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Proofread.edits (#239)
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@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ There are also YAML formatted files in each manual’s directory. The `toc.yaml
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To learn the philosophy of how to translate the UTA please see the [Translate unfoldingWord® Translation Academy](http://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gl_translation.html#translating-translationacademy) article in the [Gateway Language Manual](http://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/).
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NOTE: The Bible was originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. In these languages, masculine pronouns and terms can apply to both men and women. The same is true in English, and in this manual we often use masculine terms to refer to both men and women. For example, in this manual we often use masculine pronouns to refer to people like you (and other translators) who will use this manual. But we do not intend to say that only men can use this manual or to say that only men can translate the Bible. We are simply using masculine terms to refer to both men and women.
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If you are translating online, please fork the [Door43-Catalog/en_ta](https://git.door43.org/Door43-Catalog/en_ta) repository, following this workflow: [Translate Content Online](https://forum.ccbt.bible/t/translate-content-online/75).
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### Technical Information for Translating UTA
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### Self-assessment of Translation Quality
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The objective of this section is to describe a process by which the Church can reliably determine for themselves the quality of a translation. This following assessment is intended to suggest some of the most important techniques for checking a translation, rather than to describe every conceivable check that could be employed. Ultimately, the decision of what checks are used, when, and by whom should be made by the Church.
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The objective of this module is to describe a process by which the Church can reliably determine for themselves the quality of a translation. This assessment is intended to suggest some of the most important techniques for checking a translation. It does not describe every conceivable check that could be employed. Ultimately, the Church must make the decisions regarding what checks are used, when they are done, and who does those checks.
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#### How to Use the Assessment
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This assessment method employs two types of statements. Some are “yes/no” statements where a negative response indicates a problem that must be resolved. Other sections use an equally-weighted method that provides translation teams and checkers with statements about the translation. Each statement should be scored by the person doing the check (beginning with the translation team) on a scale of 0-2:
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This assessment method employs two types of statements. Some are “yes/no” statements, where a negative response indicates a problem that must be resolved. Other sections use an equally-weighted method that provides translation teams and checkers with statements about the translation. Each statement should be scored by the person doing the check (beginning with the translation team) on a scale of 0-2:
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**0** - disagree
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@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ This assessment method employs two types of statements. Some are “yes/no” st
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**2** - strongly agree
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At the end of the review, the total value of all responses in a section should be added up and, if the responses accurately reflect the state of the translation, this value will provide the reviewer with an approximation of the probability that the translated chapter is of excellent quality. The rubric is designed to be simple and provide the reviewer with an objective method to assess where the work needs improvement. *For example, if the translation scores relatively well in “Accuracy” but quite poorly in “Naturalness” and “Clarity,” then the translation team needs to do more community checking.*
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At the end of the review, the total value of all responses in a section should be added up. If the responses accurately reflect the state of the translation, this value will provide the reviewer with an approximation of the probability that the translated chapter is of excellent quality. This assessment method is designed to be simple and provide the reviewer with an objective way to determine where the work needs improvement. *For example, if the translation scores relatively well in “Accuracy” but quite poorly in “Naturalness” and “Clarity,” then the translation team needs to do more community checking.*
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The rubric is intended to be used for each chapter of translated biblical content. The translation team should do an assessment of each chapter after they finish their other checks, and then the level 2 church checkers should do it again, and then the level 3 checkers should also assess the translation with this checklist. As more detailed and extensive checking of the chapter is performed by the Church at each level, the points for the chapter should be updated from each of the first four sections (overview, naturalness, clarity, accuracy), allowing the church and community to see how the translation is improving.
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This assessment method is intended to be used for each chapter of translated biblical content. The translation team should do an assessment of each chapter after they finish their other checks. Then the Level 2 checkers should do it again. Then the Level 3 checkers should also assess the translation with this checklist. As more detailed and extensive checking of the chapter is performed by the Church at each level, the points for the chapter should be updated from each of the first four sections (overview, naturalness, clarity, accuracy), allowing the church and community to see how the translation is improving.
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#### The Self-Assessment
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*Circle either “0” or “1” or “2” for each statement below.*
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This section can be strengthened through doing more community checking. (See [Language Community Check](../language-community-check/01.md))
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This section can be strengthened by doing more community checking. (See [Language Community Check](../language-community-check/01.md))
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**0 1 2** Those who speak this language and have heard this chapter agree that it is translated using the correct form of the language.
