Add_connecting_statements (#196)

translate/grammar-connect-words-condition-contrary/01.md

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+## Conditional Relationship
+
+### Contrary to Fact Conditions
+
+#### Definition
+
+A Contrary to Fact Condition is a condition that sounds hypothetical but it is already certain that it is NOT true. In English Factual Conditions often use the words “even though,” “since,” or “this being the case” to indicate the difference between it and a true hypothetical condition.
+
+#### Reason this is a translation issue
+
+Usually there are no special words that indicate a Contrary to Fact Condition. The writer assumes that the reader knows that it is not a true condition. For this reason it often requires knowledge of implied information to know that it is not true. If this kind of condition is difficult for translators to communicate, they may want to consider using the same strategies that they used for [Rhetorical Questions](../figs-rquestion/01.md) or [Implied Information](../figs-explicit/01.md). 
+
+#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
+
+> But **if Baal is God**, worship him! (Story 19 Frame 6 OBS)
+
+> Elijah came near to all the people and said, "How long will you keep changing your mind? If Yahweh is God, follow him. But **if Baal is God**, then follow him." Yet the people did not answer him a word. (1 Kings 18:21 ULT)
+
+Baal is not a god, Elijah is not suggesting that he might be a god, and he does not want the people to follow him. But he used a conditional statement to show them that what they were doing was wrong. 
+
+> But his wife said to him, "**If Yahweh wanted to kill us**, he would not have received the burnt offering and the grain offering we gave him. He would not have shown us all these things, nor at this time would he have let us hear such things." (Judges 13:23 ULT)
+
+Manoah’s wife reasons that the second part of her conditional statement is not true, therefore the first part is also not true. God received their burnt offering, therefore He does not want to kill them. 
+
+> “**If only we had died** by Yahweh’s hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full. (Exodus 16:3 ULT)
+
+Of course the people speaking here did not die in Egypt, and so this is a contrary-to-fact condition that is used to express a wish.
+
+> “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! **If the mighty deeds had been done** in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, **they would have repented** long ago in sackcloth and ashes. (Matthew 11:21 ULT)
+
+The English reader knows that these last two examples are contrary-to-fact conditions because of the past-tense verbs used in the first part (they are not things that might happen). The last example also has a second part that uses “would have.” That also signals something that did not happen.
+
+#### Translation Strategies
+
+If contrary-to-fact conditions are clear in your language, then use them as they are.
+
+1. If the condition leads the reader to think that the speaker believes something that is false, then restate the condition as something that others believe.
+1. If the condition leads the reader to think that the speaker is suggesting that the first part is true, then restate it as a statement that it is not true.
+1. If the condition is expressing something that did not happen but the speaker wanted it to happen, restate it as a wish.
+1. If the condition is expressing something that did not happen, restate it as a negative statement.
+5. Often Factual and Contrary to Fact connections are used to make reasoned arguments for a change in behavior. If translators are struggling to know the best way to translate them, it could be helpful to discuss how this is done in their language community. If someone is trying to convince people to change their behavior, how do they do that? It may be possible to adapt similar strategies when translating these connections.
+
+#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+> But **if Baal is God**, worship him! (Story 19 Frame 6 OBS)
+
+1. **If you believe that Baal is God**, then worship him!
+
+2. **If Baal is not God**, then you should not worship him!
+
+5. **Is Baal the one who is truly God**? Should you worship him?
+
+> But his wife said to him, "**If Yahweh wanted to kill us**, he would not have received the burnt offering and the grain offering we gave him. He would not have shown us all these things, nor at this time would he have let us hear such things." (Judges 13:23 ULT)
+
+2.  "**Yahweh does not want to kill us**, or he would not have received the burnt offering and the grain offering we gave him. 
+
+> “**If only we had died** by Yahweh’s hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full. (Exodus 16:3 ULT)
+
+3. “**I wish we had died** by Yahweh’s hand in the land of Egypt…” 
+
+> “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! **If the mighty deeds had been done** in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, **they would have repented** long ago in sackcloth and ashes. (Matthew 11:21 ULT)
+
+4. “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! The mighty deeds which were done in you **were not done** in Tyre and Sidon. But **if they had been done there, those people would have repented** long ago in sackcloth and ashes. 
+
+5. “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! You think that you are better than Tyre and Sidon, but you are not! **They would have repented** long ago in sackcloth and ashes at seeing the mighty deeds that you have seen! **You should be like them**! 

translate/grammar-connect-words-condition-contrary/sub-title.md

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+How can I translate contrary-to-fact conditions?

