” Job uses this exaggeration to express that he had many cows and they produced much more cream than he and his family needed. Alternate translation: “when my cows provided an abundance of cream” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
JOB 29 6 bt34 figs-hyperbole 0 and the rock poured out for me streams of oil “and the rock poured out streams of oil for me.” Job uses this exaggeration to express that he had many olive vines and great amounts of olive oil. The rock is where his servants pressed the oil out of the olives. Alternate translation: “when my servants pressed out a great amount of olive oil” or “when oil flowed like streams from the pressing rock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 29 7 tvt7 0 city square This is an open area in a village or city where two or more streets meet.
@@ -1626,9 +1626,9 @@ JOB 29 17 rxh7 figs-metaphor 0 I broke the jaws of … I plucked the victim Job
JOB 29 18 mx7p figs-metaphor 0 I will die in my nest Here “nest” represents Job’s home and family. Job used to speak as if he were a bird that lived in a nest with his baby birds. Alternate translation: “I will die at home with my family” or “I will die in the safety of my home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 29 18 ree7 figs-hyperbole 0 I will multiply my days like the grains of sand There are more grains of sand on the shore than anyone can count. To say that he would live more days than anyone could count is an exaggeration to express that he would live a very long time. Alternate translation: “I will live a very long time” or “I will live many years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOB 29 19 f52q figs-metaphor 0 My roots … my branches Job used to speak of his strength as if he were strong like a well-watered tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JOB 29 20 r1t1 figs-abstractnouns 0 The honor in me is always fresh If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **honor**, you could express the same idea with the verb “honor.” Here “fresh” represents the honor being constantly given. Alternate translation: “People constantly give me honor” or “People always honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 29 20 r1t1 figs-abstractnouns 0 The honor in me is always fresh If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **honor**, you can express the same idea with the verb “honor.” Here “fresh” represents the honor being constantly given. Alternate translation: “People constantly give me honor” or “People always honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 29 20 bz9x figs-metaphor 0 the bow of my strength is always new in my hand A new bow is very strong. Job’s bow of strength in his hand represents his physical strength. Alternate translation: “I am always strong like a new bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JOB 29 22 l3t7 figs-simile 0 my speech dropped like water on them Here “dropped like water on them” represents refreshing the people who heard him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **speech**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “speak” or “say.” Alternate translation: “my speech refreshed their hearts as drops of water refresh people’s bodies” or “what I said to them refreshed them like drops of water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 29 22 l3t7 figs-simile 0 my speech dropped like water on them Here “dropped like water on them” represents refreshing the people who heard him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **speech**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “speak” or “say.” Alternate translation: “my speech refreshed their hearts as drops of water refresh people’s bodies” or “what I said to them refreshed them like drops of water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 29 23 g4bi figs-simile 0 They always waited for me as they waited for rain People waited for Job patiently and expected to hear good things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOB 29 23 dye5 figs-metaphor 0 they opened their mouth wide to drink in my words This represents waiting eagerly for Job to speak in order to benefit from what said. Alternate translation: “they eagerly waited for me to speak in order to benefit from what I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 29 23 wd9h 0 as they would do for the latter rain Alternate translation: “as farmers wait eagerly for the latter rain”
@@ -1646,7 +1646,7 @@ JOB 30 1 bw8l figs-explicit 0 the dogs of my flock The dogs’ relationship to
JOB 30 2 dkd7 figs-rquestion 0 Indeed, the strength of their fathers’ hands, how could it have helped me … perished? Job uses this question to mock the weakness of those men. Alternate translation: “The strength of their fathers’ hands could not have helped me … perished.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 30 2 n58x figs-metaphor 0 men in whom the strength of their mature age had perished Their strength perishing is a metaphor that represents no longer being strong but weak. The phrase “mature age” refers to them being old. Alternate translation: “men who had become old and had no strength” or “men who had become old and weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 30 3 b5gi 0 They were thin from poverty and hunger The word “They” refers to the fathers of the young mockers.
-JOB 30 3 i6mn figs-abstractnouns 0 They were thin from poverty and hunger If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with another word such as “poor.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hunger**, you could express the same idea with the words “hungry” or “starving.” Alternate translation: “They were very thin because they were poor and starving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 30 3 i6mn figs-abstractnouns 0 They were thin from poverty and hunger If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with another word such as “poor.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hunger**, you can express the same idea with the words “hungry” or “starving.” Alternate translation: “They were very thin because they were poor and starving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 30 3 j6n1 figs-metonymy 0 they gnawed at the dry ground This could mean: (1) “dry ground” is a metonym for the dry roots that grow in the ground. Alternate translation: “they chewed on the dry roots they found in the ground” or (2) “gnawed at the dried ground” is a metonym for eating whatever they could find in the dry ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 30 4 dz4r 0 Connecting Statement: Job continues to talk about the fathers of the mockers.
JOB 30 4 lbt6 0 saltwort … bushes’ leaves … the roots of the broom tree These are plants that people would eat only if they could find nothing better.
@@ -1662,7 +1662,7 @@ JOB 30 8 juk5 figs-metaphor 0 nameless people Here being “nameless” represe
JOB 30 8 wl4w figs-metonymy 0 They were driven out of the land with whips If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) the idea of whips implies that they were being treated like criminals. Alternate translation: “People treated them like criminals and forced them to leave the land” or (2) people actually used whips to force them out. Alternate translation: “People whipped them and forced them to leave the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 30 8 r31i 0 They were driven out of the land Here “the land” refers to the land where they lived before they were forced to go out to the wilderness.
JOB 30 9 krm8 0 Connecting Statement: Job speaks again about the people who were mocking him.
-JOB 30 9 v6wt figs-abstractnouns 0 But now I have become the subject of their taunting song If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **song**, you could express the same idea with the verb “sing.” Alternate translation: “But now they sing songs about me to taunt me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 30 9 v6wt figs-abstractnouns 0 But now I have become the subject of their taunting song If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **song**, you can express the same idea with the verb “sing.” Alternate translation: “But now they sing songs about me to taunt me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 30 9 u5hm figs-metonymy 0 I have become a byword for them Here “byword” is a metonym for the person about whom people make cruel jokes. Alternate translation: “I am now one whom they make cruel jokes about” or “They joke and say cruel things about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 30 10 sx1h figs-litotes 0 they do not refrain from spitting in my face This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “they even spit in my face” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
JOB 30 11 r95h figs-metaphor 0 God has unstrung the string to my bow A bow that is unstrung is not useful. The phrase “has unstrung the string of my bow” is a metaphor for making Job powerless. Alternate translation: “God has taken away my power to defend myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -1755,17 +1755,17 @@ JOB 31 21 w7s9 0 in the city gate This is where the important men of the city
JOB 31 21 y72n 0 then bring charges against me This phrase is not in the original language or in other versions of the Bible. It was added here to help preserve the meaning of Job’s statement in this long sentence.
JOB 31 22 sqk5 figs-activepassive 0 then let my shoulder fall from the shoulder blade, and let my arm be broken from its joint If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “then let someone tear off my shoulder from the shoulder blade and break my arm from its joint” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOB 31 23 ss4j 0 For I dreaded … his majesty This is the reason that Job did not do any of the wicked things he spoke of in verses 7 through 21.
-JOB 31 24 r6lg figs-abstractnouns 0 If I have made gold my hope If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hope**, you could express the same idea with the verbs “trust” or “hope.” Alternate translation: “If I trusted in gold” or “If I hoped that having a lot of gold would make me secure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 31 24 r6lg figs-abstractnouns 0 If I have made gold my hope If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hope**, you can express the same idea with the verbs “trust” or “hope.” Alternate translation: “If I trusted in gold” or “If I hoped that having a lot of gold would make me secure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 31 24 s4sm figs-parallelism 0 if I have said to fine gold, ‘You are what I am confident in’ This line means the same as the previous line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOB 31 25 bt3p figs-metonymy 0 my hand had gotten many possessions Here “my hand” represents Job’s ability to do things. Alternate translation: “I have gained many possessions by my own ability” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 31 25 sk1t 0 then bring charges against me This phrase is not in the original language or in other versions of the Bible. It was added here to help preserve the meaning of Job’s statement in this long sentence.
JOB 31 26 g5il figs-personification 0 the moon walking Here “walking” represents moving slowly. Alternate translation: “the moon moving across the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-JOB 31 26 m93p figs-abstractnouns 0 the moon walking in its brightness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **brightness**, you could express the same idea with the words “bright” or “brightly.” Alternate translation: “the bright moon moving across the sky” or “the moon moving brightly across the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 31 26 m93p figs-abstractnouns 0 the moon walking in its brightness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **brightness**, you can express the same idea with the words “bright” or “brightly.” Alternate translation: “the bright moon moving across the sky” or “the moon moving brightly across the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 31 27 qcf6 figs-synecdoche 0 if my heart has been secretly attracted Here “my heart” represents Job. This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if I have been secretly attracted to them” or “if I have secretly desired to worship them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOB 31 27 wm2t translate-symaction 0 so that my mouth has kissed my hand Here “my mouth” represents Job. This is a sign of love and devotion. Alternate translation: “so that I have kissed my hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
JOB 31 28 pwl3 figs-activepassive 0 to be punished by judges If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for which judges would be right to punish me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOB 31 28 g5xt 0 I would have denied the God who is above Alternate translation: “I would have been unfaithful to the God who is above”
-JOB 31 29 b1im figs-abstractnouns 0 at the destruction of anyone who hated me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destroy.” Alternate translation: “when anyone who hated me was destroyed” or “when bad things happened to anyone who hated me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 31 29 b1im figs-abstractnouns 0 at the destruction of anyone who hated me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destroy.” Alternate translation: “when anyone who hated me was destroyed” or “when bad things happened to anyone who hated me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 31 29 p1nt 0 when disaster overtook him Alternate translation: “when he experienced disasters”
JOB 31 29 hvt5 0 then bring charges against me This phrase is not in the original language or in other versions of the Bible. It was added here to help preserve the meaning of Job’s statement in this long sentence.
JOB 31 30 w93c figs-synecdoche 0 Indeed, I have not even allowed my mouth to sin Here “my mouth” represents Job speaking. Alternate translation: “Truly I did not let myself sin” or “Truly, I did not sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
@@ -2051,7 +2051,7 @@ JOB 37 10 dc5f figs-simile 0 frozen like metal Elihu compares the hardness of i
JOB 37 11 gl6n figs-metaphor 0 he weighs down the thick cloud with moisture Elihu speaks of God causing the storm clouds to be full of water as if the moisture weighed heavily on the clouds. Alternate translation: “he causes the thick clouds to be full of moisture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 37 13 it32 figs-abstractnouns 0 sometimes it happens for correction The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. The object of his “correction” is people. Alternate translation: “sometimes it happens to correct his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOB 37 13 mjf4 figs-explicit 0 sometimes for his land This means that the rain waters the ground and causes vegetation to grow. Alternate translation: “sometimes to water the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-JOB 37 13 uep4 figs-abstractnouns 0 sometimes as acts of covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “sometimes to act faithfully to his covenant” or “sometimes to be faithful to his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 37 13 uep4 figs-abstractnouns 0 sometimes as acts of covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “sometimes to act faithfully to his covenant” or “sometimes to be faithful to his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 37 15 ch2b figs-rquestion 0 Do you know how God establishes the clouds and makes the lightning bolts to flash in them? Elihu asks this question to emphasize that Job cannot know this. Alternate translation: “You cannot understand how God establishes the clouds and makes the lightning bolts to flash in them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 37 15 cbz2 0 establishes the clouds Alternate translation: “controls the clouds” or “makes the clouds obey him”
JOB 37 16 w6jd figs-rquestion 0 Do you understand the floating of the clouds, the marvelous deeds of God, who is perfect in knowledge? Elihu asks this question to emphasize that Job does not know these things. Alternate translation: “You do not understand the floating of the clouds, the marvelous deeds of God, who is perfect in knowledge.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
@@ -2078,28 +2078,28 @@ JOB 38 1 zh2u 0 called to Job Alternate translation: “answered Job” or “
JOB 38 1 zk13 0 out of a fierce storm Alternate translation: “from a powerful storm”
JOB 38 2 ln5m figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who brings darkness to plans by means of words without knowledge? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that Job spoke of things he did not know about. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You bring darkness to my plans by means of words without knowledge.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 2 u9fl 0 Who is this who brings Alternate translation: “Who are you to bring”
-JOB 38 2 kw1v figs-metaphor 0 brings darkness to plans “obscures my plans” or “confuses my purposes.” How Job confuses God’s plans is spoken of as if he were making God’s plans harder to see. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **darkness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “darkens.” Alternate translation: “darkens plans” or “makes plans hard to see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 38 2 kw1v figs-metaphor 0 brings darkness to plans “obscures my plans” or “confuses my purposes.” How Job confuses God’s plans is spoken of as if he were making God’s plans harder to see. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **darkness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “darkens.” Alternate translation: “darkens plans” or “makes plans hard to see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 38 2 lq69 0 by means of words without knowledge Alternate translation: “by speaking of things about which you do not know”
-JOB 38 2 nng1 figs-abstractnouns 0 words without knowledge If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “unknowing words” or “ignorant words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 38 2 nng1 figs-abstractnouns 0 words without knowledge If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “unknowing words” or “ignorant words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 38 3 ur9i figs-idiom 0 gird up your loins like a man “tie your robe up around your waist like a man.” Men tied up their robes around their waists so that their legs could move more freely as they did heavy work. The idiom “gird up your loins like a man” means to get ready to do something involving action such as work, a contest, or a battle. Job was to prepare for the hard work of answering God. Alternate translation: “get yourself ready for hard work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOB 38 4 k38w figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh begins to challenge Job with a series of questions that emphasize he created the earth and Job did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 4 xgy2 figs-rquestion 0 Where were you when I laid the earth’s foundations? Tell me, if you have so much understanding If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Tell me where you were when I laid the foundations of the earth, if you have so much understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 4 e2l4 figs-metaphor 0 I laid the earth’s foundations Yahweh describes creating the earth as though he was building a structure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JOB 38 4 p418 figs-abstractnouns 0 if you have so much understanding If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “understand.” Alternate translation: “if you understand so much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 38 4 p418 figs-abstractnouns 0 if you have so much understanding If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “understand.” Alternate translation: “if you understand so much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 38 5 y99g figs-rquestion 0 Who determined its dimensions? Tell me, if you know If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Tell me who determined its dimensions, if you know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 5 sp2s 0 dimensions Alternate translation: “size”
JOB 38 5 nt85 figs-rquestion 0 Who stretched the measuring line over it? If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Tell me who stretched the measuring line over it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 5 wjp1 0 measuring line a rope or cord that people use to make something the right size and shape
JOB 38 6 i7br figs-rquestion 0 General Information: The word “its” refers to the earth. Yahweh uses more questions to emphasize that Job could never understand how great God is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 6 a776 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job.
-JOB 38 6 i5wb figs-rquestion 0 On what were its foundations laid? If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “On what did I set its foundations?” or “Tell me on what its foundations were laid.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JOB 38 6 i5wb figs-rquestion 0 On what were its foundations laid? If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “On what did I set its foundations?” or “Tell me on what its foundations were laid.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOB 38 6 p5tv figs-rquestion 0 Who laid its cornerstone If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Tell me who laid its cornerstone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 7 r55l figs-rquestion 0 Job finishes the rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who laid its cornerstone” in verse 6. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 7 g3kf figs-rquestion 0 when the morning stars … the sons of God shouted for joy? Job finishes the rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who laid its cornerstone” in verse 6. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. “Tell me who laid its cornerstone when the morning stars … the sons of God shouted for joy.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 7 ql8y figs-personification 0 when the morning stars sang together The morning stars are spoken of as singing like people sing. Possible meanings are: (1) the “morning stars” are the same as the “sons of God” in the next line or (2) “the morning stars” refer to stars in the sky. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JOB 38 7 z79e 0 the morning stars Alternate translation: “the bright stars that shine in the morning”
JOB 38 7 j365 0 sons of God This refers to angels, heavenly beings. See how you translated this in [Job 1:6](../01/06.md).
-JOB 38 7 x5id figs-abstractnouns 0 shouted for joy If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **joy**, you could express the same idea with the adverb “joyfully.” Alternate translation: “shouted joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 38 7 x5id figs-abstractnouns 0 shouted for joy If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **joy**, you can express the same idea with the adverb “joyfully.” Alternate translation: “shouted joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 38 7 uc38 0 for joy Alternate translation: “because they were full of joy”
JOB 38 8 nk5s figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses another question to emphasize that he created the earth and Job did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 8 h82c 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job.
@@ -2109,7 +2109,7 @@ JOB 38 8 txy1 figs-simile 0 as if it had come out of the womb Yahweh compares h
JOB 38 9 un26 figs-rquestion 0 This is the end of the rhetorical question that begins with the words “Who shut up” in verse 8. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 9 fhm1 figs-rquestion 0 when I made clouds … and thick darkness its swaddling bands? This can be translated as a command. Alternate translation: “Tell me who shut up … when I made clouds … and thick darkness its swaddling bands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 9 n9tt 0 its clothing Alternate translation: “as clothes for the sea”
-JOB 38 9 zkz3 figs-abstractnouns 0 thick darkness its swaddling bands If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **darkness**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “dark.” Alternate translation: “made dark clouds its swaddling bands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 38 9 zkz3 figs-abstractnouns 0 thick darkness its swaddling bands If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **darkness**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “dark.” Alternate translation: “made dark clouds its swaddling bands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 38 9 s1lf 0 swaddling bands long pieces of cloth that people use to wrap a baby in after it is born
JOB 38 10 iq3r 0 I marked out for the sea my boundary Alternate translation: “I made a boundary for the sea”
JOB 38 10 j829 0 boundary Yahweh set a limit beyond which the sea was not allowed to cross.
@@ -2117,7 +2117,7 @@ JOB 38 10 hyj2 figs-metaphor 0 I placed its bars and doors Yahweh compares the
JOB 38 10 b38y 0 bars long pieces of wood or metal that are used to keep a door shut
JOB 38 11 hv5f figs-personification 0 when I said to it “when I said to the sea.” Yahweh speaks to the sea as though it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JOB 38 11 ixn6 figs-explicit 0 You may come this far, but no farther The words “this far” mean only as far as the boundary that Yahweh set up. Alternate translation: “You may come as far as this boundary, but no farther” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-JOB 38 11 iy3q figs-personification 0 to the pride of your waves “to the power of your waves.” The waves are spoken of as if they could have pride. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **pride**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “proud.” Alternate translation: “to your proud waves” or “to your powerful waves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 38 11 iy3q figs-personification 0 to the pride of your waves “to the power of your waves.” The waves are spoken of as if they could have pride. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **pride**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “proud.” Alternate translation: “to your proud waves” or “to your powerful waves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 38 12 c1ks figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he created the light of day and Job did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 12 b56i figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh continues to challenge Job. He begins to ask a rhetorical question. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 12 hi2g figs-rquestion 0 Have you … to know its place This question expects a negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have never … shaken the wicked out of it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
@@ -2204,7 +2204,7 @@ JOB 38 33 y4fp figs-rquestion 0 Do you know the regulations of the sky? Could y
JOB 38 34 i5q7 figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses two questions to emphasize to Job that he rules the rain clouds and lightning and Job does not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 34 mq7j 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job.
JOB 38 34 tca5 figs-rquestion 0 Can you raise … may cover you? These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You cannot raise … may cover you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-JOB 38 34 yh4f figs-abstractnouns 0 an abundance of rainwater If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abundance**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “abundant.” Alternate translation: “an abundant amount of rainwater” or “a flood of waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 38 34 yh4f figs-abstractnouns 0 an abundance of rainwater If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abundance**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “abundant.” Alternate translation: “an abundant amount of rainwater” or “a flood of waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 38 35 na4p figs-rquestion 0 Can you send out … you, ‘Here we are’? These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You cannot send out you, ‘Here we are!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOB 38 35 z4cb figs-personification 0 Here we are The lightning bolts are spoken of as servants saying they are ready to follow commands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JOB 38 36 a9d6 figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Yahweh uses three questions to emphasize to Job that he rules the clouds and rain and Job does not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
@@ -2343,7 +2343,7 @@ JOB 39 26 rx7s figs-metonymy 0 stretches out his wings for the south Here the s
JOB 39 26 ckg8 0 for the south In the biblical geography, birds fly south during the winter in order to live in warmer climates.
JOB 39 27 bv18 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job.
JOB 39 27 qk6s figs-rquestion 0 Is it at your orders … nest in high places? Yahweh uses this question to prove that Job is not powerful enough to command the eagles. The implicit answer to this question is “no.” Alternate translation: “You are not able to command the eagle to mount up and build his nest in high places.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-JOB 39 27 cd7k figs-abstractnouns 0 at your orders If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **orders**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “because you tell it to do so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 39 27 cd7k figs-abstractnouns 0 at your orders If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **orders**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “because you tell it to do so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 39 27 cz3r figs-idiom 0 mounts up This means he flies upward. Alternate translation: “flies up into the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOB 39 28 u8qm 0 a stronghold The high cliffs are strongholds for eagles because the animals that would want to eat them cannot reach them.
JOB 39 29 ps15 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to challenge Job.
@@ -2369,7 +2369,7 @@ JOB 40 9 zc8k figs-simile 0 an arm like God’s The arm is a metonym for the st
JOB 40 9 h8v3 figs-rquestion 0 Can you thunder with a voice like him? If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You certainly cannot cause thunder with your voice the way God does with his.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 40 9 bf69 0 a voice like him Alternate translation: “a voice the way he does” or “a voice like his voice”
JOB 40 10 tc7m figs-metaphor 0 clothe yourself in glory and dignity; array yourself in honor and majesty The abstract nouns “glory,” “dignity,” “honor,” and “majesty” are spoken of as if they were clothing that a person could put on. They can be translated as adjectives and verbs. Alternate translation: “make yourself glorious; do something great so people will respect you and honor you; make people think you are a great king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-JOB 40 11 ec11 figs-metaphor 0 Scatter around the excess of your anger If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Here, **anger** is spoken of as if it were something that usually could be held in a container, but in this situation there is so much of it that what does not fit needs to be spread around. It is also a metonym for the actions a person takes when he is angry. You may need to make explicit why the person is angry. Alternate translation: “Be angry because people are proud, and punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JOB 40 11 ec11 figs-metaphor 0 Scatter around the excess of your anger If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Here, **anger** is spoken of as if it were something that usually could be held in a container, but in this situation there is so much of it that what does not fit needs to be spread around. It is also a metonym for the actions a person takes when he is angry. You may need to make explicit why the person is angry. Alternate translation: “Be angry because people are proud, and punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOB 40 11 vj9f 0 bring him down Alternate translation: “take away everything he is proud of”
JOB 40 13 se3t figs-synecdoche 0 their faces The “face” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JOB 40 13 y16q figs-euphemism 0 the hidden place a euphemism for the place where people’s spirits go when they die (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
@@ -2441,7 +2441,7 @@ JOB 41 20 pqy7 0 nostrils the two openings of the nose
JOB 41 20 uk6d figs-simile 0 smoke like a boiling pot Both the smoke and a boiling pot are very hot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOB 41 21 lgl1 0 kindles coals into flame Alternate translation: “causes coals to catch fire”
JOB 41 22 xx91 0 his … him The words “his” and “him” refer to Leviathan.
-JOB 41 22 lw67 figs-abstractnouns 0 terror dances in front of him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “be afraid.” Alternate translation: “when people see him coming, they are very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 41 22 lw67 figs-abstractnouns 0 terror dances in front of him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “be afraid.” Alternate translation: “when people see him coming, they are very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 41 23 uak5 figs-activepassive 0 they cannot be moved This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one can move them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOB 41 24 b1b7 figs-simile 0 His heart is as hard as a stone A rock or stone does not change and become soft. This could mean: (1) Leviathan’s physical chest and the organs inside it are physically hard or (2) Leviathan is not afraid of anything or (3) Leviathan is spoken of as a person who kills without ever being sorry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JOB 41 24 ja7y 0 a lower millstone “the hardest of rocks.” The lower millstone is the larger and harder of the two rocks used to grind grain. It would be the hardest rock people could find.
@@ -2479,7 +2479,7 @@ JOB 42 7 bj1v 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark an importa
JOB 42 7 izh1 0 Eliphaz the Temanite See how you translated this man’s name in [Job 2:11](../02/11.md)
JOB 42 7 snw3 figs-metaphor 0 My wrath is kindled against you Fire is a metaphor for anger, and starting a fire is a metaphor for becoming angry. Alternate translation: “I have become very angry with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOB 42 8 fh9u translate-numbers 0 seven bulls “7 bulls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
-JOB 42 8 vy3t figs-abstractnouns 0 so that I may not deal with you after your folly If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **folly**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “even though you have been very foolish, I will not punish you as you deserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JOB 42 8 vy3t figs-abstractnouns 0 so that I may not deal with you after your folly If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **folly**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “even though you have been very foolish, I will not punish you as you deserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOB 42 9 h2t8 0 Bildad the Shuhite See how you translated this man’s name in [Job 2:11](../02/11.md)
JOB 42 9 tm97 0 Zophar the Naamathite See how you translated this man’s name in [Job 2:11](../02/11.md)
JOB 42 9 l5p5 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh accepted Job The person is a metonym for the prayer he prays. Alternate translation: “God accepted Job’s prayer for his three friends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
diff --git a/en_tn_21-ECC.tsv b/en_tn_21-ECC.tsv
index bcd61023d..bd9a0a724 100644
--- a/en_tn_21-ECC.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_21-ECC.tsv
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ ECC 11 9 kq46 figs-parallelism 0 Take joy, young man, in your youth, and let yo
ECC 11 9 h2ec figs-metonymy 0 let your heart be joyful Here the word “heart” represents the emotions. Alternate translation: “be joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ECC 11 9 vv5u figs-metonymy 0 Pursue the good desires of your heart Here the word “heart” may represent the mind or emotions. Alternate translation: “Pursue the good things that you desire” or “Pursue the good things that you have determined to pursue” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ECC 11 9 si2a figs-synecdoche 0 whatever is within the sight of your eyes Here “eyes” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “whatever you see that you desire” or “whatever you see to be best” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
-ECC 11 9 u7ek figs-abstractnouns 0 God will bring you into judgment for all these things If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge” or “make you account” Alternate translation: “God will judge you for all these things” or “God will make you account for all of your actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ECC 11 9 u7ek figs-abstractnouns 0 God will bring you into judgment for all these things If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge” or “make you account” Alternate translation: “God will judge you for all these things” or “God will make you account for all of your actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ECC 11 10 tu41 figs-metaphor 0 Drive anger away from your heart Refusing to be angry is spoken of as if anger were something that can be forced away. Also, “heart” represents a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “Refuse to be angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ECC 11 10 y37w figs-metaphor 0 because youth and its strength are vapor The authors speaks of things as being useless and meaningless as if they were “vapor” Just as vapor disappears and does not last, the author speaks of things having no lasting value. See how you translated “vapor” in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “because youth and its strength will not last forever” or “because you will not be young and strong forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ECC 12 intro qx5w 0 # Ecclesiastes 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 12:1-7 and 12:13-14.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Advice
This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as “good ideas.”
### Yahweh
At the end of a very impressive life, Solomon looks back and sees that the only real lasting thing in this world is Yahweh. The purpose of his life was to honor Yahweh, something he should have done far more throughout his life. Therefore, he felt that his life was wasted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ ECC 12 4 egr6 figs-explicit 0 when men are startled at the voice of a bird It i
ECC 12 4 hg6p figs-metaphor 0 the singing of girls’ voices fades away Here “girls” may be a metaphor for the birds. Alternate translation: “the songs of the birds fade away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ECC 12 5 jib4 translate-unknown 0 when the almond tree blossoms The “almond tree” is a tree that blossoms in the winter with white flowers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ECC 12 5 p5ym translate-unknown 0 when grasshoppers drag themselves along A grasshopper is a large, straight-winged insect with long, jointed back legs that give it the ability to jump a long way. Here it can only drag itself because it has gotten old and weak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-ECC 12 5 zjw9 figs-abstractnouns 0 when natural desires fail If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desires**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “when people no longer desire what they once did naturally” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ECC 12 5 zjw9 figs-abstractnouns 0 when natural desires fail If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desires**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “when people no longer desire what they once did naturally” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ECC 12 5 tea9 figs-euphemism 0 Then man goes to his eternal home This refers to death. Alternate translation: “Then man goes to the place of the dead forever” or “Then a person dies and never returns to life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
ECC 12 5 m24n 0 the mourners go down the streets This could mean: (1) that mourners go down the streets to attend a funeral, or (2) that mourners go down the streets to the house of the person who is about to die.
ECC 12 6 buj9 figs-idiom 0 Call to mind This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
diff --git a/en_tn_22-SNG.tsv b/en_tn_22-SNG.tsv
index daf08d6f2..193703ea1 100644
--- a/en_tn_22-SNG.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_22-SNG.tsv
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ SNG 3 7 u16s 0 warriors men who fight
SNG 3 8 mm7c writing-background 0 A description of the bed itself begins in verse 9. You could use words in your language that show that this is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
SNG 3 8 v2yx 0 are experienced in warfare Alternate translation: “can fight battles well”
SNG 3 8 z9n4 0 armed against Alternate translation: “so that he can fight against”
-SNG 3 8 jqy9 figs-abstractnouns 0 terrors of the night Here, “terrors” is a metonym for evil people who frighten others by attacking them. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terrors**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “evil people who attack others at night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+SNG 3 8 jqy9 figs-abstractnouns 0 terrors of the night Here, “terrors” is a metonym for evil people who frighten others by attacking them. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terrors**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “evil people who attack others at night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
SNG 3 9 nnm6 0 sedan chair This is a chair or couch for important people to sit or lie on. It rests on long poles that people can use to carry it
SNG 3 10 f5mj writing-background 0 The description of the bed itself that began in [Song of Songs 3:9](./08.md) continues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
SNG 3 10 w2at 0 Its posts The word “its” refers to King Solomon’s sedan chair.
diff --git a/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv b/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv
index ec3e8fd29..4112daf91 100644
--- a/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_23-ISA.tsv
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISA 1 11 r739 figs-rquestion 0 What is the multitude of your sacrifices to me?
