Remove metaphorical usages (#1174)

bible/kt/adultery.md

@@ -8,13 +8,11 @@ The term “adultery” refers to a sin that occurs when a married person has se
 * Sometimes the term “adulteress” is used to specify that it was a woman who committed adultery.
 * Adultery breaks the promises that a husband and wife made to each other in their covenant of marriage.
 * God commanded the Israelites to not commit adultery.
-* The term “adulterous” is often used in a figurative sense to describe the people of Israel as being unfaithful to God, especially when they worshiped false gods.
 
 ## Translation Suggestions:
 
 * If the target language does not have one word that means “adultery,” this term could be translated with a phrase such as “having sexual relations with someone else’s wife” or “being intimate with another person’s spouse.”
 * Some languages may have an indirect way of talking about adultery, such as “sleeping with someone else’s spouse” or “being unfaithful to one’s wife.” (See: [euphemism](rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism))
-* When “adulterous” is used in a figurative sense, it is best to translate it literally in order to communicate God’s view of his disobedient people as being compared to an unfaithful spouse. If this does not communicate accurately in the target language, the figurative use of “adulterous” could be translated as “unfaithful” or “immoral” or “like an unfaithful spouse.” 
 
 (See also: [commit](../other/commit.md), [covenant](../kt/covenant.md), [sexual immorality](../other/fornication.md), [sleep with](../other/sex.md), [faithful](../kt/faithful.md))
 

bible/kt/apostle.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 The “apostles” were men sent by Jesus to preach about God and his kingdom. The term “apostleship” refers to the position and authority of those who were chosen as apostles.
 
 * The word “apostle” means “someone who is sent out for a special purpose.” The apostle has the same authority as the one who sent him.
-* Jesus’ twelve closest disciples became the first apostles. Other men, such as Paul and James, also became apostles.
+* Jesus’ 12 closest disciples became the first apostles. Other men, such as Paul and James, also became apostles.
 * By God’s power, the apostles were able to boldly preach the gospel and heal people, and were able to force demons to come out of people.
 
 ## Translation Suggestions:

bible/kt/baptize.md

@@ -4,15 +4,11 @@
 
 In the New Testament, the terms “baptize” and “baptism” usually refer to ritually bathing a Christian with water to show that he has been cleansed from sin and has been united with Christ.
 
-* Besides water baptism, the Bible talks about being “baptized with the Holy Spirit” and “baptized with fire.”
-* The term “baptism” is also used in the Bible to refer to going through great suffering.
-
 ## Translation Suggestions:
 
 * Christians have different views about how a person should be baptized with water. It is probably best to translate this term in a general way that allows for different ways of applying the water.
-* Depending on the context, the term “baptize” could be translated as “purify,” “pour out on,” “plunge (or dip) into,” “wash,” or “spiritually cleanse.” For example, “baptize you with water” could be translated as, “plunge you into water.”
-* The term “baptism” could be translated as “purification,” “a pouring out,” “a dipping,” “a cleansing,” or “a spiritual washing.”
-* When it refers to suffering, “baptism” could also be translated as “a time of terrible suffering” or “a cleansing through severe suffering.”
+* Depending on the context, the term “baptize” could be translated as “purify,” “pour out on,” “plunge (or dip) into,” “wash.” For example, “baptize you with water” could be translated as, “plunge you into water.”
+* The term “baptism” could be translated as “purification,” “a pouring out,” “a dipping,” “a cleansing.”
 * Also consider how this term is translated in a Bible translation in a local or national language.
 
 (See also: [How to Translate Unknowns](rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown))

bible/kt/curse.md

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ The term “curse” means to cause negative things to happen to the person or t
 * The term “cursed” when used to describe people could be translated as, “(this person) will experience much trouble.”
 * The phrase “cursed be” could be translated as, “May (this person) experience great difficulties.”
 * The phrase, “Cursed is the ground” could be translated as, “The soil will not be very fertile.”
-* “Cursed be the day I was born” could also be translated as, “I am so miserable it would have been better not to be born.”
 * However, if the target language has the phrase “cursed be” and it has the same meaning, then it is good to keep the same phrase.
 