translate/grammar-connect-words-condition-contrary/title.md

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+Contrary to Fact Conditions

translate/grammar-connect-words-condition-fact/01.md

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+## Conditional Relationship
+### Factual Conditions
+
+#### Definition
+
+A Factual Condition is a condition that sounds hypothetical but is already certain or true so that the condition is guaranteed to happen. In English Factual Conditions often use the words “even though,” “since,” or “this being the case” to indicate the difference between a factual condition and a hypothetical condition.
+
+#### Reason this is a translation issue
+
+Some languages do not state something as a condition if it is certain or true. Translators from these languages may misunderstand the original languages and think that the condition is uncertain. This will lead to mistakes in their translations. Even if the translators understand that the condition is certain or true, the readers will misunderstand it. In this case, it would be best to translate it as a statement of fact rather than a conditional statement.
+
+#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
+
+> “**If** Yahweh is God, worship him!” (Story 19 Frame 6 OBS)
+
+> Elijah came near to all the people and said, "How long will you keep changing your mind? **If** Yahweh is God, follow him. But **if** Baal is God, then follow him." Yet the people did not answer him a word. (1 Kings 18:21 ULT)
+
+This sentence has the same construction as a hypothetical condition. The condition or “if” is “if Yahweh is God” and if that is true, then the Israelites should worship Yahweh. But the prophet Elijah does not question whether or not Yahweh is God. In fact, he is so certain that Yahweh is God that later in the passage he pours water all over his sacrifice. He is confident that God is real and that he will burn even an offering that is completely wet. The prophets taught over and over again that Yahweh is God, and so the people should worship Him. The people did not worship Yahweh, however, even though He is God. By putting the statement or instruction into the form of a Hypothetical Condition, Elijah is trying to get the Israelites to understand more clearly what they should do.
+
+> "A son honors his father, and a servant honors his master. **If** I, then, am a father, where is my honor? **If** I am a master, where is the reverence for me?" says Yahweh of hosts to you priests, who despise my name.  (Malachi 1:6 ULT)
+
+Yahweh has said that he is a father and a master to Israel, so even though this sounds like a hypothetical condition because it begins with “if,” it is not. This verse begins with the proverb that a son honors his father. Everyone knows that is right. But the Israelites are not honoring Yahweh. The other proverb is that a servant honors his master. Everyone knows that is right. But the Israelites are not honoring Yahweh so it seems that he is not their master. But Yahweh is the master. Yahweh uses the form of a hypothetical condition to demonstrate that the Israelites are wrong. The second part of the condition that should occur naturally is not happening, even though the conditional statement is true.
+
+#### Translation Strategies
+
+If using the form of a hypothetical condition is confusing or would make the reader think that the speaker doubts what he is saying in the first part, then use a statement instead. Words such as “since” or “you know that…” or “it is true that…” can be helpful to make the meaning clear.
+
+#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+> “**If** Yahweh is God, worship him!” (Story 19 Frame 6 OBS)
+
+“**It is true that** Yahweh is God, so worship him!”
+
+> "A son honors his father, and a servant honors his master. **If** I, then, am a father, where is my honor? **If** I am a master, where is the reverence for me?" says Yahweh of hosts to you priests, who despise my name.  (Malachi 1:6 ULT)
+
+"A son honors his father, and a servant honors his master. **Since** I, then, am a father, where is my honor? **Since** I am a master, where is the reverence for me?" 

translate/grammar-connect-words-condition-fact/sub-title.md

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+How can I translate factual conditions?