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**0 1 2** Those who speak this language agree that the key words used in this chapter are acceptable and correct for this culture.
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**0 1 2** Those who speak this language and have heard this chapter agree that the key words used in this chapter are acceptable and correct for this culture.
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**0 1 2** The illustrations or stories in this chapter are easy for people who speak this language to understand.
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**0 1 2** Those who speak this language agree that the sentence structure and order of the text in this chapter is natural and flows correctly.
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**0 1 2** Those who speak this language and have heard this chapter agree that the sentence structure and order of the text in this chapter is natural and flows correctly.
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**0 1 2** The review of the translation of this chapter for naturalness included community members who have not been directly involved in creating the translation of this chapter.
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@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ This section can be strengthened through doing more community checking. (See [La
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*Circle either “0” or “1” or “2” for each statement below.*
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This section can be strengthened through doing more community checking. (See [Language Community Check](../language-community-check/01.md))
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This section can be strengthened by doing more community checking. (See [Language Community Check](../language-community-check/01.md))
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**0 1 2** This chapter is translated using language that native speakers of the language agree is easy to understand.
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*Circle either “0” or “1” or “2” for each statement below.*
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This section can be strengthened through doing more accuracy checking. (See [Accuracy Check](../accuracy-check/01.md))
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This section can be strengthened by doing more accuracy checking. (See [Accuracy Check](../accuracy-check/01.md))
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**0 1 2** A complete list of all important words in the source text for this chapter has been used to help ensure all terms are present in the translation.
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**0 1 2** A complete list of all the important words in the source text for this chapter has been used to help ensure all terms are present in the translation.
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**0 1 2** All important words are translated correctly in this chapter.
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**0 1 2** All the important words are translated correctly in this chapter.
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**0 1 2** All important words are translated consistently in this chapter, as well as in other places where the important words appear.
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**0 1 2** All the important words are translated consistently in this chapter, as well as in other places where the important words appear.
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**0 1 2** Exegetical resources have been used for the entire chapter to identify and resolve potential translation challenges, including the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes and unfoldingWord® Translation Words.
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**0 1 2** For the entire chapter, exegetical resources and translation helps have been used to identify and resolve potential translation challenges, including the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes and unfoldingWord® Translation Words.
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**0 1 2** Historical details in the source text (like names, places, and events) have been preserved in the translation.
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**0 1 2** The meaning of each figure of speech in the translated chapter has been compared and aligned to the intent of the original.
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**0 1 2** The translation has been tested with native speakers who were not involved in creating the translation and they agree that the translation accurately communicates the intended meaning of the source text.
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**0 1 2** The translation has been tested with first-language speakers of the target language who were not involved in creating the translation, and they agree that the translation accurately communicates the intended meaning of the source text.
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**0 1 2** The translation of this chapter has been compared against at least two source texts.
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**0 1 2** All questions or disagreements about any of the meaning in this chapter have been resolved.
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**0 1 2** The translation of this chapter has been compared against the original texts (Hebrew, Greek, Aramaic) to check for correct lexical definitions and intent of the original texts.
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**0 1 2** The translation of this chapter has been compared against the original texts (Hebrew, Greek, Aramaic) to check for correct definitions of words and for intent of the original texts.
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##### 5. Church approval: “the naturalness, clarity, and accuracy of the translation is approved by the Church that speaks that language”
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*Circle either “0” or “1” or “2” for each statement below.*
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**no | yes** Church leaders who have checked this translation are native speakers of the target language, and include someone who understands well one of the languages in which the source text is available.
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**no | yes** Church leaders who have checked this translation are first-language speakers of the target language, and include someone who understands well one of the languages in which the source text is available.
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**no | yes** People from the language community, both men and women, old and young, have reviewed the translation of this chapter and agree that it is natural and clear.
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**no | yes** People from the language community––both men and women, old and young––have reviewed the translation of this chapter and agree that it is natural and clear.
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**no | yes** Church leaders from at least two different church networks have reviewed the translation of this chapter and agree that it is accurate.
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**no | yes** The leadership or their delegates of at least two different church networks have reviewed the translation of this chapter and endorse it as a faithful translation of this chapter of the Bible in this language.
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**no | yes** The leadership (or their delegates) of at least two different church networks have reviewed the translation of this chapter and endorse it as a faithful translation of this chapter of the Bible in this language.