ISA 1 12 z32c figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA 1 12 p91g figs-rquestion 0 who has required this of you, to trample my courts? The word “trample” means to step on and crush with one’s feet. God is using a question to scold the people who live in Judah. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one told you to stomp around in my courtyards!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA 1 13 a4yw 0 Bring no more meaningless offerings Alternate translation: “Do not bring me any more of your worthless gifts”
-ISA 1 13 qg5t figs-abstractnouns 0 incense is an abomination to me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abomination**, you could express the same idea with the verb “hate.” Alternate translation: “I hate the incense the priests burn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 1 13 qg5t figs-abstractnouns 0 incense is an abomination to me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abomination**, you can express the same idea with the verb “hate.” Alternate translation: “I hate the incense the priests burn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 1 13 y2mq 0 I cannot tolerate these wicked assemblies This could mean: (1) “I cannot allow you to gather together because of the wicked things you do” or (2) “I cannot allow myself to watch you gather together because of the wicked things you do.”
ISA 1 14 x2u9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA 1 14 u5nj figs-metonymy 0 your new moons and your appointed feasts The words “new moons” are a metonym for the celebrations of the new moon. They are also a synecdoche for all regular celebrations. Alternate translation: “your celebrations of the new moon and your other regular feasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ ISA 1 15 l6q5 figs-metonymy 0 your hands are full of blood This is the reason t
ISA 1 16 tc5d figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA 1 16 kug1 figs-metaphor 0 Wash, cleanse yourselves Here God compares a person who stops sinning with one who washes his body. Alternate translation: “Repent and wash the sin from your heart like you wash the dirt from your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 1 16 i5wc figs-metaphor 0 remove the evil of your deeds from my sight God was not telling them to do their evil deeds somewhere else, but to stop doing them. Alternate translation: “stop doing the evil deeds that I see you doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-ISA 1 17 h8bt figs-metaphor 0 make straight the oppression God speaks of people who oppress others as if they had made crooked something that should be straight, and he calls on them to make that object straight again. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **oppression**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “make sure that those helpless people you have harmed no longer suffer from the bad things you have done to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 1 17 h8bt figs-metaphor 0 make straight the oppression God speaks of people who oppress others as if they had made crooked something that should be straight, and he calls on them to make that object straight again. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **oppression**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “make sure that those helpless people you have harmed no longer suffer from the bad things you have done to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 1 17 btn7 0 give justice to the fatherless Alternate translation: “be fair to the children who do not have fathers”
ISA 1 17 q1c7 0 defend the widow Alternate translation: “protect the women whose husbands have died”
ISA 1 18 nj1x 0 Come now, and let Yahweh graciously and lovingly invites the people to listen to what he is about to say. “Please listen to me. Let” or “Pay attention; I want to help you. Let”
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ ISA 2 9 vjx5 0 individuals Alternate translation: “each person”
ISA 2 9 rbg3 figs-metaphor 0 do not raise them up The words “raise them up” are a metaphor for Yahweh forgiving the people. Alternate translation: “do not forgive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 2 10 gxz3 0 Go into the rocky places Possible meanings are the people should go into: (1) caves on steep hillsides or (2) places where there are many large rocks among which to hide.
ISA 2 10 y6bc 0 hide in the ground Possible meanings are that the people should hide: (1) in natural holes in the ground or (2) in pits that they dig in the ground.
-ISA 2 10 iv7d figs-abstractnouns 0 from the terror of Yahweh If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with the verb “terrifying.” Alternate translation: “to get away from Yahweh’s terrifying presence” or “from Yahweh because you will be extremely afraid of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 2 10 iv7d figs-abstractnouns 0 from the terror of Yahweh If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you can express the same idea with the verb “terrifying.” Alternate translation: “to get away from Yahweh’s terrifying presence” or “from Yahweh because you will be extremely afraid of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 2 10 sf9n 0 the glory of his majesty “the great beauty and power he has as king” or “his royal splendor.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md).
ISA 2 11 hp3l figs-metaphor 0 The lofty gaze of man will be brought low “Yahweh will bring down the lofty gaze of man.” A man with a “lofty gaze” is looking above everyone to show them that he is better than they are. Here all people are guilty of thinking they are better than Yahweh, and the way they look at those who worship Yahweh, is a metonym for their pride. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make ashamed all people because they think they are better than he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA 2 11 i99t figs-metonymy 0 the pride of men will be brought down “The pride of men” here is a metonym for proud people, and being “brought down” is a metaphor for being humbled or ashamed. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bring down proud men” or “Yahweh will make proud people ashamed of themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ ISA 2 15 y975 0 impregnable wall Alternate translation: “wall that nothing c
ISA 2 16 ns89 0 ships of Tarshish … beautiful sailing vessels These refer to large boats that people used to travel far on the sea and bring back goods to the cities.
ISA 2 16 a8gz 0 ships of Tarshish Alternate translation: “ships on which they go to Tarshish”
ISA 2 17 dx3l figs-activepassive 0 The pride of man will be brought low If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will bring low every proud man” or “He will humiliate every proud man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-ISA 2 17 sjb9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the haughtiness of men will fall If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **haughtiness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “those people who are haughty will stop being haughty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 2 17 sjb9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the haughtiness of men will fall If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **haughtiness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “those people who are haughty will stop being haughty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 2 17 ij1n figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh alone will be exalted If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 2 18 t75w 0 The idols will completely pass away Alternate translation: “All idols will disappear” or “There will be no more idols”
ISA 2 19 ii4y figs-explicit 0 Men will go … from the terror The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Men will go … to hide from the terror” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ ISA 5 7 dnz9 figs-parables 0 For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house o
ISA 5 7 l82n figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA 5 7 rxv5 figs-metaphor 0 the man of Judah his pleasant planting The people of Judah are spoken of as if they are a vine that Yahweh planted. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah are like a vine that Yahweh planted for Yahweh’s pleasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA 5 7 kmz3 figs-genericnoun 0 the man of Judah Here “man” represents all the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
-ISA 5 7 ebr9 figs-abstractnouns 0 he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with the verb “do what is fair.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **killing**, you could express the same idea with “killed one another.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh waited for the people to do what is fair, but instead they killed one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 5 7 ebr9 figs-abstractnouns 0 he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with the verb “do what is fair.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **killing**, you can express the same idea with “killed one another.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh waited for the people to do what is fair, but instead they killed one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 5 7 dtn9 figs-ellipsis 0 for righteousness The phrase “he waited” is understood from earlier in the verse. It can be repeated to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “He waited for righteousness” or “He waited for them to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA 5 7 hhv8 figs-ellipsis 0 instead, a shout for help The words “there was” are understood from earlier in the verse. They can be repeated to make the meaning clear. The reason people shouted out for help can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “instead, there was a shout for help” or “instead, those who were weak shouted out for someone to help them because others were attacking them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA 5 7 s93f figs-genericnoun 0 a shout This expression probably stands for many shouts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ ISA 5 11 e3cu figs-metaphor 0 until wine inflames them Here the power of wine t
ISA 5 12 uj2g 0 harp, lute, tambourine, flute, and wine These musical instruments and the wine imply that the people enjoying these things are celebrating very much.
ISA 5 12 rum8 translate-unknown 0 tambourine A musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be beaten with the hand. It probably had pieces of metal around the side that sounded when the player shook it. The tambourine was small enough for the player to hold it and shake it with one hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA 5 12 er4f 0 considered thought seriously about
-ISA 5 12 mpb9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the doings of his hands If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **doings**, you could express the same idea with the verb “done” or “created.” Alternate translation: “what he has done” or “what he has created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 5 12 mpb9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the doings of his hands If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **doings**, you can express the same idea with the verb “done” or “created.” Alternate translation: “what he has done” or “what he has created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 5 12 d7ca figs-synecdoche 0 the doings of his hands Here the metonym “hands” represents the person who has done something. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA 5 13 sd2g 0 General Information: These verses tell what will happen to the people because they have disobeyed God.
ISA 5 13 e8j7 figs-pastforfuture 0 my people have gone into captivity In prophecy things that will happen in the future are often referred to as if they had already happened. This emphasizes that the prophecy will certainly come true. Alternate translation: “enemies from other countries will take my people, Israel, as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ ISA 7 20 y3tv figs-metaphor 0 the head … the hair of the legs … the beard I
ISA 7 20 tyl9 figs-metonymy 0 the head Here “the head” represents the hair that grows on it. Alternate translation: “the hair on the head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA 7 20 tkw6 figs-euphemism 0 the hair of the legs This could mean: (1) this is a polite way to speak of the hair on the lower body or (2) this speaks of the hair on the legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
ISA 7 20 a1pl 0 it will also sweep If your language requires a person to be the subject of “will … sweep,” you can say, “the Lord will also sweep.” Alternate translation: “the razor will also sweep”
-ISA 7 22 tsx4 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the abundance of milk which they shall give If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abundance**, you could express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “because they will give so much milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 7 22 tsx4 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the abundance of milk which they shall give If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abundance**, you can express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “because they will give so much milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 7 23 b3ry translate-numbers 0 there were a thousand vines … briers and thorns “there were 1,000 vines.” That is, when Isaiah wrote, there were vineyards, in some of which were 1,000 vines or more each. He says that these vineyards will become full of briers and thorns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
ISA 7 23 y1fr translate-numbers 0 a thousand silver shekels “1,000 silver shekels.” A shekel is a silver coin worth 4 days wage. Alternate translation: “1,000 silver coins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
ISA 7 23 hu8n figs-doublet 0 briers and thorns The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants. It is not necessary to translate both words. Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” or “brier bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ ISA 10 14 yer6 figs-simile 0 None fluttered their wings or opened their mouth o
ISA 10 15 kg69 figs-rquestion 0 Will the ax boast about itself against the one who wields it? Will the saw praise itself more than the one who cuts with it? The speaker uses these questions to mock the king of Assyria. Alternate translation: “An ax cannot boast that it is better than the one who holds it. And a saw does not get more glory than the one who cuts with it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA 10 15 l68v 0 the saw a sharp tool used for cutting wood
ISA 10 15 e8a7 figs-parallelism 0 It is as if a rod could lift up those who raise it, or as if a wooden club could lift up a person These phrases mean basically the same thing and are used to strengthen the meaning of the two questions before it. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “And neither can a rod or staff lift the person who picks it up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
-ISA 10 16 n3zs figs-abstractnouns 0 Therefore the Lord Yahweh of hosts will send emaciation among his elite warriors It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **emaciation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “make weak.” Alternate translation: “Therefore I, Lord Yahweh of hosts, will make the king’s strongest soldiers weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 10 16 n3zs figs-abstractnouns 0 Therefore the Lord Yahweh of hosts will send emaciation among his elite warriors It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **emaciation**, you can express the same idea with the verb “make weak.” Alternate translation: “Therefore I, Lord Yahweh of hosts, will make the king’s strongest soldiers weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 10 16 h9uv figs-simile 0 under his glory there will be kindled a burning like fire Yahweh compares his punishment to a fire. This emphasizes that his punishment will completely destroy all the splendor and greatness of the kingdom of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I will destroy his greatness as if I were starting a fire to burn everything he is proud of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA 10 17 xf7a figs-metaphor 0 The light of Israel will become a fire The phrase “light of Israel” refers to Yahweh. It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, the light of Israel, will become like a fire, able to destroy everyone that does not honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 10 17 x81s 0 his Holy One a flame “I, Yahweh, the Holy one of Israel, will become like a flame.” See how you translated “Holy One” in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ ISA 10 24 ww5n figs-personification 0 the Assyrian Isaiah speaks of the king of
ISA 10 24 i2ep figs-metaphor 0 He will strike you with the rod and raise his staff against you The words “rod” and “staff” refer to pieces of wood that people use as clubs to beat animals and other people. Isaiah speaks of the way the Assyrians will rule over the Israelites as if the Assyrians were beating the Israelites with clubs. Alternate translation: “He will rule over you and make slaves of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 10 24 an2d figs-synecdoche 0 He will strike The word “He” refers to “the Assyrian” which represents the king of Assyria and his army. Alternate translation: “He and his army will strike” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA 10 24 l3xf figs-explicit 0 as the Egyptians did The full meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “as the Egyptians ruled over your ancestors and made them slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-ISA 10 25 w374 figs-abstractnouns 0 my anger will lead to his destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will destroy him because I am angry with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 10 25 w374 figs-abstractnouns 0 my anger will lead to his destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will destroy him because I am angry with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 10 26 h791 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA 10 26 fnc8 figs-metaphor 0 will wield a whip against them “will beat the Assyrians with a whip.” God will not really use a whip. This refers to God’s power to punish the Assyrians severely. Alternate translation: “will punish the Assyrians severely as if with a whip” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 10 26 zpq7 translate-names 0 as when he defeated Midian at the rock of Oreb This refers to when God helped a man named Gideon defeat the army of Midian. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ ISA 10 33 fn7x 0 Behold This can be translated as “Look” or “Listen” o
ISA 10 33 a8t9 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA 10 33 bh4r figs-metaphor 0 will lop off the boughs … the lofty will be brought low Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 10 33 qb4e figs-metaphor 0 will lop off the boughs “will cut off the big branches of the trees.” In order to make it clear that this refers to the army of Assyria, it can be translated as a simile: He will destroy the army of Assyria like strong men cutting off the big branches of trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-ISA 10 33 xxu4 figs-abstractnouns 0 with a terrifying crash If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **crash**, you could express the same idea with the verb “make a noise.” Alternate translation: “and the branches will crash down on the ground and make a terrifying noise” or “and the branches will fall to the ground with a very loud noise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 10 33 xxu4 figs-abstractnouns 0 with a terrifying crash If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **crash**, you can express the same idea with the verb “make a noise.” Alternate translation: “and the branches will crash down on the ground and make a terrifying noise” or “and the branches will fall to the ground with a very loud noise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 10 33 jg1h figs-activepassive 0 the tallest trees will be cut down If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will cut down the tallest trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 10 33 uza4 figs-metaphor 0 the tallest trees This is a metaphor for “the strongest soldiers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 10 33 n2ts figs-activepassive 0 the lofty will be brought low If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will bring down the lofty people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -742,7 +742,7 @@ ISA 11 16 b1xk 0 in their coming up from the land of Egypt Alternate translati
ISA 12 intro x9cy 0 # Isaiah 12 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### “That day”
The time of this day is unclear. It may be a time in the near future for Isaiah, or a time in the distant future for him. In the latter case, it would reference the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Tense
Extra care must be taken in translating the tense of this chapter. The author talks about the future, but frequently changes to speak in the present tense. Some languages will have difficulty speaking in this way.
ISA 12 1 b681 figs-explicit 0 On that day It can be stated clearly what time is being referred to. Alternate translation: “At that time” or “When the king rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA 12 1 cgh8 figs-personification 0 your wrath has turned away God’s wrath is spoken of as if it were a person that could turn away and leave. It means that God has stopped being angry. Alternate translation: “You are no longer angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-ISA 12 2 il35 figs-metaphor 0 God is my salvation God causing someone’s salvation is spoken of as if God were that salvation. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the noun “savior” or the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “God causes my salvation” or “God is my savior” or “God is the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 12 2 il35 figs-metaphor 0 God is my salvation God causing someone’s salvation is spoken of as if God were that salvation. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you can express the same idea with the noun “savior” or the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “God causes my salvation” or “God is my savior” or “God is the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 12 2 g2h1 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my strength God causing someone to be strong is spoken of as if Yahweh were their strength. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes me strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 12 2 d9eg figs-metaphor 0 song The word “song” here represents what a person sings about. Alternate translation: “the one I joyfully sing about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 12 2 bt8a 0 He has become my salvation Alternate translation: “He has saved me”
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ ISA 13 8 f5tf figs-metaphor 0 like a woman in labor Being in labor represents g
ISA 13 8 ixg7 figs-metaphor 0 their faces will be aflame Their faces being hot and red is spoken of as if they were burning. Possible reasons for their faces being hot are: (1) the people are very afraid or (2) the people feel ashamed or (3) the people cry. Alternate translation: “their faces will be hot and red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 13 9 wx9a figs-metaphor 0 the day of Yahweh comes with cruel wrath and overflowing anger The day coming with wrath and anger means that there will be wrath and anger on that day. The abstract nouns “wrath” and “anger” can be expressed with the adjectives “furious” and “angry.” Alternate translation: “on the day of Yahweh, he will be furious and extremely angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA 13 9 g4nq figs-metaphor 0 overflowing anger Anger here is spoken of as if the one who is angry is a container filled with anger. Overflowing anger means that he is extremely angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-ISA 13 9 i8e4 figs-abstractnouns 0 to make the land a desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “ruin.” Alternate translation: “to ruin the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 13 9 i8e4 figs-abstractnouns 0 to make the land a desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you can express the same idea with the verb “ruin.” Alternate translation: “to ruin the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 13 10 d93q 0 The stars of heaven and the constellations Alternate translation: “The stars in the sky”
ISA 13 10 njr5 figs-idiom 0 will not give their light Giving light represents “shining.” Alternate translation: “will not shine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA 13 10 mgq5 figs-activepassive 0 The sun will be darkened If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will darken the sun” or “The sun will be dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -864,8 +864,8 @@ ISA 14 19 s24w figs-metonymy 0 those pierced by the sword This describes “the
ISA 14 19 vwg8 0 who go down to the stones of the pit The pit refers either to hell, or to a large hole in the ground where many dead bodies are simply dumped.
ISA 14 20 p1jq figs-metaphor 0 You will not join them in burial The word “them” refers to the other kings who died and were buried properly. Joining them in burial represents being buried as they were. Alternate translation: “you will never be buried as other kings were buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 14 20 dax2 figs-activepassive 0 The offspring of evildoers will never be mentioned again If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will ever speak again about the descendants of evildoers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-ISA 14 21 m117 figs-abstractnouns 0 Prepare your slaughter for his children If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **slaughter**, you could express the same idea with the verb “kill.” Alternate translation: “Get ready to kill the children of the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-ISA 14 21 usu5 figs-abstractnouns 0 for the iniquity of their ancestors If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **iniquity**, you could express the same idea with the verb “sinned greatly.” Alternate translation: “because their forefathers have sinned greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 14 21 m117 figs-abstractnouns 0 Prepare your slaughter for his children If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **slaughter**, you can express the same idea with the verb “kill.” Alternate translation: “Get ready to kill the children of the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 14 21 usu5 figs-abstractnouns 0 for the iniquity of their ancestors If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **iniquity**, you can express the same idea with the verb “sinned greatly.” Alternate translation: “because their forefathers have sinned greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 14 21 dsj6 figs-metonymy 0 so they will not rise up Here “rise up” represents either becoming powerful or attacking. Alternate translation: “so they will not become powerful” or “so they will not attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA 14 21 urm2 figs-metaphor 0 possess the earth This represents taking control of the people on the earth, in this case by conquering them. Alternate translation: “take control of the peoples on the earth” or “conquer the peoples on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 14 21 pdw1 figs-metaphor 0 fill the whole world with cities This represents causing the world to have many cities on it. Alternate translation: “build cities all over the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ ISA 15 4 e3i9 figs-metonymy 0 they tremble within themselves Physical trembling
ISA 15 5 k79u figs-synecdoche 0 My heart cries out for Moab Here God is represented by his “heart” which emphasizes his emotions. God speaks of his great sadness as if his heart cried out. Alternate translation: “I am extremely sad about what is happening to Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 15 5 ubi2 0 her fugitives flee “the fugitives from Moab will flee.” A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him.
ISA 15 5 nqe8 translate-names 0 Zoar … Eglath Shelishiyah … Luhith … Horonaim These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-ISA 15 5 y7d7 figs-abstractnouns 0 over their destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with the verb “destroyed.” Alternate translation: “because their city is destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 15 5 y7d7 figs-abstractnouns 0 over their destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with the verb “destroyed.” Alternate translation: “because their city is destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 15 6 yr4r translate-names 0 Nimrim This is the name of a city or town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA 15 7 t1qa 0 The abundance Alternate translation: “Everything”
ISA 15 7 cqq1 0 brook of the poplars This may refer to the river at the southern border of Moab.
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ ISA 16 2 r8tb figs-doublet 0 As wandering birds, as a scattered nest These two
ISA 16 3 sm3j figs-metaphor 0 provide some shade like night in the middle of the day The heat of the middle of the day represents the Moabites’ suffering from their enemies, and shade represents protection from their enemies. Comparing the shade to night shows that they want strong protection. Alternate translation: “protect us completely from our enemies as a large shadow protects people from the hot sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA 16 4 kq3e 0 Let them live among you, the refugees from Moab “Allow the refugees from Moab to live with you.” Here “you” refers to the people of Judah.
ISA 16 4 q1sn figs-metaphor 0 be a hiding place for them from the destroyer Providing a hiding place is spoken of as being a hiding place. Alternate translation: “give them a place to hide from those who are trying to destroy them” or “hide them from those who want to destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-ISA 16 5 uvx1 figs-metonymy 0 A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness Here “throne” refers to the power to rule as king. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be faithful to the covenant and he will appoint a king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+ISA 16 5 uvx1 figs-metonymy 0 A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness Here “throne” refers to the power to rule as king. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be faithful to the covenant and he will appoint a king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 16 5 v5l7 figs-metonymy 0 one from David’s tent will faithfully sit there Here “David’s tent” represents David’s family, including his descendants. Sitting on the throne represents ruling. Alternate translation: “a descendant of David will rule faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA 16 5 e78m figs-metaphor 0 as he seeks justice Seeking justice represents wanting to do what is just. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 16 6 k39y figs-metonymy 0 We have heard of Moab’s pride, his arrogance, his boasting, and his anger The words “Moab’s” and “his” refer to the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “We have heard that the people of Moab are proud and arrogant, boastful and angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@ ISA 19 2 usw7 figs-metonymy 0 kingdom against kingdom The word “kingdom” re
ISA 19 3 k6nj figs-personification 0 The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within. I will destroy his advice The nation of Egypt is spoken of here as if it was a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA 19 3 h9az figs-activepassive 0 The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “I will weaken the spirit of Egypt from within” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 19 3 t2yv 0 I will destroy his advice, though they sought the advice of … spiritualists Alternate translation: “They sought the advice of … spiritualists, but that will do them no good. It will not stop me from destroying his advice”
-ISA 19 3 j1kh figs-abstractnouns 0 I will destroy his advice This could mean: (1) Yahweh will cause the advice that he gives to be ineffective or (2) Yahweh will cause him to be unable to give any advice. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **advice**, you could express the same idea with the verb “advise.” Alternate translation: “I will confuse those who advise the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 19 3 j1kh figs-abstractnouns 0 I will destroy his advice This could mean: (1) Yahweh will cause the advice that he gives to be ineffective or (2) Yahweh will cause him to be unable to give any advice. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **advice**, you can express the same idea with the verb “advise.” Alternate translation: “I will confuse those who advise the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 19 3 cz3n 0 mediums … spiritualists These are people who claim to speak with those who have died.
ISA 19 4 e7zd figs-metonymy 0 I will give the Egyptians into the hand of a harsh master Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “I will give the Egyptians over to the control of a harsh master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA 19 4 f37v figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 3:15](../03/15.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
@@ -1197,7 +1197,7 @@ ISA 22 6 qte5 figs-metonymy 0 Elam takes up the quiver The quiver is a bag to c
ISA 22 6 v2pq figs-metonymy 0 Kir lays the shield bare Here “Kir” represents the soldiers. Alternate translation: “the soldiers of Kir will take their shields out of their covers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA 22 6 x6a2 translate-names 0 Kir Kir is a city in Media. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA 22 7 hn61 0 your choicest valleys Here “your” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Isaiah does include himself as one of the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “our best valleys”
-ISA 22 8 yr3v figs-abstractnouns 0 He took away the protection of Judah If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will take away everything that has protected the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 22 8 yr3v figs-abstractnouns 0 He took away the protection of Judah If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will take away everything that has protected the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 22 8 a1h5 figs-idiom 0 you looked in that day to the weapons Here the phrase “to look to” means to trust in something. Alternate translation: “to defend yourselves you will get the weapons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA 22 8 mz5j 0 Palace of the Forest This was a part of the temple in Jerusalem where they stored their weapons.
ISA 22 9 b84f figs-explicit 0 you collected the water of the lower pool The people will store water so that they will have enough to drink while their enemies surround the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -1308,7 +1308,7 @@ ISA 24 10 rk9d figs-activepassive 0 every house is closed up and empty If your
ISA 24 11 s8c8 0 because of the wine Alternate translation: “because there is no wine”
ISA 24 11 wxr1 figs-parallelism 0 all joy is darkened, the gladness of the land has disappeared These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “all joy will be gone from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA 24 11 y34e figs-metonymy 0 gladness of the land Here “land” represents the people of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-ISA 24 12 dme3 figs-abstractnouns 0 In the city is left a desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “desolate” or “empty.” Alternate translation: “The city is desolate” or “The city is left empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 24 12 dme3 figs-abstractnouns 0 In the city is left a desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “desolate” or “empty.” Alternate translation: “The city is desolate” or “The city is left empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 24 12 zs7r figs-genericnoun 0 In the city This is not a specific city but cities in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA 24 13 j5j7 figs-simile 0 as when an olive tree is beaten, as the gleanings when the grape harvest is done This compares the nations after Yahweh devastates the land to trees and vines after their fruit has been picked. This means there will be very few people left in the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA 24 14 zd27 figs-idiom 0 They will lift up their voices and shout the majesty of Yahweh The phrase “lift up their voices” is an idiom that means to speak loudly. Alternate translation: “They will sing and shout about the majesty of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@@ -1339,7 +1339,7 @@ ISA 24 23 jhu9 figs-personification 0 Then the moon will be ashamed, and the su
ISA 25 intro p6t1 0 # Isaiah 25 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.
This chapter shifts from being a prophecy against the nations to the personal praises of Isaiah. He praises Yahweh for the deliverance of his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Reign of the Messiah
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
ISA 25 1 fw3y figs-metonymy 0 praise your name Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA 25 1 e938 figs-activepassive 0 things planned long ago If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “things you planned long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-ISA 25 1 th82 figs-abstractnouns 0 in perfect faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “because you are perfectly faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 25 1 th82 figs-abstractnouns 0 in perfect faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “because you are perfectly faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 25 2 a6p6 figs-genericnoun 0 the city This is not referring to a certain city. It means cities in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA 25 2 f62g 0 a fortress of strangers Alternate translation: “a fortress belonging to foreigners”
ISA 25 3 s2dv figs-metonymy 0 a city of ruthless nations Here “city” and “nations” represent the people who live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -1407,11 +1407,11 @@ ISA 26 14 yt3t figs-metaphor 0 made every memory of them to perish Yahweh causi
ISA 26 15 mic5 figs-parallelism 0 You have increased the nation, Yahweh, you have increased the nation This clause is repeated for emphasis. Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “You have greatly increased the number of people in our nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA 26 16 m26y figs-123person 0 they looked to you Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. This would include Isaiah. Alternate translation: “we looked to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA 26 16 vn3a figs-idiom 0 looked to you This idiom means they asked Yahweh for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-ISA 26 16 q3db figs-abstractnouns 0 when your discipline was on them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **discipline**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “when you disciplined them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 26 16 q3db figs-abstractnouns 0 when your discipline was on them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **discipline**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “when you disciplined them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 26 17 w2a9 figs-simile 0 As a pregnant woman … cries out in her labor pains This compares the people to a woman giving birth. This emphasizes their suffering and crying when Yahweh disciplined them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA 26 18 j8g2 figs-simile 0 but it is as if we have only given birth to wind “but it is as if we have only given birth to air” or “it is like we gave birth to nothing.” This is a simile that emphasizes that the people’s suffering resulted in nothing. Alternate translation: “but nothing good resulted from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA 26 18 qd8n figs-metonymy 0 We have not brought salvation to the earth, and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen Here “earth” represents the people who live on the earth. The meaning is unclear, but it seems to mean that the people of Israel have not been able to save themselves or other people by defeating their enemy in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-ISA 26 18 v5pe figs-abstractnouns 0 We have not brought salvation to the earth If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “We have not saved the inhabitants of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 26 18 v5pe figs-abstractnouns 0 We have not brought salvation to the earth If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you can express the same idea with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “We have not saved the inhabitants of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 26 18 il5k 0 and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen Alternate translation: “nor have we caused the wicked people of the world to fall in battle”
ISA 26 19 tuj5 figs-nominaladj 0 Your dead will live This can be reworded so that the nominal adjective “dead” is expressed as the verb “have died.” Alternate translation: “Your people who have died will live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA 26 19 ak1f 0 Your dead This could mean: (1) “Your” refers to Yahweh or (2) “Your” refers to the people of Israel. If you choose option two you could translate it as “Our dead.”
@@ -1422,7 +1422,7 @@ ISA 26 19 gnz9 0 for your dew This could mean: (1) “your” refers to Yahweh
ISA 26 19 m8v6 0 dew of light This could mean: (1) “light” refers to Yahweh’s power to make dead people alive again. Alternate translation: “dew from Yahweh” or (2) “light” refers to the morning time when dew is on the plants. Alternate translation: “dew in the morning”
ISA 26 19 gb4p figs-metaphor 0 the earth will bring forth its dead “the earth will give birth to those who died.” Yahweh causing dead people to come back to life is spoken of as if the earth would give birth to those who have died. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will cause those who have died to rise from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 26 20 z699 0 my people Here “my” refers to Isaiah. Also “people” refers to the people of Israel.