translate/grammar-connect-words-condition-fact/title.md

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+Factual Conditions

translate/grammar-connect-words-condition-hypothetical/01.md

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+## Conditional Connectors
+
+Conditional connectors connect two clauses to indicate that one of them will happen when the other one happens. In English the most common way to connect conditional clauses is with the words, “if . . . then.” Often, however, the word “then” is not stated.
+
+### Hypothetical Condition
+
+#### Definition
+
+A Hypothetical Condition is a condition in which the second event (the “then” clause) will only take place if the first event (the “if” clause) takes place or is fulfilled in some way. Sometimes what takes place is dependent on the actions of other people.
+
+#### Reason this is a translation issue
+
+It is important that translators understand when something is a Hypothetical Condition and when it is not so that they translate it in the right way. For example, some of God’s promises to Israel were conditional based on whether or not Israel obeyed God. Many of God’s promises to Israel, however, were not conditional; God would keep these promises whether or not they obeyed. It is important that the translators know the difference between these and communicate each one accurately in their own language.
+Also, sometimes conditions are stated in an order different than the order in which they would happen. If the target language would state the clauses in a different order, then the translator will need to make that adjustment.
+
+#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
+
+> God promised to bless the people and protect them, **if** they obeyed these laws. But he said he would punish them **if** they did not obey them (Story 13 Frame 7 OBS)
+
+There are two hypothetical conditions in this frame. In both of these conditions, the first event (the “if clause") is stated second. If this is unnatural or confusing, the clauses can be restated in the more natural order. The first condition is: if the Israelites obeyed God, then God would bless and protect them. The second hypothetical condition is: if the Israelites did not obey God, then God would punish them. 
+
+> **If** you do what is right, will you not be accepted? (Genesis 4:7 ULT)
+
+If Cain does what is right, then he will be accepted. The only way for Cain to be accepted is if he does what is right.
+
+> …**if** this plan or this work is of men, it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, you will not be able to overthrow them; (Acts 5:38-39 ULT)
+
+There are two hypothetical conditions here: 1. If it is true that this plan is of men, then it will be overthrown. 2. If it is true that this plan is of God, then it cannot be overthrown.
+
+#### Translation Strategies
+
+1. If the order of clauses makes the hypothetical condition confusing, then change the order of the clauses.
+2. If it is not clear where the second event is, mark that part with a word like “then.”
+
+#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+> God promised to bless the people and protect them, **if** they obeyed these laws. But he said he would punish them **if** they did not obey them. (Story 13 Frame 7 OBS)
+
+1. **If** the people obeyed these laws, God promised to bless them and protect them. But **if** they did not obey these laws, God said that he would punish them. 
+
+2. **If** the people obeyed these laws, **then** God promised to bless them and protect them. But **if** they did not obey these laws, **then** God said that he would punish them.
+
+> …**if** this plan or this work is of men, it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, you will not be able to overthrow them; (Acts 5:38-39 ULT)
+
+2. …**if** this plan or this work is of men, **then** it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, **then** you will not be able to overthrow them; 

translate/grammar-connect-words-condition-hypothetical/sub-title.md

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+How can I translate hypothetical conditions?

translate/grammar-connect-words-condition-hypothetical/title.md

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+Hypothetical Conditions

translate/grammar-connect-words-exceptions/01.md

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+### Exceptional relationship 
+
+#### Definition
+
+Exceptional relationship connectors exclude one or more items or people from a group. 
+
+#### Reason this is a translation issue
+
+English indicates exceptional relationships with words like “except,” “but not” “other than,” “besides,” “unless,” “however. . . not,” and “only.” Some languages do not indicate that one or more items or people are excluded from a group in this way, but instead have other ways. Translators need to understand who or what is in the group and who or what is excluded in order to be able to accurately communicate this in their language.
+
+#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
+
+> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for there is **no one** to redeem it **besides** you, and I am after you." (Ruth 4:4 ULT)
+
+> David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. Not a man escaped **except for** four hundred young men, who rode on camels and fled. (1 Samuel 30:17 ULT)
+
+> The man said, "Let me go, for the dawn is breaking." Jacob said, "I will not let you go **unless** you bless me." (Genesis 32:26 ULT)
+
+#### Translation Strategies
+
+If the way that Exceptional Clauses are marked in the source language is also clear in your language, then translate the Exceptional Clauses in the same way.
+
+Part 1: [Not a man escaped] Part 2: [**except for** four hundred young men]
+
+In some languages, constructions such as these do not make sense, because the exception in Part 2 contradicts the negative statement in Part 1. In this case, the translator can phrase the same idea without the contradiction by deleting the negative and using a word like “only.”
+
+#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for **you are first in line to redeem it [only you can redeem it]**, and I am after you." (Ruth 4:4)
+
+David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. **Only four hundred young men escaped**, who rode on camels and fled. (1 Samuel 30:17) 
+
+The man said, "Let me go, for the dawn is breaking." Jacob said, "I will let you go **only if** you bless me." (Genesis 32:26)

translate/grammar-connect-words-exceptions/sub-title.md

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+How can I translate exception clauses?