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For the purposes of this module, "target language" refers to the language into which the Bible draft was made, and "language of wider communication" refers to the language into which the back translation is being made.
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#### a. Use the meaning of the word in context
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#### Use the meaning of the word in context
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If a word has only one basic meaning, then the back translator should use a word in the language of wider communication that represents that basic meaning throughout the back translation. If, however, a word in the target language has more than one meaning, so that the meaning changes depending on the context that it is in, then the back translator should use the word or phrase in the language of wider communication that best represents the way that the word was used in that context. In order to avoid confusion for the translation checker, the back translator can put the other meaning in parentheses the first time that he uses the word in a different way, so that the translation checker can see and understand that this word has more than one meaning. For example, he might write, “come (go)” if the target language word was translated as “go” earlier in the back translation but in the new context it is better translated as “come.”
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If a word has only one basic meaning, then the back translator should use a word in the language of wider communication that represents that basic meaning throughout the back translation. However, if a word in the target language has more than one meaning, so that the meaning changes depending on the specific context, then the back translator should use the word or phrase in the language of wider communication that best represents the way that the word was used in that context. In order to avoid confusion for the translation checker, the back translator can put the other meaning in parentheses the first time that he uses the word in a different way, so that the translation checker can see and understand that this word has more than one meaning. For example, he might write, “come (go)” if the target language word was translated as “go” earlier in the back translation but is better translated as “come” in the new context.
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If the target language translation uses an idiom, it is most helpful to the translation checker if the back translator translates the idiom literally (according to the meaning of the words), but then also includes the meaning of the idiom in parentheses. In that way, the translation checker can see that the target language translation uses an idiom in that place, and also see what it means. For example, a back translator might translate an idiom such as, “he kicked the bucket (he died).” If the idiom occurs more than once or twice, the back translator does not need to continue to explain it each time, but can either just translate it literally or just translate the meaning.
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If the target language translation uses an idiom, it is most helpful to the translation checker if the back translator translates the idiom literally (according to the meaning of the words), but then also includes the meaning of the idiom in parentheses. The translation checker can see that the target language translation uses an idiom in that place, and can also see what it means. For example, a back translator might translate an idiom such as, “He kicked the bucket (he died).” If the idiom occurs more than once or twice, the back translator does not need to continue to explain it each time, but can either just translate it literally or just translate the meaning.
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#### b. Keep parts of speech the same
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#### Keep parts of speech the same
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In the back translation, the back translator should represent the parts of speech of the target language with the same parts of speech in the language of wider communication. This means that the back translator should translate nouns with nouns, verbs with verbs, and modifiers with modifiers. This will help the translation checker to see how the target language works.
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In the back translation, the back translator should represent the parts of speech of the target language with the same parts of speech in the language of wider communication. This means that the back translator should translate nouns as nouns, verbs as verbs, and modifiers as modifiers. This will help the translation checker to see how the target language works.
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#### c. Keep clause types the same
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#### Keep clause types the same
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In the back translation, the back translator should represent each clause of the target language with the same type of clause in the language of wider communication. For example, if the target language clause uses a command, then the back translation should also use a command, rather than a suggestion or request. Or if the target language clause uses a rhetorical question, then the back translation should also use a question, rather than a statement or other expression.
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In the back translation, the back translator should represent each clause of the target language with the same type of clause in the language of wider communication. For example, if the target language clause uses a command, then the back translation should also use a command rather than a suggestion or request. Or if the target language clause uses a rhetorical question, then the back translation should also use a question rather than a statement or other expression.
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#### d. Keep punctuation the same
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#### Keep punctuation the same
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The back translator should use the same punctuation in the back translation as there is in the target language translation. For example, wherever there is a comma in the target language translation, the back translator should also put a comma in the back translation. Periods, exclamation points, quote marks, and all punctuation need to be at the same place in both translations. In that way, the translation checker can more easily see which parts of the back translation represent which parts of the target language translation. When making a back translation of the Bible, it is also very important to make sure that all chapter and verse numbers are in the right places in the back translation.
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The back translator should use the same punctuation in the back translation as in the target language translation. For example, wherever there is a comma in the target language translation, the back translator should also put a comma in the back translation. Periods, exclamation points, quote marks, and all punctuation need to be at the same place in both translations. The translation checker can more easily see which parts of the back translation represent which parts of the target language translation. When making a back translation of the Bible, all chapter and verse numbers must be in the right places in the back translation.