 (See also: [bless](../kt/bless.md))

bible/kt/disciple.md

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ The term “disciple” refers to a person who spends much time with a teacher,
 * The people who followed Jesus around, listening to his teachings and obeying them, were called his “disciples.”
 * John the Baptist also had disciples.
 * During Jesus’ ministry, there were many disciples who followed him and heard his teachings.
-* Jesus chose twelve disciples to be his closest followers; these men became known as his “apostles.”
-* Jesus’ twelve apostles continued to be known as his “disciples” or “the twelve.”
+* Jesus chose 12 disciples to be his closest followers; these men became known as his “apostles.”
+* Jesus’ 12 apostles continued to be known as his “disciples” or “the 12.”
 * Just before Jesus went up to heaven, he commanded his disciples to teach other people about how to become Jesus’ disciples, too.
 * Anyone who believes in Jesus and obeys his teachings is called a disciple of Jesus.
 

bible/kt/eternity.md

@@ -7,12 +7,11 @@ The terms “everlasting” and “eternal” have very similar meanings and ref
 * The term “eternity” refers to a state of being that has no beginning or end. It can also refer to life that never ends.
 * After this present life on earth, humans will spend eternity either in heaven with God or in hell apart from God.
 * The terms “eternal life” and “everlasting life” are used in the New Testament to refer to living forever with God in heaven.
-* The phrase “forever and ever” has the idea of time that never ends and expresses what eternity or eternal life is like.
 
-The term “forever” refers to never-ending time. Sometimes it is used figuratively to mean “a very long time.”
 
-* The term “forever and ever” emphasizes that something will always happen or exist.
-* The phrase “forever and ever” is a way of expressing what eternity or eternal life is. It also has the idea of time that never ends.
+The term “forever” refers to never-ending time.
+
+* The phrase “forever and ever” has the idea of time that never ends and expresses what eternity or eternal life is like. It emphasizes that something will always happen or exist. It refers to time that never ends.
 * God said that David’s throne would last “forever.” This is referred to the fact that David’s descendant Jesus will reign as king forever. 
 
 ## Translation Suggestions:

bible/kt/glory.md

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 In general, the term “glory” means honor, splendor, and extreme greatness. Anything that has glory is said to be “glorious.”
 
 * Sometimes “glory” refers to something of great value and importance. In other contexts it communicates splendor, brightness, or judgment.
-* For example, the expression “glory of the shepherds” refers to the lush pastures where their sheep had plenty of grass to eat.
 * Glory is especially used to describe God, who is more glorious than anyone or anything in the universe. Everything in his character reveals his glory and his splendor.
 * The expression to “glory in” means to boast about or take pride in something.
 

bible/kt/heaven.md

@@ -7,11 +7,9 @@ The term that is translated as “heaven” usually refers to where God lives. T
 * The term “heavens” refers to everything we see above the earth, including the sun, moon, and stars. It also includes the heavenly bodies, such as far-off planets, that we can’t directly see from the earth.
 * The term “sky” refers to the blue expanse above the earth that has clouds and the air we breathe. Often the sun and moon are also said to be “up in the sky.”
 * In some contexts in the Bible, the word “heaven” could refer to either the sky or the place where God lives.
-* When “heaven” is used figuratively, it is a way of referring to God. For example, when Matthew writes about the “kingdom of heaven” he is referring to the kingdom of God.
 
 ## Translation Suggestions:
 
-* When “heaven” is used figuratively, it could be translated as “God.”
 * For “kingdom of heaven” in the book of Matthew, it is best to keep the word “heaven” since this is distinctive to Matthew’s gospel.
 * The terms “heavens” or “heavenly bodies” could also be translated as, “sun, moon, and stars” or “all the stars in the universe.”
 * The phrase, “stars of heaven” could be translated as “stars in the sky” or “stars in the galaxy” or “stars in the universe.”

bible/kt/inherit.md

@@ -5,25 +5,15 @@
 The term “inherit” refers to receiving something valuable from a parent or other person because of a special relationship with that person. The “inheritance” is what is received.
 