translate/grammar-connect-words-exceptions/title.md

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+Exception Clauses

translate/grammar-connect-words-logic-contrast/01.md

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+## Logical Relationships
+
+### Contrast relationship
+
+#### Definition
+
+A Contrast relationship is a logical relationship in which one event or item is in contrast or opposition to another.
+
+#### Reason this is a translation issue
+
+In Scripture, many events do not happen as the people involved intend or expect them to happen. Sometimes people act in ways that were not expected, whether good or bad. Often it is God at work changing the events. These events are often pivotal and it is important that translators understand and communicate these contrasts. In English Contrast Relationships are often indicated by “but,” “although,” “even though,” “though,” “yet,” or “however.”
+
+#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
+
+> You tried to do evil when you sold me as a slave, **but** God used the evil for good!  (Story 8 Frame 12 OBS)
+
+Joseph’s brothers’ evil plan to sell Joseph is contrasted with God’s good plan to save many people. The word "but" marks the contrast.
+
+> For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? **Yet** I am among you as one who serves. (Luke 22:27 ULT)
+
+Jesus contrasts the proud way that human leaders behave and the humble way that he behaves, marked by the word "yet."
+
+> …and **though** he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness. (Luke 8:29 ULT)
+
+It is unexpected that someone who is bound with chains will be able to break them. The word “though” marks the contrast of an unexpected event.
+
+> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. **However**, Solomon built the house for God. **However**, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, (Acts 7:46-48 ULT)
+
+There are two contrasts here, both marked with “however.” The first contrast shows that even though David asked to find a place for God’s house, it was Solomon who built it. But then there is another contrast. Even though Solomon built a house for God, God does not live in houses that people build. 
+
+#### Translation Strategies
+
+If your language uses Contrast Relationships in the same way as in the text, then use them as they are.
+
+1. If the Contrast Relationship between the clauses is not clear, then use a more clear or specific connecting word or phrase.
+2. If it is more clear in your language to mark the other clause of the Contrast Relationship, then use a connecting word on the other clause.
+3. If your language shows a Contrast Relationship in a different way, then use that way.
+
+#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+> For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? **Yet** I am among you as one who serves. (Luke 22:27 ULT)
+
+1. For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? **Unlike that person**, I am among you as one who serves. 
+> …and **though** he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness. (Luke 8:29 ULT)
+
+2. …and he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, **but even so**, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness. 
+> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. **However**, Solomon built the house for God. **However**, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, (Acts 7:46-48 ULT)
+
+3. [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. **But** it was, Solomon, **not David**, who built the house for God. **But even though Solomon built him a house**, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, 

translate/grammar-connect-words-logic-contrast/sub.title.md

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+How can I translate a contrast relationship?

translate/grammar-connect-words-logic-contrast/title.md

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+The Contrast Relationship

translate/grammar-connect-words-logic-goal/01.md

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+## Logical Relationships
+
+The final group of connectors establish logical relationships between the parts of the sentence.
+
+### Goal (or Purpose) Relationship 
+
+#### Definition
+
+A Goal Relationship is a logical relationship in which the second event is the purpose or goal of the first event. In order for something to be a Goal relationship, someone must do the first event with the intention that it will cause the second event.
+
+#### Reason this is a translation issue
+
+In Scripture, the goal or purpose may be stated first or second. In some languages it must always occur in only one of those positions for that logical relationship to be understood. Translators need to understand the relationship between the two parts and communicate those accurately in their language. This may require changing the order of the two events. It may also require specific words to indicate that one is the goal or purpose of the other. Words commonly used to indicate a goal relationship in English are “in order to,” “in order that” or “so that.” It is important that the translator recognize the words that signal a goal relationship and translate that relationship in a natural way.
+
+#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
+
+> She became angry and falsely accused Joseph **so that he was arrested and sent to prison**. (Story 8 Frame 5 OBS)
+
+The Goal or Purpose of the master’s wife’s false accusation was to get Joseph arrested and sent to prison.
+
+> Gideon, Joash's son, was separating out the wheat by beating it on the floor, in the winepress—**to hide it from the Midianites**. (Judges 6:11b ULT)
+
+Here the prepositional phrase begins with only the word “to” but “in order to” is understood. 
+
+> Now if I have found favor in your eyes, show me your ways **so that I may know you and continue to find favor in your eyes**. Remember that this nation is your people."(Exodus 33:13 ULT)
+
+Moses wants God to show him God’s ways for the Goal or Purpose of Moses knowing God and continuing to find favor with God.
+
+> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it **for her to glean**, and do not rebuke her.” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
+
+The Goal or Purpose of Boaz instructing the men to pull out the grain from their bundles and leave it was for Ruth to gather (glean) it.
+
+> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, **and see this thing that has happened**, which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
+
+The Purpose of going to Bethlehem was to see the thing that had happened. Here the Purpose is not marked and might be misunderstood.
+
+> “…if you want **to enter into life**, keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17 ULT)
+
+The Goal of keeping the commandments is to enter into life. 
+
+> Do not turn from it to the right or to the left **so that you may be successful** wherever you go. (Joshua 1:7 ULT)
+
+The purpose of not turning away from the instructions that Moses gave to the Israelites was so that they would be successful. 
+
+> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **and take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
+
+The Purpose of the vine growers killing the heir was so they could take over his inheritance. They state both events to each other as a plan, joining them only with “and.” Then the word “so” marks the reporting of the first event, but the second event (the Goal or Purpose) is not stated.
+
+#### Translation Strategies
+
+If your language uses purpose or goal relationships in the same way as in the text, then use them as they are.
+
+1. If the construction of the goal statement is unclear, change it to one that is more clear.
+2. If the order of the statements makes the goal statement unclear or confusing for the reader, then change the order.
+
+#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it **for her to glean**, and do not rebuke her.” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
+
+1. “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it **so that she can glean it**, and do not rebuke her.”
+
+> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, **and see this thing that has happened**, which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
+
+1. …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, **so that we can see this thing that has happened**, which the Lord has made known to us.”
+
+> “…if you want **to enter into life**, keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17 ULT)
+
+2.“…keep the commandments if you want **to enter into life**.” or: “…keep the commandments **so that you can enter into life**.”
+
+> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **and take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
+
+1. and 2. But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **so that we can take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him **so that they could take over his inheritance**. 