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#### e. Express the full meaning of complex words
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#### Express the full meaning of complex words
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Sometimes words in the target language will be more complex than words in the language of wider communication. In this case, the back translator will need to represent the target language word with a longer phrase in the language of wider communication. This is necessary so that the translation checker can see as much of the meaning as possible. For example, to translate one word in the target language it might be necessary to use a phrase in the language of wider communication such as, “go up,” or “be lying down.” Also, many languages have words that contain more information than the equivalent words in the language of wider communication. In this case, it is most helpful if the back translator includes that additional information in parentheses, such as “we (inclusive),” or “you (feminine, plural).”
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Sometimes words in the target language will be more complex than words in the language of wider communication. In this case, the back translator will need to represent the target language word with a longer phrase in the language of wider communication. This is necessary so that the translation checker can see as much of the meaning as possible. For example, to translate one word in the target language it might be necessary to use a phrase in the language of wider communication such as “go up” or “be lying down”. Also, many languages have words that contain more information than the equivalent words in the language of wider communication. In this case, it is most helpful if the back translator includes that additional information in parentheses, such as “we (inclusive)” or “you (feminine, plural)”.
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### 2. Use the Language of Wider Communication Style for Sentence and Logical Structure
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The back translation should use the sentence structure that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the structure that is used in the target language. This means that the back translation should use the word order that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the word order that is used in the target language. The back translation should also use the way of relating phrases to each other and the way of indicating logical relations, such as cause or purpose, that are natural for the language of wider communication. This will make the back translation easier to read and understand for the translation checker. This will also speed up the process of checking the back translation.
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The back translation should use the sentence structure that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the structure that is used in the target language. This means that the back translation should use the word order that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the word order that is used in the target language. The back translation should also use the way of relating phrases to each other and the way of indicating logical relations (such as cause or purpose) that are natural for the language of wider communication. This will make it easier for the checker to read and to understand the back translation. This will also speed up the process of checking the back translation.
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An oral back translation is one that the back translator speaks to the translation checker in the language of wider communication as he reads or hears the translation in the target language. He will usually do this one sentence at a time, or two sentences at a time if they are short. When the translation checker hears something that may be a problem, he will stop the person doing the oral back translation so that he can ask a question about it. One or more members of the translation team should also be present so that they can answer questions about the translation.
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An advantage of the oral back translation is that the back translator is immediately accessible to the translation checker and can answer the translation checker’s questions about the back translation. A disadvantage of the oral back translation is that the back translator has very little time to think about the best way to back translate the translation and he may not express the meaning of the translation in the best way. This may make it necessary for the translation checker to ask more questions than if the back translation were expressed in a better way. Another disadvantage is that the checker also has very little time to evaluate the back translation. He only has a few seconds to think about one sentence before hearing another. Because of this, he may not catch all of the problems that he would catch if he had more time to think about each sentence.
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An advantage of the oral back translation is that the back translator is immediately accessible to the translation checker and can answer the translation checker’s questions about the back translation. A disadvantage of the oral back translation is that the back translator has very little time to think about the best way to back translate the translation, so he may not express the meaning of the translation in the best way. This may make it necessary for the translation checker to ask more questions than if the back translation were expressed in a better way. Another disadvantage is that the checker also has very little time to evaluate the back translation. He only has a few seconds to think about one sentence before hearing another. Because of this, he may not catch all of the problems that he would catch if he had more time to think about each sentence.
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#### Written
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There are two types of written back translations. For the differences between the two, see [Written Back Translations](../vol2-backtranslation-written/01.md). A written back translation has several advantages over an oral back translation. First, when a back translation is written, the translation team can read it to see if there are any places where the back translator has misunderstood their translation. If the back translator misunderstood the translation, then other readers or hearers of the translation certainly will misunderstand it also, and so the translation team will need to revise their translation at those points.
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Second, when the back translation is written, the translation checker can read the back translation before meeting with the translation team and take time to research any question that arises from the back translation. Even when the translation checker does not need to research a problem, the written back translation allows him more time to think about the translation. He can identify and address more of the problems in the translation and sometimes come to better solutions to the problems because he has more time to think about each one than when he has only a few seconds to think about each sentence.