-ISA 26 20 k2ad figs-abstractnouns 0 until the indignation has passed by If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **indignation**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “angry.” Alternate translation: “until Yahweh is no longer angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 26 20 k2ad figs-abstractnouns 0 until the indignation has passed by If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **indignation**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “angry.” Alternate translation: “until Yahweh is no longer angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 26 21 rcq2 figs-personification 0 the earth will uncover her bloodshed, and will no longer conceal her slain Yahweh revealing all murders that have happened on the earth so that he can punish the murderers is spoken of as if the earth itself will reveal everyone who has been murdered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA 27 intro p2zg 0 # Isaiah 27 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Leviathan
This was an ancient type of dragon or serpent. It is possible that this is a reference to Satan, who is also described as a serpent and a dragon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “That day”
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
ISA 27 1 u82j 0 On that day Alternate translation: “At that time”
@@ -1438,7 +1438,7 @@ ISA 27 4 v9e5 figs-metaphor 0 that there were briers and thorns The enemies of
ISA 27 4 tw3t 0 briers and thorns See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:6](../05/06.md).
ISA 27 4 bic8 figs-metaphor 0 In battle I would march against them Yahweh fighting his enemies is spoken of as if he were a warrior in an army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 27 4 ij4d figs-metaphor 0 I would march against them; I would burn them all together Here Isaiah combines different images to speak of Yahweh’s enemies. He speaks of them as if they are briers and thorns but also as soldiers in an army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-ISA 27 5 j31l figs-abstractnouns 0 unless they grasp my protection If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you could express the same idea with the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “unless they ask me to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 27 5 j31l figs-abstractnouns 0 unless they grasp my protection If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you can express the same idea with the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “unless they ask me to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 27 5 je5d 0 make peace with me; let them make peace with me Alternate translation: “they ask to live peacefully with me; I want them to live peacefully with me”
ISA 27 6 cx3i figs-metaphor 0 In the coming day This speaks about a day as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “In the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 27 6 f8jg figs-metaphor 0 Jacob will take root; Israel will blossom and bud Yahweh blessing the people of Israel and causing them to prosper is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows roots and blossoms. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel will prosper like a vine that has taken root and blossomed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -1502,9 +1502,9 @@ ISA 28 9 t6vi figs-rquestion 0 To those who are weaned from milk or to those ju
ISA 28 10 fb5v 0 For it is command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little The drunk prophets and priests criticize Isaiah because they feel that Isaiah is repeating simple commands as if he were talking to a child.
ISA 28 11 hfl6 figs-synecdoche 0 with mocking lips and a foreign tongue he will speak to this people Here “lips” and “tongue” represent the foreigners who speak a different language than the Israelites do. It is implied that this refers to the Assyrian army that will attack Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will speak to this people through enemy soldiers who will speak a foreign language” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 28 11 kb8u 0 mocking lips Alternate translation: “stammering lips”
-ISA 28 12 gkx1 figs-abstractnouns 0 This is the rest If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rest**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “This is the resting place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-ISA 28 12 se68 figs-abstractnouns 0 give rest to him who is weary If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rest**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “let whoever is tired come and rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-ISA 28 12 v7ew figs-abstractnouns 0 this is the refreshing If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **refreshing**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “this is the place where you can be refreshed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 28 12 gkx1 figs-abstractnouns 0 This is the rest If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rest**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “This is the resting place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 28 12 se68 figs-abstractnouns 0 give rest to him who is weary If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rest**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “let whoever is tired come and rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 28 12 v7ew figs-abstractnouns 0 this is the refreshing If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **refreshing**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “this is the place where you can be refreshed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 28 13 z6r4 0 So the word of Yahweh Alternate translation: “So Yahweh’s message”
ISA 28 13 ds6z 0 command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little These are the words that the drunk priests and prophets used to criticize how Isaiah teaches them. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:10](../28/10.md).
ISA 28 13 i6sd figs-activepassive 0 so that they may go and fall backward, and be broken, ensnared, and captured If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “in order that the army of Assyria will come and defeat them and take them as captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -1540,9 +1540,9 @@ ISA 28 21 e2cw figs-explicit 0 Mount Perazim … Valley of Gibeon These refer t
ISA 28 21 l5tw 0 he will rouse himself Alternate translation: “he will become very angry”
ISA 28 21 l963 figs-doublet 0 his strange work … his strange deed These two phrases mean the same thing. This work is strange because God is using a foreign army to defeat the people of Jerusalem rather than helping the people of Jerusalem defeat their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA 28 22 w3au 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
-ISA 28 22 upp3 figs-metaphor 0 your bonds will be tightened Yahweh punishing the people even more severely is spoken of as if he would tighten their bonds. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will tighten your bonds” or “Yahweh will punish you even more severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+ISA 28 22 upp3 figs-metaphor 0 your bonds will be tightened Yahweh punishing the people even more severely is spoken of as if he would tighten their bonds. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will tighten your bonds” or “Yahweh will punish you even more severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 28 22 tpu3 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
-ISA 28 22 fdu9 figs-abstractnouns 0 a decree of destruction on the earth If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “that he is going to destroy people throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 28 22 fdu9 figs-abstractnouns 0 a decree of destruction on the earth If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “that he is going to destroy people throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 28 23 bjv1 figs-parables 0 General Information: This begins a parable that ends in 28:29. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
ISA 28 23 twz5 figs-parallelism 0 Pay attention and listen to my voice; be attentive and listen to my words These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second phrase is used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA 28 23 lsh4 figs-metonymy 0 to my voice Here “voice” represents what Isaiah says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -1629,10 +1629,10 @@ ISA 29 24 uc4z figs-explicit 0 complainers will learn knowledge This can be mad
ISA 30 intro e211 0 # Isaiah 30 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.
This chapter continues the series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Negev
This is an area between Egypt and Judah. The people would have had to travel though it in order to get to Egypt. No one really lived in this area and it was known to be very dangerous.
### Trust
The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. The people were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “That day”
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. The chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
ISA 30 1 e6vd figs-metaphor 0 the rebellious children Yahweh speaks about his people as if they were his children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 30 1 dq2r figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
-ISA 30 1 cu63 figs-abstractnouns 0 They make plans, but not from me This can be reworded so that If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **plans**, you could express the same idea with the verb “plan.” Alternate translation: “They plan to do things, but they do not ask me what I want them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 30 1 cu63 figs-abstractnouns 0 They make plans, but not from me This can be reworded so that If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **plans**, you can express the same idea with the verb “plan.” Alternate translation: “They plan to do things, but they do not ask me what I want them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 30 1 vep2 figs-activepassive 0 but they were not directed by my Spirit If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but my Spirit did not direct them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 30 1 sdp8 figs-metaphor 0 they add sin to sin Continuing to sin is spoken of as if sins were objects that could be stacked on one another. Alternate translation: “they continue to sin more and more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-ISA 30 2 ed8h figs-abstractnouns 0 They seek protection from Pharaoh If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you could express the same idea with the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “They ask Pharaoh to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 30 2 ed8h figs-abstractnouns 0 They seek protection from Pharaoh If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **protection**, you can express the same idea with the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “They ask Pharaoh to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 30 2 k8ag figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in the shadow of Egypt Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. Alternate translation: “they rely on the Egyptians to keep them safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 30 3 frg3 figs-abstractnouns 0 Therefore Pharaoh’s protection will be your shame, and the refuge in Egypt’s shade, your humiliation This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “protection,” “shame,” and “humiliation” are expressed as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “Therefore you will be ashamed because you relied on Pharaoh to protect you; you will be humiliated because you relied on the Egyptians to keep you safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 30 3 z473 figs-metaphor 0 the refuge in Egypt’s shade Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -1660,7 +1660,7 @@ ISA 30 12 t871 figs-123person 0 lean on it Here the word “it” refers to “
ISA 30 12 km37 figs-idiom 0 lean on This is an idiom that means to trust or rely on something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA 30 13 f58j figs-simile 0 so this sin will be to you like a broken part … in an instant This simile means that God will destroy the people of Judah suddenly because of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA 30 13 rwu8 figs-ellipsis 0 like a broken part ready to fall It is understood that this is a broken part of a wall. Alternate translation: “like a broken part of a wall that is ready to fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
-ISA 30 13 c7k8 figs-abstractnouns 0 whose fall will happen suddenly If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fall**, you could express the same idea with the verb “fall.” Alternate translation: “that will suddenly fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 30 13 c7k8 figs-abstractnouns 0 whose fall will happen suddenly If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fall**, you can express the same idea with the verb “fall.” Alternate translation: “that will suddenly fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 30 13 m5ka figs-doublet 0 suddenly, in an instant These mean the same thing and emphasize how quickly the wall will fall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA 30 14 b2im 0 General Information: Isaiah describes how Yahweh will destroy the people of Judah ([Isaiah 30:12-13](./12.md)).
ISA 30 14 amd2 figs-metaphor 0 He will break it Here “it” refers to the part in the wall that is about to fall. The part in the wall is a metaphor that represents the people of Judah and their sin mentioned in [Isaiah 30:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -1691,7 +1691,7 @@ ISA 30 22 n2zf figs-personification 0 You will say to them, “Get out of here.
ISA 30 23 w7ij 0 He will give Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give”
ISA 30 23 hjh1 figs-synecdoche 0 bread with abundance from the ground Here “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “he will cause the ground to produce plenty of food for you to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA 30 23 llp6 0 In that day Alternate translation: “At that time”
-ISA 30 24 e7ff figs-activepassive 0 that has been winnowed with a shovel and a fork Shovels and forks were used to throw the grain in the air so the wind would blow away the chaff, leaving only the part that could be eaten. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you have winnowed with a shovel and a pitchfork” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+ISA 30 24 e7ff figs-activepassive 0 that has been winnowed with a shovel and a fork Shovels and forks were used to throw the grain in the air so the wind would blow away the chaff, leaving only the part that could be eaten. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you have winnowed with a shovel and a pitchfork” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 30 25 n5xk 0 On every high mountain … every high hill Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it.
ISA 30 25 lg8s 0 in the day of the great slaughter when the towers fall Alternate translation: “when Yahweh slaughters your enemies and causes their strong towers to fall”
ISA 30 25 k7p7 0 in the day Alternate translation: “at the time”
@@ -1827,7 +1827,7 @@ ISA 33 5 bu33 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah.
ISA 33 5 f7z4 figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh is exalted If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is greater than anyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 33 5 gk4n figs-metaphor 0 He will fill Zion with justice and righteousness This speaks of Yahweh ruling Zion with his justice and righteousness as if he were filling Zion with justice and righteousness. Alternate translation: “He will rule Zion with justice and righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 33 6 gy6i figs-metaphor 0 He will be the stability in your times This speaks of Yahweh causing his people to be secure as if he were the stability himself. The phrase “your times” refers to their lives. Alternate translation: “He will make you secure all your lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-ISA 33 6 fe6y figs-ellipsis 0 abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge This refers to the things that Yahweh will give to them. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “save.” The abstract nouns “wisdom” and “knowledge” can be expressed with adjectives. Alternate translation: “and he will give you an abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge” or “he will save you and cause you to be very wise and knowledgeable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 33 6 fe6y figs-ellipsis 0 abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge This refers to the things that Yahweh will give to them. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you can express the same idea with the verb “save.” The abstract nouns “wisdom” and “knowledge” can be expressed with adjectives. Alternate translation: “and he will give you an abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge” or “he will save you and cause you to be very wise and knowledgeable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 33 6 p3md figs-metaphor 0 the fear of Yahweh is his treasure This speaks of fearing Yahweh as if it were a treasure that Yahweh gives his people. Alternate translation: “revering Yahweh will be like a valuable treasure that he will give to you” or “to fear Yahweh will be as valuable to you as a treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 33 7 f6lb 0 Look This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to what is said next. It is also used here to mark a new section in the book. Alternate translation: “Listen”
ISA 33 7 e9rq 0 envoys messengers
@@ -2195,7 +2195,7 @@ ISA 40 4 m9td figs-activepassive 0 and the rugged land will be made level, and
ISA 40 5 ys59 figs-activepassive 0 the glory of Yahweh will be revealed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will reveal his glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 40 5 sf3k figs-synecdoche 0 for the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it The word “mouth” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has spoken it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA 40 6 slv6 figs-metaphor 0 All flesh is grass The word “flesh” refers to people. The speaker speaks of humans as if they are grass, because they both die quickly. Alternate translation: “All people are like grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-ISA 40 6 tzv2 figs-simile 0 all their covenant faithfulness is like the flower of the field The speaker compares the covenant faithfulness of people to flowers that bloom and then die quickly. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “they quickly stop being faithful to the covenant, just like a flower of the field dies quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 40 6 tzv2 figs-simile 0 all their covenant faithfulness is like the flower of the field The speaker compares the covenant faithfulness of people to flowers that bloom and then die quickly. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “they quickly stop being faithful to the covenant, just like a flower of the field dies quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 40 6 h3q7 0 covenant faithfulness This could mean: (1) covenant faithfulness or (2) beauty.
ISA 40 7 m65h 0 when the breath of Yahweh blows on it This could mean: (1) “when Yahweh blows his breath on it” or (2) “when Yahweh sends a wind to blow on it.”
ISA 40 7 p8bp figs-metaphor 0 humanity is grass The speaker speaks of humans as if they are grass, because they both die quickly. Alternate translation: “people die as quickly as grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -2544,7 +2544,7 @@ ISA 46 10 ew3c figs-parallelism 0 I announce the end from the beginning, and be
ISA 46 11 f49l figs-metaphor 0 I call a bird of prey from the east Yahweh speaks of Cyrus as if he were “a bird of prey.” As a bird swiftly captures its prey, so Cyrus will swiftly accomplish Yahweh’s purpose to conquer the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 46 11 yfg8 figs-parallelism 0 I have spoken; I will also accomplish it; I have purposed, I will also do it. This repeats the same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA 46 12 cq6x figs-metaphor 0 who are far from doing what is right Yahweh speaks of the people stubbornly doing wrong as if they were physically far away from doing the right thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-ISA 46 13 ykp7 figs-personification 0 my salvation does not wait Yahweh speaks of saving his people soon as if his salvation were a person who does not wait to act. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “I will not wait to save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 46 13 ykp7 figs-personification 0 my salvation does not wait Yahweh speaks of saving his people soon as if his salvation were a person who does not wait to act. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you can express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “I will not wait to save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 47 intro ss9a 0 # Isaiah 47 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Babylon
This chapter prophesied the destruction of Babylon. At the time that the prophesy was written, Assyria was still in power and Babylon had not yet become a world power. The Chaldeans were not yet a powerful nation either. The people of Judah would become servants or slaves of Babylon and be forced to work very hard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
ISA 47 1 h2n7 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: In this chapter, Yahweh speaks to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA 47 1 qpl4 figs-parallelism 0 sit in the dust, virgin daughter of Babylon; sit on the ground … daughter of the Chaldeans. These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Sitting in the dust was a sign of humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
@@ -2915,13 +2915,13 @@ ISA 54 6 mj4h figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has called you back as a wife … like a w
ISA 54 6 c9rt figs-metonymy 0 grieved in spirit Here “spirit” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “grieved” or “made sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA 54 8 w36x figs-metaphor 0 In a flood of anger Yahweh being very angry is spoken of as if his anger were a flood that overwhelms people. Alternate translation: “When I was very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 54 8 lz5y figs-idiom 0 I hid my face from you Here “hid my face” is an idiom that means God abandoned his people and let them suffer. Alternate translation: “I abandoned you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-ISA 54 8 ued4 figs-abstractnouns 0 but with everlasting covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “but because I always am faithful to my covenant with you” or “but because I am always faithful to do what I promise to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 54 8 ued4 figs-abstractnouns 0 but with everlasting covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “but because I always am faithful to my covenant with you” or “but because I am always faithful to do what I promise to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 54 8 r671 figs-123person 0 says Yahweh, the one who rescues you Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “that is what I, Yahweh, your rescuer, say to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA 54 9 xuf9 figs-explicit 0 the waters of Noah This refers to the flood that Yahweh caused during the time of Noah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA 54 10 z7di figs-hypo 0 Though the mountains may fall and the hills be shaken, yet my steadfast love Yahweh describes a hypothetical condition to explain what would happen even if those conditions were met. Alternate translation: “Even if the mountains fell and the hills shook, my steadfast love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
ISA 54 10 n2al figs-activepassive 0 the hills be shaken If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the hills may shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 54 10 g8ib figs-metaphor 0 my steadfast love will not turn away from you Yahweh continuing to love his people is spoken of as if his love would not turn away from the people. Alternate translation: “I will not stop loving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-ISA 54 10 e3aj figs-metaphor 0 nor will my covenant of peace be shaken Yahweh not canceling his covenant with the people is spoken of as if his covenant were an object that would not be shaken. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I will not cancel my covenant of peace” or “and I will surely give you peace as I promised in my covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+ISA 54 10 e3aj figs-metaphor 0 nor will my covenant of peace be shaken Yahweh not canceling his covenant with the people is spoken of as if his covenant were an object that would not be shaken. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I will not cancel my covenant of peace” or “and I will surely give you peace as I promised in my covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 54 10 h5qq figs-123person 0 says Yahweh, who has mercy on you Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “that is what I, Yahweh, who acts mercifully, say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA 54 11 dx8e figs-apostrophe 0 Afflicted one Here Yahweh speaks to the city of Jerusalem as if it were listening to him. Here Jerusalem represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “You afflicted people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA 54 11 n2mb figs-metaphor 0 storm-driven Yahweh speaks of the people as if they were blown around and damaged by the winds and storms. This means the people were hurt and without stability. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -2932,12 +2932,12 @@ ISA 54 12 v6lh 0 I will make … beautiful stones Yahweh describes in ideal te
ISA 54 12 d32a translate-unknown 0 rubies These precious gemstones are red to pink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA 54 13 zt6p figs-activepassive 0 Then all your children will be taught by Yahweh If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will teach all your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 54 13 e6ul figs-123person 0 by Yahweh Yahweh speaks of himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “by me, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
-ISA 54 14 e2ru figs-abstractnouns 0 In righteousness you will be established If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “right.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to be strong again because you will do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+ISA 54 14 e2ru figs-abstractnouns 0 In righteousness you will be established If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “right.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to be strong again because you will do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 54 14 rk6l 0 it will not come near to you No one in the city or outsiders will ever terrify the inhabitants of Jerusalem again.
ISA 54 15 h4z4 0 General Information: Yahweh continue speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA 54 15 hxz5 figs-idiom 0 stirs up trouble This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “causes trouble” or “troubles you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA 54 15 ii4x figs-idiom 0 will fall in defeat This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you will defeat them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-ISA 54 17 thu4 figs-metonymy 0 No weapon that is formed against you will succeed Enemies not succeeding against Yahweh’s people is spoken of as if their weapons would not succeed against Yahweh’s people. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Enemies may form weapons to attack you but they will not defeat you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+ISA 54 17 thu4 figs-metonymy 0 No weapon that is formed against you will succeed Enemies not succeeding against Yahweh’s people is spoken of as if their weapons would not succeed against Yahweh’s people. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Enemies may form weapons to attack you but they will not defeat you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 54 17 f69n figs-metaphor 0 This is the heritage of the servants of Yahweh The reward that Yahweh will give to those who serve him is spoken of as if the reward were something they would inherit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 54 17 b727 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA 55 intro c34c 0 # Isaiah 55 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Gentiles
Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
@@ -2986,7 +2986,7 @@ ISA 56 10 tz9w figs-metaphor 0 They are all silent dogs The leaders are suppose
ISA 56 10 r63i 0 They dream, and lying down they love to sleep This means the leaders are not bringing God’s word of warning to Israel but prefer their own comfort.
ISA 56 11 ub1k figs-metaphor 0 The dogs have big appetites Yahweh continues comparing Israel’s bad leaders to dogs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 57 intro miv3 0 # Isaiah 57 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Child sacrifice
This chapter references the killing of children. Some religions in the ancient Near East practiced the sacrificing of their children. This was considered evil by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Mocking
The people abandoned the worship of Yahweh in favor of other gods. When they needed help, he tells them to ask these false gods. This is mocking the power of the false gods and shows the people the uselessness of their worship of these gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
-ISA 57 1 r38x figs-abstractnouns 0 the people of covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “the people who are faithful to the covenant” or “the people who are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 57 1 r38x figs-abstractnouns 0 the people of covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “the people who are faithful to the covenant” or “the people who are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 57 1 mfl3 figs-euphemism 0 are gathered away … is gathered away “die and go away … dies and goes away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
ISA 57 1 u6v1 figs-activepassive 0 that the righteous is gathered away from the evil If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the righteous people die, and Yahweh takes them away from all that is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA 57 2 zn46 0 He enters into peace Alternate translation: “The righteous enter into peace”
@@ -3196,7 +3196,7 @@ ISA 63 4 p1bl figs-metonymy 0 the year for my redemption Here “year” refers
ISA 63 5 f8a2 figs-metonymy 0 but my own arm Here “arm” represents power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA 63 6 xdg5 figs-metaphor 0 made them drunk in my wrath This means Yahweh made them stunned and senseless by his full wrath and punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA 63 6 v3ih figs-metaphor 0 I poured out their blood Here “blood” represents the life of Yahweh’s enemies that was gushing out so they would die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-ISA 63 7 e55q figs-abstractnouns 0 I will tell of the acts of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully” or “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “I will tell about how God has acted faithfully to his covenant” or “I will tell about all the faithful things God has done for his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+ISA 63 7 e55q figs-abstractnouns 0 I will tell of the acts of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithfully” or “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “I will tell about how God has acted faithfully to his covenant” or “I will tell about all the faithful things God has done for his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA 63 7 d6e5 0 I will tell Here “I” refers to Isaiah.
ISA 63 7 x88u figs-exclusive 0 done for us Here “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
ISA 63 9 gd1d 0 Through all their suffering “Through all our suffering.” Here “their” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people.
diff --git a/en_tn_24-JER.tsv b/en_tn_24-JER.tsv
index 70334ac4f..73e23a5fd 100644
--- a/en_tn_24-JER.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_24-JER.tsv
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ JER 5 6 qkm7 0 thicket a set of bushes that grew closely together.
JER 5 6 a7xd 0 wolf a large wild dangerous dog
JER 5 6 nb63 0 lurking watching for an opportunity to attack
JER 5 6 jm2c 0 panther a large wild dangerous cat
-JER 5 6 eb17 figs-abstractnouns 0 For their transgressions increase If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **transgressions**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “sin.” Alternate translation: “For they sin much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 5 6 eb17 figs-abstractnouns 0 For their transgressions increase If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **transgressions**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “sin.” Alternate translation: “For they sin much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 5 6 bl92 figs-abstractnouns 0 Their acts of faithlessness are unlimited The abstract nouns in “acts of faithlessness” can be translated as “the faithless things they do.” Alternate translation: “The faithless things they do are many” or “They do many faithless things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 5 7 tgq4 figs-rquestion 0 Why should I pardon these people? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he has no reason to pardon these people. Alternate translation: “Because of the things that they do, I cannot pardon these people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JER 5 7 i1na 0 these people the people of Jerusalem
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ JER 6 13 eyw7 figs-merism 0 that from the least to the greatest, all of them ar
JER 6 13 vs6m figs-nominaladj 0 the least This refers to the least powerful and least important people. Alternate translation: “the least powerful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JER 6 13 gwi1 figs-nominaladj 0 the greatest This refers to the most powerful and most important people. Alternate translation: “the greatest people” or “the most powerful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JER 6 13 vdj4 0 all of them Alternate translation: “all of the people of Israel”
-JER 6 13 qw1u figs-abstractnouns 0 are greedy for dishonest gain If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **gain**, you could express the same idea with the phrases “get more money” or “get more things.” Alternate translation: “want to get more money by lying to people” or “strongly desire to get more things and will even trick people in order to get them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 6 13 qw1u figs-abstractnouns 0 are greedy for dishonest gain If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **gain**, you can express the same idea with the phrases “get more money” or “get more things.” Alternate translation: “want to get more money by lying to people” or “strongly desire to get more things and will even trick people in order to get them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 6 13 b8dn 0 all of them practice deceit Alternate translation: “all of them deceive people” or “all of them are liars”
JER 6 14 it97 figs-metaphor 0 They have healed the wounds of my people lightly This could mean: (1) the wounds represent the problems the people have as a result of their sin. Alternate translation: “They act as though my people’s problems are not serious, like small wounds” or (2) the wounds represent the people’s sin. Alternate translation: “They acts as though my people’s sins are not serious, like small wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 6 14 kz57 figs-metaphor 0 They have healed the wounds … lightly Here “lightly” represents treating the wounds as if they were not serious, as if they were not difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ JER 6 24 l8gs 0 our hands fall limp in distress Alternate translation: “our
JER 6 24 d28c figs-metaphor 0 Anguish seizes us Feeling great anguish is spoken of as if the anguish grabs them. Alternate translation: “We feel terrible anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 6 24 b25e figs-simile 0 as a woman giving birth The anguish that they feel because the enemy coming to attack them is compared to the anguish that a woman feels when she is about to give birth to a baby. Alternate translation: “like a woman who is about to give birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JER 6 25 k3f1 0 General Information: Jeremiah speaks to the people of Jerusalem. Some versions interpret this as Yahweh speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
-JER 6 25 n3uk figs-metonymy 0 for the swords of the enemy and terror are all around The phrase “swords of the enemy” represents the enemy with their swords ready to attack. Here, **terror** refers to things that cause people to be frightened. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “For the enemy is everywhere with their swords and everyone else is terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 6 25 n3uk figs-metonymy 0 for the swords of the enemy and terror are all around The phrase “swords of the enemy” represents the enemy with their swords ready to attack. Here, **terror** refers to things that cause people to be frightened. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “For the enemy is everywhere with their swords and everyone else is terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 6 26 ti8u figs-metaphor 0 Daughter of my people Jeremiah shows Yahweh’s love for his people by speaking to them as a daughter. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 4:11](../04/11.md). Alternate translation: “My people, you who are like a daughter to me” or “My dear people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 6 26 bkm8 translate-symaction 0 put on sackcloth and roll in ashes People do these things to show that they are extremely sad. Alternate translation: “Show how sad you are by wearing sackcloth and rolling in ashes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
JER 6 26 u1nu figs-simile 0 mourn with painful sobs as for an only son Jeremiah compares the people’s great sadness to the sadness that a mother feels if her only son dies. Alternate translation: “mourn with painful sobs as you would if your only son died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ JER 7 4 e2w3 figs-rpronouns 0 Do not entrust yourself to deceitful words and sa
JER 7 4 ru5l figs-explicit 0 Temple of Yahweh! Temple of Yahweh! Temple of Yahweh! It is implied that, since the temple belongs to Yahweh and represents his presence, he will protect it and the people of Judah will be safe. Possible meanings for why **Temple of Yahweh** is repeated three times are (1) it was repeated for emphasis or (2) it was repeated as part of a temple liturgy. Alternate translation: “This is the temple of Yahweh so it is absolutely certain that no one will destroy it and we are safe.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JER 7 5 yex8 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah.
JER 7 5 b71h 0 make your ways and practices good “improve your ways and practices.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:3](../07/03.md).
-JER 7 5 s949 figs-abstractnouns 0 completely execute justice If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “judge rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 7 5 s949 figs-abstractnouns 0 completely execute justice If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “judge rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 7 6 f96n 0 do not exploit the one Alternate translation: “treat fairly the foreigner”
JER 7 6 klb1 0 orphan child whose parents have died
JER 7 6 ivv5 figs-metonymy 0 pour out innocent blood Here pouring out innocent blood represents killing those not deserving death. Alternate translation: “kill innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ JER 7 18 sq9a 0 will provoke me Alternate translation: “will anger me”
JER 7 19 ia89 0 General Information: In these verses, “they” and “themselves” refer to the people of Judah.
JER 7 19 t7ze 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak to Jeremiah about the people of Judah.
JER 7 19 ta4u figs-rquestion 0 is it not themselves whom they are provoking, so that shame is on them? This question expects a positive answer. It can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “they are provoking themselves, so that shame is on them!” or “they are troubling and bringing shame on themselves!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
-JER 7 19 jj5b figs-abstractnouns 0 shame is on them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **shame**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “shamed.” Alternate translation: “they are shamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 7 19 jj5b figs-abstractnouns 0 shame is on them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **shame**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “shamed.” Alternate translation: “they are shamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 7 20 ccj2 0 See This word is used here to draw someone’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
JER 7 20 ta7u figs-idiom 0 my anger and wrath will gush out onto this place Yahweh speaks of his anger as if it were something that could be poured out. Alternate translation: “I will punish this place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JER 7 20 xv82 figs-doublet 0 anger and wrath These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of Yahweh’s anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ JER 7 27 m2j2 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his mes
JER 7 27 nc7q figs-parallelism 0 So proclaim all these words to them, but they will not listen to you. Proclaim these things to them, but they will not answer you. These two sentences say the same thing, The second emphasizes the message of the first. Alternate translation: “Tell them my message, but they will not listen to you or answer you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JER 7 28 y4p4 figs-metonymy 0 the voice of Yahweh its God Here “the voice of Yahweh” represents what Yahweh has said. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:25](../03/25.md). Alternate translation: “what Yahweh its God has said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 7 28 di1t figs-activepassive 0 Truth is destroyed and cut off from their mouths Yahweh speaks of truth as if it was something the people could destroy and stop saying. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The people destroy truth and cut it off from their mouths” or “The people tell only lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-JER 7 28 zj54 figs-abstractnouns 0 Truth is destroyed If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **truth**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “truthful.” Alternate translation: “What is truthful is destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 7 28 zj54 figs-abstractnouns 0 Truth is destroyed If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **truth**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “truthful.” Alternate translation: “What is truthful is destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 7 29 d5yd 0 General Information: The word “your” in these verses refers to the people of Judah.