 * A physical inheritance that is received may be money, land, or other kinds of property.
-* A spiritual inheritance is everything that God gives people who trust in Jesus, including blessings in the present life as well as eternal life with him.
-* The Bible also calls God’s people his inheritance, which means that they belong to him; they are his valued possession.
 * God promised Abraham and his descendants that they would inherit the land of Canaan, that it would belong to them forever.
-* There is also a figurative or spiritual sense in which people who belong to God are said to “inherit the land.” This means that they will prosper and be blessed by God in both physical and spiritual ways.
-* In the New Testament, God promises that those who trust in Jesus will “inherit salvation” and “inherit eternal life.” It is also expressed as, “inherit the kingdom of God.” This is a spiritual inheritance that lasts forever.
-* There are other figurative meanings for these terms:
-
-    * The Bible says that wise people will “inherit glory” and righteous people will “inherit good things.”
-    * To “inherit the promises” means to receive the good things that God has promised to give his people.
-    * This term is also used in a negative sense to refer to foolish or disobedient people who “inherit the wind” or “inherit folly.” This means they receive the consequences of their sinful actions, including punishment and worthless living.
 
 ## Translation Suggestions:
 
 * As always, consider first whether there are already terms in the target language for the concept of an heir or an inheritance, and use those terms.
 * Depending on the context, other ways that the term “inherit” could be translated might include “receive” or “possess” or “come into possession of.”
 * Ways to translate “inheritance” could include “promised gift” or “secure possession.”
-* When God’s people are referred to as his inheritance this could be translated as “valued ones belonging to him.”
-* The term “heir” could be translated with a word or phrase that means “privileged child who receives the father’s possessions” or “person chosen to receive (God’s) spiritual possessions or blessings.”
-* The term “heritage” could be translated as “blessings from God” or “inherited blessings.”
+* The term “heir” could be translated with a word or phrase that means “privileged child who receives the father’s possessions.”
+* The term “heritage” could be translated as “inherited blessings.”
 
 (See also: [heir](../other/heir.md), [Canaan](../names/canaan.md), [Promised Land](../kt/promisedland.md))
 

bible/kt/innocent.md

@@ -6,17 +6,14 @@ The term “innocent” means to not be guilty of a crime or other wrongdoing. I
 
 * A person accused of doing something wrong is innocent if he has not committed that wrong.
 * Sometimes the term “innocent” is used to refer to people who have done nothing wrong to deserve the bad treatment they are receiving, as in an enemy army attacking “innocent people.”
+* In the Bible, "blood" can be a metaphor for "death," so "innocent blood" refers to "people who did not deserve to die." 
 
 ## Translation Suggestions:
 
 * In most contexts, the term “innocent” can be translated as “not guilty” or “not responsible” or “not to blame” for something.
 * When referring in general to innocent people, this term could be translated as “who have done nothing wrong” or “who are not involved in evil.”
-* The frequently occurring expression “innocent blood” could be translated as “people who did nothing wrong to deserve being killed.”
-* The expression “shed innocent blood” could be translated as “kill innocent people” or “kill people who did nothing wrong to deserve it.”
-* In the context of someone being killed, “innocent of the blood of” could be translated as “not guilty for the death of.”
-* When talking about people not hearing the good news about Jesus but not accepting it, “innocent of the blood of” could be translated as “not responsible for whether they remain spiritually dead or not” or “not responsible for whether they accept this message.”
-* When Judas said “I have betrayed innocent blood,” he was saying “I have betrayed a man who did nothing wrong” or “I have caused the death of a man who was sinless.”
-* When Pilate said about Jesus “I am innocent of the blood of this innocent man,” this could be translated as “I am not responsible for the killing of this man who has done nothing wrong to deserve it.”
+* "To shed innocent blood" can be translated as "to kill people who did not deserve to die."
+
 
 (See also: [guilt](../kt/guilt.md))
 

bible/kt/israel.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The term “Israel” is the name that God gave to Jacob. It means “he struggl
 