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Second, when the back translation is written, the checker can read the back translation before meeting with the translation team and take time to research any questions that arise from the back translation. Even when the checker does not need to research a problem, the written back translation allows him more time to think about the translation. He can identify and address more of the problems in the translation and sometimes come to better solutions to the problems because he has more time to think about each one rather than having only a few seconds to think about each sentence.
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Third, when the back translation is written, the translation checker can also prepare his questions in written form before meeting with the translation team. If there is time before their meeting and if they have a way to communicate, the checker can send his written questions to the translation team so that they can read them and change the parts of the translation that the checker thought to be problems. This helps the translation team and the checker to be able to review much more of the biblical material when they meet together, because they were able to fix many of the problems in the translation before their meeting. During the meeting, they can concentrate on the problems that remain. These are usually places where the translation team has not understood the checker’s question or where the checker has not understood something about the target language and so thinks that there is a problem where there is not. In that case, during the meeting time the translation team can explain to the checker what it is that he has not understood.
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Third, when the back translation is written, the translation checker can also prepare his questions in written form before meeting with the translation team. If there is time before their meeting and if they have a way to communicate, the checker can send his written questions to the translation team so that they can read them and change the parts of the translation that the checker thought might contain problems. This helps the translation team and the checker to be able to review much more of the biblical material when they meet together, because they were able to fix many of the problems in the translation before their meeting. During the meeting, they can concentrate on the problems that remain. These are usually places where the translation team has not understood the checker’s question or where the checker has not understood something about the target language. In these cases, often the checker thinks that there is a problem where there is not. During the meeting time the translation team can explain to the checker what it is that he has not understood.
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Even if there is not time for the checker to send his questions to the translation team before their meeting, they will still be able to review more material at the meeting than they would have been able to review otherwise because the checker has already read the back translation and has already prepared his questions. Because he has had this previous preparation time, he and the translation team can use their meeting time to discuss only the problem areas of the translation rather than reading through the entire translation at a slow pace, as is required when making an oral back translation.
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Even if there is not time for the checker to send his questions to the translation team before their meeting, they will still be able to review more material at the meeting than they would have been able to review otherwise because the checker has already read the back translation and has already prepared his questions. Because he has had this previous preparation time, he and the translation team can use their meeting time to discuss only the problem areas of the translation rather than reading through the entire translation at a slow pace (as is required when making an oral back translation).
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Fourth, the written back translation relieves the strain on the translation checker from having to concentrate for many hours at a time on hearing and understanding an oral translation as it is spoken to him. If the checker and translation team are meeting in a noisy environment, the difficulty of making sure that he hears every word correctly can be quite exhausting for the checker. The mental strain of concentration increases the likelihood that the checker will miss some problems with the result that they remain uncorrected in the biblical text. For these reasons, we recommend the use of a written back translation whenever possible.
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Fourth, the written back translation relieves the strain on the checker from having to concentrate for many hours at a time on hearing and understanding an oral translation as it is spoken to him. If the checker and translation team are meeting in a noisy environment, the difficulty of making sure that he hears every word correctly can be quite exhausting for the checker. The mental strain of concentration increases the likelihood that the checker will miss some problems with the result that they remain uncorrected in the biblical text. For these reasons, we recommend the use of a written back translation whenever possible.
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### Interlinear Back Translation
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An interlinear back translation is one in which the back translator puts a translation for each word of the target language translation underneath that word. This results in a text in which each line of the target language translation is followed by a line in the language of wider communication. The advantage of this kind of back translation is that the checker can easily see how the translation team is translating each word of the target language. He can more easily see the range of meaning of each target language word and can compare how it is used in different contexts. The disadvantage of this kind of back translation is that the line of text in the language of wider communication is made up of translations of individual words. This makes the text difficult to read and understand, and may create more questions and misunderstandings in the mind of the translation checker than the other method of back translation. This is the same reason we do not recommend the word-for-word method for translation of the Bible!
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In an interlinear back translation, the back translator puts a translation for each word of the target language translation underneath that word. This results in a text in which each line of the target language translation is followed by a line in the language of wider communication. The advantage of this kind of back translation is that the checker can easily see how the translation team is translating each word of the target language. He can more easily see the range of meaning of each target language word and can compare how it is used in different contexts. The disadvantage of this kind of back translation is that the line of text in the language of wider communication is made up of translations of individual words. This makes the text difficult to read and understand, and may create more questions and misunderstandings in the mind of the translation checker than the other method of back translation. This is the same reason we do not recommend the word-for-word method for translation of the Bible!