JER 7 29 y4ae 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah.
JER 7 29 rrp6 translate-symaction 0 Cut off your hair and shave yourself, and throw away your hair This would be done as a sign of mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ JER 7 33 tf93 0 to frighten them away Alternate translation: “to scare them
JER 7 34 cm8g 0 I will put an end to Alternate translation: “I will remove from”
JER 7 34 w3gl figs-doublet 0 the sound of joy and the sound of gladness These two phrases mean almost the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. The abstract nouns “joy” and “gladness” can be translated using the verb “rejoicing” and the adjective “glad.” Alternate translation: “the sounds of people rejoicing and being glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 7 34 mbc1 figs-metonymy 0 the sound of the groom and the sound of the bride This is a metonym for what happens at marriage ceremonies. Alternate translation: “and people celebrating marriage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-JER 7 34 t5xh figs-abstractnouns 0 will become a desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “desolate.” Alternate translation: “will become desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 7 34 t5xh figs-abstractnouns 0 will become a desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “desolate.” Alternate translation: “will become desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 8 intro b29a 0 # Jeremiah 8 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:5-22.
The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 8:5-9:12. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Hyperbole
The author frequently uses hyperbole in this chapter to describe the complete destruction of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
JER 8 1 w8bg 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak of his judgment on the people of Judah.
JER 8 1 x5ig 0 they will bring This word “they” here refers to the enemies of the people of Judah.
@@ -686,12 +686,12 @@ JER 8 4 v36i figs-rquestion 0 Does anyone fall and not get up? Does anyone get
JER 8 5 zes9 figs-rquestion 0 Why has this people, Jerusalem, turned away in permanent faithlessness? Yahweh is saying that the way the people of Judah are acting does not make sense. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It does not make sense that this people, Jerusalem, has turned away in permanent faithlessness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JER 8 5 vgq1 figs-synecdoche 0 Jerusalem The word “Jerusalem” here is a synecdoche for all the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JER 8 5 h7hw figs-metaphor 0 hold on to treachery What the people of Judah were doing is spoken of as if they were clinging to treachery and would not let it go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JER 8 5 n5b8 figs-abstractnouns 0 They hold on to treachery Here, **treachery** is spoken of as if it were a physical object that a person could hold on to. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **treachery**, you could express the same idea with the verb “deceive.” Holding on to something is a metaphor for loving. Alternate translation: “They refuse to turn away from what deceives them” or “They love the people who deceive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JER 8 5 n5b8 figs-abstractnouns 0 They hold on to treachery Here, **treachery** is spoken of as if it were a physical object that a person could hold on to. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **treachery**, you can express the same idea with the verb “deceive.” Holding on to something is a metaphor for loving. Alternate translation: “They refuse to turn away from what deceives them” or “They love the people who deceive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 8 6 y22u 0 General Information: The words “they” and “them” in these verses refer to the people of Judah.
JER 8 6 v92n 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah.
JER 8 6 w5p2 figs-doublet 0 paid attention and listened These two things mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JER 8 6 sg8t 0 did not speak right Alternate translation: “did not say what is right”
-JER 8 6 i9mx figs-abstractnouns 0 for his wickedness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “wicked.” Alternate translation: “for being wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 8 6 i9mx figs-abstractnouns 0 for his wickedness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “wicked.” Alternate translation: “for being wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 8 6 yw8x figs-explicit 0 What have I done? The implied information is that this is a question that the people of Judah should have been asking. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JER 8 6 g12y 0 go where they wish Alternate translation: “go their own way”
JER 8 6 r6ux figs-simile 0 like a stallion rushing toward battle The eagerness of the people to follow their own evil way is compared to the eagerness of a war horse running toward a battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ JER 8 6 j57y 0 stallion adult male horse
JER 8 7 j78m figs-explicit 0 Even the stork in heaven knows the right times; and the doves, swifts, and cranes The implied information is that these types of birds know the right times to migrate, which means to fly from one place to another at different times of the year for feeding or breeding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JER 8 7 lsk2 translate-unknown 0 stork … doves, swifts, and cranes All of these are different types of birds that migrate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
JER 8 7 i7xx figs-explicit 0 They go on their migrations at the right time, but my people do not know Yahweh’s decrees The implied information is that the people should have naturally known Yahweh’s decrees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-JER 8 7 g1he figs-abstractnouns 0 They go on their migrations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **migrations**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “migrate.” Alternate translation: “They migrate” or “They fly from one region to another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 8 7 g1he figs-abstractnouns 0 They go on their migrations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **migrations**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “migrate.” Alternate translation: “They migrate” or “They fly from one region to another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 8 8 qa8a 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah.
JER 8 8 n65d figs-rquestion 0 How can you say, “We are wise, for the law of Yahweh is with us”? Yahweh asks this question to make the people of Judah think about what they were saying. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You think that you are wise because you have the law of Yahweh with you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JER 8 8 g95l 0 How can you say The “you” here refers to the people of Judah.
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ JER 8 10 eq1m figs-merism 0 because from the least to the greatest, all of them
JER 8 10 by2f figs-nominaladj 0 the least This refers to the least powerful and least important people. Alternate translation: “the least powerful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JER 8 10 m98v figs-nominaladj 0 the greatest This refers to the most powerful and most important people. Alternate translation: “the greatest people” or “the most powerful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JER 8 10 ry2p 0 all of them Alternate translation: “all of the people of Judah”
-JER 8 10 c6bc figs-abstractnouns 0 are greedy for dishonest gain If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **gain**, you could express the same idea with the phrases “get more money” or “get more things.” Alternate translation: “want to get more money by lying to people” or “strongly desire to get more things and will even trick people in order to get them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 8 10 c6bc figs-abstractnouns 0 are greedy for dishonest gain If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **gain**, you can express the same idea with the phrases “get more money” or “get more things.” Alternate translation: “want to get more money by lying to people” or “strongly desire to get more things and will even trick people in order to get them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 8 10 me66 0 all of them practice deceit Alternate translation: “all of them deceive people” or “all of them are liars”
JER 8 11 a894 0 General Information: The words “they,” “their” and “them” in these verses refer to the people of Judah.
JER 8 11 f7ex 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah.
@@ -1403,7 +1403,7 @@ JER 19 8 qfw1 figs-abstractnouns 0 the object of hissing The word “hissing”
JER 19 9 x4ye 0 I will make them eat Alternate translation: “I will make the people who live in Jerusalem eat”
JER 19 9 gu5g 0 in the siege Alternate translation: “because of the siege”
JER 19 9 jy23 figs-activepassive 0 and in the anguish brought on them by their enemies and the ones seeking their lives If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “because their enemies and those who are seeking their lives have brought anguish upon them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-JER 19 10 ck5z figs-abstractnouns 0 in the sight of the men who went with you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sight**, you could express the same idea with the verb “watching.” Alternate translation: “while the men who went with you are watching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 19 10 ck5z figs-abstractnouns 0 in the sight of the men who went with you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sight**, you can express the same idea with the verb “watching.” Alternate translation: “while the men who went with you are watching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 19 11 vi9r 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md).
JER 19 11 uis2 figs-activepassive 0 it could not be repaired again If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one can repair it again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 19 13 l6aa figs-ellipsis 0 of the kings of Judah The words “the houses” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the houses of the kings of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
@@ -1497,7 +1497,7 @@ JER 21 10 sef1 figs-metonymy 0 into the hand of the king Here “hand” repres
JER 21 11 u3ev 0 Concerning the house of the king of Judah, listen to the word of Yahweh This may serve as a title for 21:12 - 23:8. Alternate translation: “Listen to what Yahweh says about the king of Judah, his family, and his servants”
JER 21 11 l7p3 figs-metonymy 0 the house of the king of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to king and his family. Alternate translation: “the king of Judah and his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 21 12 nl9b figs-metonymy 0 House of David This refers to the same people as “the house of the king of Judah.” All of the kings of Judah were descendants of David. Alternate translation: “Descendants of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-JER 21 12 s22h figs-abstractnouns 0 Bring about justice in the morning If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Always treat the people whom you rule over fairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 21 12 s22h figs-abstractnouns 0 Bring about justice in the morning If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Always treat the people whom you rule over fairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 21 12 l5bg figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the oppressor Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “the power of the one who oppresses them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 21 12 bpj8 figs-metaphor 0 my fury will go out like fire and burn Here Yahweh’s punishment is spoken of as if it was a fire that would burn up those who did evil. Alternate translation: “I will punish and destroy you in my anger quickly and completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 21 12 ph8p figs-metaphor 0 there is no one who can quench it Jeremiah continues the simile of Yahweh’s punishment as a fire that was so hot that no one could put it out with water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -1556,7 +1556,7 @@ JER 22 17 idh3 figs-idiom 0 pouring out innocent blood Here “pouring out …
JER 22 17 l1rn 0 crushing of others Alternate translation: “doing violence to others in order to get money”
JER 22 18 h7h1 figs-ellipsis 0 They will not lament for him In verse 18, Yahweh stops speaking directly to Jehoiakim and begins to speak to other people. Here “lament” refers to grieving at Jehoiakim’s death. Alternate translation: “They will not lament for Jehoiakim when he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JER 22 18 n6j5 figs-parallelism 0 Woe, my brother!…Woe, my sister!…Woe, master!…Woe, majesty! Yahweh uses the word “Woe” several times for emphasis. He addresses the various people who would normally show great sadness when someone dies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
-JER 22 19 s435 figs-metaphor 0 He will be buried with a donkey’s burial, dragged away and thrown out The burial of Jehoiakim is spoken of as being the same as the manner in which people would bury a donkey. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They will bury his dead body the way they would bury a dead donkey; they will drag it away and throw it out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JER 22 19 s435 figs-metaphor 0 He will be buried with a donkey’s burial, dragged away and thrown out The burial of Jehoiakim is spoken of as being the same as the manner in which people would bury a donkey. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They will bury his dead body the way they would bury a dead donkey; they will drag it away and throw it out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 22 20 ggs2 0 General Information: It appears that Yahweh is here speaking to the people of Jerusalem, telling them that they will be destroyed.
JER 22 20 gv51 figs-idiom 0 Lift your voice This idiom refers to shouting. In this case, they are crying out in grief. Alternate translation: “Cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JER 22 20 ptb6 translate-names 0 Abarim mountains a mountain range that was southeast of Jerusalem (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
@@ -1603,7 +1603,7 @@ JER 23 6 ls7f figs-metonymy 0 Judah will be rescued Here “Judah” refers to
JER 23 6 cl3x figs-activepassive 0 Judah will be rescued If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will rescue Judah from their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JER 23 6 y7s1 figs-metonymy 0 Israel will live in security Here “Israel” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel will live in security” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 23 6 b9n9 0 he will be called this refers to the king
-JER 23 6 tg6a figs-abstractnouns 0 Yahweh is our righteousness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, the one who does what is right for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 23 6 tg6a figs-abstractnouns 0 Yahweh is our righteousness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, the one who does what is right for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 23 7 kss4 0 General Information: This verse is very similar to [Jeremiah 16:14](../16/14.md), although not exactly the same. Compare how you translated that verse.
JER 23 7 t4jx 0 see The word “see” here alerts the reader to pay attention to the important information that follows.
JER 23 7 xb5a figs-idiom 0 As Yahweh lives “as surely as Yahweh is alive.” The people use this expression to show that what they say next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@@ -1871,7 +1871,7 @@ JER 27 12 s392 0 Place your necks under the yoke of the king of Babylon Being
JER 27 12 gls2 figs-you 0 Place your necks The word “your” refers to Zedekiah and the people of Judah and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
JER 27 13 dl31 figs-rquestion 0 Why will you die … king of Babylon? Jeremiah uses this question to warn the king that his actions will lead to his death. Alternate translation: “For if you do not do this, you will surely die … king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JER 27 14 dre5 0 Do not listen to the words Yahweh is warning the people about all the false prophets that he did not send and that are lying to them.
-JER 27 15 xb8h figs-metonymy 0 they are prophesying deceit in my name The phrase “in my name” represents speaking with Yahweh’s power and authority or as his representative. Here these prophets claim that they received their message from Yahweh, but that had not. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **deceit**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “deceiving.” Alternate translation: “they say they are speaking for me when they prophesy, but they are deceiving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 27 15 xb8h figs-metonymy 0 they are prophesying deceit in my name The phrase “in my name” represents speaking with Yahweh’s power and authority or as his representative. Here these prophets claim that they received their message from Yahweh, but that had not. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **deceit**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “deceiving.” Alternate translation: “they say they are speaking for me when they prophesy, but they are deceiving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 27 15 qnt1 0 I will drive you out Alternate translation: “I will force you to leave your home country”
JER 27 16 cbz7 figs-activepassive 0 The objects belonging to Yahweh’s house are being returned from Babylon now! This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People are bringing back all the gold items that they took from Yahweh’s temple!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 27 17 sk8y figs-rquestion 0 Why should this city become a ruin? Yahweh uses a question to warn the people. Alternate translation: “You can keep this city from becoming a ruin if you do what Yahweh wants you to do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
@@ -1990,7 +1990,7 @@ JER 30 10 ff1b figs-metonymy 0 my servant Jacob … Israel “Jacob” and “I
JER 30 10 ldb9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JER 30 10 gri4 0 do not be dismayed Alternate translation: “do not be discouraged”
JER 30 10 anv7 0 For see, I am Alternate translation: “Listen carefully while I tell you why: I am”
-JER 30 10 t49p figs-abstractnouns 0 from the land of captivity If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **captivity**, you could express the same idea with the noun “captive.” Alternate translation: “from the place where they were captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 30 10 t49p figs-abstractnouns 0 from the land of captivity If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **captivity**, you can express the same idea with the noun “captive.” Alternate translation: “from the place where they were captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 30 10 zir5 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob will return … he will be secure Jacob’s name is a metonym for his descendants. Yahweh speaks to Jacob as if he were speaking to another person. You may need to make explicit to where Jacob will return. Alternate translation: “Jacob will return to his own land … he will be secure” or “The descendants of Jacob will return … they will be secure” or “You descendants of Jacob will return … you will be secure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JER 30 10 f2gl 0 secure Alternate translation: “safe”
JER 30 11 e618 0 where I have scattered you Alternate translation: “where I have sent you”
@@ -2022,14 +2022,14 @@ JER 30 19 z7qu figs-activepassive 0 so they will not be humbled This can be tra
JER 30 20 tnn9 figs-activepassive 0 their assembly will be established before me This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will establish them as a people before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 30 21 nyu6 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translates this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JER 30 23 u8p2 figs-metaphor 0 See, the tempest of Yahweh, his fury, has gone out This speaks of God’s anger and punishment as if it were a storm. This emphasizes his power and ability to destroy wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JER 30 24 wc7x figs-abstractnouns 0 his heart’s intentions If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **intentions**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “intends.” The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “what he intends to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+JER 30 24 wc7x figs-abstractnouns 0 his heart’s intentions If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **intentions**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “intends.” The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “what he intends to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JER 31 intro r3ad 0 # Jeremiah 31 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 31:1-6, 8-22, 35-37.
The ULT sets 31:29 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is an important quotation.
This chapter begins with a transition from the previous chapter. “At that time” is a reference to the day of restoration mentioned in [Jeremiah 30:24](../../jer/30/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
## Special concepts in this chapter
### The new covenant
This chapter is an important teaching regarding the new covenant. God will make a new covenant that will bring forgiveness of sins and a desire to obey God. Scholars disagree about whether this new covenant has begun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Israel
In this chapter, Jeremiah uses the term “Israel” in reference to the nation of Israel as a whole. He also uses it in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and their people group.
JER 31 1 p3h6 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JER 31 2 ht7e figs-idiom 0 The people who have survived the sword have found favor in the wilderness The phrase “found favor” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “While the people who have survived the sword have been in the wilderness, I have had grace on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JER 31 2 ml2j figs-metonymy 0 who have survived the sword The word “sword” is a metonym for war. Alternate translation: “who have survived the war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 31 2 kc9p 0 wilderness; I will go out to give rest to Israel Another possible meaning is “wilderness, where Israel went out to find rest.”
JER 31 3 egs4 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh appeared to me Jeremiah speaks of himself as if he were the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-JER 31 3 rmr8 figs-abstractnouns 0 I have drawn you toward myself with covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “I have been faithful to my covenant and brought you near to me” or “I have faithfully loved you and brought you near to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 31 3 rmr8 figs-abstractnouns 0 I have drawn you toward myself with covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “I have been faithful to my covenant and brought you near to me” or “I have faithfully loved you and brought you near to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 31 4 bv1q figs-activepassive 0 I will build you up again so you will be built Yahweh purposefully repeats the idea that he will build Israel to emphasize it. If your language can only use active verbs and has some other way to emphasize the idea, you may want to use it here. Alternate translation: “I will build you up again. Remember this: I will build you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JER 31 4 bt11 figs-personification 0 virgin Israel It was common to refer to nations as if they were women. However, “virgin” makes a person think about a young woman who has never married and so has never had the opportunity to be faithless to her husband. Therefore, calling Israel a virgin is an ironic use of language. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 18:13](../18/13.md). Alternate translation: “Israel, who falsely pretends to be fully devoted to me” or “my faithless people Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
JER 31 4 v1aw translate-unknown 0 tambourines musical instruments with heads like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around their sides that sound when the instruments are shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
@@ -2050,7 +2050,7 @@ JER 31 12 s2y2 figs-simile 0 like a watered garden This means they will be stro
JER 31 12 d4iw figs-hyperbole 0 they will never again feel any more sorrow The world “never” is a generalization. The Israelites will almost always feel joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
JER 31 13 f4jc 0 I will change their mourning into celebration The abstract nouns “mourning” and “celebration” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to mourn no longer but instead to celebrate” or “I will make it so they are no longer sad but happy”
JER 31 13 z18g 0 I will change Alternate translation: “Yahweh will change”
-JER 31 14 v9rm figs-abstractnouns 0 I will saturate the lives of the priests in abundance If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abundance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “many good things.” The lives of the priests are spoken of as if they were a field that would become completely wet when much rain falls on it. Life is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “I will give the priests all the good things they would like” or “I will satisfy the priests with good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JER 31 14 v9rm figs-abstractnouns 0 I will saturate the lives of the priests in abundance If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abundance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “many good things.” The lives of the priests are spoken of as if they were a field that would become completely wet when much rain falls on it. Life is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “I will give the priests all the good things they would like” or “I will satisfy the priests with good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 31 14 yp3m figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JER 31 15 gfw6 figs-activepassive 0 A voice is heard in Ramah This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I hear a voice in Ramah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 31 15 qr6k figs-metonymy 0 It is Rachel weeping for her children Rachel was the wife of Jacob/Israel and was the mother of the tribes of Joseph and Benjamin. Her name is a metonym for the women of Israel who are crying because the Babylonians have killed their children or taken them away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -2153,7 +2153,7 @@ JER 32 15 g6gc figs-activepassive 0 Houses, fields, and vineyards will again be
JER 32 16 puz1 0 the receipt of purchase This means the sealed scroll and the unsealed scroll.
JER 32 17 xs6m writing-background 0 Woe, Lord Yahweh! Look! The word “woe” here indicates that in this prayer Jeremiah is sad, complaining or lamenting. The word “look” here indicates that the next words are an introduction or background for the most important part of the prayer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
JER 32 17 r8xl figs-metonymy 0 by your great strength and with your raised arm The phrase “raised arm” is a metonym for the strength of the arm, so the words “your great strength” and “your raised arm” form a doublet. Alternate translation: “by your great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
-JER 32 18 zsm3 figs-abstractnouns 0 You show covenant faithfulness to thousands If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “You are faithful to your covenant towards thousands” or “You keep your promise and faithfully love thousands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 32 18 zsm3 figs-abstractnouns 0 You show covenant faithfulness to thousands If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “You are faithful to your covenant towards thousands” or “You keep your promise and faithfully love thousands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 32 18 cd54 figs-metonymy 0 pour the guilt of men into the laps of their children after them The word “guilt” is a metonym for Yahweh punishing people because they are guilty of doing evil things. Yahweh punishing people is spoken of as if he were pouring a large container full of liquid or small objects into people’s laps as they sit. Alternate translation: “you punish children for the sins of their parents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 32 19 zh7i figs-metonymy 0 for your eyes are open to all the ways of people Open eyes are a metonym for what the person sees. How a person lives is spoken of as if he were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “You see everything that people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 32 19 jhc8 figs-abstractnouns 0 to give to each man what his conduct and deeds deserve The abstract nouns “conduct” and “deeds,” which are similar in meaning, can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “and will reward everyone according to how good or evil the things they do are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
@@ -2183,7 +2183,7 @@ JER 32 30 e1kb figs-metaphor 0 since their youth A person being young is a meta
JER 32 30 qwp4 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JER 32 31 fxx2 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah.
JER 32 31 u2mt figs-metonymy 0 this city has been a provocation of my wrath and fury since the day that they built it Here “city” is a metonym for the people that live there. The words “wrath” and “fury” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how very angry he is. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem have made me very angry since the day they built their city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
-JER 32 31 bcj1 figs-abstractnouns 0 has been a provocation of If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **provocation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “has been something that has provoked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 32 31 bcj1 figs-abstractnouns 0 has been a provocation of If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **provocation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “has been something that has provoked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 32 31 v1l3 0 It has been that right up to this present day Alternate translation: “They continue to make me angry even now”
JER 32 31 hn3i figs-personification 0 from before my face The face is a metonym for the person’s presence. Alternate translation: “from my presence” or “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 32 33 tx7l translate-symaction 0 They turned their backs to me instead of their faces One turns one’s face to someone to show that one is listening, and one’s back to show that one refuses to listen. Alternate translation: “Instead of listening carefully to me, they refused to listen at all” or “They refused to listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
@@ -2227,7 +2227,7 @@ JER 33 9 l5i7 figs-metonymy 0 this city … do for it … give to it The city i
JER 33 9 t8ug figs-metonymy 0 a song of praise and honor for all the nations of the earth The word “song” is a metonym for the object about which people will sing the song. Alternate translation: “something about which all the people groups of the earth will sing songs of praise and honor to me, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 33 9 l75s figs-hendiadys 0 they will fear and tremble The hendiadys “fear and tremble” can be translated by a single verb. Alternate translation: “they will tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
JER 33 9 i3fz 0 fear Another possible meaning is “awe.”
-JER 33 9 vmq7 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of all the good things and the peace that I will give to it If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **peace**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because of all the good things that I will give to it and because I will cause it to be peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 33 9 vmq7 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of all the good things and the peace that I will give to it If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **peace**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because of all the good things that I will give to it and because I will cause it to be peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 33 10 k7wb figs-parallelism 0 It is desolate, a place with neither man nor beast,” in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem that are desolate having neither man nor beast These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Judah has become desolate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JER 33 11 gf2i 0 the house of Yahweh the temple in Jerusalem
JER 33 11 pi42 figs-metonymy 0 I will restore the fortunes of the land The word “land” is a metonym for the people who live on the land. Alternate translation: “I will again cause things to go well for the people who live on the land” or “I will cause the people who live on the land to live well again” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 29:14](../29/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -2439,7 +2439,7 @@ JER 36 30 jp3b 0 into the heat of day Alternate translation: “so that it is
JER 36 30 ws5c 0 frost ice that forms on grass during cold nights
JER 36 31 bvh4 0 of you all Alternate translation: “of all of you”
JER 36 32 k5z6 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah took … Jeremiah’s dictation Jeremiah speaks of himself by name for reasons that are not clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
-JER 36 32 k1wh figs-abstractnouns 0 Baruch wrote on it at Jeremiah’s dictation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **dictation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 36:4](../36/04.md). Alternate translation: “while Jeremiah was speaking, Baruch wrote on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 36 32 k1wh figs-abstractnouns 0 Baruch wrote on it at Jeremiah’s dictation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **dictation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 36:4](../36/04.md). Alternate translation: “while Jeremiah was speaking, Baruch wrote on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 36 32 b4kt 0 burned by Jehoiakim king of Judah Alternate translation: “that Jehoiakim king of Judah had burned in the fire”
JER 36 32 mev6 figs-activepassive 0 Furthermore, many other similar words were added to this scroll This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Furthermore, Jeremiah and Baruch added to this scroll many more words which were similar to the words that had been in the first scroll” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 37 intro du3z 0 # Jeremiah 37 General Notes
## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Ironic situation
Jeremiah was thrown into prison and beaten for prophesying the word of God. Then the king asked him, “Is there any word from Yahweh?” This is a type of irony. The king simply did not agree with God’s original word. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wordofgod]])
@@ -2537,7 +2537,7 @@ JER 38 23 dti7 figs-activepassive 0 For all of your wives and children will be
JER 38 23 k3p7 figs-metonymy 0 will not escape from their hand The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: “will not escape from their power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 38 23 x21i figs-metonymy 0 You will be captured by the hand of the king of Babylon, and this city will be burned The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. This can be translated in active form. The reader should probably understand that many people will help the king do this. Alternate translation: “The army of the king of Babylon will capture you and will burn the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 38 26 l1fb 0 Jonathan See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 37:15](../37/15.md).
-JER 38 27 e9tl figs-abstractnouns 0 the conversation between Jeremiah and the king If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **conversation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what Jeremiah and the king said to each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 38 27 e9tl figs-abstractnouns 0 the conversation between Jeremiah and the king If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **conversation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what Jeremiah and the king said to each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 38 28 kaj5 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md).
JER 38 28 l5rj figs-activepassive 0 until the day Jerusalem was captured This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “until the day that the Babylonian army captured Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 39 intro i9ad 0 # Jeremiah 39 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The prophesied destruction of Jerusalem is over and the actual conquering of the Promised Land by Babylon begins in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
@@ -2668,7 +2668,7 @@ JER 42 1 jc5i translate-names 0 Johanan … Kareah See how you translated these
JER 42 1 w479 translate-names 0 Jezaniah … Hoshaiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JER 42 1 h1f8 figs-merism 0 all the people from the least to the greatest This is a way to refer to people from every social status. Here “least” and “greatest” represent those who are least important and those who are most important. Alternate translation: “all the people from every social status” or “all the people, including the least important and the most important people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
JER 42 1 wx9l figs-hyperbole 0 all the people Most likely not every individual in the town went. The word “all” is a generalization that means very many people went. Alternate translation: “many other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
-JER 42 2 te2b figs-abstractnouns 0 Let our pleas come before you “Let us present our urgent request to you.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **pleas**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Listen as we plead with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 42 2 te2b figs-abstractnouns 0 Let our pleas come before you “Let us present our urgent request to you.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **pleas**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Listen as we plead with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 42 4 yl1b 0 Look Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
JER 42 4 v54c figs-idiom 0 I will keep nothing back from you The phrase “keep nothing back from you” is an idiom that means to tell someone everything. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will tell you everything the Lord tells me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 42 5 tze5 0 May Yahweh be This is a way of beginning an oath. Alternate translation: “We ask Yahweh to be” or “Yahweh will be”
@@ -2713,7 +2713,7 @@ JER 43 2 a3qd translate-names 0 Hoshaiah See how you translated this man’s na
JER 43 2 u1n1 translate-names 0 Johanan … Kareah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:13](../40/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JER 43 3 h7cf 0 inciting to cause someone to act in a harmful or violent way
JER 43 3 gh4k figs-metonymy 0 to deliver us into the hand of the Chaldeans Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “to give us over to the Chaldeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-JER 43 3 bw5d figs-abstractnouns 0 for you to cause our death and to make us captives in Babylon If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **death**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “to kill.” Alternate translation: “for you to cause the Chaldeans to either kill us or to take us as captives to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 43 3 bw5d figs-abstractnouns 0 for you to cause our death and to make us captives in Babylon If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **death**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “to kill.” Alternate translation: “for you to cause the Chaldeans to either kill us or to take us as captives to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 43 4 glv6 figs-hyperbole 0 all the people This probably did not include every individual there. The word “all” is a generalization that means many people. Alternate translation: “many of the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
JER 43 4 a6mj figs-metonymy 0 refused to listen to Yahweh’s voice Here “voice” represents commands. And here “to listen” means “to obey.” Alternate translation: “would not obey Yahweh’s command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 43 5 n9qa figs-activepassive 0 where they had been scattered If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “where Yahweh had scattered them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -2721,14 +2721,14 @@ JER 43 6 qj48 translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan See how you translated this man’s
JER 43 6 s144 translate-names 0 Gedaliah … Ahikam … Shaphan See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JER 43 7 rup9 translate-names 0 Tahpanhes See how you translated the name of this city in [Jeremiah 2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JER 43 8 p6h5 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah in Tahpanhes, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah in Tahpanhes. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah in Tahpanehs:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-JER 43 9 i4wa figs-abstractnouns 0 in the sight of the people of Judah If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sight**, you could express the same idea with the verb “watching.” Alternate translation: “while the people of Judah are watching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 43 9 i4wa figs-abstractnouns 0 in the sight of the people of Judah If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sight**, you can express the same idea with the verb “watching.” Alternate translation: “while the people of Judah are watching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 43 9 usg5 0 mortar a substance used to hold bricks together
JER 43 9 sha8 0 to Pharaoh’s house Alternate translation: “to Pharaoh’s royal building”
JER 43 10 eb2l 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md).