translate/grammar-connect-words-logic-goal/sub-title.md

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+How can I translate a goal (purpose) relationship?

translate/grammar-connect-words-logic-goal/title.md

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+The Goal (Purpose) Relationship

translate/grammar-connect-words-logic-result/01.md

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+## Logical Relationships
+
+### Reason and Result Relationships
+
+#### Definition
+
+A logical relationship in which one event is the reason or cause for the other another event, which is the result of the other event.
+
+#### Reason this is a translation issue
+
+A Reason and Result Relationship can look forward - "I did Y because I wanted X to happen." But usually it is looking backward - "X happened, and so I did Y." Also, it is possible to state the Reason either before or after the Result. Many languages have a preferred order for these, and it is confusing for the reader if they are in the other order. Common words used to indicate a Reason and Result Relationship in English are “because,” “so,” “therefore,” and “for.” Some of these words can also be used to indicate a Goal relationship, so translators need to be aware of the difference between a Goal relationship and a Reason-Result relationship. It is necessary for translators to understand how the two events are connected and then communicate them clearly in their language. 
+
+#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
+
+> The Jews were amazed, **because** Saul had tried to kill believers, and now he believed in Jesus! (Story 46 Frame 6 OBS)
+
+The **Reason** is the change in Saul - that he had tried to kill people who believed in Jesus, and now he himself believed in Jesus. The **Result** is that the Jews were amazed. “Because” connects the two ideas and indicates that what follows it is a Reason.
+
+> Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, **so that** the boat was covered with the waves. (Matthew 8:24 ULT)
+
+The **Reason** is the great storm, and the **Result** is that the boat was covered with the waves. The two events are connected by “so that.” Notice that “so that” often indicates a Goal relationship, but here the relationship is Reason-Result, because the sea cannot think and therefore does not have a Goal. 
+
+> God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, **because** in it he rested from all his work which he had done in his creation. (Genesis 2:3 ULT)
+
+The **Result** is that God blessed and sanctified the seventh day. The **Reason** is because he rested on the seventh day from his work.
+
+> “Blessed are the poor, **for** yours is the kingdom of God. (Luke 6:20 ULT)
+
+The **Result** is that the poor are blessed. The **Reason** is that the kingdom of God is theirs.
+
+> It was their children that Yahweh raised up in their place that Joshua circumcised, **because** they had not been circumcised on the way (Joshua 5:7 ULT)
+
+The **Result** is that Joshua circumcised the boys and men who had been born in the wilderness. The **Reason** was that they had not been circumcised while they were journeying.
+
+#### Translation Strategies
+
+If your language uses Reason-Result relationships in the same way as in the text, then use them as they are.
+
+1. If the order of the clauses is confusing for the reader, then change the order.
+2. If the relationship between the clauses is not clear, then use a more clear connecting word.
+
+#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+> God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, **because** in it he rested from all his work which he had done in his creation. (Genesis 2:3 ULT)
+
+1. God rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had done in his creation. **That is why** he blessed the seventh day and sanctified it.
+
+> Blessed are the poor, **for** yours is the kingdom of God. (Luke 6:20 ULT)
+
+1. The kingdom of God belongs to you who are poor. **Therefore**, the poor are blessed. 
+2. “Blessed are the poor, **because** yours is the kingdom of God. 
+
+> Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, **so that** the boat was covered with the waves. (Matthew 8:24 ULT)
+
+1. Behold, the boat was covered with the waves **because** a great storm arose on the sea.
+2. Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, **with the result that** the boat was covered with the waves. 

translate/grammar-connect-words-logic-result/sub-title.md

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+How can I translate the reason-result relationship?