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### Free Back Translation
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A free back translation is one in which the back translator makes a translation in the language of wider communication in a separate space from the target language translation. The disadvantage of this method is that the back translation is not related as closely to the target language translation. The back translator can help to overcome this disadvantage when back translating the Bible, however, by including the verse numbers and punctuation with the back translation. By referring to the verse numbers in both translations and carefully reproducing the punctuation marks in their proper places, the translation checker can keep track of which part of the back translation represents which part of the target language translation. The advantage of this method is that the back translation can use the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, and so it is much easier for the translation checker to read and understand. Even while using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, however, the back translator should remember to translate the words in a literal way. This provides the most beneficial combination of literalness and readability for the checker. We recommend that the back translator use this method of free back translation.
|
||||
A free back translation is one in which the back translator makes a translation in the language of wider communication in a separate space from the target language translation. The disadvantage of this method is that the back translation is not related as closely to the target language translation. However, the back translator can help to overcome this disadvantage when back translating the Bible by including the verse numbers and punctuation with the back translation. By referring to the verse numbers in both translations and carefully reproducing the punctuation marks in their proper places, the translation checker can keep track of which part of the back translation represents which part of the target language translation. The advantage of this method is that the back translation can use the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, and so it is much easier for the translation checker to read and understand. Even while using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, however, the back translator should remember to translate the words in a literal way. This provides the most beneficial combination of literalness and readability for the checker. We recommend that the back translator use this method of free back translation.
|
||||
|
|
@ -3,12 +3,13 @@
|
|||
dublin_core:
|
||||
conformsto: 'rc0.2'
|
||||
contributor:
|
||||
- 'Jesse Griffin, BA Biblical Studies, MA Biblical Languages'
|
||||
- 'Jesse Griffin, BA in Biblical Studies, MA in Biblical Languages'
|
||||
- 'Perry Oakes, PhD in Old Testament, MA in Linguistics'
|
||||
- 'Susan Quigley, MA in Linguistics'
|
||||
- 'Henry Whitney, BA Linguistics'
|
||||
- 'Henry Whitney, BA in Linguistics'
|
||||
- 'James N. Pohlig, M.Div., MA in Linguistics, D. Litt. in Biblical Languages'
|
||||
- 'Ben Jore, BA Biblical Studies, M.Div.'
|
||||
- 'Joel D. Ruark, PhD in Old Testament, MA in Theology
|
||||
- 'Bev Staley'
|
||||
- 'Carol Brinneman'
|
||||
- 'Jody Garcia'
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ If someone seeks another person’s face, he hopes that the person will pay atte
|
|||
|
||||
To hide one’s face from someone is to ignore him.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The FACE represents surface
|
||||
#### The FACE represents the surface of something
|
||||
|
||||
> The famine was over all <u>the face</u> of the whole land. (Genesis 41:56 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -53,6 +53,28 @@ To hide one’s face from someone is to ignore him.
|
|||
|
||||
“His hand is not short” means that he is not weak.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The NOSE represents anger
|
||||
|
||||
> Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of <u>your nostrils</u>. (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> By the blast of <u>your nostrils</u> the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Smoke went up from out of <u>his nostrils</u>, and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> …This is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration: ‘My fury will arise in <u>my nostrils</u>!’ (Ezekiel 38:18 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
A blast of air or smoke coming from someone’s nose shows his great anger.
|
||||
|
||||
#### RAISED EYES represents arrogance
|
||||
|
||||
> but you bring down those with <u>proud, uplifted eyes</u>! (Psalm 18:27 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud.
|
||||
|
||||
> God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with <u>lowered eyes</u>. (Job 22:29 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Lowered eyes show that a person is humble.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The HEAD represents the ruler, the one who has authority over others
|
||||
|
||||
> God has subjected all things under Christ’s feet and has <u>made him the head</u> over all things in the church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all things in all ways. (Ephesians 1:22 ULT)
|
||||
|
|
@ -60,13 +82,6 @@ To hide one’s face from someone is to ignore him.
|
|||
|
||||
> Wives should be subject to their own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is <u>the head</u> of the wife, as Christ also is <u>the head</u> of the church, and he is the Savior of the body. (Ephesian 5:22-23 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act
|
||||
|
||||
> No one can serve <u>two masters</u>, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by money.