JER 43 10 uz43 figs-metonymy 0 I will place his throne over these stones that you, Jeremiah, have buried. Nebuchadnezzar will place his pavilion over them Both the king’s “throne” and “pavilion” are used to refer to his royal authority. Alternate translation: “I will cause him to rule as king over the people of Egypt. He will place his throne and pavilion over these stones you have buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 43 10 k69r 0 pavilion a very large tent
JER 43 11 j4bf figs-metonymy 0 he will come Here “he” refers to Nebuchadnezzar who represents his whole army. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar’s army will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-JER 43 11 njk5 figs-activepassive 0 Anyone who is assigned to death will be given to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **death**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “die.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Everyone will die whom I have decided must die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JER 43 11 njk5 figs-activepassive 0 Anyone who is assigned to death will be given to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **death**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “die.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Everyone will die whom I have decided must die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 43 11 iqj5 figs-activepassive 0 Anyone who is assigned to captivity will be taken captive If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Babylonians will take everyone captive whom I have decided must go into captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 43 11 prf4 figs-metonymy 0 Anyone who is assigned to the sword will be given to the sword Here “sword” represents battle. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Everyone will die in battle whom I have decided will die in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 43 12 fy3l figs-metonymy 0 Then I will light a fire Here “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh sending the Babylonian army to light a fire. Alternate translation: “Then I will cause the Babylonian army to light a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -2755,9 +2755,9 @@ JER 44 6 if3y figs-metaphor 0 kindled a fire Yahweh becoming angry and punishin
JER 44 6 j69q figs-doublet 0 they became ruins and devastations The words “ruins” and “devastations” mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize the complete devastation of Judah and Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “they became completely devastated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JER 44 6 bb1y 0 as at this present day This refers to the current time at which Yahweh was speaking this message.
JER 44 7 gez9 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you doing … yourselves? Why are you causing … and babies? Yahweh uses these questions to rebuke the people for doing things that cause him to punish them. Alternate translation: “You are doing … yourselves. You are causing … and babies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-JER 44 7 mnr5 figs-abstractnouns 0 Why are you doing great wickedness against yourselves? If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “wicked.” Alternate translation: “Why are you doing these wicked things that harm yourselves?” or “You are doing wicked things that cause terrible things to happen to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 44 7 mnr5 figs-abstractnouns 0 Why are you doing great wickedness against yourselves? If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “wicked.” Alternate translation: “Why are you doing these wicked things that harm yourselves?” or “You are doing wicked things that cause terrible things to happen to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 44 7 n4fj figs-metaphor 0 Why are you causing yourselves to be cut off from among Judah … and babies? Being separated from the people of Judah is spoken of as if the people are cut off from Judah the way a person may cut off a branch from a vine or cut off a piece of cloth. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Why are you causing me to remove you from the people of Judah … and babies?” or “You are causing me to remove you from the people of Judah … and babies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-JER 44 8 prs6 figs-abstractnouns 0 By your wickedness you have offended me with the deeds of your hands Here, **wickedness** represents actions that are “wicked.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Here, **hand** represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “You have offended me with the wicked things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+JER 44 8 prs6 figs-abstractnouns 0 By your wickedness you have offended me with the deeds of your hands Here, **wickedness** represents actions that are “wicked.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Here, **hand** represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “You have offended me with the wicked things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JER 44 8 bqw9 0 You have gone there so that … so that Alternate translation: “The result of going to Egypt is that … and that”
JER 44 8 d96k figs-activepassive 0 you will be destroyed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will cause me to destroy you” or “you will destroy yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 44 8 qgd6 figs-metonymy 0 you will be a curse and a reproach among all the nations of the earth Here “nations” represent the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of all the nations of the earth will curse you and hate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -2790,7 +2790,7 @@ JER 44 19 ec3w 0 cakes in her image These were probably small cakes shaped lik
JER 44 21 qc2v figs-rquestion 0 Did not Yahweh remember … of the land? Jeremiah uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh certainly knew about … of the land.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JER 44 21 ir8d figs-parallelism 0 For Yahweh calls this to mind; it comes to his thoughts Both of these phrases mean the same thing. They emphasize that Yahweh knows that the people were worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “Yes, Yahweh knows what you were doing, and he does not forget” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JER 44 22 a6w5 0 was no longer able to bear it Alternate translation: “was no longer able to tolerate it”
-JER 44 22 t1fz figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the abominations that you did If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abominations**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “things he hated.” Alternate translation: “because you did things that he hated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 44 22 t1fz figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the abominations that you did If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abominations**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “things he hated.” Alternate translation: “because you did things that he hated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 44 22 x1jw figs-abstractnouns 0 Then your land became a desolation, a horror, and a curse so there was no longer an inhabitant as at this present day This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “a desolation,” “a horror,” and “a curse.” Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh caused it so that no one lives in the land. He made it a desolate and horrifying place. People use its name to curse others. And this is how it is even to this day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 44 23 z7ak figs-explicit 0 burned incense Why people burn incense can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “burned incense to false gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JER 44 23 m5km figs-metonymy 0 you would not listen to his voice Here “voice” refers to Yahweh’s commands. Alternate translation: “you would not obey his commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -2817,7 +2817,7 @@ JER 45 1 uid7 figs-ellipsis 0 in the fourth year of Jehoiakim The words “of t
JER 45 1 d24t translate-ordinal 0 fourth year The word “fourth” is the ordinal form of the number four. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
JER 45 1 w799 0 he said Alternate translation: “Jeremiah said to Baruch”
JER 45 3 vg45 0 for Yahweh has added agony to my pain Alternate translation: “for I was already suffering and now Yahweh causes me to be sad as well”
-JER 45 3 jwx7 figs-abstractnouns 0 My groaning has wearied me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **groaning**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “cry.” Alternate translation: “I am tired because I cry so much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 45 3 jwx7 figs-abstractnouns 0 My groaning has wearied me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **groaning**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “cry.” Alternate translation: “I am tired because I cry so much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 45 4 sdw1 0 This is what you must say to him Yahweh is telling Jeremiah what to say to Baruch.
JER 45 5 jtj1 figs-rquestion 0 But are you hoping for great things for yourself? Yahweh uses a question to state that he knows Baruch is hoping for others to treat him in a special way. Alternate translation: “I know you hope for great things for yourself.” or “I know you hope others will honor you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JER 45 5 m1dh 0 For see Alternate translation: “For understand” or “Be aware”
@@ -2836,7 +2836,7 @@ JER 46 4 vhi9 0 Put the harness on the horses; mount up on the horses A “har
JER 46 4 z233 0 helmets A helmet is armor which protects the head in battle.
JER 46 4 v58m 0 polish the spears This phrase means to “sharpen” the spear.
JER 46 5 nj2q figs-rquestion 0 What am I seeing here? The word “I” here refer to Yahweh. Yahweh uses a question to introduce the vision and to draw attention to what he says next. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at what is happening here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-JER 46 5 hry1 figs-abstractnouns 0 They are filled with terror If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “terrified.” Alternate translation: “The Egyptian soldiers are terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 46 5 hry1 figs-abstractnouns 0 They are filled with terror If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “terrified.” Alternate translation: “The Egyptian soldiers are terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 46 6 gr1r figs-doublet 0 the swift cannot run away, and the soldiers cannot escape These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that no one, not even the strongest and fastest, can escape. The nominal adjective “the swift” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “even the swiftest soldier cannot escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JER 46 6 bv4q figs-parallelism 0 They stumble in the north and fall beside the Euphrates River Both statements mean the same thing. Being and dying in battle is spoken of as if the soldiers stumble and fall. Alternate translation: “The Egyptian soldiers suffer defeat and die in the north by the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 46 7 j7fk figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who rises like the Nile … the rivers? Yahweh uses a question to draw attention to what he is about to say concerning Egypt. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at who rises like the Nile … the rivers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
@@ -2894,7 +2894,7 @@ JER 46 26 n18z figs-metonymy 0 and into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Baby
JER 46 26 zb51 figs-activepassive 0 Then after this Egypt will be inhabited If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then after this, people will live in Egypt again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 46 27 cfi7 figs-parallelism 0 my servant Jacob, do not fear. Do not be dismayed, Israel These two phrases mean the same thing. Here “Jacob” and “Israel” represent the people of Israel. Yahweh is emphasizing that the people should not be afraid. Alternate translation: “people of Israel, my servants, do not be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 46 27 n8yh 0 from the land of their captivity Alternate translation: “from the land where they are captives”
-JER 46 28 r2ij figs-abstractnouns 0 I will bring complete destruction against all the nations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 46 28 r2ij figs-abstractnouns 0 I will bring complete destruction against all the nations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 46 28 h92x figs-doublenegatives 0 will certainly not leave you unpunished This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will certainly punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
JER 47 intro y84e 0 # Jeremiah 47 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 47:2-7.
Jeremiah’s prophesies about other nations continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Flood waters
This chapter uses the imagery of a flood to describe the enemies who conquer the Philistines. Their destruction will be swift and complete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 47 1 up7u figs-idiom 0 This is the word of Yahweh that came to Jeremiah The idiom “the word of Yahweh that came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 14:1](../14/01.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@@ -2908,7 +2908,7 @@ JER 47 3 yya7 figs-doublet 0 at the roar of their chariots and the noise of the
JER 47 4 q4r1 figs-metaphor 0 For the day is coming that will devastate all of the Philistines, to cut off from Tyre This speaks of a day as if it were something that travels and arrives in a place. Alternate translation: “For on that day, the enemy army will devastate all of the Philistines and cut off from Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 47 4 f7br figs-metaphor 0 to cut off from Tyre and Sidon every survivor who wants to help them Removing someone is spoken of as if they were cut off the way a person may cut a branch from a tree or a piece of cloth from a garment. Alternate translation: “to remove anyone who may want to help Tyre and Sidon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 47 4 g199 translate-names 0 Caphtor This is the name of an island of the northern region of the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-JER 47 5 u8ep figs-abstractnouns 0 Baldness will come upon Gaza If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **baldness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “bald.” “Gaza” represents the people. Alternate translation: “The people of Gaza will shave their heads bald” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JER 47 5 u8ep figs-abstractnouns 0 Baldness will come upon Gaza If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **baldness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “bald.” “Gaza” represents the people. Alternate translation: “The people of Gaza will shave their heads bald” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 47 5 yv2n translate-symaction 0 Baldness The shaving of the entire head or portions of the head is a sign of great sorrow practiced by idol worshipers in nations such as Philistia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
JER 47 5 dw3l figs-euphemism 0 the people … will be made silent This could mean: (1) the people will be silent because they are mourning or (2) this is a euphemism that means the enemy soldiers will kill them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
JER 47 5 m4h3 figs-rquestion 0 How long will you cut yourself in mourning? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people of Ashkelon will never stop mourning. Yahweh speaks to the people as if he were speaking to one woman, who is a metaphor for the city itself. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You will forever cut yourselves in mourning.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
@@ -2938,10 +2938,10 @@ JER 48 3 ue2v figs-doublet 0 ruin and great destruction These two terms mean th
JER 48 4 u8km figs-activepassive 0 Moab has been destroyed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemy army has destroyed Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 48 4 h6mu figs-metonymy 0 Her children This could mean: (1) the children who lived in Moab or (2) “children” is a metonym that represents the people of Moab in general. Alternate translation: “The people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 48 5 uj9q translate-names 0 Luhith This is the name of a place in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-JER 48 5 cpt9 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destroyed.” Alternate translation: “because their town is destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 48 5 cpt9 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destroyed.” Alternate translation: “because their town is destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 48 6 lhh3 0 Save your lives The word “your” refers to the people of Moab.
JER 48 6 kv9q figs-simile 0 become like a juniper bush in the wilderness The people fleeing from their cities into the desert is compared to a bush or shrub that grows in the desert. Alternate translation: “become like a shrub that grows in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-JER 48 7 gkg1 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of your trust If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trust**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “because you trusted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 48 7 gkg1 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of your trust If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trust**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “because you trusted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 48 7 z18z 0 in your practices Alternate translation: “in your own efforts” or “in your own work”
JER 48 7 v42e figs-activepassive 0 you also will be captured If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the enemy army will also capture you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 48 7 x4hy translate-names 0 Then Chemosh will go away into captivity “Chemosh” is the chief god of the Moabites. This means the enemy army will take the idol of Chemosh that the people made to worship. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will take your god Chemosh as a captive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -2997,7 +2997,7 @@ JER 48 29 c6m3 0 arrogance … haughtiness … pride … self-glory … concei
JER 48 29 qa3k figs-metonymy 0 the conceit in his heart Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “his conceit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 48 30 sx8k figs-rpronouns 0 I myself know his defiant speech The word “myself” is used to emphasize that Yahweh was the one who knew about Moab’s defiant speech. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
JER 48 30 wf2k figs-metonymy 0 his defiant speech … like his deeds Here “his” refers to Moab which represents the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “their defiant speech … like their deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-JER 48 30 s8fk figs-abstractnouns 0 his defiant speech If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **speech**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “that he has spoken pridefully” or “that he has spoken arrogant words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 48 30 s8fk figs-abstractnouns 0 his defiant speech If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **speech**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “that he has spoken pridefully” or “that he has spoken arrogant words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 48 31 jtn1 figs-parallelism 0 I will howl a lament for Moab, and I will shout in sorrow for all of Moab Both of these statements mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will cry loudly for the people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JER 48 31 cdx5 0 I will howl This could mean: (1) “I” refers to Jeremiah or (2) “I” refers to Yahweh.
JER 48 31 x2jk 0 howl a sad and loud cry that a person makes when he is in pain or deep sorrow
@@ -3019,7 +3019,7 @@ JER 48 36 qwv8 0 my heart This could mean: (1) “my” refers to Jeremiah or
JER 48 36 b311 translate-names 0 Kir Hareseth Kir Hareseth was an ancient capital of Moab. See how you translated this name in [Jeremiah 48:31](../48/31.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JER 48 37 mzh2 translate-symaction 0 For every head is bald and every beard shaved. Incisions are on every hand, and sackcloth is around their waists These are all things that the people of Moab did when they were mourning or expressing deep sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
JER 48 37 t4g3 0 Incisions cuts made on the skin
-JER 48 38 yc69 figs-abstractnouns 0 There is mourning everywhere If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **mourning**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “There are people mourning everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 48 38 yc69 figs-abstractnouns 0 There is mourning everywhere If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **mourning**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “There are people mourning everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 48 38 vhp3 0 every flat roof Alternate translation: “every housetop”
JER 48 38 k4ve 0 plazas open public areas, such as open marketplaces
JER 48 38 x6fh 0 For I have destroyed The word “I” refers to Yahweh
@@ -3072,7 +3072,7 @@ JER 49 4 ve6p 0 Why do you brag about your valleys, your valleys that are so f
JER 49 4 a3g4 figs-metaphor 0 faithless daughter Here, the people of Ammon are spoken of as if they were a daughter. Alternate translation: “faithless people” or “rebellious people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 49 4 yq5q figs-rquestion 0 say, ‘Who will come against me?’ The Ammonites use this question to state that they do not believe anyone can defeat them. It can be reworded as an indirect statement. Alternate translation: “falsely think that no one can defeat you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
JER 49 5 a2bs 0 you The word “you” refers to the people of Ammon.
-JER 49 5 wlw8 figs-abstractnouns 0 this terror will come from all those who surround you. Each one of you will be scattered before it If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with the verb “terrify.” The phrase “will be scattered” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause all those around you to terrify you. Each one of you flee to different directions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JER 49 5 wlw8 figs-abstractnouns 0 this terror will come from all those who surround you. Each one of you will be scattered before it If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you can express the same idea with the verb “terrify.” The phrase “will be scattered” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause all those around you to terrify you. Each one of you flee to different directions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 49 7 j239 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md).
JER 49 7 j6lv figs-rquestion 0 Is there no longer any wisdom to be found in Teman? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people of Teman for not acting wisely. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems that there are no longer any wise people in Teman!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JER 49 7 rhs5 translate-names 0 Teman This is the name of a district in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
@@ -3103,12 +3103,12 @@ JER 49 14 uw6a 0 attack her The word “her” refers to Edom.
JER 49 15 pdt6 0 I have made you The word “I” refers to Yahweh. Here “you” refers to the nation of Edom.
JER 49 15 g33b figs-explicit 0 made you small Here “small” represents having the least political importance. Alternate translation: “made you least important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JER 49 15 wr35 figs-activepassive 0 despised by people If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and people despise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-JER 49 16 l7en figs-abstractnouns 0 As for your fearsomeness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fearsomeness**, you could express the same idea with either an adjective or a verb. Alternate translation: “As for how terrifying you think you are” or “Although you think you scare other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 49 16 l7en figs-abstractnouns 0 As for your fearsomeness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fearsomeness**, you can express the same idea with either an adjective or a verb. Alternate translation: “As for how terrifying you think you are” or “Although you think you scare other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 49 16 kjt4 figs-metonymy 0 your heart’s pride has deceived you Here “heart” represents the whole person. People deceiving themselves is spoken of as if their pride deceived them. Alternate translation: “you have become prideful, but you have deceived yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 49 16 mwf3 figs-explicit 0 so that you may make your nest high like an eagle It is implied that the people made homes in high places to remain safe from enemies. Alternate translation: “live in safety like an eagle in the heights of the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JER 49 16 v7eu 0 eagle This is a very large, powerful bird of prey. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 4:13](../04/13.md).
JER 49 16 lr1b figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
-JER 49 17 hj17 figs-abstractnouns 0 Edom will become a horror to everyone passing by it If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **horror**, you could express the same idea with the verb “horrified.” Alternate translation: “The people passing by will be horrified when they what happened to Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 49 17 hj17 figs-abstractnouns 0 Edom will become a horror to everyone passing by it If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **horror**, you can express the same idea with the verb “horrified.” Alternate translation: “The people passing by will be horrified when they what happened to Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 49 17 n5jw translate-symaction 0 tremble and hiss The word “hiss” refers to a sound that shows horror or awe. Alternate translation: “shake from fear and gasp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
JER 49 18 ihe5 figs-parallelism 0 no one will live there; no person will stay there Yahweh says the same thing twice to emphasize that Edom will be completely uninhabited. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JER 49 19 f4y5 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
@@ -3121,7 +3121,7 @@ JER 49 19 j5u5 0 who will summon me Alternate translation: “who will challen
JER 49 19 y36a figs-rquestion 0 What shepherd is able to resist me? Yahweh uses the question to show no one can defeat him. Here “shepherd” is a metaphor for “king” or “ruler.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No king is able to resist me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 49 20 kqc2 0 the inhabitants of Teman Alternate translation: “the people who live in Teman”
JER 49 20 yyc7 0 Teman Translate the name of this city as you did in [Jeremiah 49:7](../49/07.md).
-JER 49 20 x5ym figs-metaphor 0 They will certainly be dragged away, even the smallest flock This continues speaking of Yahweh punishing the people of Edom as if he would come like a lion and attack the sheep. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will drag them away, even the smallest flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JER 49 20 x5ym figs-metaphor 0 They will certainly be dragged away, even the smallest flock This continues speaking of Yahweh punishing the people of Edom as if he would come like a lion and attack the sheep. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will drag them away, even the smallest flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 49 20 k44h figs-metaphor 0 even the smallest flock Here the youngest and weakest people of Edom are spoken of as if they are the smallest flock of sheep. Alternate translation: “even the weakest and the smallest people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 49 20 qbe4 figs-metaphor 0 Their pasturelands will be turned into ruined places Here the land of Edom is spoken of as if it were pasturelands for flocks. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will turn their pasturelands into ruined places” or “He will completely get rid of the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 49 21 c9gl figs-metaphor 0 At the sound of their falling the earth shakes The loud sound of Edom being destroyed is spoken of as if Edom were a large object that shakes the earth when it falls. Alternate translation: “When enemies come and destroy Edom, the noise will be extremely loud, with the result that the earth will shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -3136,7 +3136,7 @@ JER 49 23 ecb7 translate-names 0 Hamath and Arpad These are cities in Syria. (S
JER 49 23 tpi9 figs-metaphor 0 They melt away A person being afraid is spoken of as if the person were melting. Alternate translation: “They are very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 49 23 pe7l figs-simile 0 They become as troubled as the sea, which cannot stay calm The water of the sea is always moving and is never still. This is compared to the people who cannot rest because they are so anxious about the bad news they heard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JER 49 24 tg9v figs-metonymy 0 Damascus has become very weak. It turns … seizes it Here “Damascus” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “The people of Damascus have become very weak. They turn … seizes them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-JER 49 24 ik2u 0 terror seizes it If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with the verb “terrified.” Alternate translation: “Damascus is terrified” or “The people of Damascus are terrified”
+JER 49 24 ik2u 0 terror seizes it If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you can express the same idea with the verb “terrified.” Alternate translation: “Damascus is terrified” or “The people of Damascus are terrified”
JER 49 24 b8u2 figs-abstractnouns 0 Distress and pain seize it, like the pain of a woman giving birth This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “distress” and “pain.” The people are compared to a woman giving birth to emphasize their pain and fear. Alternate translation: “The people are afraid and suffering like a woman giving birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JER 49 25 u3wm figs-rquestion 0 How has the city of praise not been forsaken, the town of my joy? Yahweh uses a question to express that the people should have left the city. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This famous city once caused me to rejoice, but now the people should leave it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JER 49 25 c4ki 0 How has the city of praise not been forsaken, the town of my joy? Some Bibles translate this with the people of Damascus speaking. Alternate translation: “The people of Damascus say, ‘The famous city, which once made us rejoice, is now empty.’”
@@ -3194,7 +3194,7 @@ JER 50 2 zzg6 figs-parallelism 0 Bel is made ashamed. Marduk is dismayed. Its i
JER 50 2 x394 translate-names 0 Bel … Marduk These are two names for the chief god of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JER 50 3 g6ih 0 arise against it … live in it Here “it” refers to Babylon in both phrases.
JER 50 3 daw4 0 her land The word “her” refers to Babylon.
-JER 50 3 sf89 figs-abstractnouns 0 make her land a desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “destroy her land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 50 3 sf89 figs-abstractnouns 0 make her land a desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “destroy her land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 50 4 xb8i figs-doublet 0 In those days and at that time These phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the importance of that future time. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 33:15](../33/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JER 50 4 f3j1 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh declares” or “this is what I, Yahweh, declare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JER 50 4 sdx6 figs-metaphor 0 seek Yahweh their God Seeking **Yahweh their God** represents either: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -3206,7 +3206,7 @@ JER 50 6 a67k figs-metaphor 0 Their shepherds The leaders of Israel are spoken
JER 50 6 zpk8 0 turned them around from hill to hill Alternate translation: “lead them around to many different places”
JER 50 7 h59f figs-metaphor 0 devoured them Attacking the people of Israel is spoken of as if a wild animal ate them. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “devoured them like a wild animal would eat its prey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JER 50 7 u3dr 0 they sinned The word “they” refers to the people of Israel.
-JER 50 7 id3n figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, the hope of their ancestors Yahweh is spoken of as the source of their trust. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hope**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the one whom their ancestors confidently expected to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 50 7 id3n figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, the hope of their ancestors Yahweh is spoken of as the source of their trust. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hope**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the one whom their ancestors confidently expected to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 50 8 en1b 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to his people in captivity in Babylon.
JER 50 8 ey2s 0 Leave from the midst of Babylon This command is addressed to the people of Israel who were in exile in Babylon.
JER 50 8 y6hx figs-simile 0 be like male goats that leave Male goats tend to be more independent than the rest of the flock. This could mean: (1) they should be the first to leave Babylon or (2) they should lead the rest of the Israelites away from Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
@@ -3227,7 +3227,7 @@ JER 50 12 a827 figs-pronouns 0 bore you The word “you” is plural and refers
JER 50 12 i83h figs-doublet 0 So your mother will be greatly ashamed; the one who bore you will be embarrassed These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of her embarrassment. The words “mother” and “the one who bore you” refer either to Babylonia or to the city of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 50 12 n6mv 0 the least of nations Alternate translation: “the most unimportant nation”
JER 50 12 crm8 figs-doublet 0 a wilderness, a dry land, and a desert These words have basically the same meaning and emphasize the complete barrenness of the land. This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for an uninhabited place or (2) this refers to Babylon literally becoming a barren wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JER 50 13 mm1s figs-abstractnouns 0 a complete devastation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **devastation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “completely destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 50 13 mm1s figs-abstractnouns 0 a complete devastation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **devastation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “completely destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 50 13 fl2h 0 shudder shake violently due to fear
JER 50 13 tj8m 0 hiss make a sound like a snake that means great disapproval
JER 50 14 z26z 0 General Information: Yahweh tells the other nations to attack Babylon.
@@ -3288,7 +3288,7 @@ JER 50 27 jtx6 0 them … their The word “them” and “their” refer to t
JER 50 27 h2tx figs-doublet 0 their day has come—the time for their punishment The phrases “their day” and “the time” mean the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “the time for their punishment has come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JER 50 28 tx67 0 There is the sound of those fleeing Alternate translation: “Listen and you will hear those who are fleeing”
JER 50 28 i7g2 0 those … those … These The words “those” and “These” refer to the survivors from Babylon who will tell others about Yahweh’s vengeance.
-JER 50 28 e143 figs-abstractnouns 0 the vengeance of Yahweh our God for Zion, and vengeance for his temple If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **vengeance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh our God has taken revenge for what they did to Zion and to his temple in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 50 28 e143 figs-abstractnouns 0 the vengeance of Yahweh our God for Zion, and vengeance for his temple If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **vengeance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh our God has taken revenge for what they did to Zion and to his temple in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 50 29 uhm2 figs-doublet 0 the archers … those who bend their bows These phrases refer to the same people and are repeated for poetic effect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JER 50 29 riq5 0 her … her … she The words “her” and “she” refer to Babylon.
JER 50 29 gm1z 0 let no one escape This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “capture or kill every person”
@@ -3355,7 +3355,7 @@ JER 50 44 vd1u 0 who will summon me Alternate translation: “who will challen
JER 50 44 ume1 figs-rquestion 0 What shepherd is able to resist me? Yahweh uses this question to show no one can defeat him. Here “shepherd” is a metaphor for “king” or “ruler.” Alternate translation: “No king is able to resist me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 50 45 h7vf 0 General Information: These verses are almost identical to [Jeremiah 49:20](../49/20.md) and [Jeremiah 49:21](../49/21.md). See how you translated those verses.
JER 50 45 bl7z figs-parallelism 0 the plans that Yahweh has decided against Babylon, the plans that he has planned against the land of the Chaldeans These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “the plans that Yahweh has decided for the people of Babylon and the Chaldeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
-JER 50 45 e83p figs-metaphor 0 They will certainly be dragged away, even the smallest flock This continues speaking of Yahweh punishing the people of Babylon as if he would come like a lion and attack the sheep. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will drag them away, even the smallest flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JER 50 45 e83p figs-metaphor 0 They will certainly be dragged away, even the smallest flock This continues speaking of Yahweh punishing the people of Babylon as if he would come like a lion and attack the sheep. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will drag them away, even the smallest flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 50 45 dja3 figs-metaphor 0 even the smallest flock Here the youngest and weakest people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the smallest flock of sheep. Alternate translation: “even the youngest and weakest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 50 45 fwh2 figs-metaphor 0 Their pasturelands will be turned into ruined places Here the land of Babylonia is spoken of as if it were pasturelands for flocks. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He will turn their pasturelands into ruined places” or “He will completely destroy the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 50 46 q28h figs-metaphor 0 At the sound of conquered Babylon the earth shakes This phrase compares the fall of the once powerful nation of Babylon to the extremely loud noise of an earthquake. Alternate translation: “The fall of Babylon will sound like a mighty earthquake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -3371,7 +3371,7 @@ JER 51 2 w4jj figs-idiom 0 on the day of disaster The phrase “day of” is a
JER 51 3 yl8g 0 Do not let … do not let Yahweh wants the attack to be so sudden that the archers have no time to prepare for battle.
JER 51 4 u6a8 figs-activepassive 0 those who are killed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom the attackers kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JER 51 5 u9ey figs-metonymy 0 Israel and Judah are not forsaken by their God, by Yahweh of hosts The words “Israel” and “Judah” are metonyms for the people of Israel and Judah. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts, the God of the people of Israel and Judah, has not forsaken them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-JER 51 5 t4nl figs-metaphor 0 their land is filled with offenses committed against the Holy One of Israel The land in which they live is spoken of as if it were a container and their offenses as if they were solid objects that could fill the container. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **offenses**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they have offended the Holy One of Israel everywhere throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 51 5 t4nl figs-metaphor 0 their land is filled with offenses committed against the Holy One of Israel The land in which they live is spoken of as if it were a container and their offenses as if they were solid objects that could fill the container. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **offenses**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they have offended the Holy One of Israel everywhere throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 51 6 ht2y figs-metaphor 0 in her iniquity Babylon is spoken of as if it were a woman. The word “iniquity” is a metonym for God punishing the people for their iniquity. Alternate translation: “when Yahweh punishes Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 51 6 dia4 figs-metaphor 0 will repay all of it to her Babylon is spoken of as if it were a woman, and the iniquity of the people is spoken of as if Yahweh needed to pay back a debt. The word “her,” meaning Babylon, is a metonym for the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “will punish the Babylonians as much as they deserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JER 51 7 tj8i figs-metaphor 0 Babylon was a golden cup in the hand of Yahweh that made all the world drunk The word “world” is a metonym for the people living in the nations surrounding Babylon. This could mean: (1) Making those people drunk could be a metaphor for Yahweh punishing those nations by allowing Babylon to conquer them. Alternate translation: “Babylon was a strong nation that Yahweh used to punish all the people of the surrounding nations severely” or (2) It could be a metaphor for those nations joining Babylon in worshiping idols and being violent. Alternate translation: “Babylon was a rich and powerful nation, and other nations wanted to become sinful just like it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -3410,7 +3410,7 @@ JER 51 20 ap1j figs-metaphor 0 With you I will smash Yahweh speaks of punishing
JER 51 20 k6w9 0 With you I will Alternate translation: “I will use you to”
JER 51 22 b82y figs-metaphor 0 With you I will smash Yahweh speaks of punishing people as if he were smashing them with a hammer. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 51:20](../51/20.md). Alternate translation: “With you I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 51 22 n6g5 0 With you I will “I will use you to.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 51:20](../51/20.md).