 * The descendants of Jacob became known as the “people of Israel”  or the “nation of Israel” or the “Israelites.”
 * God formed his covenant with the people of Israel. They were his chosen people.
-* The nation of Israel consisted of twelve tribes.
+* The nation of Israel consisted of 12 tribes.
 * Soon after King Solomon died, Israel was divided into two kingdoms: the southern kingdom, called “Judah,” and the northern kingdom, called “Israel.”
 * Often the term “Israel” can be translated as “the people of Israel” or “the nation of Israel,” depending on the context.
 

bible/kt/jew.md

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ Jews are people who are descendants of Abraham’s grandson Jacob. The word “J
 
 * People began to call the Israelites “Jews” after they returned to Judah from their exile in Babylon.
 * Jesus the Messiah was Jewish. However, the Jewish religious leaders rejected Jesus and demanded that he be killed.
-* Often the phrase “the Jews” refers to the leaders of the Jews, not all the Jewish people. In those contexts, some translations add “leaders of” to make this clear.
 
 (See also: [Abraham](../names/abraham.md), [Jacob](../names/jacob.md), [Israel](../kt/israel.md), [Babylon](../names/babylon.md), [Jewish leaders](../other/jewishleaders.md))
 

bible/kt/love.md

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ To love another person is to care for that person and do things that will benefi
 
 3. The word “love” can also refer to romantic love between a man and a woman.
 
-4. In the figurative expression “Jacob I have loved, but Esau I have hated,” the term “loved” refers to God’s choosing of Jacob to be in a covenant relationship with him. This could also be translated as “chosen.” Although Esau was also blessed by God, he wasn’t given the privilege of being in the covenant. The term “hated” is used figuratively here to mean “rejected” or “not chosen.”
 
 ## Translation Suggestions:
 

bible/kt/power.md

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ The term “power” refers to the ability to do things or make things happen, o
 
 * Depending on the context, the term “power” could also be translated as “ability” or “strength” or “energy” or “ability to do miracles” or “control.”
 * Possible ways to translate the term “powers” could include “powerful beings” or “controlling spirits” or “those who control others.”
-* An expression like “save us from the power of our enemies” could be translated as “save us from being oppressed by our enemies” or “rescue us from being controlled by our enemies.” In this case, “power” has the meaning of using one’s strength to control and oppress others.
 
 (See also: [Holy Spirit](../kt/holyspirit.md), [Jesus](../kt/jesus.md), [miracle](../kt/miracle.md))
 

bible/kt/righteous.md

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ The terms “upright” and “uprightness” refer to acting in a way that foll
 * When it describes people who are obedient to God, the term “righteous” could also be translated as “morally good” or “just” or “living a God-pleasing life.”
 * The phrase “the righteous” could also be translated as “righteous people” or “God-fearing people.”
 * Depending on the context, “righteousness” could also be translated with a word or phrase that means  “goodness” or “being perfect before God” or “acting in a right way by obeying God” or “doing perfectly good 
-* Sometimes “the righteous” was used figuratively and referred to “people who think they are good” or “people who seem to be righteous.”
 
 * The term “unrighteous” could simply be translated as “not righteous.”
 * Depending on the context, other ways to translate this could include “wicked” or “immoral” or “people who rebel against God” or “sinful.”

bible/kt/sin.md

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ The term “sin” refers to actions, thoughts, and words that are against God
 * Depending on the context the term “sinner” could be translated with a word or phrase that means, “person who sins” or “person who does wrong things” or “person who disobeys God” or “person who disobeys the law.”
 * The term “sinners” could be translated by a word or phrase that means “very sinful people” or “people considered to be very sinful” or “immoral people.”
 * Ways to translate “tax collectors and sinners” could include “people who collect money for the government, and other very sinful people” or “very sinful people, including (even) tax collectors.”
-* In expressions like “slaves to sin” or “ruled by sin,” the term “sin” could be translated as “disobedience” or “evil desires and actions.”
 * Make sure the translation of this term can include sinful behavior and thoughts, even those that other people don’t see or know about.
 * The term “sin” should be general, and different from the terms for “wickedness” and “evil.”
 

bible/kt/son.md

@@ -4,11 +4,6 @@
 
 The male offspring of a man and a woman is called their “son” for his entire life.  He is also called a son of that man and a son of that woman. An “adopted son” is a male who has been legally placed into the position of being a son.
 
-* “Son” was often used figuratively in the Bible to refer to any male descendant, such as a grandson or great-grandson.
-* The term “son” can also be used as a polite form of address to a boy or man who is younger than the speaker.
-* Sometimes “sons of God” was used in the New Testament to refer to believers in Christ.
-* God called Israel his “firstborn son.” This refers to God’s choosing of the nation of Israel to be his special people. It is through them that God’s message of redemption and salvation came, with the result that many other people have become his spiritual children.
-* The phrase “son of” often has the figurative meaning “person having the characteristics of.” Examples of this include “sons of the light,” “sons of disobedience,” “a son of peace,” and “sons of thunder.”
 * The phrase “son of” is also used to tell who a person’s father is. This phrase is used in genealogies and many other places.
 * Using “son of” to give the name of the father frequently helps distinguish people who have the same name. For example, “Azariah son of Zadok” and “Azariah son of Nathan” in 1 Kings 4, and “Azariah son of Amaziah” in 2 Kings 15 are three different men.
 
@@ -16,9 +11,7 @@ The male offspring of a man and a woman is called their “son” for his entire
 
 * In most occurrences of this term, it is best to translate “son” by the literal term in the language that is used to refer to a son.
 * When translating the term “Son of God,” the project language’s common term for “son” should be used.
-* When used to refer to a descendant rather than a direct son, the term “descendant” could be used, as in referring to Jesus as the “descendant of David” or in genealogies where sometimes “son” referred to a male descendant who was not an actual son.
 * Sometimes “sons” can be translated as “children,” when both males and females are being referred to. For example, “sons of God” could be translated as “children of God” since this expression also includes girls and women.
-* The figurative expression “son of” could also be translated as “someone who has the characteristics of” or “someone who is like” or “someone who has” or “someone who acts like.”
 
 (See also: [Azariah](../names/azariah.md), [descendant](../other/descendant.md), [ancestor](../other/father.md), [firstborn](../other/firstborn.md), [Son of God](../kt/sonofgod.md), [sons of God](../kt/sonsofgod.md))
 

bible/kt/sonofgod.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Son of God, Son
+# Son of God, the Son
 
 ## Facts:
 

bible/kt/spirit.md

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ The term “spirit” refers to the non-physical part of people which cannot be
 * Sometimes the term “spirit” is used to express the feelings of a person, as in “my spirit was grieved in my inmost being.” This could also be translated as “I felt grieved in my spirit” or “I felt deeply grieved.”
 * The phrase “spirit of” could be translated as “character of” or “influence of” or “attitude of” or “thinking (that is) characterized by.”
 * Depending on the context, “spiritual” could be translated as “non-physical” or “from the Holy Spirit” or “God’s” or “part of the non-physical world.”
-* The figurative expression “spiritual milk” could also be translated as “basic teachings from God” or “God’s teachings that nourish the spirit (like milk does).”
 * The phrase “spiritual maturity” could be translated as “godly behavior that shows obedience to the Holy Spirit.”
 * The term “spiritual gift” could be translated as “special ability that the Holy Spirit gives
 

bible/kt/wise.md

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 The term “wise” describes someone who understands what is the right and moral thing to do and then does that. “Wisdom” is the understanding and practice of what is true and morally right.
 
 * Being wise includes the ability to make good decisions, especially choosing to do what pleases God.
-* In the Bible, the term “worldly wisdom” is a figurative way of referring to what people in this world think is wise, but which is actually foolish.
 * People become wise by listening to God and humbly obeying his will.
 * A wise person will show the fruits of the Holy Spirit in his life, such as joy, kindness, love, and patience.