|
||||
|
||||
#### A NAME represents the person who has that name
|
||||
|
||||
> May your God make <u>the name of Solomon</u> better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne.” 1 Kings 1:47 (ULT)
|
||||
|
|
@ -96,28 +111,6 @@ To make God’s name holy is to cause people to to see that God is holy.
|
|||
|
||||
The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that “because of the name of Yahweh” means because of Yahweh’s reputation.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The NOSE represents anger
|
||||
|
||||
> Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of <u>your nostrils</u>. (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> By the blast of <u>your nostrils</u> the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Smoke went up from out of <u>his nostrils</u>, and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> …This is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration: ‘My fury will arise in <u>my nostrils</u>!’ (Ezekiel 38:18 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
A blast of air or smoke coming from someone’s nose shows his great anger.
|
||||
|
||||
#### RAISED EYES represents arrogance
|
||||
|
||||
> but you bring down those with <u>proud, uplifted eyes</u>! (Psalm 18:27 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud.
|
||||
|
||||
> God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with <u>lowered eyes</u>. (Job 22:29 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Lowered eyes show that a person is humble.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The SON OF SOMETHING shares its qualities
|
||||
|
||||
> no <u>son of wickedness</u> will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULT)
|
||||
|
|
@ -133,9 +126,14 @@ Children of death here are people that others plan to kill.
|
|||
|
||||
> We all were once among these unbelievers and acted according to the evil desires of our flesh, doing the will of the flesh and of the mind, and we were by nature <u>children of wrath</u> like the others. (Ephesians 2:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry.
|
||||
|
||||
#### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act
|
||||
|
||||
> No one can serve <u>two masters</u>, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by money.
|
||||
|
||||
### Translation Strategies
|
||||
|
||||
(see the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md))
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,44 +2,25 @@
|
|||
|
||||
Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The word in all capital letters represents an image. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does.
|
||||
|
||||
#### LIGHT represents someone’s face (This often combines with FACE represents someone’s presence)
|
||||
#### LIGHT represents moral righteousness, DARKNESS represents moral wickedness
|
||||
|
||||
> Yahweh, lift up the <u>light of your face</u> on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword,
|
||||
> neither did their own arm save them;
|
||||
> but your right hand, your arm, and the <u>light of your face</u>,
|
||||
> because you were favorable to them. (Psalm 44:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> they did not reject the <u>light of my face</u>. (Job 29:24 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Yahweh, they walk in the <u>light of your face</u>. (Psalm 89:15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### LIGHT represents goodness, and DARKNESS represents evil
|
||||
> OT ref
|
||||
|
||||
> But if your eye is bad, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! (Matthew 6:23 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### LIGHT represents pleasant feelings, DARKNESS represents unpleasant feelings
|
||||
|
||||
#### SHADOW or DARKNESS represents death
|
||||
> OT ref
|
||||
|
||||
> Yet you have severely broken us in the place of jackals and covered us with the <u>shadow of death</u>. (Psalm 44:19)
|
||||
> NT ref
|
||||
|
||||
#### LIGHT represents wisdom, DARKNESS represents foolishness
|
||||
|
||||
#### FIRE represents extreme feelings, particularly love or anger
|
||||
> OT ref
|
||||
|
||||
> Because iniquity will be increased, the love of many will <u>be extinguished</u>. (Matthew 24:12 ULT)
|
||||
> NT ref
|
||||
|
||||
> Surging waters cannot <u>quench</u> love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> For <u>a fire is kindled by my anger</u> and <u>is burning</u> to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Therefore <u>the anger of Yahweh was set on fire</u> against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> When Yahweh heard this, <u>he was angry</u>; so <u>his fire burned</u> against Jacob, and <u>his anger</u> attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### FIRE OR A LAMP represents life
|
||||
#### LIGHT or FIRE represents life
|
||||
|
||||
> They say, ‘Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the <u>burning coal</u> that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. 2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -55,6 +36,35 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
|
|||
|
||||
> A dimly burning wick he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### DARKNESS or SHADOW represents death
|
||||
|
||||
> Yet you have severely broken us in the place of jackals and covered us with the <u>shadow of death</u>. (Psalm 44:19)
|
||||
|
||||
#### LIGHT OF THE FACE represents smiling (that is, an attitude of grace or favor)
|
||||
|
||||
> Yahweh, lift up the <u>light of your face</u> on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword,
|
||||
> neither did their own arm save them;
|
||||
> but your right hand, your arm, and the <u>light of your face</u>,
|
||||