-JER 51 24 rf4t figs-abstractnouns 0 in your sight I will pay If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sight**, you could express the same idea with the verb “see.” Alternate translation: “you will see it when I pay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 51 24 rf4t figs-abstractnouns 0 in your sight I will pay If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sight**, you can express the same idea with the verb “see.” Alternate translation: “you will see it when I pay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 51 24 r6wa figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JER 51 25 n2fb figs-apostrophe 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to the people of Jerusalem, who could hear him, as if he were speaking to the people of Babylon, who could not hear him. He speaks to the city of Babylon as if he were speaking to the people of Babylon itself. He speaks of the city as if it were a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 51 25 gfh7 figs-metonymy 0 I will stretch out my hand against you The word “hand” is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises. See how “I will attack the inhabitants of the land with my hand” is translated in [Jeremiah 6:12](../06/12.md). Alternate translation: “I will use my strength to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -3418,7 +3418,7 @@ JER 51 25 pu56 figs-metaphor 0 I will … roll you down from the cliffs Yahweh
JER 51 25 f3es 0 cliffs A cliff is the steep side of a mountain or hill.
JER 51 25 tb96 figs-metaphor 0 I will … make you a burned-out mountain Yahweh speaks of Babylon as no longer being the great “mountain of destruction” but now a mountain that he has destroyed. Alternate translation: “I will … make you a pile of useless rocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JER 51 25 b8fv figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
-JER 51 26 pw6e figs-abstractnouns 0 you will become an everlasting devastation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **devastation**, you could express the same idea with a verb “devastate.” Alternate translation: “I will devastate you and no one will ever rebuild you” or “I will turn you into an empty place where no one will ever live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JER 51 26 pw6e figs-abstractnouns 0 you will become an everlasting devastation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **devastation**, you can express the same idea with a verb “devastate.” Alternate translation: “I will devastate you and no one will ever rebuild you” or “I will turn you into an empty place where no one will ever live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JER 51 27 rw7n figs-parallelism 0 Lift up a banner … Blow the trumpet … Call … to attack Lifting a banner and blowing a trumpet are both ways of calling people to attack. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JER 51 27 hw53 0 banner “battle flag.” This is large flag for the soldiers to follow in battle.
JER 51 27 wq6v figs-metonymy 0 attack her The city of Babylon is a metonym for the people of Babylon, and it is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “attack the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
diff --git a/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv b/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv
index 8468e2abe..cdedbdd8b 100644
--- a/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_25-LAM.tsv
@@ -246,15 +246,15 @@ LAM 3 19 j2d4 figs-doublet 0 wormwood and bitterness Wormwood is a plant that g
LAM 3 20 mz9u 0 my soul is bowed down within me Alternate translation: “I am depressed” or “I am discouraged”
LAM 3 21 t4a6 0 But I call this to mind This means to intentionally think about something. The word “this” refers to something that the author will start to speak about in the next verse. Alternate translation: “But I choose to think about this” or “But I remember this”
LAM 3 21 a2fk 0 I have hope Alternate translation: “I hope”
-LAM 3 22 hf5a figs-abstractnouns 0 The steadfast love of Yahweh never ceases If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **steadfast love**, you could express the same idea with the phrase “love faithfully.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh never stops loving his people faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-LAM 3 22 rs8g figs-abstractnouns 0 his compassions never end If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **compassions**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “care.” Alternate translation: “he never stops caring for those who suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LAM 3 22 hf5a figs-abstractnouns 0 The steadfast love of Yahweh never ceases If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **steadfast love**, you can express the same idea with the phrase “love faithfully.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh never stops loving his people faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LAM 3 22 rs8g figs-abstractnouns 0 his compassions never end If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **compassions**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “care.” Alternate translation: “he never stops caring for those who suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LAM 3 23 z4xg figs-metaphor 0 they are new every morning The word “they” refers to God’s steadfast love and compassions. Their being new represents God continuing to act according to them. Alternate translation: “every morning he treats us again with steadfast love and compassion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LAM 3 23 dp91 0 your faithfulness The word “your” refers to Yahweh.
LAM 3 24 v6sh figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my inheritance When God gave each tribe of Israel their land, he called it an inheritance. The author speaks of Yahweh being all he needs as if Yahweh were the inheritance that he had received. Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh is with me, I have everything I need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LAM 3 25 e8de 0 Yahweh is good to those who wait for him Here “good” refers to kindness. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is kind to those who wait for him” or “Yahweh does good things for those who wait for him”
LAM 3 25 ju1d 0 those who wait for him This could mean: (1) “all those who depend on him” or (2) “the one who waits patiently for him to act.”
LAM 3 25 a3kw figs-metaphor 0 the one who seeks him Here, **seeks him** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) wanting to know God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-LAM 3 27 xea4 figs-metaphor 0 that he bear the yoke in his youth Here “bear the yoke” represents suffering. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **his youth**, you could express the same idea with another word such as “young.” Alternate translation: “that he suffer while he is young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LAM 3 27 xea4 figs-metaphor 0 that he bear the yoke in his youth Here “bear the yoke” represents suffering. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **his youth**, you can express the same idea with another word such as “young.” Alternate translation: “that he suffer while he is young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LAM 3 28 deh5 0 Let him sit alone in silence The phrase “in silence” refers to not speaking. Here it may refer specifically to not complaining. Alternate translation: “Let him sit alone without speaking” or “Let him sit alone and not complain”
LAM 3 28 wc7p figs-metaphor 0 when it is laid upon him “when the yoke is laid upon him.” Here the yoke represents suffering. Alternate translation: “when he suffers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LAM 3 30 t75y 0 General Information: The writer speaks of the one who waits for Yahweh ([Lamentations 3:25](../03/25.md)).
@@ -314,13 +314,13 @@ LAM 3 57 egc5 figs-metonymy 0 You came near People often come near to a person
LAM 3 58 rq8w figs-metaphor 0 you defended my case, you saved my life The author speaks of God keeping him from being killed by his enemies as if God had defended him in court as a lawyer defends someone, and kept him from being killed. Alternate translation: “you saved my life from my enemies. It is as though you defended me in court” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LAM 3 58 x4xw figs-metaphor 0 you defended my case Here “defended my case” represents arguing for him. Alternate translation: “you argued my case for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LAM 3 59 z61e figs-metaphor 0 judge my case Here God is no longer pictured as a lawyer, but as the judge. It can be stated clearly that he wanted God to judge in his favor. Alternate translation: “make a decision about me, and show my enemies that I am right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-LAM 3 61 k1lw figs-abstractnouns 0 You have heard their scorn … and all their plans regarding me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **scorn**, you could express the same idea with the verbs “taunt” or “mock.” It can be stated clearly that the plans were to harm him. Alternate translation: “You heard how they have taunted me … and all they plan to do to me” or “You have heard them mock me … and plan ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LAM 3 61 k1lw figs-abstractnouns 0 You have heard their scorn … and all their plans regarding me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **scorn**, you can express the same idea with the verbs “taunt” or “mock.” It can be stated clearly that the plans were to harm him. Alternate translation: “You heard how they have taunted me … and all they plan to do to me” or “You have heard them mock me … and plan ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LAM 3 62 x6km figs-metaphor 0 The lips and the accusations … come against me all the day The author speaks of his enemies accusing him all day as if their accusations were soldiers that come to attack him all day. Alternate translation: “My enemies speak against me and accuse me through the whole day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LAM 3 62 u23i figs-metonymy 0 The lips … of my enemies Here the lips represent what his enemies say. Alternate translation: “The words … of my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
LAM 3 63 ti38 figs-merism 0 how they sit and then rise up These two actions together represent everything the people do. Alternate translation: “everything they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
LAM 3 64 h9mv figs-metaphor 0 Pay back to them, Yahweh, according to what they have done Here “Pay back to them” represents punishing them. What they have done can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Punish them, Yahweh, according to what they have done” or “Yahweh, they have made me suffer, so please make them suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
LAM 3 65 x92m figs-metonymy 0 You will let their hearts be shameless Here the “heart” is a metonym that represents their attitudes and emotions, and being “shameless” means not feeling ashamed of their sins even though they should. Their not being ashamed would give even more reason for God to punish them. Alternate translation: “You will let them feel no shame for their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-LAM 3 65 w3iz figs-abstractnouns 0 May your condemnation be upon them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **condemnation**, you could express the same idea with the verbs “condemn” or “curse.” Alternate translation: “Condemn them” or “Curse them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LAM 3 65 w3iz figs-abstractnouns 0 May your condemnation be upon them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **condemnation**, you can express the same idea with the verbs “condemn” or “curse.” Alternate translation: “Condemn them” or “Curse them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LAM 3 66 zs3c figs-metonymy 0 from under the heavens Here “from under the heavens” represents everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “wherever they are on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
LAM 4 intro v761 0 # Lamentations 4 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The story of Judah being destroyed continues in this chapter. Famine destroyed the rulers and the priests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
LAM 4 1 rhc4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: A new poem begins. See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]].
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ LAM 4 5 p6wj 0 now starve in the streets These people no longer have homes, so
LAM 4 5 sg4z figs-activepassive 0 Those who were brought up wearing scarlet clothing If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those who grew up wearing scarlet clothing” or “those who wore scarlet clothing when they were growing up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LAM 4 5 xp9m figs-metonymy 0 scarlet clothing Here this phrase is a metonym for luxurious, expensive, and comfortable clothing, at least some of which was probably scarlet. Alternate translation: “luxurious clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
LAM 4 5 l3s2 0 now lie on piles of ashes This is because they no longer have homes and soft beds.
-LAM 4 6 nw5s 0 The punishment of the daughter of my people is greater than that of Sodom If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **punishment**, you could express the same idea with the verb “punish.” Alternate translation: “The daughter of my people has been punished more severely than Sodom was punished”
+LAM 4 6 nw5s 0 The punishment of the daughter of my people is greater than that of Sodom If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **punishment**, you can express the same idea with the verb “punish.” Alternate translation: “The daughter of my people has been punished more severely than Sodom was punished”
LAM 4 6 ef77 figs-metonymy 0 the daughter of my people This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
LAM 4 6 l7zs figs-activepassive 0 which was overthrown in a moment The word “which” refers to Sodom. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which God destroyed in a moment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LAM 4 6 xk36 figs-activepassive 0 no hands were wrung for her If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one wrung their hands for her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ LAM 4 15 uf2c 0 Away! Away! Do not touch Alternate translation: “Go away! Go
LAM 4 16 s74r 0 scattered them Alternate translation: “scattered the prophets and priests”
LAM 4 16 a7if figs-metonymy 0 he does not watch over them anymore Here “watch over them” represents being concerned about them and helping them. Alternate translation: “he does not care about them anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
LAM 4 17 j6ac figs-metonymy 0 Our eyes failed, looking in vain for help Their eyes failing represents their seeking and not being able to find what they were looking for. These two phrases together emphasize that they were trying hard to find help. Alternate translation: “We continued looking, but we could not find anyone to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-LAM 4 17 gw6x figs-abstractnouns 0 for help If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **help**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “for people to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+LAM 4 17 gw6x figs-abstractnouns 0 for help If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **help**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “for people to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LAM 4 17 ep11 0 in vain without succeeding
LAM 4 17 j62q figs-metaphor 0 we watched for a nation that could not rescue us Here “watched” represents hoping. It can be stated clearly that they were hoping that a nation would come and rescue them. Alternate translation: “we hoped for a nation to come and rescue us, but it could not rescue us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
LAM 4 18 ah5m figs-metonymy 0 They followed our steps Here “our steps” represents where they went. Alternate translation: “Our enemies followed us everywhere we went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
diff --git a/en_tn_26-EZK.tsv b/en_tn_26-EZK.tsv
index 46e731543..f86454cfb 100644
--- a/en_tn_26-EZK.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_26-EZK.tsv
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ EZK 1 4 uce2 0 brightness surrounding it and inside of it Alternate translatio
EZK 1 4 gn1u 0 the color of amber Alternate translation: “bright yellow like amber” or “bright yellow” or “glowing yellow”
EZK 1 4 s1hw 0 amber a hard yellow resin that is used as a beautiful decoration on jewelry
EZK 1 5 wc4k 0 In the middle Alternate translation: “Inside the storm”
-EZK 1 5 h7q9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the likeness of four living creatures Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like these things. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what looked like four living creatures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EZK 1 5 k13b figs-abstractnouns 0 This was their appearance If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “This is what they looked like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EZK 1 5 nji4 figs-abstractnouns 0 They had the likeness of a man If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The four creatures looked like people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 1 5 h7q9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the likeness of four living creatures Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like these things. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what looked like four living creatures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 1 5 k13b figs-abstractnouns 0 This was their appearance If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “This is what they looked like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 1 5 nji4 figs-abstractnouns 0 They had the likeness of a man If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The four creatures looked like people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 1 6 vqp7 0 but they had four faces each, and each of the creatures had four wings “but each of them had four different faces and four wings.” Each creature had a face on the front, a face on the back, and a face on each side of its head.
EZK 1 7 lgs2 0 Connecting Statement: Ezekiel continues to describe his vision.
EZK 1 7 k6hj 0 but the soles of their feet were like the hooves of a calf Alternate translation: “but their feet looked like calf hooves” or “but their feet looked like the feet of calves”
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ EZK 1 8 gr7m 0 on all four sides Alternate translation: “on all four sides o
EZK 1 8 k4hk 0 For all four, their faces and wings were like this Alternate translation: “For all four of the creatures, their wings and their faces were like this”
EZK 1 9 xij2 0 they did not turn as they went Alternate translation: “the creatures did not turn as they moved”
EZK 1 10 xft7 0 Connecting Statement: Ezekiel continues to describe his vision.
-EZK 1 10 dr2n figs-abstractnouns 0 The likeness of their faces was like the face of a man Ezekiel is describing the faces of the creatures on their front side. Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like a man’s face. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The face of each creature looked like the face of a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 1 10 dr2n figs-abstractnouns 0 The likeness of their faces was like the face of a man Ezekiel is describing the faces of the creatures on their front side. Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like a man’s face. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The face of each creature looked like the face of a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 1 10 cb2b 0 The four of them had the face of a lion to the right side Alternate translation: “The face on the right side of each one’s head looked like the face of a lion”
EZK 1 10 xfk6 0 the four of them had the face of an ox on the left side Alternate translation: “the face on the left side of the head of each one looked like the face of an ox”
EZK 1 10 hzm6 0 They four had also the face of an eagle Alternate translation: “The face on the back of the head of each one looked like the face of an eagle”
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ EZK 1 11 y2pe 0 their wings were spread out above, so that each creature had a
EZK 1 11 pd9d 0 and also a pair of wings that covered their bodies This can be translated as a new sentence: “The other two wings of each creature covered its body”
EZK 1 12 e2th 0 Each went straight forward Alternate translation: “Each creature moved with a face looking forward”
EZK 1 13 ffv8 0 Connecting Statement: Ezekiel continues to describe his vision.
-EZK 1 13 i6wj figs-abstractnouns 0 As for the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was like burning coals Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like these things. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the words **likeness** and **appearance**, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “As for what the living creatures looked like, they were similar to burning coals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 1 13 i6wj figs-abstractnouns 0 As for the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was like burning coals Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like these things. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the words **likeness** and **appearance**, you can express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “As for what the living creatures looked like, they were similar to burning coals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 1 13 m6wb 0 there were flashes of lightning Alternate translation: “lightning came out from the fire.”
-EZK 1 14 jq1y figs-simile 0 The living creatures were moving swiftly back and forth, and they had the appearance of lightning Lightning flashes and then disappears quickly, and the creatures moved from one place to another quickly. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The living creatures were moving swiftly back and forth, and they looked like lightning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 1 14 jq1y figs-simile 0 The living creatures were moving swiftly back and forth, and they had the appearance of lightning Lightning flashes and then disappears quickly, and the creatures moved from one place to another quickly. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The living creatures were moving swiftly back and forth, and they looked like lightning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 1 15 me27 0 Connecting Statement: Ezekiel continues to tell about his vision.
EZK 1 16 kq4i 0 This was the appearance and structure of the wheels Alternate translation: “This is what the wheels looked like and how they were made”
EZK 1 16 yue4 0 like beryl Beryl is a kind of clear, valuable stone, often of yellow or golden color. “clear and yellow like a beryl stone” or “clear and yellow like a precious stone”
-EZK 1 16 du8h figs-abstractnouns 0 the four had the same likeness Here, **likeness** refers to what the four wheels looked like. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “all four of the wheels looked the same” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 1 16 du8h figs-abstractnouns 0 the four had the same likeness Here, **likeness** refers to what the four wheels looked like. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “all four of the wheels looked the same” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 1 16 q9kt figs-abstractnouns 0 their appearance and structure was like a wheel intersecting another wheel The abstract nouns “appearance” and “structure” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “they appeared to be made with one wheel going through another wheel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 1 17 d4vz 0 Connecting Statement: Ezekiel continues to describe his vision.
EZK 1 17 yzc3 0 they went in any of their four directions This could mean: (1) “their” refers to the creatures. Alternate translation: “they would go straight in any one of the four directions that the creatures looked towards” or (2) “their” refers to the wheels.
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ EZK 1 19 c3bw 0 the wheels also rose up Alternate translation: “the wheels a
EZK 1 20 q1gf 0 Wherever the Spirit would go, they went The word “they” refers to the creatures.
EZK 1 20 i3ax 0 the wheels rose up beside them Alternate translation: “the wheels went up into the air with the living creatures”
EZK 1 20 sqv9 figs-idiom 0 the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels This could mean: (1) Ezekiel is speaking of the “creatures” of verse 19 as if they were one creature. Alternate translation: “the spirit of the living creatures was in the wheels” or (2) Ezekiel is using an idiom. Alternate translation: “the spirit of life was in the wheels” or “the living spirit was in the wheels” or (3) the spirit in the creatures and in the wheels is the same. Alternate translation: “the same spirit that gave life to the creatures also gave life to the wheels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-EZK 1 22 ikj7 figs-abstractnouns 0 the likeness of an expansive dome Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like “an expansive dome.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what looked like an expansive dome” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 1 22 ikj7 figs-abstractnouns 0 the likeness of an expansive dome Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like “an expansive dome.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what looked like an expansive dome” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 1 22 l6f5 0 an expansive dome A dome looks like a hollow ball that is cut in half. “Expansive” means very large. “a huge upside-down bowl”
EZK 1 22 hu3m 0 awe-inspiring crystal Alternate translation: “awe-inspiring ice” or “crystal that makes people marvel when they look at it”
EZK 1 22 unz5 0 stretched out over their heads above Alternate translation: “and the expansive dome was spread out above the heads of the creatures” or “and the expansive dome took up a lot of space over the heads of the creatures”
@@ -76,15 +76,15 @@ EZK 1 25 fdh7 0 A voice came from above the dome “Someone who was above the
EZK 1 25 c7rf 0 the dome over their heads Alternate translation: “the dome that was over the heads of the creatures”
EZK 1 25 vx4w 0 the dome See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 1:23](../01/23.md).
EZK 1 26 pwr1 0 over their heads Alternate translation: “over the heads of the living creatures”
-EZK 1 26 v6pz figs-abstractnouns 0 was the likeness of a throne Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like a throne. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “was something that looked like a throne” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 1 26 v6pz figs-abstractnouns 0 was the likeness of a throne Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like a throne. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “was something that looked like a throne” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 1 26 dds3 0 sapphire a very valuable stone that is clear blue and very shiny
-EZK 1 26 fx3x figs-abstractnouns 0 on the likeness of the throne was If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “on what looked like a throne there was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 1 26 fx3x figs-abstractnouns 0 on the likeness of the throne was If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “on what looked like a throne there was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 1 26 npv7 figs-abstractnouns 0 a likeness like the appearance of a man The abstract nouns “likeness” and “appearance” can be translated with verbal phrases. If you need to tell who this is, you should probably identify him as Yahweh ([Ezekiel 1:3](../01/03.md)). Alternate translation: “something that looked similar to what appeared to be a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EZK 1 27 t3wg figs-abstractnouns 0 from the appearance of his hips up The person’s body above the hips looked like glowing metal that had fire in it. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “from what appeared to be his hips up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EZK 1 27 f7ri figs-abstractnouns 0 from the appearance of his hips downward the appearance of fire and brightness all around If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “all around him below what appeared to be his hips, I saw what looked like fire and a bright light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EZK 1 28 ju5f figs-abstractnouns 0 Like the appearance of a rainbow in the clouds on a rainy day was the appearance of the bright light surrounding it If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The brightness surrounding it appeared to be like the way a rainbow appears in the clouds on a rainy day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 1 27 t3wg figs-abstractnouns 0 from the appearance of his hips up The person’s body above the hips looked like glowing metal that had fire in it. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “from what appeared to be his hips up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 1 27 f7ri figs-abstractnouns 0 from the appearance of his hips downward the appearance of fire and brightness all around If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “all around him below what appeared to be his hips, I saw what looked like fire and a bright light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 1 28 ju5f figs-abstractnouns 0 Like the appearance of a rainbow in the clouds on a rainy day was the appearance of the bright light surrounding it If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The brightness surrounding it appeared to be like the way a rainbow appears in the clouds on a rainy day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 1 28 qe4p 0 rainbow the colorful strip of light that appears in the rain when the sun shines from behind the viewer
-EZK 1 28 eww3 figs-abstractnouns 0 It was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of Yahweh Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like the glory of Yahweh. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas behind the words **appearance** and **likeness**, you could express the same idea with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “It appeared to be what looked like the glory of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 1 28 eww3 figs-abstractnouns 0 It was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of Yahweh Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like the glory of Yahweh. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas behind the words **appearance** and **likeness**, you can express the same idea with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “It appeared to be what looked like the glory of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 1 28 x337 figs-idiom 0 I fell on my face “I bowed down to the ground” or “I lay on the ground.” Ezekiel did not fall by accident. He went down to the ground to show that he respected and feared Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EZK 1 28 xf7s figs-metonymy 0 I heard a voice speaking The word “voice” is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “I heard someone speaking” or “Someone spoke, and I heard his voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 2 intro pp1p 0 # Ezekiel 2 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Ezekiel’s call continues in this chapter. God appointed Ezekiel to be a prophet but warned him that the people were very rebellious and would not listen to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ EZK 7 22 u74s 0 bandits violent people who steal and destroy
EZK 7 23 zs1w 0 General Information: These are Yahweh’s words to Ezekiel about Israel.
EZK 7 23 y53i 0 Make a chain Chains are used to hold slaves or prisoners. God says this to show the people that they will become slaves or prisoners.
EZK 7 23 gu3l figs-metonymy 0 the land is filled with the judgment of blood This could mean: (1) “everywhere in the country God is judging people because they violently killed others” or (2) “the courts everywhere in the country are murdering people.” The word “blood” here represents murder and death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EZK 7 23 u3zi figs-metaphor 0 the city is full of violence The city is spoken of as if it were a container, and violence is spoken of as an object that can be put in a container. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **violence**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “violence is everywhere in the city” or “many people in the city are doing violent things to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 7 23 u3zi figs-metaphor 0 the city is full of violence The city is spoken of as if it were a container, and violence is spoken of as an object that can be put in a container. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **violence**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “violence is everywhere in the city” or “many people in the city are doing violent things to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 7 24 r3n8 0 they will possess their houses the wicked will take the Israelites’ houses
EZK 7 24 a75e 0 I will bring an end to the pride of the mighty Alternate translation: “I will cause the powerful people in Israel to stop being proud of themselves”
EZK 7 24 zk6t figs-activepassive 0 their holy places will be defiled! This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “enemies will defile the places where they worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -414,9 +414,9 @@ EZK 8 1 kh86 translate-hebrewmonths 0 the sixth month, in the fifth day of the
EZK 8 1 g1l3 figs-metaphor 0 the hand of the Lord Yahweh again fell upon me This should be translated literally, as Ezekiel later sees something like a hand. Others may choose to consider the hand a metaphor for Yahweh’s presence or power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 8 1 mzl2 0 Lord Yahweh See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 2:4](../02/04.md).
EZK 8 1 ni1l 0 fell upon Alternate translation: “took hold of”
-EZK 8 2 c8h3 figs-abstractnouns 0 a likeness with the appearance of a man Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like a man. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas behind the words **likeness** and **appearance**, you could express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “there was someone who appeared to be a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 8 2 c8h3 figs-abstractnouns 0 a likeness with the appearance of a man Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like a man. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas behind the words **likeness** and **appearance**, you can express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “there was someone who appeared to be a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 8 2 lie4 0 glowing metal When metal is very hot, it glows with a yellow or orange light.
-EZK 8 2 dw9z figs-abstractnouns 0 the appearance of his hips … the appearance of something shining If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what appeared to be his hips … what appeared to be something shining” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 8 2 dw9z figs-abstractnouns 0 the appearance of his hips … the appearance of something shining If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what appeared to be his hips … what appeared to be something shining” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 8 3 mje5 0 he reached out The word “he” probably refers to the “figure like a man” ([Ezekiel 8:2](../08/02.md)).
EZK 8 3 q8np 0 between earth and heaven Alternate translation: “between the ground and the sky”
EZK 8 3 h6bp 0 in visions from God, he brought me to Jerusalem The words “in visions” mean that this experience is happening in Ezekiel’s thoughts. His body would still be in his home while God shows him these things.
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ EZK 9 7 hqw7 figs-metonymy 0 attacked the city The word “city” is a metonym
EZK 9 8 pb8i figs-idiom 0 I fell on my face “I bowed down to the ground” or “I lay on the ground.” Ezekiel did not fall by accident. He went down to the ground to show that he respected and feared Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 1:28](../01/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EZK 9 8 wp6i 0 Ah, Lord Yahweh Ezekiel says this because he is very troubled by what the Lord told the men to do to Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 4:14](../04/14.md).
EZK 9 8 tm5e figs-idiom 0 will you destroy all the remnant of Israel in the outpouring of your wrath on Jerusalem? Ezekiel is pleading with Yahweh not to destroy the remnant. Alternate translation: “please do not destroy all the remnant of Israel in the outpouring of your wrath on Jerusalem!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-EZK 9 8 gw3d figs-abstractnouns 0 in the outpouring of your wrath on Jerusalem Wrath is spoken of as if it were a liquid that Yahweh could pour out of a container. The word “Jerusalem” is a metonym for the people in the city. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **outpouring**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “when you pour out your wrath on Jerusalem” or “when you punish the people of Jerusalem because you are very angry with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 9 8 gw3d figs-abstractnouns 0 in the outpouring of your wrath on Jerusalem Wrath is spoken of as if it were a liquid that Yahweh could pour out of a container. The word “Jerusalem” is a metonym for the people in the city. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **outpouring**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “when you pour out your wrath on Jerusalem” or “when you punish the people of Jerusalem because you are very angry with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 9 9 b5dk figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 9 9 v24y 0 exceedingly great Alternate translation: “very great”
EZK 9 9 xs21 figs-metaphor 0 The land is full of blood and the city full of perversions Here “land” is spoken of as if it were a container filled with blood. Here “blood” is metonym for murder. And “city” is spoken of as if it were a container and “perversions” were the contents inside of it. Alternate translation: “All over the land people are killing innocent people, and all over the city people are doing wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -517,9 +517,9 @@ EZK 10 6 ge4b 0 beside a wheel Translate “wheel” as in [Ezekiel 1:15](../0
EZK 10 8 n4cv 0 I saw on the cherubim something like a man’s hand under their wings Alternate translation: “I saw that the cherubim had something like a man’s hand under their wings”
EZK 10 9 cwh7 0 behold Ezekiel was surprised by what he saw
EZK 10 9 q9j7 0 wheels See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 1:15](../01/15.md).
-EZK 10 9 d8v9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the appearance of the wheels was like a beryl stone If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the wheels appeared to be like a beryl stone” or “what appeared to be wheels were like a beryl stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 10 9 d8v9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the appearance of the wheels was like a beryl stone If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the wheels appeared to be like a beryl stone” or “what appeared to be wheels were like a beryl stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 10 9 nza9 translate-unknown 0 beryl stone “Beryl” here is a very hard, valuable stone. This beryl was probably green or blue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-EZK 10 10 i72z figs-abstractnouns 0 Their appearance was the same likeness for all four of them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “All four of them appeared to be similar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 10 10 i72z figs-abstractnouns 0 Their appearance was the same likeness for all four of them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “All four of them appeared to be similar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 10 10 c1u1 0 a wheel intersecting another wheel The word “intersecting” means “crossing” or “passing through.”
EZK 10 11 vgw9 0 they went in any of their four directions This could mean: (1) “their” refers to the creatures. Alternate translation: “they would go straight in any one of the four directions that the creatures looked towards” or (2) “their” refers to the wheels.
EZK 10 11 qn2m 0 whatever direction the head faced, they followed Here, the phrase **the head** could mean: (1) this refers to the winged creatures. Alternate translation: “they went in whatever direction the winged creatures were looking” or (2) this refers to the front wheel. Alternate translation: “they followed in whatever direction the front wheel went”
@@ -537,8 +537,8 @@ EZK 10 18 x2tm 0 stood over Alternate translation: “stayed over” or “wai
EZK 10 19 c2qy 0 came upon them from above Alternate translation: “went above the cherubim”
EZK 10 20 b8ev 0 the living creatures See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 1:13](../01/13.md).
EZK 10 20 mjn1 0 the Kebar Canal This is a river that people in Chaldea had dug to give water to their gardens. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 1:1](../01/01.md).
-EZK 10 21 is6s figs-abstractnouns 0 the likeness of human hands Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like human hands. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “something that looked like human hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EZK 10 22 vgn2 figs-abstractnouns 0 the likeness of their faces was like the faces that I had seen If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “their faces looked like the faces that I had seen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 10 21 is6s figs-abstractnouns 0 the likeness of human hands Here, **likeness** means that what Ezekiel saw looked like human hands. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “something that looked like human hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 10 22 vgn2 figs-abstractnouns 0 the likeness of their faces was like the faces that I had seen If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **likeness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “their faces looked like the faces that I had seen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 10 22 z9wt 0 went straight ahead Alternate translation: “faced forward” or “looked directly ahead”
EZK 11 intro p5z8 0 # Ezekiel 11 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Safety
The people were trusting Jerusalem to keep them safe. But God was going to pull them out of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Metaphor
The people in Jerusalem used the metaphor “this city is the pot and we are the meat in the pot” meaning they were safe in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 11 1 fu8k 0 to the eastern gate of Yahweh’s house, facing east This gate was part of the wall that surrounded the temple area. Alternate translation: “the gate on the eastern side of the wall surrounding Yahweh’s house” or “the gate on the eastern wall of the temple courtyard”
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ EZK 16 17 h8iz 0 male figures Alternate translation: “statues of men” or
EZK 16 17 rgp8 figs-euphemism 0 you did with them as a prostitute would do This could mean: (1) this is a polite way to say the young woman was sleeping with the male figures. Alternate translation: “you slept with them” or (2) this is a metaphor in which Yahweh speaks of her worshiping the figures as if she were sleeping with them. Alternate translation: “you worshiped them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 16 19 ml19 0 set before them Alternate translation: “placed as an offering in front of them”
EZK 16 20 ev7l 0 whom you bore for me Alternate translation: “who were my children”
-EZK 16 20 tgj4 figs-explicit 0 you sacrificed them to the images to be devoured as food Here Yahweh speaks of something that the people of Israel had actually done. They sacrificed their children to pagan idols. In these ancient pagan sacrifices, the people believed that the gods would eat the food that they offered to them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you sacrificed them to the images so that those images could devour them as food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+EZK 16 20 tgj4 figs-explicit 0 you sacrificed them to the images to be devoured as food Here Yahweh speaks of something that the people of Israel had actually done. They sacrificed their children to pagan idols. In these ancient pagan sacrifices, the people believed that the gods would eat the food that they offered to them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you sacrificed them to the images so that those images could devour them as food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZK 16 20 ku1z figs-rquestion 0 Are your acts of prostitution a small matter? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that the woman is acting as if her prostitution was not bad enough and so she decided to sacrifice her children as well. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You must think that your acts of prostitution are a small matter.” or “I do not think your acts of prostitution are a small matter.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EZK 16 21 pxu4 figs-explicit 0 made them pass through the fire Here Yahweh speaks of something that the people of Israel had actually done. They sacrificed their children to pagan idols. It is implicit that she put them into the fire in order to offer them as burnt offerings to her images. Alternate translation: “sacrificed them as burnt offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZK 16 22 wvq2 figs-doublet 0 naked and bare These two words mean the same thing. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 16:7](../16/07.md). Alternate translation: “completely naked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
@@ -1515,7 +1515,7 @@ EZK 25 12 hs3x figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a met
EZK 25 13 shy7 figs-metaphor 0 I will strike Edom with my hand Here Yahweh speaks of punishing the people as if he were literally hitting them with his hand. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezekiel 25:7](../25/07.md). Alternate translation: “I will punish Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 25 13 u34t translate-names 0 I will make them … from Teman to Dedan “I will make all of Edom … from Teman to Dedan.” These are two cities at opposite ends of Edom. This means that Yahweh will destroy all of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZK 25 13 lfw7 figs-metonymy 0 They will fall by the sword The word “fall” represents being killed and the word “sword” refers to their enemies who will kill them in battle. Alternate translation: “Their enemies will kill them with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EZK 25 14 fx1e figs-metonymy 0 I will lay my vengeance upon Edom by the hand of my people Israel Here the “hand” of Israel is a metonym for Israel’s army. Yahweh speaks of taking revenge on the people of Edom as if his vengeance were like a sheet that he covered them with. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **vengeance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “to punish.” Alternate translation: “I will use my people Israel to punish the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+EZK 25 14 fx1e figs-metonymy 0 I will lay my vengeance upon Edom by the hand of my people Israel Here the “hand” of Israel is a metonym for Israel’s army. Yahweh speaks of taking revenge on the people of Edom as if his vengeance were like a sheet that he covered them with. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **vengeance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “to punish.” Alternate translation: “I will use my people Israel to punish the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 25 14 h1jc 0 they will do to Edom according to my anger and my fury Alternate translation: “they will show Edom my anger and fury” or “they will punish Edom according to my anger and fury against the people of Edom”
EZK 25 14 jl32 figs-doublet 0 my anger and my fury The word “fury” means basically the same thing as and intensifies the word “anger.” Alternate translation: “my furious anger” or “my extreme anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EZK 25 14 t72s figs-123person 0 this is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
@@ -1579,7 +1579,7 @@ EZK 26 17 cf7x 0 General Information: In these verses, “They” refers to th
EZK 26 17 az5c 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Tyre.
EZK 26 17 p6k6 0 lift up Alternate translation: “sing”
EZK 26 17 u3mk figs-activepassive 0 How you, who were inhabited by sailors, have been destroyed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “How your enemies have destroyed you—you who were inhabited by sailors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-EZK 26 17 ey9i figs-abstractnouns 0 spread a terror about themselves upon everyone who lived near them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “terrified.” Alternate translation: “caused all the people around them to be terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 26 17 ey9i figs-abstractnouns 0 spread a terror about themselves upon everyone who lived near them If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “terrified.” Alternate translation: “caused all the people around them to be terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 26 18 qw2y figs-parallelism 0 Now the coasts tremble on the day of your downfall. The islands in the sea are terrified, because you are no longer in your place These two lines are similar in meaning and emphasize the response of the surrounding people to the destruction of Tyre. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EZK 26 18 l8fi figs-metonymy 0 Now the coasts tremble Here “the coasts” represents the people living there. Alternate translation: “Now the people of the coastlands tremble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 26 18 ny49 figs-metonymy 0 The islands in the sea are terrified Here “the islands in the sea” represents the people living there. Alternate translation: “The people of the islands are terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -1591,15 +1591,15 @@ EZK 26 19 h8v9 figs-nominaladj 0 the deeps Here “the deeps” means the deep
EZK 26 20 npm2 figs-personification 0 then I will bring you down to the people of ancient times, like the others who have gone down into the pit; for I will make you live in the lowest realms of the earth as in ruins of ancient times What Yahweh would do to Tyre is compared to people going to the grave and cities falling into ruin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EZK 26 20 k4z8 figs-metonymy 0 the pit This refers to the grave. Because the grave was thought to be the entrance to the world of the dead, the pit also represents that world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 26 20 c3ul figs-metaphor 0 stand in the land of the living This represents being restored to the city’s former existence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EZK 26 21 lui3 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will place disaster on you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **disaster**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “terrible” or the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “I will bring you to a terrible end” or “I will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 26 21 lui3 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will place disaster on you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **disaster**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “terrible” or the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “I will bring you to a terrible end” or “I will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 27 intro m11q 0 # Ezekiel 27 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The prophecy against Tyre continues in this chapter. Tyre has become wealthy from trade as far as Spain, but Tyre will be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Metaphor
Tyre is compared to a ship built with the very best materials. Despite its strength and power, Yahweh will destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 27 1 w529 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EZK 27 2 x6yp 0 son of man God calls Ezekiel this to emphasize that Ezekiel is only a human being. God is eternal and powerful, but humans are not. Alternate translation: “mortal person” or “human”
-EZK 27 2 zc5g figs-abstractnouns 0 begin a lamentation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **lamentation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “lament.” Alternate translation: “begin to lament” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 27 2 zc5g figs-abstractnouns 0 begin a lamentation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **lamentation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “lament.” Alternate translation: “begin to lament” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 27 3 wz6j figs-metonymy 0 say to Tyre Here the word “Tyre” represents the people living in Tyre. Alternate translation: “say to the people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 27 3 h74v 0 who lives within the gates of the sea Alternate translation: “who lives at the gates of the sea” or “who lives at the entry to the sea”
EZK 27 3 uay7 figs-metonymy 0 Tyre, you have said Here the word “Tyre” represents the people living in Tyre. Alternate translation: “People of Tyre, you have said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EZK 27 3 lrt3 figs-abstractnouns 0 I am perfect in beauty If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **beauty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “beautiful.” Alternate translation: “I am perfectly beautiful” or “I am entirely beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 27 3 lrt3 figs-abstractnouns 0 I am perfect in beauty If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **beauty**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “beautiful.” Alternate translation: “I am perfectly beautiful” or “I am entirely beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 27 4 r25t figs-metaphor 0 General Information: “Your” and “you” in these verses refer to Tyre. The city of Tyre is described here and in the following verses as if it were a beautiful ship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 27 4 nk2f 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Tyre.
EZK 27 4 r7fr 0 Your borders Alternate translation: “Your boundaries”
@@ -1626,9 +1626,9 @@ EZK 27 10 t1q7 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in th
EZK 27 10 aw8i 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Tyre.
EZK 27 10 fj9d translate-names 0 Persia, Lydia … Libya These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZK 27 10 z7jj 0 your men of war Alternate translation: “men who fought in your wars” or “serving as your warriors”
-EZK 27 10 hpk8 figs-abstractnouns 0 your splendor If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **splendor**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “splendid.” Alternate translation: “how splendid you were” or “how majestic you were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 27 10 hpk8 figs-abstractnouns 0 your splendor If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **splendor**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “splendid.” Alternate translation: “how splendid you were” or “how majestic you were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 27 11 hyb6 translate-names 0 Arvad … Helek … Gammad These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-EZK 27 11 m439 figs-abstractnouns 0 They completed your beauty If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **beauty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “beautiful.” Alternate translation: “They finished making you beautiful” or “They made you perfectly beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 27 11 m439 figs-abstractnouns 0 They completed your beauty If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **beauty**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “beautiful.” Alternate translation: “They finished making you beautiful” or “They made you perfectly beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 27 12 y349 0 General Information: The word “your” in these verses refers to Tyre.
EZK 27 12 e1zd 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Tyre.
EZK 27 12 eq3f 0 Silver, iron, tin, and lead metals that were used during that time period
@@ -1690,7 +1690,7 @@ EZK 27 26 kh95 0 the eastern wind Alternate translation: “the strong wind fr
EZK 27 26 il9m 0 middle of them “heart of the seas” or “middle of the seas.” See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 27:4](../27/04.md).
EZK 27 27 hyf8 0 sailors men who sail boats
EZK 27 27 v82e 0 depths of the sea “heart of the seas” or “middle of the seas.” See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 27:4](../27/04.md).
-EZK 27 27 v5jc figs-abstractnouns 0 on the day of your destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destroy.” Alternate translation: “at the time you are destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 27 27 v5jc figs-abstractnouns 0 on the day of your destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destroy.” Alternate translation: “at the time you are destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 27 28 vu1s 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in these verses refer to Tyre.
EZK 27 28 vb1f figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Tyre. The city of Tyre continues to be described as if it were a wrecked ship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 27 28 zz11 figs-metonymy 0 Cities at the sea will tremble Here “Cities at the sea” represents the people in those cities. Alternate translation: “The people of the cities by the sea will tremble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -1701,7 +1701,7 @@ EZK 27 31 y422 0 General Information: The word “they” in these verses refe
EZK 27 31 v5hn figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Tyre. The city of Tyre continues to be described as if it were a wrecked ship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 27 31 l2lh translate-symaction 0 They will shave their heads bald for you and bind themselves with sackcloth These are expressions of grieving and mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EZK 27 31 ftb1 0 bald having no hair on the head
-EZK 27 32 f54l figs-abstractnouns 0 They will lift up their wails of lamentation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **lamentation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “lament.” Alternate translation: “They will cry out and lament” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 27 32 f54l figs-abstractnouns 0 They will lift up their wails of lamentation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **lamentation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “lament.” Alternate translation: “They will cry out and lament” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 27 32 lh75 0 sing dirges Alternate translation: “sing funeral songs”
EZK 27 32 d8za figs-rquestion 0 Who is like Tyre, who has now been brought to silence in the middle of the sea? This question expects a negative answer and emphasizes Tyre being different from all other cities. It can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “No other city is like Tyre, who has now been brought to silence in the middle of the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EZK 27 32 f4lr figs-activepassive 0 who has now been brought to silence This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “who its enemies have now silenced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -1714,11 +1714,11 @@ EZK 27 34 r7k6 figs-activepassive 0 when you were shattered by the seas, by dee
EZK 27 34 wr3x 0 shattered To “shatter” is to break up into pieces.
EZK 27 34 d3qi 0 crew team of workers
EZK 27 35 x4z1 0 were appalled at you Alternate translation: “were shocked and terrified by what happened to you”
-EZK 27 35 c2nm figs-abstractnouns 0 their kings shuddered in horror If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **horror**, you could express the same idea with an adverb such as “fearfully.” Alternate translation: “their kings shuddered fearfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 27 35 c2nm figs-abstractnouns 0 their kings shuddered in horror If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **horror**, you can express the same idea with an adverb such as “fearfully.” Alternate translation: “their kings shuddered fearfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 27 35 yhh2 0 shuddered Alternate translation: “shook, trembled with fear”
EZK 27 35 l348 figs-metonymy 0 Their faces trembled Here “faces” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “They appear to be trembling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 27 36 vh13 translate-symaction 0 hiss at you Hissing was making a whistling sound through the teeth. It may have been out of dismay, grief, or surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
-EZK 27 36 wj8x figs-abstractnouns 0 you have become a horror If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **horror**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “dreadful.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you have become dreadful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 27 36 wj8x figs-abstractnouns 0 you have become a horror If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **horror**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “dreadful.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you have become dreadful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 28 intro b1j6 0 # Ezekiel 28 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The prophecy against Tyre concludes in this chapter. Tyre will be destroyed because of its pride and unfair business practices. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
EZK 28 1 g4fl figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EZK 28 2 c7sq 0 Son of man God calls Ezekiel this to emphasize that Ezekiel is only a human being. God is eternal and powerful, but humans are not. Alternate translation: “Mortal person” or “Human”
@@ -1739,7 +1739,7 @@ EZK 28 6 vgc2 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in the
EZK 28 6 p5is 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the ruler of Tyre.
EZK 28 6 kas1 figs-metonymy 0 you have made your heart like the heart of a god Here “heart” represents the mind or thinking. A god thinks of himself as better than people. See how you translated the similar phrase in [Ezekiel 28:2](../28/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EZK 28 7 nrp5 figs-abstractnouns 0 the beauty of your wisdom The abstract nouns “beauty” and “wisdom” can be translated using the adjective “beautiful” and the adverb “wisely.” Alternate translation: “the beautiful things that you have so wisely made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EZK 28 7 b7md figs-abstractnouns 0 profane your splendor If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **splendor**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “splendid.” Alternate translation: “profane how splendid you are” or “defile how majestic you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 28 7 b7md figs-abstractnouns 0 profane your splendor If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **splendor**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “splendid.” Alternate translation: “profane how splendid you are” or “defile how majestic you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 28 8 w6fj figs-metonymy 0 down to the pit Here “the pit” refers to the grave or to hell. Alternate translation: “down to the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 28 8 t782 0 in the heart of the seas Alternate translation: “in the middle of the seas”
EZK 28 9 d3z2 figs-rquestion 0 Will you truly say, “I am a god” to the face of one who kills you? This question expects a negative answer to emphasize the irony when one who claims to be a god is destroyed by men. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You will not say ‘I am a god’ to the face of one who kills you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
@@ -1765,7 +1765,7 @@ EZK 28 15 fa3g figs-activepassive 0 from the day you were created until injusti
EZK 28 16 j1e3 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in these verses refer to the king of Tyre.
EZK 28 16 gg36 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to the king of Tyre.
EZK 28 16 man6 0 great trade Alternate translation: “large volume of trade”
-EZK 28 16 b582 figs-metaphor 0 you were filled with violence Yahweh speaks of the king of Tyre as if he were a container that was filled up with violence. The king is a synecdoche for himself and his people If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **violence**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “violent.” Alternate translation: “you and your people became completely violent” or “you and your peoplewere completely violent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 28 16 b582 figs-metaphor 0 you were filled with violence Yahweh speaks of the king of Tyre as if he were a container that was filled up with violence. The king is a synecdoche for himself and his people If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **violence**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “violent.” Alternate translation: “you and your people became completely violent” or “you and your peoplewere completely violent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 28 16 m9pq 0 guardian cherub Alternate translation: “guarding cherub”
EZK 28 16 gp4k figs-metaphor 0 the fiery stones “the stones of fire.” See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 28:14](../28/14.md). This could mean: (1) a metaphor for the colorful and bright stones mentioned in [Ezekiel 28:13](./13.md) or (2) other fiery stones on the “holy mountain of God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 28 17 s2ql figs-synecdoche 0 Your heart was arrogant Here the “heart” represents the whole person, emphasizing the person’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “You were arrogant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
@@ -1786,7 +1786,7 @@ EZK 28 21 tmx3 0 prophesy against “prophesy about the bad things that will h
EZK 28 22 ab7q 0 Behold! Alternate translation: “Look!” or “Listen!” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you!”
EZK 28 22 a4g5 figs-activepassive 0 I will be glorified in your midst If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will reveal my glory among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZK 28 22 tv4z figs-explicit 0 know that I am Yahweh When Yahweh says that people will know that he is Yahweh, he is implying that they will know that he is the one true God who has supreme authority and power. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 6:7](../06/07.md). Alternate translation: “understand that I am Yahweh, the one true God” or “realize that I, Yahweh, have supreme power and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-EZK 28 22 pmu4 figs-abstractnouns 0 when I execute justice within you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “when I judge you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 28 22 pmu4 figs-abstractnouns 0 when I execute justice within you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “when I judge you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 28 22 n4vt figs-activepassive 0 I will be shown to be holy in you If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will use you to show you that I am holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZK 28 23 s9iw 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in these verses refer to Sidon.
EZK 28 23 b3c4 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Ezekiel his message to Sidon.
@@ -1800,7 +1800,7 @@ EZK 28 25 g4tq figs-activepassive 0 among whom they were scattered This can be
EZK 28 25 y9f5 0 so the nations may see Alternate translation: “in such a way as the nations will see it”
EZK 28 25 n75q figs-metonymy 0 my servant Jacob Here “Jacob” represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “the descendants of my servant Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 28 26 m5nf 0 within her Alternate translation: “in the land”
-EZK 28 26 cn86 figs-abstractnouns 0 when I execute justice on all If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “when I judge all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 28 26 cn86 figs-abstractnouns 0 when I execute justice on all If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “when I judge all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 29 intro qm8t 0 # Ezekiel 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter begins a prophecy against Egypt and its king, Pharaoh. Because Egypt did not fulfill its promise of protecting Judah, it will be conquered by Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
EZK 29 1 nk1i translate-ordinal 0 In the tenth year It can be stated clearly that this was the tenth year of Jehoiachin’s exile. Alternate translation: “In the tenth year of the exile of King Jehoiachin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZK 29 1 h48u translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the tenth month on the twelfth day of the month “on the twelfth day of the tenth month.” This is the tenth month of the Hebrew calendar. The twelfth day is near the beginning of January on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
@@ -1832,7 +1832,7 @@ EZK 29 10 lb1i translate-names 0 Syene This the name of a town in southern Egyp
EZK 29 10 vn8c translate-names 0 the borders of Cush These borders of Cush were south of Syene. Some versions say Sudan or Ethiopia, the modern names of countries south of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZK 29 11 dk5j figs-synecdoche 0 No man’s foot will pass through it Here “man’s foot” represents people. Alternate translation: “No man will walk through the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EZK 29 11 x4yx figs-synecdoche 0 no wild animal’s foot will pass through it Here “animal’s foot” represents animals. Alternate translation: “not even a wild animal will walk through it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
-EZK 29 12 b86m figs-abstractnouns 0 For I will make the land of Egypt a desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you could express the same idea with the adjective “desolate.” Alternate translation: “For I will make the land of Egypt desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 29 12 b86m figs-abstractnouns 0 For I will make the land of Egypt a desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “desolate.” Alternate translation: “For I will make the land of Egypt desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 29 12 ef3g figs-metonymy 0 I will scatter Egypt among the nations Here “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt, and “scatter” represents causing them to move to other places. Alternate translation: “I will scatter the Egyptians among the nations” or “I will make the people of Egypt go and live among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 29 13 kwt6 figs-metonymy 0 I will gather Egypt Here “Egypt” is a metonym for the people of Egypt, and “gather” is a metaphor for causing them to return to Egypt. Alternate translation: “I will cause the people of Egypt to return to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 29 13 k5h2 figs-activepassive 0 among whom they were scattered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “among whom I scattered them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -1842,7 +1842,7 @@ EZK 29 14 ug87 figs-metaphor 0 a lowly kingdom Here “lowly” represents unim
EZK 29 15 bd7q figs-metaphor 0 the lowliest of the kingdoms Here “lowliest” represents least important. Alternate translation: “the least important of the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 29 15 ff4u figs-metaphor 0 it will not be lifted up any more among the nations Here “be lifted up” represents becoming important. Alternate translation: “it will not become important again among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 29 15 grg4 figs-metaphor 0 I will diminish them “I will make them small.” Here “diminish them” represents making Egypt weak or unimportant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EZK 29 16 p8ei figs-abstractnouns 0 The Egyptians will no longer be a reason for confidence for the house of Israel If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **confidence**, you could express the same idea with the verbs “trust” or “rely on.” Alternate translation: “The house of Israel will no longer trust in the Egyptians” or “The house of Israel will no longer rely on the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 29 16 p8ei figs-abstractnouns 0 The Egyptians will no longer be a reason for confidence for the house of Israel If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **confidence**, you can express the same idea with the verbs “trust” or “rely on.” Alternate translation: “The house of Israel will no longer trust in the Egyptians” or “The house of Israel will no longer rely on the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 29 16 r6x6 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel Here “house” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” or “the nation of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 29 16 e48h figs-explicit 0 they will be a reminder of the iniquity that Israel committed How Egypt would be a reminder can be stated clearly. The abstract nouns “reminder” and “iniquity” can be expressed with the verbs “remember” and “sin.” Alternate translation: “when Israel sees what I do to Egypt, Israel will remember how Israel sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 29 16 mh8u figs-metonymy 0 when they turned to Egypt for help Here “turn … for help” is a metonym for “ask … for help.” Alternate translation: “whenever they asked Egypt to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -1872,10 +1872,10 @@ EZK 30 2 z93b figs-exclamations 0 Woe is the coming day This exclamation expres
EZK 30 3 g365 0 The day is near Alternate translation: “That day is soon” or “It will soon be that day”
EZK 30 3 mf3g figs-explicit 0 The day is near for Yahweh It is implied that on that day, Yahweh will punish people. Alternate translation: “It will soon be the day when Yahweh will punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZK 30 3 aq8x figs-metaphor 0 a day of clouds Dark storm clouds represent danger and fear. Alternate translation: “It will be like a day with dark clouds” or “It will be frightening like a day with dark clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EZK 30 3 w6vn figs-abstractnouns 0 a time of doom for nations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **doom**, you could express the same idea with the phrase “terrible things will happen.” Alternate translation: “a time when terrible things will happen to the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 30 3 w6vn figs-abstractnouns 0 a time of doom for nations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **doom**, you can express the same idea with the phrase “terrible things will happen.” Alternate translation: “a time when terrible things will happen to the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 30 4 sx35 0 General Information: These are Yahweh’s words about Egypt.
EZK 30 4 gs25 figs-metonymy 0 Then a sword will come against Egypt The word “sword” here represents war or an army that attacks. Alternate translation: “There will be war against Egypt” or “An enemy army will attack Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EZK 30 4 d6ih figs-abstractnouns 0 there will be anguish in Cush If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anguish**, you could express the same idea in terms of how the people feel. Alternate translation: “the people of Cush will be very sad” or “the people of Cush will suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 30 4 d6ih figs-abstractnouns 0 there will be anguish in Cush If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anguish**, you can express the same idea in terms of how the people feel. Alternate translation: “the people of Cush will be very sad” or “the people of Cush will suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 30 4 tq5r 0 when they take her wealth Alternate translation: “when the attackers take away the wealth of Egypt”
EZK 30 4 j6k8 figs-activepassive 0 when her foundations are ruined This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “when the attackers destroy the foundations of the buildings in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZK 30 5 kb1v figs-metonymy 0 Cush and Put, Lydia and all Arabia, and Libya These names refer to the people of these countries. Alternate translation: “The people of Cush and Put, Libya, and all Arabia, and Lydia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -1900,7 +1900,7 @@ EZK 30 8 m7q3 figs-metonymy 0 when I set fire in Egypt Here “set fire in Egyp
EZK 30 8 fe2h figs-activepassive 0 all of her helpers are destroyed If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I destroy all of the allies of Egypt” or “when armies destroy all of those who help Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZK 30 9 tb3u 0 messengers will go out from before me in ships to terrorize a secure Cush Messengers will bring the news of Egypt’s destruction to Cush, who will be frightened by the news.
EZK 30 9 j3s7 0 to terrorize a secure Cush Alternate translation: “in order to frighten Cush, who now feels safe from danger”
-EZK 30 9 q7r7 figs-abstractnouns 0 there will be anguish among them on the day of Egypt’s doom If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas behind the words **anguish** and **doom**, you could express the same ideas with the words “suffer” and “punish.” Alternate translation: “the people of Cush will also suffer when I punish Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 30 9 q7r7 figs-abstractnouns 0 there will be anguish among them on the day of Egypt’s doom If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas behind the words **anguish** and **doom**, you can express the same ideas with the words “suffer” and “punish.” Alternate translation: “the people of Cush will also suffer when I punish Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 30 9 s8gg 0 behold! The word “behold” here adds emphasis to what follows. It can also be translated as “indeed!”
EZK 30 9 i4r1 0 It is coming “It” refers to the “great pain” or “great sorrow” that Cush will have when they are punished along with Egypt.
EZK 30 10 x5ln 0 The Lord Yahweh says this The word “this” refers to what follows. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:5](../05/05.md).
@@ -1938,7 +1938,7 @@ EZK 30 16 gk59 0 Memphis Memphis was a very important city in Egypt. See how y
EZK 30 17 p2jj 0 General Information: These are Yahweh’s words about Egypt.
EZK 30 17 ax38 translate-names 0 Heliopolis and Bubastis These were cities in northern Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZK 30 17 s7a4 figs-metonymy 0 will fall by the sword The word “sword” is used here to refer to a battle or war. Alternate translation: “will die in battle” or “will die in the war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EZK 30 17 ht2j figs-metonymy 0 their cities will go into captivity Here “cities” represents the people of the cities. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **captivity**, you could express the same idea the more concrete noun “captive” or the verb “capture” Alternate translation: “the people of their cities will become captives” or “their enemies will capture their people and take them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EZK 30 17 ht2j figs-metonymy 0 their cities will go into captivity Here “cities” represents the people of the cities. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **captivity**, you can express the same idea the more concrete noun “captive” or the verb “capture” Alternate translation: “the people of their cities will become captives” or “their enemies will capture their people and take them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 30 18 h434 0 Tahpanhes This was an important city in northern Egypt.
EZK 30 18 mtp2 figs-personification 0 the day will hold back its light The day is spoken of as if it were able to keep its own light from shining. Alternate translation: “the day will be dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EZK 30 18 pwv1 figs-metaphor 0 when I break the yoke of Egypt there The word “yoke” here refers to Egypt’s power to oppress people. Alternate translation: “when I stop Egypt from oppressing people” or “when I end Egypt’s power to cruelly control other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -2005,7 +2005,7 @@ EZK 31 10 faz5 figs-123person 0 Therefore the Lord Yahweh says this Since Yahwe
EZK 31 10 k9ew 0 it set its treetop between its branches Some versions of the Bible translate this as “the top of the tree was in the clouds.” Alternate translation: “its top was above the branches of the other trees”
EZK 31 11 px3j figs-metonymy 0 I have given it into the hand of a mighty one of the nations The word “hand” represents control. Alternate translation: “I put it in the power of the strongest nation” or “I gave the strongest nation power over it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 31 11 xdq6 0 I have thrown it out Alternate translation: “I sent the cedar away from the cedar’s land because the cedar was wicked”
-EZK 31 12 m12k figs-abstractnouns 0 who were the terror of all the nations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “afraid.” And here “nations” represents the people of the nations. Alternate translation: “who made the people of all the nations afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EZK 31 12 m12k figs-abstractnouns 0 who were the terror of all the nations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “afraid.” And here “nations” represents the people of the nations. Alternate translation: “who made the people of all the nations afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 31 12 cu9y 0 cut it off Alternate translation: “cut the cedar down”
EZK 31 12 jjb9 0 its boughs lay broken Alternate translation: “the foreigners broke the boughs of the cedar”
EZK 31 12 q3v2 0 boughs Boughs are very large branches that grow on trees. Usually, many smaller branches grow on the boughs.
@@ -2017,15 +2017,15 @@ EZK 31 13 uf9q 0 every animal of the field came to its branches Alternate tran
EZK 31 14 gp3y 0 that no other trees that grow by the waters Alternate translation: “that no other trees that get a lot of water”
EZK 31 14 m4jh 0 will lift up their foliage to the height of the tallest trees Some Bibles translate this as “will set their tops among the clouds.” Alternate translation: “will grow taller than the branches of other trees”
EZK 31 14 wzz1 0 that no other trees that grow beside the waters will reach up to that height Alternate translation: “that no other trees that get a lot of water will ever grow that tall again”
-EZK 31 14 s7d5 figs-activepassive 0 All of them have been assigned to death, to the earth below If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **death**, you could express the same idea with the verb “die.” Alternate translation: “For I made it so that they all will die and go deep under the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 31 14 s7d5 figs-activepassive 0 All of them have been assigned to death, to the earth below If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **death**, you can express the same idea with the verb “die.” Alternate translation: “For I made it so that they all will die and go deep under the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 31 14 atm7 0 among the children of humanity, with those that go down to the pit Alternate translation: “to be with those people who have died and gone down to the grave”
EZK 31 14 ne1g figs-metonymy 0 the pit This refers to the grave; because the grave was thought to be the entrance to the world of the dead, the pit also represents that world. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 26:20](../26/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 31 15 qq6r figs-idiom 0 On the day when the cedar went down to Sheol The phrase “went down to Sheol” means “died.” Alternate translation: “On the day that the cedar died” or “On the day that the cedar was chopped down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-EZK 31 15 ry34 figs-abstractnouns 0 I brought mourning to the earth If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **mourning**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I caused the earth to mourn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 31 15 ry34 figs-abstractnouns 0 I brought mourning to the earth If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **mourning**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I caused the earth to mourn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 31 15 xaz6 figs-metaphor 0 I covered the deep waters over it The word “covered” possibly refers to putting on clothes for mourning. Alternate translation: “I made the water from the springs mourn for the cedar” or “it was as though the springs that watered it mourned for it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 31 15 gx5u 0 I held back the ocean waters Alternate translation: “I kept the water in the ocean from watering the earth”
EZK 31 15 j8ug 0 I kept back the great waters Alternate translation: “I made it so that there would not be a lot of water anymore”
-EZK 31 15 hv86 figs-abstractnouns 0 I brought mourning to Lebanon for him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **mourning**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I made Lebanon mourn for the cedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 31 15 hv86 figs-abstractnouns 0 I brought mourning to Lebanon for him If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **mourning**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I made Lebanon mourn for the cedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 31 16 i84r figs-idiom 0 when I threw it down to Sheol with those who went down into the pit Here “threw it down to Sheol” is an idiom that means to kill. “The pit” refers to the grave; because the grave was thought to be the entrance to the world of the dead, the pit also represents that world. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 31:14](../31/14.md). Alternate translation: “when I killed the cedar and it went to Sheol with everyone else that is dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 31 16 cc1y figs-idiom 0 in the lowest parts of the earth “that were already deep down in the ground.” This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that had already died and are now in Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EZK 31 16 fpl1 0 the choicest and best trees of Lebanon; the trees that drank the waters “the best trees of Lebanon that everyone would want; trees that got a lot of water.” This is describing the trees of Eden that were in the lowest parts of the earth.
@@ -2067,8 +2067,8 @@ EZK 32 10 nm9u figs-metonymy 0 when I swing my sword Here swinging a sword repr
EZK 32 10 taf8 0 Every moment each one will tremble because of you Here “tremble” is an action that people often do when they are very afraid. Alternate translation: “Every one of them will keep shaking because of their fear”
EZK 32 10 j552 figs-metaphor 0 on the day of your downfall The idea of falling down (“downfall”) represents dying. Alternate translation: “when I destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 32 11 j9j7 figs-metonymy 0 The sword of the king of Babylon will come against you Here “sword” represents an army. Alternate translation: “The army of the king of Babylon will attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EZK 32 12 l2us figs-abstractnouns 0 each warrior a terror of nations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “terrifies” or “afraid.” Alternate translation: “Each warrior terrifies the nations” or “each one of them makes the nations afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EZK 32 12 lft6 figs-abstractnouns 0 will devastate the pride of Egypt If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **pride**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “proud.” Alternate translation: “will cause the Egyptians to no longer be proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 32 12 l2us figs-abstractnouns 0 each warrior a terror of nations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “terrifies” or “afraid.” Alternate translation: “Each warrior terrifies the nations” or “each one of them makes the nations afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 32 12 lft6 figs-abstractnouns 0 will devastate the pride of Egypt If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **pride**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “proud.” Alternate translation: “will cause the Egyptians to no longer be proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 32 12 i7f7 figs-hyperbole 0 destroy all of its multitudes Here “all” is probably a generalization that refers to the killing of large numbers of soldiers, and perhaps other people also. Alternate translation: “kill a very large number of people who live in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EZK 32 13 n7m4 0 from beside the plentiful waters Alternate translation: “in the places where there is a lot of water”
EZK 32 13 cr7b figs-synecdoche 0 the foot of man will no longer stir the waters up The foot here is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “people will no longer stir the waters up with their feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
@@ -2109,7 +2109,7 @@ EZK 32 22 sb68 figs-metonymy 0 all of them were killed by the sword The word
EZK 32 23 g6yx figs-metonymy 0 are set in the recesses of the pit “The pit” refers to the grave; because the grave was thought to be the entrance to the world of the dead, the pit also represents that world. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 32:18](../32/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 32 23 bp7y figs-activepassive 0 all of those who were killed, who fell by the sword This can be put in active form. Alternate translation: “all those whom enemies killed in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 32 23 t3fw figs-euphemism 0 fell by the sword The word “fell” here is a euphemism for “died.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
-EZK 32 23 qc35 figs-abstractnouns 0 those who brought terror on the land of the living If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “afraid.” Alternate translation: “those who, when they were still alive, caused people to be extremely afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 32 23 qc35 figs-abstractnouns 0 those who brought terror on the land of the living If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terror**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “afraid.” Alternate translation: “those who, when they were still alive, caused people to be extremely afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 32 23 zb2x figs-metonymy 0 the land of the living This represents the people who were alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 32 24 y3cg figs-metonymy 0 Elam is there Here “Elam” refers to the people of that country. Alternate translation: “The people of Elam are also there in Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 32 24 h835 0 her multitudes This could mean: (1) her many people or (2) her army.
@@ -2119,7 +2119,7 @@ EZK 32 24 p8l5 0 Those who fell by the sword Translate “who fell by the swor
EZK 32 24 bbe7 figs-metonymy 0 by the sword Here “the sword” is a metonym for soldiers who use swords to kill people. Alternate translation: “in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 32 24 r7fm 0 who have gone down uncircumcised Alternate translation: “who were uncircumcised when they went down”
EZK 32 24 ks5k 0 to the lowest parts of the earth “to places deep down in the ground” or “to the land deep down in the ground.” See how you translated “in the lowest realms of the earth” in [Ezekiel 26:20](../26/20.md).
-EZK 32 24 jtw3 figs-abstractnouns 0 who brought their terrors If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terrors**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “afraid.” See how you translated “brought terror” in [Ezekiel 32:23](../32/23.md). Alternate translation: “those who, when they were still alive, caused people to be extremely afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 32 24 jtw3 figs-abstractnouns 0 who brought their terrors If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terrors**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “afraid.” See how you translated “brought terror” in [Ezekiel 32:23](../32/23.md). Alternate translation: “those who, when they were still alive, caused people to be extremely afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 32 24 f2v2 figs-metonymy 0 the land of the living This represents the people who were alive. See how you translated “the land of the living” in [Ezekiel 32:23](../32/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 32 24 fl6f figs-metaphor 0 who carry their own shame Shame is spoken of as if it were an object that one could carry where he goes. Alternate translation: “who feel ashamed” or “who are now disgraced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 32 24 hj7r figs-metonymy 0 the pit “The pit” refers to the grave; because the grave was thought to be the entrance to the world of the dead, the pit also represents that world. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 32:23](../32/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -2132,7 +2132,7 @@ EZK 32 26 ev99 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Ezekiel ab
EZK 32 26 z1f7 0 Meshech … Tubal See how you translated these names in [Ezekiel 27:13](../27/13.md).
EZK 32 26 yyc8 0 Their graves surround them See how you translated “her graves surround her” in [Ezekiel 32:22](../32/22.md).
EZK 32 26 cz8c figs-metonymy 0 killed by the sword Here “the sword” represents warfare. Alternate translation: “killed in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EZK 32 26 f99x figs-abstractnouns 0 they had brought their terrors on the land of the living Causing people to fear is spoken of as if it were the act of bringing an object to them. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terrors**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they terrified everyone in the land of the living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 32 26 f99x figs-abstractnouns 0 they had brought their terrors on the land of the living Causing people to fear is spoken of as if it were the act of bringing an object to them. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terrors**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they terrified everyone in the land of the living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 32 26 d3ir 0 All of them … land of the living See how you translated “All of them … land of the living” in [Ezekiel 32:25](../32/25.md).
EZK 32 27 yw5h figs-metaphor 0 their iniquities over their bones The warriors’ iniquities cover their bodies, although one would expect that their shields would cover them in death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 32 27 ib2c 0 they were the terror of warriors in the land of the living Alternate translation: “while they were still alive, they made other warriors very afraid”
@@ -2183,15 +2183,15 @@ EZK 33 10 a75l figs-metaphor 0 Our transgressions and our sins are on us This c
EZK 33 10 m2e4 figs-metaphor 0 we are decaying in them “we are rotting away because of them.” Being destroyed because of sin is spoken of as if the person’s flesh were rotting. Alternate translation: “they are destroying us” or “they are killing us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 33 10 w3qz 0 in them Alternate translation: “because of them”
EZK 33 10 wd7m figs-rquestion 0 How can we live? The people ask this question to emphasize that they have no hope of living. Alternate translation: “We have no hope of living.” or “We will certainly die.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-EZK 33 11 tlw1 figs-abstractnouns 0 I do not delight in the death of the wicked If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **death**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “die.” And the nominal adjective “the wicked” can be stated as “wicked people.” Alternate translation: “It does not make me happy when wicked people die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
+EZK 33 11 tlw1 figs-abstractnouns 0 I do not delight in the death of the wicked If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **death**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “die.” And the nominal adjective “the wicked” can be stated as “wicked people.” Alternate translation: “It does not make me happy when wicked people die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
EZK 33 11 e26x figs-metaphor 0 if the wicked repents from his way Here “way” represents how a person behaves. Alternate translation: “if the wicked person stops doing bad things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 33 11 r9qn figs-rquestion 0 For why should you die, house of Israel? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he does not want the people of Israel to die. Alternate translation: “Do not choose to die, house of Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-EZK 33 12 lb73 figs-abstractnouns 0 The righteousness of a righteous person will not save him if he sins! If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “right.” It is implied that they will not be saved from God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “If righteous people start to sin, the fact that they did what was right before will not stop me from punishing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-EZK 33 12 i4s7 figs-abstractnouns 0 The wickedness of a wicked person will not cause him to perish If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “wicked.” Alternate translation: “A person who does what is wicked will not perish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EZK 33 13 j7tp figs-abstractnouns 0 if he trusts in his righteousness The person thinks that because he was righteous, Yahweh will not punish him, even if he sins. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “right.” Alternate translation: “if he depends on the right things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 33 12 lb73 figs-abstractnouns 0 The righteousness of a righteous person will not save him if he sins! If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “right.” It is implied that they will not be saved from God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “If righteous people start to sin, the fact that they did what was right before will not stop me from punishing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+EZK 33 12 i4s7 figs-abstractnouns 0 The wickedness of a wicked person will not cause him to perish If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “wicked.” Alternate translation: “A person who does what is wicked will not perish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 33 13 j7tp figs-abstractnouns 0 if he trusts in his righteousness The person thinks that because he was righteous, Yahweh will not punish him, even if he sins. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “right.” Alternate translation: “if he depends on the right things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 33 13 ef4y 0 commits injustice Alternate translation: “does what is evil” or “does wicked things”
EZK 33 13 g3er figs-idiom 0 I will not call to mind This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I will not think about” or “I will not recall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-EZK 33 13 wz8k figs-abstractnouns 0 for the wickedness he committed If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “wicked” Alternate translation: “because of the wicked things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 33 13 wz8k figs-abstractnouns 0 for the wickedness he committed If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “wicked” Alternate translation: “because of the wicked things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 33 14 b6yl figs-nominaladj 0 to the wicked The nominal adjective “the wicked” can be stated as “the wicked person.” Alternate translation: “to the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
EZK 33 15 xll9 0 if he restores the loan guarantee Alternate translation: “if he gives back the loan guarantee”
EZK 33 15 frw7 0 loan guarantee something a person leaves with another person to show that he will keep his promise to pay back what he has borrowed
@@ -2222,7 +2222,7 @@ EZK 33 24 y4yn 0 those ruins This could mean: (1) “those ruined buildings”
EZK 33 24 db2d figs-metaphor 0 he inherited the land Yahweh giving the land to Abraham is spoken of as if Abraham inherited the land. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave him the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 33 24 h1ev 0 the land Alternate translation: “the land of Israel”
EZK 33 24 x6je figs-activepassive 0 The land has been given to us If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has given us the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-EZK 33 24 g3xl figs-abstractnouns 0 as a possession If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **possession**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “possess.” Alternate translation: “so that we can possess it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 33 24 g3xl figs-abstractnouns 0 as a possession If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **possession**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “possess.” Alternate translation: “so that we can possess it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 33 25 iui8 figs-explicit 0 You eat blood It is implied that they eat blood by eating meat that still has blood in it. Yahweh had commanded them to drain out the blood. Alternate translation: “You eat meat with blood in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZK 33 25 il6d figs-idiom 0 you lift up your eyes towards your idols “you look to your idols” This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you worship your idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EZK 33 25 dn3i figs-metonymy 0 you pour out people’s blood Here “blood” represents a person’s life. To pour out blood is an idiom that means to murder. Alternate translation: “you murder people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@@ -2239,7 +2239,7 @@ EZK 33 28 pga2 figs-metonymy 0 the pride of its might will end The word “it
EZK 33 28 e7dn figs-activepassive 0 the mountains of Israel will be deserted If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will live in the mountains of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZK 33 28 v97a 0 there will be no one to pass through them Alternate translation: “there will be no one left to travel through the land or over the mountains”
EZK 33 29 xsr3 figs-explicit 0 know that I am Yahweh When Yahweh says that people will know that he is Yahweh, he is implying that they will know that he is the one true God who has supreme authority and power. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 6:7](../06/07.md). Alternate translation: “understand that I am Yahweh, the one true God” or “realize that I, Yahweh, have supreme power and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-EZK 33 29 wy3k figs-abstractnouns 0 all the abominations that they have done If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abominations**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “things I hate.” Alternate translation: “all the things they have done that I hate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 33 29 wy3k figs-abstractnouns 0 all the abominations that they have done If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abominations**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “things I hate.” Alternate translation: “all the things they have done that I hate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 33 29 f9jn 0 they have done Alternate translation: “the people have done”
EZK 33 30 sm9v 0 that comes out from Yahweh Alternate translation: “that Yahweh tells him to speak” or “that Yahweh gives him”
EZK 33 31 pn5s figs-metonymy 0 Right words are in their mouths, but their hearts are going after unjust profit Here “mouths” represent speaking. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “They speak about loving me, but their hearts are going after unjust profit” or (2) Alternate translation: “They speak about the things they lust after, and their hearts are going after unjust profit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -2344,7 +2344,7 @@ EZK 34 27 c8kl figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of those who enslaved them Here
EZK 34 28 fz53 figs-metonymy 0 They will no longer be plunder for the nations Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. Alternate translation: “The people of the nations will no longer steal from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 34 28 v7ul 0 plunder These are things that are stolen or taken by force. See how you translated “plunder” in [Ezekiel 7:21](../07/21.md).
EZK 34 29 w9v8 0 be victims of famine Alternate translation: “be starved” or “be starving because of lack of food”
-EZK 34 29 g731 figs-metonymy 0 they will not bear the scorn of the nations Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **scorn**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they will no longer hear the people of the nations insult them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 34 29 g731 figs-metonymy 0 they will not bear the scorn of the nations Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **scorn**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they will no longer hear the people of the nations insult them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 34 30 s92f figs-idiom 0 I, Yahweh their God, am with them Here “I … am with them” is an idiom that means Yahweh helps them. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh their God, am helping them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EZK 34 30 j3r4 0 with them. They are my people This can be stated as one sentence. Alternate translation: “with them, and that they are my people”
EZK 34 31 r38j figs-metaphor 0 For you are my sheep, the flock of my pasture This speaks of the people of Israel as if they were a flock of sheep and Yahweh is their shepherd. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -2359,7 +2359,7 @@ EZK 35 3 mle2 figs-personification 0 Behold! I am against you, Mount Seir, and
EZK 35 3 dn2p 0 Behold! The word “Behold” here adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Listen!” or “Indeed!”
EZK 35 3 sjk1 0 I am against you Alternate translation: “I am your enemy” or “I oppose you”
EZK 35 3 a49m figs-metonymy 0 I will strike you with my hand Here “hand” represents power. Alternate translation: “I will use my power to strike you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EZK 35 3 s7v8 figs-abstractnouns 0 make you a desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “make you desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 35 3 s7v8 figs-abstractnouns 0 make you a desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “make you desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 35 4 t23n figs-explicit 0 know that I am Yahweh When Yahweh says that people will know that he is Yahweh, he is implying that they will know that he is the one true God who has supreme authority and power. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 6:7](../06/07.md). Alternate translation: “understand that I am Yahweh, the one true God” or “realize that I, Yahweh, have supreme power and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZK 35 5 ix3r figs-metaphor 0 you poured them out into the hands of the sword This metaphor could mean: (1) “you gave them over to their enemies who killed them with swords” or (2) “you killed them with swords.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 35 5 mv7g 0 at the time of their distress Alternate translation: “at a time of disaster”
@@ -2381,7 +2381,7 @@ EZK 35 12 y3tw figs-synecdoche 0 against the mountains of Israel Here “mounta
EZK 35 12 wts3 figs-activepassive 0 They have been destroyed This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They are in ruins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZK 35 12 uc8j figs-metaphor 0 they have been given over to us to devour The people of Mount Seir taking the land of Israel and using it for themselves is spoken of as if they were wild animals that would devour the mountains of Israel. Alternate translation: “they are here for us to devour” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZK 35 14 rhr8 figs-123person 0 The Lord Yahweh says this This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “This is what I, the Lord Yahweh, say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
-EZK 35 14 w5h5 figs-personification 0 I will make you a desolation Here “you” refers to Mount Seir, but the message is for the people of Edom. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because of what your people did I will make you desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 35 14 w5h5 figs-personification 0 I will make you a desolation Here “you” refers to Mount Seir, but the message is for the people of Edom. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because of what your people did I will make you desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 35 14 bfc7 figs-metonymy 0 the entire earth rejoices Here “earth” represents the people of the earth. The word “entire” is a generalization that refers only to people near Mount Seir. Alternate translation: “people who know that I have destroyed you rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 35 15 zg6c figs-metaphor 0 As you rejoiced over the inheritance of the people of Israel because of its desolation This speaks of the land that Yahweh gave to the Israelites as their inheritance. Alternate translation: “As you rejoiced when I made the land of the Israelites desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZK 35 15 et5r 0 I will do the same to you This could mean: (1) I will make your land desolate” or (2) “I will rejoice when your land is desolate” or (3) “I will make other people rejoice because of your desolation.”
@@ -2393,11 +2393,11 @@ EZK 36 1 td84 figs-personification 0 prophesy to the mountains of Israel God wa
EZK 36 2 k2eq 0 Aha This is an expression of joy. It can be translated as “I am very happy” or “This is great.”
EZK 36 2 zb5m 0 The ancient high places “The very old mountains.” This refers to the high mountains of Israel.
EZK 36 2 zf4b 0 have become our possession Alternate translation: “now belong to us”
-EZK 36 3 i87p figs-abstractnouns 0 Because of your desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “desolate.” Alternate translation: “Because you, mountains of Israel, have become desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 36 3 i87p figs-abstractnouns 0 Because of your desolation If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “desolate.” Alternate translation: “Because you, mountains of Israel, have become desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 36 3 iz4b 0 because of the attacks that came on you from all sides Alternate translation: “because you were attacked from every direction” or “because your enemies attacked you from every direction”
EZK 36 3 x8k1 figs-synecdoche 0 you have been the subject of slanderous lips and tongues, and of people’s stories Here, “lips” and “tongues” represent people speaking. Alternate translation: “people are saying bad things about you, and the nations are telling bad stories about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EZK 36 4 ig1c 0 listen to the word of the Lord Yahweh Alternate translation: “listen to the message of the Lord Yahweh”
-EZK 36 4 bmf4 figs-abstractnouns 0 the uninhabited desolations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolations**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “desolate cities.” Alternate translation: “the desolate cities which have no people living in them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 36 4 bmf4 figs-abstractnouns 0 the uninhabited desolations If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desolations**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “desolate cities.” Alternate translation: “the desolate cities which have no people living in them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 36 4 f5ii figs-activepassive 0 the forsaken cities If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the cities that people have left behind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZK 36 4 d53g 0 that have become plunder Alternate translation: “that enemies have stolen from”
EZK 36 5 wpy5 figs-metaphor 0 in the fire of my fury This speaks of Yahweh’s fury as if it were a fire. Yahweh loves Israel very much, so he becomes jealous and angry when other nations mock it. Alternate translation: “because of my intense jealousy” or “because of my very strong anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -2667,8 +2667,8 @@ EZK 39 17 fx3j 0 to the sacrifice “to the feast” or “to the slaughter.
EZK 39 18 fiv2 figs-irony 0 they will be rams, lambs, goats, and bulls Yahweh is speaking with irony. Normally people sacrificed animals to God. Here, God is sacrificing people to animals. Alternate translation: “as if they were male sheep, lambs, goats, and bulls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
EZK 39 18 st13 figs-activepassive 0 they were all fattened in Bashan That can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they all became fat while grazing in Bashan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZK 39 19 c3t6 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to give Ezekiel a message for the birds and the wild animals about what they will do to Gog.
-EZK 39 19 pmw3 figs-abstractnouns 0 to your satisfaction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **satisfaction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “until you are satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-EZK 39 19 blj8 figs-abstractnouns 0 until drunkenness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **drunkenness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “until you become drunk” or “until you are intoxicated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 39 19 pmw3 figs-abstractnouns 0 to your satisfaction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **satisfaction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “until you are satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 39 19 blj8 figs-abstractnouns 0 until drunkenness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **drunkenness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “until you become drunk” or “until you are intoxicated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 39 20 d3da figs-metonymy 0 chariot The metonym “chariot” refers to the men in the chariots. Alternate translation: “chariot driver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 39 20 m7yt figs-123person 0 this is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EZK 39 21 ksy3 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh gives Ezekiel a message about what will happen to Israel.
@@ -2679,7 +2679,7 @@ EZK 39 21 itq4 0 against them Alternate translation: “against Gog and his gr
EZK 39 22 hgr4 figs-metonymy 0 The house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 39 23 shc2 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to give Ezekiel a message about what will happen to Israel.
EZK 39 23 wt66 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the Israelites, the descendants of Jacob over many years. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EZK 39 23 t9rz figs-abstractnouns 0 because of their iniquity by which they betrayed me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **iniquity**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “because they sinned and betrayed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 39 23 t9rz figs-abstractnouns 0 because of their iniquity by which they betrayed me If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **iniquity**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “because they sinned and betrayed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 39 23 ltf2 figs-idiom 0 I hid my face from them Here “face” refers to Yahweh’s help and protection. Alternate translation: “I stopped protecting them and taking care of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EZK 39 23 pwc9 figs-metonymy 0 gave them into the hand of their adversaries Here the metonym “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “gave their enemies power over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZK 39 23 ba77 figs-metonymy 0 all of them fell by the sword Here falling represents being killed, and the sword represents battle. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 32:23](../32/23.md). Alternate translation: “their enemies killed them all in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -2706,7 +2706,7 @@ EZK 40 1 y8a6 0 the hand of Yahweh Here “hand” refers to Yahweh’s power
EZK 40 2 y9x4 0 He brought me to rest Alternate translation: “He put me down”
EZK 40 3 ws2u 0 he brought me there Alternate translation: “Yahweh brought me to the place that had the buildings”
EZK 40 3 e8u1 0 Behold Ezekiel was surprised by what he saw.
-EZK 40 3 w6wn figs-abstractnouns 0 His appearance was like the appearance of bronze If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The way he appeared was like the way bronze appears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 40 3 w6wn figs-abstractnouns 0 His appearance was like the appearance of bronze If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The way he appeared was like the way bronze appears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 40 3 fuy5 0 linen cord “a rope made of linen.” This is a tool for measuring very long distances.
EZK 40 3 am4h 0 linen This is a type of cloth. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 9:2](../09/02.md).
EZK 40 3 h98a 0 measuring stick This is a tool for measuring shorter distances.
@@ -2882,7 +2882,7 @@ EZK 41 18 g9t5 0 was decorated Alternate translation: “was made beautiful”
EZK 41 18 ne31 0 cherubim See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 9:3](../09/03.md).
EZK 41 18 m9dj 0 cherub This is the singular form of “cherubim.” See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 10:9](../10/09.md).
EZK 41 20 cf7z 0 the house Alternate translation: “the temple”
-EZK 41 22 fh5t figs-abstractnouns 0 the wooden altar in front of the holy place, which was These words are the end of the sentence that begins with the words “Their appearance was like the appearance of” in verse 21. This sentence could mean: (1) as it is translated in the ULT or (2) “The appearance of one was like the appearance of the other. The wooden altar in front of the holy place was.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “They appeared the same way the wooden altar in front of the holy place appeared. They were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 41 22 fh5t figs-abstractnouns 0 the wooden altar in front of the holy place, which was These words are the end of the sentence that begins with the words “Their appearance was like the appearance of” in verse 21. This sentence could mean: (1) as it is translated in the ULT or (2) “The appearance of one was like the appearance of the other. The wooden altar in front of the holy place was.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “They appeared the same way the wooden altar in front of the holy place appeared. They were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 41 22 lqs8 translate-bdistance 0 three cubits … two cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “about 1.6 meters … about 1.1 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EZK 41 23 wx5m 0 There were double doors for the holy place and the most holy place Alternate translation: “The holy place and the most holy place both had two doors”
EZK 41 24 p6xg 0 These doors had two hinged door panels each “Each door had two parts that were on hinges.” Hinges connect doors to the wall and allow the doors to swing.
@@ -2902,7 +2902,7 @@ EZK 42 4 k5dr translate-bdistance 0 ten cubits … one hundred cubits Each long
EZK 42 6 ll69 0 smaller in size compared to the rooms Alternate translation: “smaller than the rooms”
EZK 42 7 p1zj translate-bdistance 0 fifty cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “50 cubits” or “about 27 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EZK 42 8 fs43 translate-bdistance 0 fifty cubits … one hundred cubits Each long cubit was about 54 centimeters. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 40:5](../40/05.md). Alternate translation: “50 cubits…100 cubits” or “about 27 meters … about 54 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
-EZK 42 11 enm6 figs-abstractnouns 0 They were as the appearance of the rooms on the northern side If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The way the rooms on the northern side appeared was the way these rooms appeared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 42 11 enm6 figs-abstractnouns 0 They were as the appearance of the rooms on the northern side If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The way the rooms on the northern side appeared was the way these rooms appeared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 42 12 cb5b 0 at its head Alternate translation: “at its beginning”
EZK 42 13 w6k1 0 the food offering the grain or flour that the people offered to show that they were thankful to God
EZK 42 15 evf6 0 to the gate that faced the east Alternate translation: “out to the east gate” or “out through the east gate”
@@ -2918,7 +2918,7 @@ EZK 43 2 e4w7 0 many waters This simply means “a lot of water.” It could r
EZK 43 2 m5fd 0 the earth shone with his glory Alternate translation: “the earth was full of bright light from his glory”
EZK 43 3 k5tf 0 It was Alternate translation: “The glory of God coming from the east was”
EZK 43 3 bi4l 0 It was according to the appearance of the vision that I saw, according to the vision that I saw when he had come to destroy the city This could mean: (1) the second phrase beginning with “according to” explains the meaning of the first phrase beginning with “according to.” Alternate translation: “It was according to the appearance of the vision that I saw when he had come to destroy the city” or (2) the first phrase refers to the vision that Ezekiel had just seen of God’s glory. Alternate translation: “The appearance of this vision that I saw was according to the vision that I saw when he had come to destroy the city”
-EZK 43 3 s248 figs-abstractnouns 0 according to the appearance of the vision If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “just like what appeared in the vision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 43 3 s248 figs-abstractnouns 0 according to the appearance of the vision If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **appearance**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “just like what appeared in the vision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 43 3 f83h 0 according to the vision Alternate translation: “like the vision”
EZK 43 3 akc5 figs-synecdoche 0 when he had come to destroy the city “when the God of Israel had come to destroy the city.” If the earlier Hebrew reading “when I had come to destroy the city” is used, then “destroy the city” is a synecdoche for “prophesy that the city will be destroyed.” Alternate translation: “when I had come to prophesy that the city will be destroyed” or “when I had come to prophesy that the God of Israel will destroy the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EZK 43 5 r649 0 Behold Your language may have a different word to show that Ezekiel was surprised by what he saw.
@@ -2986,7 +2986,7 @@ EZK 44 12 z6se figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a me
EZK 44 12 vr22 translate-symaction 0 I will lift up my hand to swear an oath In those days a person would raise his right hand to show that he realized that God would punish him if he did not do what he swore to do. See how you translated these words in [Ezekiel 20:6](../20/06.md). Alternate translation: “I will solemnly swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EZK 44 12 y3kn 0 against them Alternate translation: “that I will punish them”
EZK 44 12 pf4z figs-123person 0 this is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Ezekiel 5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
-EZK 44 12 q681 figs-abstractnouns 0 they will bear their punishment If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **punishment**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will certainly punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EZK 44 12 q681 figs-abstractnouns 0 they will bear their punishment If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **punishment**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will certainly punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZK 44 13 hx8g 0 They the Levites ([Ezekiel 44:10](../44/10.md))
EZK 44 13 ae27 0 They will not come near “I will not permit them to come near.” Yahweh does not want them to come to him the way a servant comes to a king to receive commands, as the descendants of Zadok will do ([Ezekiel 40:46](../40/46.md)).
EZK 44 13 bca3 0 will bear their reproach and their guilt Alternate translation: “will be ashamed and suffer when I punish them”