translate/grammar-connect-words-logic-result/title.md

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+The Reason-Result Relationship

translate/grammar-connect-words-time-background/01.md

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+## Time Relationship
+
+### Background Clause
+
+#### Definition
+
+A background clause is one that describes something that is ongoing, and then another clause indicates an event that begins to happen during that time. These events are also simultaneous events, but they have the further relationship of background event and main event, because the event that is already happening serves as the background for the other event, which is the one that is in focus. The background event simply provides the time frame or other context for the main event or events. 
+
+#### Reason this is a translation issue
+
+Languages indicate a shift in time in different ways. The translators need to understand how these shifts in time are indicated in the original languages in order to communicate them clearly in their own language. Background clauses often indicate a time that began long before the event that is in focus. Translators need to understand how both the source and target languages communicate background events. Some English words that indicate background events are now, when, while, and during. Those words can also indicate simultaneous events. To tell the difference, ask yourself if all of the events seem to be equal in importance and started at about the same time. If so, they are probably simultaneous events. But if one or more event is ongoing and other events just started, then the ongoing events are probably background to the other events. Some phrases that indicate background events are in those days, and at that time.
+
+#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
+
+> **When** Solomon was old, he also worshiped their gods. (OBS Story 18 Frame 3)
+
+Solomon began to worship foreign gods at a time when he was old. Being old is the background to the main event, which is worshipping other gods. 
+
+> **Now** his parents went **every year** to Jerusalem for the Festival of the Passover. When he was twelve years old, they again went up at the customary time for the feast.  (Luke 2:41-42 ULT)
+
+The first event is ongoing and started long ago. We know this because of the words “every year.” That is the background event. Then an event begins that started during that time - “when he was twelve years old.” That is the main event. 
+
+> Now it came about that **while** they were there, the time came for the birth of her baby. (Luke 2:6 ULT)
+
+Being there (in Bethlehem) is the background for the main event, the birth of the baby.
+
+> …**while** Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, **during** the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas—the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness. (Luke 3:1-2 ULT)
+
+This example begins with five background clauses (marked off by commas), signalled as background by “while” and “during.” Then the main event happens - the word of God came to John.
+
+#### Translation Strategies
+
+If the way that the Background Clauses are marked also is clear in your language, then translate the Background Clauses as they are.
+
+1. If the connecting word does not make it clear that what follows is a Background Clause, use a connecting word that communicates this more clearly.
+2. If your language marks Background Clauses in a different way than using connecting words, such as with different verb forms, then use that way.
+
+#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+> …**while** Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, **during** the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas—the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness. (Luke 3:1-2 ULT)
+
+1. …**It happened during the time that** Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, **and during the time that** Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, **and during the time that** his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, **and during the time that** Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, **and also during the time that** Annas and Caiaphas were high priests—**that** the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness. 
+
+2. …Pontius Pilate **was governing** Judea, and Herod **was ruling over** Galilee, and his brother Philip **was ruling over** the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias **was ruling over** Abilene, and Annas and Caiaphas **were being** high priests—the word of God **came** to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness. 
+
+#### Example of differences in Time Relationship Connecting Words:
+
+|                          |                                              |
+| ------------------------ | -------------------------------------------- |
+|Background setting        |The word of Yahweh was rare **in those days**;|
+|Background repeated	   |   there was no vision breaking through.      | 
+|Introduction of main event|**It happened at that time**,  |
+|Background		           |**when** Eli was lying down in his place  |
+|Simultaneous background   |**and** his eyes had begun to grow dim so that he could not see well,|
+|Simultaneous background   |**and** the lamp of God had not yet gone out,  |
+|Simultaneous background   |**and** Samuel was lying down to sleep in the temple of Yahweh,|
+|  Simultaneous background |     where the ark of God was.  |
+|Main event		           |**Yahweh called to Samuel**,  |
+|Sequential event		   |who said, “here I am." (1 Sam 3:1-4 ULT) |
+
+In the above example, the first two lines talk about a condition that was going on for a long time. This is the general, long-term background. We know this from the phrase "in those days." Then there are several lines of near-term background. The first one is introduced by "when," and then three more are connected to the first one by "and." The background clause introduced by "where" explains a little more about the background clause before it. Then the main event happens, followed by more events. Translators will need to think about the best way to show these relationships in their language. 

translate/grammar-connect-words-time-background/sub-title.md

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+How can I translate clauses that give background information?

translate/grammar-connect-words-time-background/title.md

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+Clauses that Give Background Information

translate/grammar-connect-words-time-simultaneous/01.md

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+## Time Relationship
+
+### Simultaneous Clause
+
+#### Definition
+
+A simultaneous clause is a time relationship that connects two or more events that occur at the same time.
+
+#### Reason this is a translation issue
+
+Languages indicate that events occur simultaneously in many different ways. These may vary based on whether or not something is causing them to occur simultaneously. Connecting words that may indicate simultaneous events are words such as while, as, and during. Often Scripture will not state a relationship between the events but simply say they occurred at the same time. It is important that translators know when a time relationship is implied and when it is not so that they can communicate it clearly. A Simultaneous Clause communicates that events happened at the same time but it does not indicate that one event caused the other. That would be a Reason-Result relationship.
+
+#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
+
+> Joseph served his master well, **and** God blessed Joseph. (OBS Story 8 Frame 4)
+
+Two events happened while Joseph was a slave to a wealthy government official: Joseph served well and God blessed Joseph. There is no indication of a Reason-Result (cause and effect) relationship between the two, or that the first event happened, and then the second event happened.
+
+> But in truth I tell you that there were many widows in Israel **during** the time of Elijah… (Luke 4:25 ULT)
+
+This tells us clearly that two things happened at the same time, because of the connecting word, **during**. But one event did not cause the other.  
+
+> Now the people were waiting for Zechariah, **and** they were wondering at his delay in the temple. (Luke 1:21 ULT) 
+
+The people were both waiting and wondering at the same time. The general connector, **and**, indicates this.
+
+> And **while** they were looking intently into heaven **as** he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing. (Acts 1:10 ULT)
+
+Three events happened at the same time - the disciples looking, Jesus going up, and two men standing. The connector words "**while**" and "**as**" tell us this.
+
+#### Translation Strategies
+
+If the way that the Simultaneous Clauses are marked also is clear in your language, then translate the Simultaneous Clauses as they are.
+
+1. If the connecting word does not make it clear that the Simultaneous Clauses are happening at the same time, use a connecting word that communicates this more clearly.
+1. If it is not clear which clause the Simultaneous Clause is connected to, and that they are happening at the same time, mark all of the clauses with a connecting word.
+1. If your language marks events as simultaneous in a different way than using connecting words, then use that way.
+
+#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+> Now the people were waiting for Zechariah, **and** they were wondering at his delay in the temple. (Luke 1:21 ULT) 
+
+1. Now **while** the people were waiting for Zechariah, they were wondering at his delay in the temple.
+
+2. Now **while** the people were waiting for Zechariah, they were **also** wondering at his delay in the temple.
+
+> And **while** they were looking intently into heaven **as** he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing. (Acts 1:10 ULT)
+
+1. And **during the time** they were looking intently into heaven **while** he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing. 
+
+2. And **while** they were looking intently into heaven **as** he was going up, behold, **at that same time** two men stood by them in white clothing. 

translate/grammar-connect-words-time-simultaneous/sub-title.md

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+How can I translate clauses with a simultaneous time relationship?

translate/grammar-connect-words-time-simultaneous/title.md

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+The Simultaneous Time Relationship

translate/grammar-connecting-words-time-sequential/01.md

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+## Time Relationship
+
+### Sequential Clause
+
+#### Definition
+
+A sequential clause is a time relation that connects two events in which one happens and then the other happens.
+
+#### Reason this is a translation issue
+
+Languages indicate sequences of events in different ways; some use ordering and some use connecting words or even relative tense. Connecting words that may indicate sequence are words such as then, later, after, afterward, before, first, and when. Translators need to be certain that they communicate the order of the events in a way that is natural in their language. This may require ordering the clauses differently than in the original languages.
+
+#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
+
+> **When** Joseph came to his brothers, they kidnapped him and sold him to some slave traders. (OBS Story 8 Frame 2)
+ 
+First Joseph came to his brothers and then they kidnapped and sold him. We know this because of the connecting word, **when**. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
+
+> It was as sweet as honey in my mouth, but **after** I ate it, my stomach became bitter. (Revelation 10:10 ULT)
+
+The event of the first clause occurs first, and the event of the last clause occurs later. We know this because of the connecting word, **after**. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
+
+> For **before** the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate (Isaiah 7:16 ULT)  
+
+The event of the first clause occurs after the event of the second clause. First the land they dread will be desolate and then the child will know to refuse evil and choose good. We know this because of the connecting word, **before**. However, stating the clauses in this order may communicate the wrong order of events in your language. The translator may have to change the order so the clauses come in the order that they will happen. Or it may be possible to keep the order of the original language text and mark the ordering of sequence so that it is clear to the readers. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
+
+> Then Mary arose in those days **and** quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah, **and** she entered into the house of Zechariah **and** greeted Elizabeth. (Luke 1:39-40 ULT)
+
+Here the general connector “**and**” connects four events. These are sequential events - each happens after the one before it. We know this because that is the only way that these events would happen. So in English, the general connector, “and,” is enough to make the sequence clear for events such as these. You will need to decide if this also communicates this sequence clearly and correctly in your language.
+
+#### Translation Strategies
+
+If the sequence of events is clear in your language, then translate the sequence as it is.
+
+1. If the connecting word is not clear, use a connecting word that communicates the sequence more clearly.
+1. If the clauses are in an order that makes the sequence unclear, put the clauses in an order that is more clear. 
+
+#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+> Then Mary arose in those days **and** quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah, **and** she entered into the house of Zechariah **and** greeted Elizabeth. (Luke 1:39-40 ULT)
+
+1. Then Mary arose in those days. **Then** she quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah. **Then** she entered into the house of Zechariah **and then** she greeted Elizabeth. 
+
+> For **before** the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate (Isaiah 7:16 ULT)  
+
+1. For the time will come when the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, **but even before that time**, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate.
+
+2. For the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate **before** the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good.
+
+For more about sequences of events, see: [Sequence of Events](../figs-events/01.md).

translate/grammar-connecting-words-time-sequential/sub-title.md

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+How do I translate clauses with a sequential time relationship?

translate/grammar-connecting-words-time-sequential/title.md

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+The Sequential Time Relationship

translate/grammar-connecting-words/01.md

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+### Connecting Words
+
+Listed below are different types of connections between ideas or events. These different types of connections can be indicated by using different Connecting Words. When we write or translate something, it is important to use the right Connecting Word so that these connections are clear for the reader. If you would like additional information simply click the colored word to be directed to a page containing definitions and examples for each type of connection.
+
+* [Sequential Clause](../grammar-connecting-words-time-sequential/01.md) – a time relationship between two events in which one happens and then the other happens.
+* [Simultaneous Clause](../grammar-connect-words-time-simultaneous/01.md) – a time relationship between two or more events that occur at the same time.
+* [Background Clause](../grammar-connect-words-time-background/01.md) – a time relationship in which the first clause describes a long event that is happening at the time when the beginning of the second event happens, which is described in the second clause.
+* [Exceptional Relationship](../grammar-connect-words-exceptions/01.md) – one clause describes a group of people or items, and the other clause excludes one or more items or people from the group.
+* [Hypothetical Condition](../grammar-connect-words-condition-hypothetical/01.md) – the second event will only take place if the first one takes place. Sometimes what takes place is dependent on the actions of other people.
+* [Factual Condition](../grammar-connect-words-condition-fact/01.md) – a connection that sounds hypothetical but is already certain or true so that the condition is guaranteed to happen.
+* [Contrary to Fact Condition](../grammar-connect-words-condition-contrary/01.md) – a connection that sounds hypothetical but is already certain that it is not true. See also: [Hypothetical Statements](../figs-hypo/01.md).
+* [Goal Relationship](../grammar-connect-words-logic-goal/01.md) – a logical relationship in which the second event is the purpose or goal of the first.
+* [Reason and Result Relationship](../grammar-connect-words-logic-result/01.md) - a logical relationship in which one event is the reason for the other event, which is the result. 
+* [Contrast Relationship](../grammar-connect-words-logic-contrast/01.md) – one item is being described as different or in opposition to another.

translate/grammar-connecting-words/sub-title.md

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+How do connecting words work to connect parts of the text in different ways?

translate/grammar-connecting-words/title.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Connecting Words

translate/toc.yaml

@@ -261,6 +261,29 @@ sections:
                 link: figs-imperative
               - title: "Exclamations"
                 link: figs-exclamations
+          - title: "Connecting Words"
+            link: grammar-connecting-words
+            sections:
+              - title: "Sequential Clauses"
+                link: grammar-connecting-words-time-sequential
+              - title: "Simultaneous Clauses"
+                link: grammar-connect-words-time-simultaneous
+              - title: "Background Clauses"
+                link: grammar-connect-words-time-background
+              - title: "Goal or Purpose Clauses"
+                link: grammar-connect-words-logic-goal
+              - title: "Reason-Result Clauses"
+                link: grammar-connect-words-logic-result
+              - title: "Contrast Clauses"
+                link: grammar-connect-words-logic-contrast
+              - title: "Factual Conditions"
+                link: grammar-connect-words-condition-fact
+              - title: "Contrary-to-Fact Conditions"
+                link: grammar-connect-words-condition-contrary
+              - title: "Hypothetical Conditions"
+                link: grammar-connect-words-condition-hypothetical
+              - title: "Exception Clauses"
+                link: grammar-connect-words-exceptions
       - title: "Quotes"
         sections:
           - title: "Quotations and Quote Margins"