> because you were favorable to them. (Psalm 44:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> they did not reject the <u>light of my face</u>. (Job 29:24 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Yahweh, they walk in the <u>light of your face</u>. (Psalm 89:15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### FIRE represents extreme feelings, particularly love or anger
|
||||
|
||||
> Because iniquity will be increased, the love of many will <u>be extinguished</u>. (Matthew 24:12 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Surging waters cannot <u>quench</u> love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> For <u>a fire is kindled by my anger</u> and <u>is burning</u> to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Therefore <u>the anger of Yahweh was set on fire</u> against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> When Yahweh heard this, <u>he was angry</u>; so <u>his fire burned</u> against Jacob, and <u>his anger</u> attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### A WIDE SPACE reperesents safetey, security, and ease
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -69,7 +79,6 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
|
|||
> but you brought us out into <u>a spacious place</u>. (Psalms 66:12 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### A NARROW SPACE represents danger or difficulties
|
||||
|
||||
> Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
|
||||
|
|
@ -80,7 +89,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
|
|||
> and an immoral woman is <u>a narrow well</u>. (Proverbs 23:27 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### LIQUID represents a moral quality (emotion, attitude, spirit, life)
|
||||
#### WATER or LIQUID represents a moral or emotional quality (attitude, spirit, life)
|
||||
|
||||
> Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting <u>flood of water</u>. (2 Samuel 5:20 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -97,7 +106,22 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
|
|||
> For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been <u>poured out</u> on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### WATER represents what someone says
|
||||
#### FLOODING WATER represents disaster
|
||||
|
||||
> I have come into <u>deep waters</u>, where the <u>floods flow</u> over me. (Psalm 69:2 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Do not let the <u>floods of water</u> overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of <u>many waters</u> from the hands of these foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### A FOUNTAIN or SPRING OF WATER represents the origins of something
|
||||
|
||||
> The fear of Yahweh is a <u>fountain of life</u>. (Proverbs 14:27 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Text. (Psalm 36:10 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### LIQUID represents what someone says
|
||||
|
||||
> A quarreling wife is a constant <u>dripping of water</u>. (Proverbs 19:13 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -107,21 +131,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
|
|||
|
||||
> The words of a man’s mouth are <u>deep waters</u>; the <u>fountain of wisdom</u> is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### FLOODING WATER represents disaster
|
||||
|
||||
> I have come into <u>deep waters</u>, where the <u>floods flow</u> over me. (Psalm 69:2 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Do not let the <u>floods of water</u> overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of <u>many waters</u> from the hands of these foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### A SPRING OF WATER represents the origins of something
|
||||
|
||||
> The fear of Yahweh is a <u>fountain of life</u>. (Proverbs 14:27 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### A ROCK represents protection
|
||||
#### A ROCK represents salvation or protection
|
||||
|
||||
> Who is a rock except our God? (Psalm 18:31 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -3,14 +3,12 @@ In the Bible, sometimes the words “men”, “brothers” and “sons” refer
|
|||
|
||||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
In some languages a word that normally refers to men can also be used in a more general way to refer to both men and women. For example, the Bible sometimes says ‘<u>brothers</u> ‘ when it refers to both brothers and sisters.
|
||||
In some languages a word that normally refers to men can also be used in a more general way to refer to both men and women. For example, the Bible sometimes says ‘<u>brothers</u>‘ when it refers to both brothers and sisters.
|
||||
|
||||
Also in some languages, the masculine pronouns “he” and “him” can be used in a more general way for any person if it is not important whether the person is a man or a woman. In the example below, the pronoun is “his”, but it is not limited to males.
|
||||
> A wise child makes <u>his</u> father rejoice
|
||||
> but a foolish child brings grief to <u>his</u> mother. (Proverbs 10:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Both Hebrew and Greek are languages where masculine terms can apply to both men and women. The same is true in English, and in this manual we often use masculine terms to refer to both men and women. For example, in this manual we often use masculine terms to refer to people like you (and other translators) who will use this manual. But we do not intend to say that only men can use this manual or to say that only men can translate the Bible. We are simply using masculine terms to refer to both men and women
|
||||
|
||||
#### Reason this is a translation issue
|
||||
|
||||
* In some cultures words like “man,” “brother,” and “son” can only be used to refer to men. If those words are used in a translation in a more general way, people will think that what is being said does not apply to women.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue