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Updated UDB and ULB titles

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Larry Sallee 2018-04-23 15:57:07 -04:00
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checking/level3-questions/01.md
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ These are the questions for the Level Three checkers to keep in mind as they rea
You can answer these questions after you read portions of the translation or as you come across problems in the text. If you answer "no" to any of these questions in the first group, please explain in more detail, include the specific passage that you feel is not right, and give your recommendation for how the translation team should correct it.
Keep in mind that the goal of the translation team is to express the meaning of the source text in a natural and clear way in the target language. This means that they may have needed to change the order of some clauses and that they had to represent many single words in the source language with multiple words in the target language. These things are not considered to be problems in Other Language (OL) translations. The only times that translators should avoid making these changes is for Gateway Language (GL) translations of the ULB and UDB. The purpose of the ULB is to show the OL translator how the original biblical languages expressed the meaning, and the purpose of the UDB is to express that same meaning in simple, clear forms, even though it might be more natural to use an idiom in the OL. GL translators need to remember those guidelines. But for OL translations, the goal is always to be natural and clear.
Keep in mind that the goal of the translation team is to express the meaning of the source text in a natural and clear way in the target language. This means that they may have needed to change the order of some clauses and that they had to represent many single words in the source language with multiple words in the target language. These things are not considered to be problems in Other Language (OL) translations. The only times that translators should avoid making these changes is for Gateway Language (GL) translations of the ULT and UST. The purpose of the ULT is to show the OL translator how the original biblical languages expressed the meaning, and the purpose of the UST is to express that same meaning in simple, clear forms, even though it might be more natural to use an idiom in the OL. GL translators need to remember those guidelines. But for OL translations, the goal is always to be natural and clear.
Also keep in mind that the translators may have included information that the original audience would have understood from the original message, but that the original author did not state explicitly. When this information is necessary for the target audience to understand the text, it is good to include it explicitly. For more about this, see [Implicit and Explicit Information](../../translate/figs-explicit/01.md).

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checking/verses/01.md
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ It is important that your target language translation include all of the verses
1. **Textual Variants** - There are some verses that many Bible scholars do not believe were original to the Bible, but were added later. Therefore the translators of some Bibles chose to not include those verses, or included them only as footnotes. (For more information about this, see [Textual Variants](../../translate/translate-textvariants/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide whether you will include these verses or not.
1. **Different Numbering** - Some Bibles use a different system of verse numbering than other Bibles. (For more information about this, see [Chapter and Verse Numbers](../../translate/translate-chapverse/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide which system to use.
1. **Verse Bridges** - In some translations of the Bible, the contents of two or more verses are rearranged so that the order of information is more logical or easier to understand. When that happens, the verse numbers are combined, such as 4-5 or 4-6. The UDB does this sometimes, and on rare occasions, also the ULB. Because not all of the verse numbers appear or they do not appear where you expect them to be, it might look like some verses are missing. But the contents of those verses are there. (For more information about this, see [Verse Bridges](../../translate/translate-versebridge/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide whether to use verse bridges or not.
1. **Verse Bridges** - In some translations of the Bible, the contents of two or more verses are rearranged so that the order of information is more logical or easier to understand. When that happens, the verse numbers are combined, such as 4-5 or 4-6. The UST does this sometimes, and on rare occasions, also the ULT. Because not all of the verse numbers appear or they do not appear where you expect them to be, it might look like some verses are missing. But the contents of those verses are there. (For more information about this, see [Verse Bridges](../../translate/translate-versebridge/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide whether to use verse bridges or not.
### Checking for Missing Verses

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checking/vol2-steps/01.md
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
1. Find out ahead of time which set of stories or which Bible passage you will be checking.
1. Read the passage in several versions in any languages you understand, including the original languages, if possible.
1. Read the passage in the ULB and UDB, and read the Notes and translationWords.
1. Read the passage in the ULT and UST, and read the Notes and translationWords.
1. Make note of any parts that you think might be difficult to translate.
1. Research these passages in translation helps and commentaries, making notes about what you discover.

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intro/uw-intro/01.md
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@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ The unfoldingWord project exists because we want to see **unrestricted biblical
Jesus commanded his disciples to make disciples of EVERY people group:
>"Jesus came to them and spoke to them and said, 'All authority has been given to me in heaven and on earth. Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations. Baptize them into the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Teach them to obey all the things that I have commanded you. And see, I am with you always, even to the end of the world.'" (Matthew 28:18-20 ULB)
>"Jesus came to them and spoke to them and said, 'All authority has been given to me in heaven and on earth. Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations. Baptize them into the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Teach them to obey all the things that I have commanded you. And see, I am with you always, even to the end of the world.'" (Matthew 28:18-20 ULT)
We have the promise that people from EVERY language will be in heaven:
>"After these things I saw, and behold, there was a great crowd, which no one was able to number, out of every nation, tribe, people, and language, standing before the throne and before the Lamb." (Revelation 7:9 ULB)
>"After these things I saw, and behold, there was a great crowd, which no one was able to number, out of every nation, tribe, people, and language, standing before the throne and before the Lamb." (Revelation 7:9 ULT)
Understanding the Word of God in one's heart language is important:
>"So faith comes from hearing, and hearing by the word of Christ." (Romans 10:17 ULB)
>"So faith comes from hearing, and hearing by the word of Christ." (Romans 10:17 ULT)
### How Do We Do This?

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translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md
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@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ Cultural models are mental pictures of parts of life or behavior. These pictures
The Bible often speaks of God as if he were a shepherd and his people were sheep. This is a cultural model.
<blockquote>Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)</blockquote>
>He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULB)
>He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
Some of the cultural models in the Bible were used much by the cultures in the Ancient Near East, and not only by the Israelites.

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translate/bita-animals/01.md
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@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed b
> God is my rock. I take refuge in him.
> He is my shield, the horn of my salvation, my stronghold, and my refuge,
> the one who saves me from violence. (2 Samuel 22:3 ULB)
> the one who saves me from violence. (2 Samuel 22:3 ULT)
The "horn of my salvation" is the strong one who saves me.
>There I will make the horn of David to grow. (Psalm 132:17 ULB)
>There I will make the horn of David to grow. (Psalm 132:17 ULT)
The "horn of David" is King David's military strength.
@ -18,38 +18,38 @@ The "horn of David" is King David's military strength.
This is because some birds are easily trapped.
>My enemies have relentlessly hunted me like a bird, without cause. (Lamentations 3:52 ULB)
>My enemies have relentlessly hunted me like a bird, without cause. (Lamentations 3:52 ULT)
>Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter,
>like a bird from the hand of the fowler. (Proverbs 6:5 ULB)
>like a bird from the hand of the fowler. (Proverbs 6:5 ULT)
A fowler is a person who catches birds, and a snare is a small trap.
>We have escaped like a bird out of the snare of the fowlers;
>the snare has been broken, and we have escaped. (Psalm 124:7 ULB)
>the snare has been broken, and we have escaped. (Psalm 124:7 ULT)
#### BIRDS THAT EAT MEAT represent enemies who attack swiftly
In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel's enemies who would come and attack them were compared to an eagle.
<blockquote> and their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote> and their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULT) </blockquote>
>An eagle is coming over the house of Yahweh.
> ... Israel has rejected what is good,
>and the enemy will pursue him. (Hosea 8:1,3 ULB)
>and the enemy will pursue him. (Hosea 8:1,3 ULT)
In Isaiah, God called a certain foreign king a bird of prey because he would come quickly and attack Israel's enemies.
>I call a bird of prey from the east, the man of my choice from a distant land; (Isaiah 46:11 ULB)
>I call a bird of prey from the east, the man of my choice from a distant land; (Isaiah 46:11 ULT)
#### A BIRD'S WINGS represent protection
This is because birds spread their wings over their chicks to protect them from danger.
>Protect me like the apple of your eye; hide me under the shadow of your wings
> from the presence of the wicked ones who assault me, my enemies who surround me. (Psalms 17:8-9 ULB)
> from the presence of the wicked ones who assault me, my enemies who surround me. (Psalms 17:8-9 ULT)
Here is another example of how the wings represent protection.
> Be merciful to me, God, be merciful to me,
> for I take refuge in you until these troubles are over.
> I stay under your wings for protection until this destruction is over. (Psalm 57:1 ULB)
> I stay under your wings for protection until this destruction is over. (Psalm 57:1 ULT)
#### DANGEROUS ANIMALS represent dangerous people
@ -58,34 +58,34 @@ In Psalms, David referred to his enemies as lions.
>I am among those who are ready to devour me.
>I am among people whose teeth are spears and arrows,
>and whose tongues are sharp swords.
>Be exalted, God, above the heavens (Psalm 57:4 ULB)
>Be exalted, God, above the heavens (Psalm 57:4 ULT)
Peter called the devil a roaring lion.
>Be sober, be watchful. Your adversary—the devil—like a roaring lion is stalking around, looking for someone to devour. (1 Peter 5:8 ULB)
>Be sober, be watchful. Your adversary—the devil—like a roaring lion is stalking around, looking for someone to devour. (1 Peter 5:8 ULT)
In Matthew, Jesus called false prophets wolves because of the harm they did to people by their lies.
>Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep's clothing, but are truly ravenous wolves. (Matthew 7:15 ULB)
>Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep's clothing, but are truly ravenous wolves. (Matthew 7:15 ULT)
In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes because of the harm they did by teaching lies.
>But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to him for baptism, he said to them, "You offspring of poisonous snakes, who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Matthew 3:7 ULB)
>But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to him for baptism, he said to them, "You offspring of poisonous snakes, who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Matthew 3:7 ULT)
#### EAGLES represent strength
> He satisfies your life with good things
> so that your youth is renewed like the eagle. (Psalm 103:5 ULB)
> so that your youth is renewed like the eagle. (Psalm 103:5 ULT)
<blockquote>For Yahweh says this, "See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab." (Isaiah 48:40 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote>For Yahweh says this, "See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab." (Isaiah 48:40 ULT) </blockquote>
#### SHEEP or a FLOCK OF SHEEP represents people who need to be led or are in danger
>My people have been a lost flock. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains; (Jeremiah 50:6 ULB)
>My people have been a lost flock. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains; (Jeremiah 50:6 ULT)
<blockquote>He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote>He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULT) </blockquote>
>Israel is a sheep scattered and driven away by lions. First the king of Assyria devoured him;
>then after this, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon broke his bones. (Jeremiah 50:17 ULB)
>then after this, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon broke his bones. (Jeremiah 50:17 ULT)
<blockquote>See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. Watch out for people! They will deliver you up to councils, and they will whip you in their synagogues. (Matthew 10:16 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote>See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. Watch out for people! They will deliver you up to councils, and they will whip you in their synagogues. (Matthew 10:16 ULT) </blockquote>

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translate/bita-farming/01.md
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@ -8,45 +8,45 @@ Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all
> He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress.
> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes. (Isaiah 5:1-2)
<blockquote> For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. (Matthew 20:1 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote> For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. (Matthew 20:1 ULT)</blockquote>
> There was a man, a person with extensive land. He planted a vineyard, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a watchtower, and rented it out to vine growers. Then he went into another country. (Matthew 21:33 ULB)
> There was a man, a person with extensive land. He planted a vineyard, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a watchtower, and rented it out to vine growers. Then he went into another country. (Matthew 21:33 ULT)
#### The GROUND represents people's hearts (inner being)
> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: 'Plow your own ground,
> and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULB)
> and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULT)
<blockquote>When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it.... This is the seed that was sown beside the road. What was sown on rocky ground is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy....What was sown among the thorn plants, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word.... What was sown on the good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it.... This is the seed that was sown beside the road. What was sown on rocky ground is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy....What was sown among the thorn plants, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word.... What was sown on the good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)</blockquote>
> Break up your unplowed ground,
> for it is time to seek Yahweh.... (Hosea 10:12 ULB)
> for it is time to seek Yahweh.... (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
#### SOWING represents actions or attitudes, and REAPING represents judgment or reward
> Based on what I have observed, those who plow iniquity
> and sow trouble reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULB)
> and sow trouble reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULT)
> Do not be deceived. God is not mocked. Whatever a man plants, that is what he will also harvest. For he who sows seed to his own sinful nature will harvest destruction, but he who sows seed to the Spirit, will harvest eternal life from the Spirit. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULB)
> Do not be deceived. God is not mocked. Whatever a man plants, that is what he will also harvest. For he who sows seed to his own sinful nature will harvest destruction, but he who sows seed to the Spirit, will harvest eternal life from the Spirit. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULT)
#### THRESHING and WINNOWING represent the separation of evil people from good people
After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _threshing floor_, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to _thresh_ it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and _winnow_ the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (see *thresh* and *winnow* pages in [translationWords](https://unfoldingword.org/en/?resource=translation-words) for help translating "thresh" and "winnow")
> So I will winnow them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULB)
> So I will winnow them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULT)
<blockquote> His winnowing fork is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his storehouse. But he will burn up the chaff with fire that can never be put out. (Luke 3:17 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote> His winnowing fork is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his storehouse. But he will burn up the chaff with fire that can never be put out. (Luke 3:17 ULT)</blockquote>
#### GRAFTING represents God's allowing the Gentiles to become his people
> For if you were cut out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these Jews, who are the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree? For I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, of this mystery, in order that you will not be wise in your own thinking. This mystery is that a partial hardening has occurred in Israel, until the completion of the Gentiles come in. (Romans 11:24-25 ULB)
> For if you were cut out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these Jews, who are the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree? For I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, of this mystery, in order that you will not be wise in your own thinking. This mystery is that a partial hardening has occurred in Israel, until the completion of the Gentiles come in. (Romans 11:24-25 ULT)
#### RAIN represents God's gifts to his people
> ...he comes and rains righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12 ULB)
> ...he comes and rains righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
<blockquote>For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULT)</blockquote>
> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB)
> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULT)

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translate/bita-hq/01.md
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@ -5,142 +5,142 @@ Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed b
#### The BODY represents a group of people
> Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULB)
> Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULT)
<blockquote>Rather we will speak the truth in love and grow up in all ways into him who is the head, Christ. Christ joins the whole body of believers together—it is held together by every supporting ligament so that the whole body grows and builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote>Rather we will speak the truth in love and grow up in all ways into him who is the head, Christ. Christ joins the whole body of believers together—it is held together by every supporting ligament so that the whole body grows and builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULT) </blockquote>
In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Christ.
#### The FACE represents someone's presence
>Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh's declaration—or tremble <u>before my face</u>? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULB)
>Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh's declaration—or tremble <u>before my face</u>? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULT)
To be before someone's face is to be in their presence, that is, to be with them.
#### The FACE represents someone's attention
> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity <u>before his face</u>, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULB)
> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity <u>before his face</u>, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULT)
To put something before one's face is to look at it intently or pay attention to it.
> Many <u>seek the face</u> of the ruler, (Proverbs 29:26 ULB)
> Many <u>seek the face</u> of the ruler, (Proverbs 29:26 ULT)
If someone seeks another person's face, he hopes that the person will pay attention to him.
>Why do you <u>hide your face</u> and forget our affliction and our oppression? (Psalm 44:24 ULB)
>Why do you <u>hide your face</u> and forget our affliction and our oppression? (Psalm 44:24 ULT)
To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him.
#### The FACE represents surface
>The famine was over all <u>the face</u> of the whole land. (Genesis 41:56 ULB)
>The famine was over all <u>the face</u> of the whole land. (Genesis 41:56 ULT)
<blockquote> He encloses <u>the face</u> of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote> He encloses <u>the face</u> of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULT) </blockquote>
#### The HAND represents a person's agency or power
> Yahweh has burst through my enemies <u>by my hand</u> like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULB)
> Yahweh has burst through my enemies <u>by my hand</u> like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULT)
"Yahweh has burst through my enemies by my hand" means "Yahweh has used me to burst through my enemies."
><u>Your hand</u> will seize all your enemies; <u>your right hand</u> will seize those who hate you. (Psalm 21:8 ULB)
><u>Your hand</u> will seize all your enemies; <u>your right hand</u> will seize those who hate you. (Psalm 21:8 ULT)
"Your hand will seize all your enemies" means "By your power you will seize all your enemies."
>Look, <u>Yahweh's hand</u> is not so short that it cannot save. (Isaiah 59:1 ULB)
>Look, <u>Yahweh's hand</u> is not so short that it cannot save. (Isaiah 59:1 ULT)
"His hand is not short" means that he is not weak.
#### The HEAD represents the ruler, the one who has authority over others
>God has subjected all things under Christ's feet and has <u>made him the head</u> over all things in the church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all things in all ways. (Ephesians 1:22 ULB)
>God has subjected all things under Christ's feet and has <u>made him the head</u> over all things in the church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all things in all ways. (Ephesians 1:22 ULT)
<blockquote>Wives should be subject to their own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is <u>the head</u> of the wife, as Christ also is <u>the head</u> of the church, and he is the Savior of the body. (Ephesian 5:22-23 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Wives should be subject to their own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is <u>the head</u> of the wife, as Christ also is <u>the head</u> of the church, and he is the Savior of the body. (Ephesian 5:22-23 ULT)</blockquote>
#### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act
>No one can serve <u>two masters</u>, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB)
>No one can serve <u>two masters</u>, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by money.
#### A NAME represents the person who has that name
>May your God make <u>the name of Solomon</u> better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne." 1 Kings 1:47 (ULB)
>May your God make <u>the name of Solomon</u> better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne." 1 Kings 1:47 (ULT)
<blockquote> See, I have sworn <u>by my great name</u>—says Yahweh. <u>My name</u> will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt…." (Jeremiah 44:26 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote> See, I have sworn <u>by my great name</u>—says Yahweh. <u>My name</u> will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt…." (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT) </blockquote>
If someone's name is great, it means that he is great.
>Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to <u>honor your name</u>…. Nehemiah 1:11 (ULB)
>Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to <u>honor your name</u>…. Nehemiah 1:11 (ULT)
To honor someone's name is to honor him.
#### A NAME represents the fame or reputation of a person
>You must no longer profane <u>my holy name</u> with your gifts and your idols. Ezekiel 20:39 (ULB)
>You must no longer profane <u>my holy name</u> with your gifts and your idols. Ezekiel 20:39 (ULT)
To profane God's name is to profane his reputation, that is, to profane how people think about him.
>For I will make <u>my great name</u> holy, which you have profaned among the nations…. Ezekiel 36:23 (ULB)
>For I will make <u>my great name</u> holy, which you have profaned among the nations…. Ezekiel 36:23 (ULT)
To make God's name holy is to cause people to to see that God is holy.
>Your servants have come here from a land very far away, because of <u>the name</u> of Yahweh your God. We have heard a report about him and about everything that he did in Egypt (Joshua 9:9 ULB)
>Your servants have come here from a land very far away, because of <u>the name</u> of Yahweh your God. We have heard a report about him and about everything that he did in Egypt (Joshua 9:9 ULT)
The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that "because of the name of Yahweh" means because of Yahweh's reputation.
#### The NOSE represents anger
>Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of <u>your nostrils</u>. (Psalms 18:15 ULB)
>Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of <u>your nostrils</u>. (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
<blockquote>By the blast of <u>your nostrils</u> the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>By the blast of <u>your nostrils</u> the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULT)</blockquote>
>Smoke went up from out of <u>his nostrils</u>, and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULB)
>Smoke went up from out of <u>his nostrils</u>, and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULT)
<blockquote>…This is the Lord Yahweh's declaration: 'My fury will arise in <u>my nostrils</u>!' (Ezekiel 38:18 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>…This is the Lord Yahweh's declaration: 'My fury will arise in <u>my nostrils</u>!' (Ezekiel 38:18 ULT)</blockquote>
A blast of air or smoke coming from someone's nose shows his great anger.
#### RAISED EYES represents arrogance
> but you bring down those with <u>proud, uplifted eyes</u>! (Psalm 18:27 ULB)
> but you bring down those with <u>proud, uplifted eyes</u>! (Psalm 18:27 ULT)
Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud.
> God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with <u>lowered eyes</u>. (Job 22:29 ULB)
> God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with <u>lowered eyes</u>. (Job 22:29 ULT)
Lowered eyes show that a person is humble.
#### The SON OF SOMETHING shares its qualities
> no <u>son of wickedness</u> will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULB)
> no <u>son of wickedness</u> will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULT)
A son of wickedness is a wicked person.
> May the groans of the prisoners come before you;
> with the greatness of your power keep the <u>children of death</u> alive. (Psalm 79:11 ULB)
> with the greatness of your power keep the <u>children of death</u> alive. (Psalm 79:11 ULT)
Children of death here are people that others plan to kill.
>We all were once among these unbelievers and acted according to the evil desires of our flesh, doing the will of the flesh and of the mind, and we were by nature <u>children of wrath</u> like the others. (Ephesians 2:3 ULB)
>We all were once among these unbelievers and acted according to the evil desires of our flesh, doing the will of the flesh and of the mind, and we were by nature <u>children of wrath</u> like the others. (Ephesians 2:3 ULT)
Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry.

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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i
#### BEING BENT OVER represents being discouraged
>Yahweh supports all who are falling and raises up all those who are <u>bent over</u>. (Psalm 145:14 ULB)
>Yahweh supports all who are falling and raises up all those who are <u>bent over</u>. (Psalm 145:14 ULT)
#### BIRTH PAINS represent the suffering that is necessary to achieve a new condition
@ -12,88 +12,88 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i
><u>Be in pain and labor to give birth</u>, daughter of Zion, like a <u>woman in labor</u>.
>For now you will go out of the city, live in the field, and go to Babylon.
>There you will be rescued.
>There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULB)
>There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULT)
<blockquote>For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of <u>birth pains</u>. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of <u>birth pains</u>. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULT)</blockquote>
>My little children, I am suffering <u>labor pains</u> for you again, until Christ will have been formed in you! (Galatians 4:19 ULB)
>My little children, I am suffering <u>labor pains</u> for you again, until Christ will have been formed in you! (Galatians 4:19 ULT)
#### BEING CALLED SOMETHING represents being that thing
> The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULB)
> The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULT)
This is because he actually is the God of the whole earth.
>The one who is wise in heart is called discerning, (Proverbs 16:21a ULB)
>The one who is wise in heart is called discerning, (Proverbs 16:21a ULT)
This is because he actually is discerning.
>He will...be called the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32 ULB)
>He will...be called the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32 ULT)
This is because he actually is the Son of the Most High.
>So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God. (Luke 1:35 ULB)
>So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God. (Luke 1:35 ULT)
This is because he actually is the Son of God.
>Every male that opens the womb will be called dedicated to the Lord. (Luke 2:23 ULB)
>Every male that opens the womb will be called dedicated to the Lord. (Luke 2:23 ULT)
This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord.
#### CLEANLINESS represents being acceptable for God's purposes
Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some of the <u>clean</u> birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma... (Genesis 8:20 ULB)
Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some of the <u>clean</u> birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma... (Genesis 8:20 ULT)
>The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him <u>clean</u>. It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is <u>clean</u>. (Leviticus 13:6 ULB)
>The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him <u>clean</u>. It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is <u>clean</u>. (Leviticus 13:6 ULT)
#### CLEANSING or PURIFYING represents making something acceptable for God's Purposes
>He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull's blood and some of the goat's blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to <u>cleanse</u> it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the <u>unclean</u> actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULB)
>He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull's blood and some of the goat's blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to <u>cleanse</u> it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the <u>unclean</u> actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULT)
<blockquote>This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to <u>cleanse</u> you from all your sins so you will be <u>clean</u> before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to <u>cleanse</u> you from all your sins so you will be <u>clean</u> before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULT)</blockquote>
#### UNCLEANLINESS represents not being acceptable for God's purposes
>You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and <u>you must not eat them</u>, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is <u>unclean</u> for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULB)
>You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and <u>you must not eat them</u>, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is <u>unclean</u> for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULT)
<blockquote>And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be <u>unclean</u>, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be <u>unclean</u> until evening. Then it will be <u>clean</u>. (Leviticus 11:32 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote>And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be <u>unclean</u>, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be <u>unclean</u> until evening. Then it will be <u>clean</u>. (Leviticus 11:32 ULT) </blockquote>
#### MAKING SOMETHING UNCLEAN represents making it unacceptable for God's purposes.
> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as <u>unclean</u>, whether it be the carcass of an <u>unclean</u> wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is <u>unclean</u> and <u>guilty</u>. (Leviticus 5:2 ULB)
> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as <u>unclean</u>, whether it be the carcass of an <u>unclean</u> wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is <u>unclean</u> and <u>guilty</u>. (Leviticus 5:2 ULT)
#### BEING CUT OFF FROM SOMETHING represents being separated from it
>Uzziah, the king, was a leper to the day of his death, and lived in a separate house, since he was a leper; for he was <u>cut off from the house of Yahweh.</u> (2 Chronicles 26:21 ULB)
>Uzziah, the king, was a leper to the day of his death, and lived in a separate house, since he was a leper; for he was <u>cut off from the house of Yahweh.</u> (2 Chronicles 26:21 ULT)
#### BEING CUT OFF represents being killed
>So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely <u>be put to death</u>. Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely <u>be cut off from his people</u>. (Exodus 31:14-15 ULB)
>So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely <u>be put to death</u>. Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely <u>be cut off from his people</u>. (Exodus 31:14-15 ULT)
<blockquote>Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be <u>cut off from his people</u>. Whoever does any work on that day, <u>I, Yahweh, will destroy him</u> from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote>Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be <u>cut off from his people</u>. Whoever does any work on that day, <u>I, Yahweh, will destroy him</u> from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULT) </blockquote>
>But he was <u>cut off</u> from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULB)
>But he was <u>cut off</u> from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULT)
#### COMING AND STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE represents serving him
<blockquote>How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly <u>stand before you</u>, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly <u>stand before you</u>, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)</blockquote>
>Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness <u>come before you</u>. (Psalm 89:14 ULB)
>Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness <u>come before you</u>. (Psalm 89:14 ULT)
Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md))
@ -103,17 +103,17 @@ Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (see [Perso
Too much wine makes a person weak and he staggers. So too, when God judges people, they become weak and stagger. So the idea of wine is used to represent God's judgment.
>You have shown your people severe things;
>you have made us <u>drink the wine of staggering</u>. (Psalm 60:3 ULB)
>you have made us <u>drink the wine of staggering</u>. (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
Another example from Psalm.
>But God is the judge;
>he brings one down and raises up another.
>For Yahweh holds a cup in his hand of <u>foaming wine</u>,
>which is mixed with spices, and pours it out.
>Surely all the wicked of the earth will <u>drink it</u> to the last drop. (Psalm 75:8 ULB)
>Surely all the wicked of the earth will <u>drink it</u> to the last drop. (Psalm 75:8 ULT)
An example from Revelation.
>he also will drink the <u>wine</u> of God's wrath, the <u>wine</u> that has been prepared and poured unmixed into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10 ULB)
>he also will drink the <u>wine</u> of God's wrath, the <u>wine</u> that has been prepared and poured unmixed into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10 ULT)
#### EATING UP represents destroying
@ -122,37 +122,37 @@ An example from Revelation.
>He has strength like a wild ox.
><u>He will eat up the nations who fight against him</u>.
>He will break their bones to pieces.
>He will shoot them with his arrows. Numbers 24:8 ULB)
>He will shoot them with his arrows. Numbers 24:8 ULT)
Another word for "eat up" is devour.
>Therefore as <u>the tongue of fire devours stubble</u>, and as the dry grass goes down in flame,
>so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust, (Isaiah 5:24 ULB)
>so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust, (Isaiah 5:24 ULT)
Another example from Isaiah.
>Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him, Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies,
>the Arameans on the east, and the Philistines on the west.
><u>They will devour Israel with open mouth</u>. (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULB)
><u>They will devour Israel with open mouth</u>. (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULT)
An example from Deuteronomy.
>I will make my arrows drunk with blood,
>and <u>my sword will devour flesh</u>
>with the blood of the killed and the captives,
>and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULB)
>and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULT)
#### FALLING UPON or BEING UPON represents affecting
<blockquote>Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to <u>fall upon</u> the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to <u>fall upon</u> the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21 ULT)</blockquote>
>Would not his majesty make you afraid?
>Would not his dread <u>fall upon</u> you? (Job 13:11 ULB)
>Would not his dread <u>fall upon</u> you? (Job 13:11 ULT)
<blockquote>Then the Spirit of Yahweh <u>fell on me</u> and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Then the Spirit of Yahweh <u>fell on me</u> and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULT)</blockquote>
> Now look, the hand of the Lord <u>is upon you</u>, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULB)
> Now look, the hand of the Lord <u>is upon you</u>, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULT)
#### FOLLOWING SOMEONE represents being loyal to him
@ -160,18 +160,18 @@ An example from Deuteronomy.
>They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. <u>They went after other gods</u>, the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths.
<blockquote>For Solomon <u>followed</u> Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and <u>he followed</u> Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>For Solomon <u>followed</u> Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and <u>he followed</u> Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULT)</blockquote>
>Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. <u>He has followed me fully</u>; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULB)
>Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. <u>He has followed me fully</u>; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULT)
#### GOING BEFORE, ACCOMPANYING, OR FOLLOWING A KING WITH HIS OTHER ATTENDANTS represents serving him
>See, his reward is <u>with him</u>, and his recompense is <u>going before him</u>. (Isaiah 62:11 ULB)
>See, his reward is <u>with him</u>, and his recompense is <u>going before him</u>. (Isaiah 62:11 ULT)
<blockquote>Righteousness will <u>go before him</u> and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Righteousness will <u>go before him</u> and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULT)</blockquote>
#### INHERITING is permanently possessing something
@ -179,101 +179,101 @@ An example from Deuteronomy.
The blessing of God's complete rule is given as the permanent possession to those to whom the King is speaking.
>Now this I say, brothers and sisters, that flesh and blood cannot <u>inherit</u> the kingdom of God. Neither does what is perishable <u>inherit</u> what is imperishable. (1 Corinthians 15:50 ULB)
>Now this I say, brothers and sisters, that flesh and blood cannot <u>inherit</u> the kingdom of God. Neither does what is perishable <u>inherit</u> what is imperishable. (1 Corinthians 15:50 ULT)
People cannot receive the kingdom of God in its complete form as a permanent possession while they are still in their mortal bodies.
An **INHERITANCE** is something that someone permanently possesses
>You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of your <u>inheritance</u>. (Exodus 15:17 ULB)
>You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of your <u>inheritance</u>. (Exodus 15:17 ULT)
The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession.
>Pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us as your <u>inheritance</u>. (Exodus 34:9 ULB)
>Pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us as your <u>inheritance</u>. (Exodus 34:9 ULT)
Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, that is, as the people permanently belonging to him.
>the richness of the glory of his <u>inheritance</u> among those who are set apart for him. (Ephesians 1:18 ULB)
>the richness of the glory of his <u>inheritance</u> among those who are set apart for him. (Ephesians 1:18 ULT)
The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him is viewed as their permanent possession.
An **HEIR** is someone who permanently possesses something
>For it was not through the law that the promise was given to Abraham and to his descendants, this promise that they would be <u>heirs</u> of the world. (Romans 4:13 ULB)
>For it was not through the law that the promise was given to Abraham and to his descendants, this promise that they would be <u>heirs</u> of the world. (Romans 4:13 ULT)
The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the entire world.
>God has spoken to us by a Son, whom he appointed to be the <u>heir</u> of all things. (Hebrews 1:2 ULB)
>God has spoken to us by a Son, whom he appointed to be the <u>heir</u> of all things. (Hebrews 1:2 ULT)
God's Son will receive all things as a permanent possession.
>It was by faith that Noah...condemned the world and became an <u>heir</u> of the righteousness that comes through faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULB)
>It was by faith that Noah...condemned the world and became an <u>heir</u> of the righteousness that comes through faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULT)
Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
#### LYING DOWN represents DYING
<blockquote>When your days are fulfilled and you <u>lie down with your fathers</u>, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>When your days are fulfilled and you <u>lie down with your fathers</u>, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULT)</blockquote>
>Ask them, 'Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? <u>Go down and lie</u> with the uncircumcised!'
>They will fall among those who were killed by the sword! Egypt is given to the sword; her enemies will seize her and her servants! (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULB)
>They will fall among those who were killed by the sword! Egypt is given to the sword; her enemies will seize her and her servants! (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULT)
#### REIGNING OR RULING represents controlling
>This happened so that, as sin <u>ruled</u> in death, even so grace might <u>rule</u> through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Romans 5:21 ULB)
>This happened so that, as sin <u>ruled</u> in death, even so grace might <u>rule</u> through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Romans 5:21 ULT)
<blockquote>Therefore do not let sin <u>rule</u> in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Therefore do not let sin <u>rule</u> in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULT)</blockquote>
#### RESTING or a RESTING PLACE represents a permanent beneficial situation
>Naomi her mother-in-law said to her, "My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to <u>rest</u>, so that things may go well for you?" (Ruth 3:1 ULB)
>Naomi her mother-in-law said to her, "My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to <u>rest</u>, so that things may go well for you?" (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
<blockquote>Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my <u>resting place</u>. (Psalm 95:11 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my <u>resting place</u>. (Psalm 95:11 ULT)</blockquote>
>This is my <u>resting place</u> forever; I will live here, for I desire her [Zion]. (Psalm 132:14 ULB)
>This is my <u>resting place</u> forever; I will live here, for I desire her [Zion]. (Psalm 132:14 ULT)
<blockquote>The nations will seek him out, and his <u>resting place</u> will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>The nations will seek him out, and his <u>resting place</u> will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10 ULT)</blockquote>
#### RISING, STANDING UP represents acting
><u>Rise up</u> for our help and redeem us for the sake of your covenant faithfulness. (Psalm 44:26 ULB)
><u>Rise up</u> for our help and redeem us for the sake of your covenant faithfulness. (Psalm 44:26 ULT)
#### SEEING SOMETHING represents being there
>You will not let the one who has covenant faithfulness <u>see</u> the pit. (Psalm 16:10 ULB)
>You will not let the one who has covenant faithfulness <u>see</u> the pit. (Psalm 16:10 ULT)
#### SELLING represents handing over to someone's control. BUYING represents removing from someone's control
>[Yahweh] <u>sold</u> [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULB)
>[Yahweh] <u>sold</u> [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULT)
#### SITTING IS RULING
>A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David's tent will faithfully <u>sit</u> there. ( Isaiah 16:5 ULB)
>A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David's tent will faithfully <u>sit</u> there. ( Isaiah 16:5 ULT)
#### STANDING represents successfully resisting
>So the wicked will not <u>stand</u> in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:2 ULB)
>So the wicked will not <u>stand</u> in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:2 ULT)
#### WALKING represents behaving and PATH (WAY) represents behavior
>Blessed is the man who does not <u>walk</u> in the advice of the wicked. Psalm 1:1 ULB)
>Blessed is the man who does not <u>walk</u> in the advice of the wicked. Psalm 1:1 ULT)
<blockquote>For Yahweh approves of the <u>way</u> of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>For Yahweh approves of the <u>way</u> of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6 ULT)</blockquote>
>Turn from me the <u>path</u> of deceit. (Psalm 119:28 ULB)
>Turn from me the <u>path</u> of deceit. (Psalm 119:28 ULT)
<blockquote>I will run in the <u>path</u> of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>I will run in the <u>path</u> of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULT)</blockquote>

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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphab
#### BRONZE represents strength
>He trains…my arms to bend a bow of <u>bronze</u>. Psalm 18:34 ULB)
>He trains…my arms to bend a bow of <u>bronze</u>. Psalm 18:34 ULT)
#### CHAINS represent control
@ -14,45 +14,45 @@ Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphab
#### CLOTHING represents moral qualities (emotions, attitudes, spirit, life)
>It is God who puts strength on me like a <u>belt</u>. (Psalm 18:32 ULB)
>It is God who puts strength on me like a <u>belt</u>. (Psalm 18:32 ULT)
<blockquote>Righteousness will be the <u>belt of his waist</u>, and faithfulness the <u>belt around his hips</u>. (Isaiah 11:5 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Righteousness will be the <u>belt of his waist</u>, and faithfulness the <u>belt around his hips</u>. (Isaiah 11:5 ULT)</blockquote>
>May my adversaries be <u>clothed with shame</u>; may they <u>wear their shame like a robe</u>. (Psalm 109:29 ULB)
>May my adversaries be <u>clothed with shame</u>; may they <u>wear their shame like a robe</u>. (Psalm 109:29 ULT)
<blockquote>I will <u>clothe his enemies with shame</u>. (Psalm 132:18 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>I will <u>clothe his enemies with shame</u>. (Psalm 132:18 ULT)</blockquote>
#### A SNARE (A LIGHT TRAP FOR BIRDS WORKED BY CORDS) represents death
>For he will rescue you from the <u>snare</u> of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3 ULB)
>For he will rescue you from the <u>snare</u> of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3 ULT)
<blockquote>The <u>cords of death</u> surrounded me, and the <u>snares</u> of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>The <u>cords of death</u> surrounded me, and the <u>snares</u> of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULT)</blockquote>
>The <u>cords of the wicked</u> have <u>ensnared</u> me. (Psalm 119:61 ULB)
>The <u>cords of the wicked</u> have <u>ensnared</u> me. (Psalm 119:61 ULT)
<blockquote>The wicked have <u>set a snare</u> for me. (Psalm 119:110 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>The wicked have <u>set a snare</u> for me. (Psalm 119:110 ULT)</blockquote>
>The wicked is <u>ensnared</u> by his own actions. (Psalm 9:16 ULB)
>The wicked is <u>ensnared</u> by his own actions. (Psalm 9:16 ULT)
>They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became <u>a snare</u> to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULB)
>They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became <u>a snare</u> to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULT)
In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death.
#### A TENT represents a house, home, people in one's home, descendants
>God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your tent. (Psalm 52:5 ULB)
>God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your tent. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
<blockquote>The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the tent of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the tent of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULT)</blockquote>
>A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David's tent will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5 ULB)
>A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David's tent will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5 ULT)

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@ -10,35 +10,35 @@ The patterns found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languag
For example, one pattern of pairings in the Bible is of <u>walking</u> with "behaving" and <u>a path</u> with a kind of behavior. In Psalm 1:1 the walking in the advice of the wicked represents doing what wicked people say to do.
>Blessed is the man who does not <u>walk</u> in the advice of the wicked (Psalm 1:1 ULB)
>Blessed is the man who does not <u>walk</u> in the advice of the wicked (Psalm 1:1 ULT)
This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God's commands represents doing what God commands. Since running is more intense than walking, the idea of running here might give the idea of doing this whole-heartedly.
> I will <u>run in the path</u> of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULB)
> I will <u>run in the path</u> of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULT)
#### Reasons this is a translation Issue
These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them:
1. When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, it is God who puts strength on me like a belt. (Psalm 18:32 ULB) is based on the pairing of clothing with moral quality. In this case, the image of a belt represents strength. (see "Clothing represents a moral quality" in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](bita-manmade))
1. When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, it is God who puts strength on me like a belt. (Psalm 18:32 ULT) is based on the pairing of clothing with moral quality. In this case, the image of a belt represents strength. (see "Clothing represents a moral quality" in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](bita-manmade))
1. When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether "lamp" refers concretely to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether "lamp" is an image that represents life. (see "FIRE or LAMP represents life" in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](bita-phenom))
In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel" they were concerned that he might be killed.
<blockquote>The cups, <u>lamp</u> trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>The cups, <u>lamp</u> trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULT)</blockquote>
>Ishbibenob...intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp</u> of Israel." (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULB)
>Ishbibenob...intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp</u> of Israel." (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
1. Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3))
For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, "the burning coal" is an image for the life of the son, who represents what will cause people to remember his father. So there are two patterns of pairings here: the pairing of the burning coal with the life of the son, and the pairing of the son with the memory of his father.
>They say, 'Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.' And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out <u>the burning coal</u> that I have left, and they will leave for <u>my husband neither name nor descendant</u> on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULB)
>They say, 'Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.' And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out <u>the burning coal</u> that I have left, and they will leave for <u>my husband neither name nor descendant</u> on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
#### Links to Lists of Images in the Bible

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@ -4,22 +4,22 @@ Some common metonymies from the Bible are listed below in alphabetical order. Th
#### A CUP or bowl represents what is in it
> my <u>cup</u> runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULB)
> my <u>cup</u> runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULT)
There is so much in the cup that it runs over the top of the cup.
> For every time you eat this bread and drink this <u>cup</u>, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULB)
> For every time you eat this bread and drink this <u>cup</u>, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULT)
People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
#### The MOUTH represents speech or words
>A fool's <u>mouth</u> is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULB)
>A fool's <u>mouth</u> is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULT)
<blockquote>Oh, how I would encourage you with my <u>mouth</u>! (Job 16:5 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote>Oh, how I would encourage you with my <u>mouth</u>! (Job 16:5 ULT) </blockquote>
>I heard you when you boasted against me with your <u>mouth</u>; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULB)
>I heard you when you boasted against me with your <u>mouth</u>; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULT)
In these examples the mouth refers to what a person says.
@ -33,18 +33,18 @@ The memory of a person represents his descendants, because they are the ones who
>you have blotted out <u>their memory</u> forever.
>The enemy crumbled like ruins
>when you overthrew their cities.
>All <u>remembrance of them</u> has perished. (Psalm 9:5-6 ULB)
>All <u>remembrance of them</u> has perished. (Psalm 9:5-6 ULT)
<blockquote> <u>His memory</u> will perish from the earth (Job 18:17 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote> <u>His memory</u> will perish from the earth (Job 18:17 ULT) </blockquote>
>Yahweh is against evildoers,
>in order to wipe out <u>their memory</u> from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULB)
>in order to wipe out <u>their memory</u> from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULT)
#### ONE PERSON represents a group of people
>For <u>the wicked person</u> boasts of his deepest desires;
>he blesses the greedy and insults Yahweh. (Psalm 10:3 ULB)
>he blesses the greedy and insults Yahweh. (Psalm 10:3 ULT)
This does not refer to a particular wicked person, but to wicked people in general.
@ -52,29 +52,29 @@ This does not refer to a particular wicked person, but to wicked people in gener
>Gad—raiders will attack him, but he will attack them at their heels.
>Asher's food will be rich, and he will provide royal delicacies.
>Naphtali is a doe let loose; he will have beautiful fawns. (Genesis 49:19-21 ULB)
>Naphtali is a doe let loose; he will have beautiful fawns. (Genesis 49:19-21 ULT)
The names Gad, Asher, and Naphtali refer not only to those men, but to their descendants.
#### A PERSON represents himself and the people with him
>It came about that when Abram entered into Egypt, the Egyptians saw that Sarai was very beautiful. (Genesis 12:14 ULB)
>It came about that when Abram entered into Egypt, the Egyptians saw that Sarai was very beautiful. (Genesis 12:14 ULT)
Here when it says "Abram" it represents Abram and all the people traveling with him. The focus was on Abram.
#### PIERCING represents killing
> His hand <u>pierced</u> the fleeing serpent. (Job 26:13 ULB)
> His hand <u>pierced</u> the fleeing serpent. (Job 26:13 ULT)
This means that he killed the serpent.
> Look, he is coming with the clouds; every eye will see him, including those who <u>pierced</u> him. (Revelation 1:7 ULB)
> Look, he is coming with the clouds; every eye will see him, including those who <u>pierced</u> him. (Revelation 1:7 ULT)
"Those who pierced him" refers to those who killed Jesus.
#### SINS (INIQUITY) represent punishment for those sins
>Yahweh has placed on him the <u>iniquity</u> of us all (Isaiah 53:6 ULB)
>Yahweh has placed on him the <u>iniquity</u> of us all (Isaiah 53:6 ULT)
This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us.

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@ -10,130 +10,130 @@ Some cultural models, or mental pictures, found in the Bible are listed below. F
Although the Bible explicitly denies that God is a human being, he is often spoken of as doing things that humans do. But God is not human, so when the Bible says that God speaks, we should not think that he has vocal chords that vibrate. And when it says something about him doing something with his hand, we should not think that he has a physical hand.
>If we hear <u>the voice of Yahweh our God</u> any longer, we will die. (Deuteronomy 5:25 ULB)
>If we hear <u>the voice of Yahweh our God</u> any longer, we will die. (Deuteronomy 5:25 ULT)
<blockquote>I have been strengthened by <u>the hand of Yahweh my God</u> (Ezra 7:28 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>I have been strengthened by <u>the hand of Yahweh my God</u> (Ezra 7:28 ULT)</blockquote>
><u>The hand of God</u> also came on Judah, to give them one heart to carry out the command of the king and leaders by the word of Yahweh (2 Chronicles 30:12 ULB)
><u>The hand of God</u> also came on Judah, to give them one heart to carry out the command of the king and leaders by the word of Yahweh (2 Chronicles 30:12 ULT)
The word "hand" here is a metonym that refers to God's power. (See: [Metonymy](figs-metonymy))
#### God is modeled as a KING
> For God is the <u>King</u> over all the earth; (Psalm 47:7 ULB)
> For God is the <u>King</u> over all the earth; (Psalm 47:7 ULT)
>For the <u>kingdom</u> is Yahweh's;
>he is the <u>ruler</u> over the nations. (Psalm 22:28 ULB)
>he is the <u>ruler</u> over the nations. (Psalm 22:28 ULT)
>Your <u>throne</u>, God, is forever and ever;
>a <u>scepter</u> of justice is the scepter of your <u>kingdom</u>. (Psalm 45:6 ULB)
>a <u>scepter</u> of justice is the scepter of your <u>kingdom</u>. (Psalm 45:6 ULT)
>This is what Yahweh says,
>"Heaven is my <u>throne</u>, and the earth is my <u>footstool</u>. (Isaiah 66:1 ULB)
>"Heaven is my <u>throne</u>, and the earth is my <u>footstool</u>. (Isaiah 66:1 ULT)
>God <u>reigns</u> over the nations;
>God sits on his holy <u>throne</u>.
>The <u>princes</u> of the peoples have gathered together
>to the people of the God of Abraham;
>for the <u>shields</u> of the earth belong to God;
>he is greatly exalted. (Psalm 47:8-9 ULB)
>he is greatly exalted. (Psalm 47:8-9 ULT)
#### God is modeled as a SHEPHERD and his people are modeled as SHEEP
> Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULB)
> Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
His people are sheep.
> For he is our God, and we are the people of <u>his pasture</u> and the <u>sheep of his hand</u>. (Psalm 95:7 ULB)
> For he is our God, and we are the people of <u>his pasture</u> and the <u>sheep of his hand</u>. (Psalm 95:7 ULT)
He leads his people like sheep.
>He led his own people out <u>like sheep</u> and guided them through the wilderness <u>like a flock</u>. (Psalm 78:52 ULB)
>He led his own people out <u>like sheep</u> and guided them through the wilderness <u>like a flock</u>. (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
He is willing to die in order to save his sheep.
> I am the good shepherd, and I know my own, and my own know me. The Father knows me, and I know the Father, and <u>I lay down my life for the sheep</u>. I have other sheep that are not of this fold. Those, also, I must bring, and they will hear my voice so that there will be one flock and one shepherd. (John 10:14-15 ULB)
> I am the good shepherd, and I know my own, and my own know me. The Father knows me, and I know the Father, and <u>I lay down my life for the sheep</u>. I have other sheep that are not of this fold. Those, also, I must bring, and they will hear my voice so that there will be one flock and one shepherd. (John 10:14-15 ULT)
#### God is modeled as a WARRIOR
>Yahweh is a <u>warrior</u>; (Exodus 15:3 ULB)
>Yahweh is a <u>warrior</u>; (Exodus 15:3 ULT)
> Yahweh will go out as a <u>warrior</u>; he will proceed as a <u>man of war</u>. He will stir up his zeal.
> He will shout, yes, he will roar his <u>battle cries</u>; he will <u>show his enemies his power</u>. (Isaiah 42:13 ULB)
> He will shout, yes, he will roar his <u>battle cries</u>; he will <u>show his enemies his power</u>. (Isaiah 42:13 ULT)
>Your right hand, Yahweh, is <u>glorious in power</u>;
>your right hand, Yahweh, <u>has shattered the enemy</u>. (Exodus 15:6 ULB)
>your right hand, Yahweh, <u>has shattered the enemy</u>. (Exodus 15:6 ULT)
>But <u>God will shoot them</u>;
>suddenly they will be <u>wounded with his arrows</u>. (Psalm 65:7 ULB)
>suddenly they will be <u>wounded with his arrows</u>. (Psalm 65:7 ULT)
<blockquote>For you will turn them back; <u>you will draw your bow</u> before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>For you will turn them back; <u>you will draw your bow</u> before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULT)</blockquote>
#### A leader is modeled as a SHEPHERD and those he leads are modeled as SHEEP
>Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look...when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, 'You will <u>shepherd</u> my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.' " (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULB)
>Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look...when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, 'You will <u>shepherd</u> my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.' " (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
<blockquote> "Woe to the <u>shepherds</u> who destroy and scatter the <u>sheep</u> of my <u>pasture</u>—this is Yahweh's declaration." (Jeremiah 23:1 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote> "Woe to the <u>shepherds</u> who destroy and scatter the <u>sheep</u> of my <u>pasture</u>—this is Yahweh's declaration." (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)</blockquote>
>Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the <u>flock</u> of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to <u>shepherd</u> the assembly of the Lord, which he purchased with his own blood. 29I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, and not spare the <u>flock</u>. I know that from even among your own selves some men shall come and say corrupt things, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULB)
>Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the <u>flock</u> of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to <u>shepherd</u> the assembly of the Lord, which he purchased with his own blood. 29I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, and not spare the <u>flock</u>. I know that from even among your own selves some men shall come and say corrupt things, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
#### The eye is modeled as a LAMP
Variations of this model and the model of the EVIL EYE are found in many parts of the world. In most of the cultures represented in the Bible, these models included the following elements:
People see objects, not because of light around the object, but because of light that shines from their eyes onto those objects.
>The eye is the <u>lamp</u> of the body. Therefore, if your eye is good, the whole body is <u>filled with light</u>. (Matthew 6:22 ULB)
>The eye is the <u>lamp</u> of the body. Therefore, if your eye is good, the whole body is <u>filled with light</u>. (Matthew 6:22 ULT)
This light shining from the eyes carries with itself the viewer's character.
>The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor sees no <u>kindness in his eyes</u>. (Proverbs 21:10 ULB)
>The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor sees no <u>kindness in his eyes</u>. (Proverbs 21:10 ULT)
#### Envy and cursing are modeled as looking with an EVIL EYE at someone, and favor is modeled as looking with a GOOD EYE at someone
The primary emotion of a person with the evil eye is envy. The Greek word translated as "envy" in Mark 7 is "eye," which refers here to an evil eye.
>He said, "It is that which comes out of the person that defiles him. For from within a person, out of the heart, proceed evil thoughts…, <u>envy</u> …. (Mark 7:20-22 ULB)
>He said, "It is that which comes out of the person that defiles him. For from within a person, out of the heart, proceed evil thoughts…, <u>envy</u> …. (Mark 7:20-22 ULT)
The context for Matthew 20:15 includes the emotion of envy. "Is your eye evil?" means "Are you envious?"
>Is it not legitimate for me to do what I wish with my own possessions? Or is your <u>eye evil</u> because I am good? (Matthew 20:15 ULB)
>Is it not legitimate for me to do what I wish with my own possessions? Or is your <u>eye evil</u> because I am good? (Matthew 20:15 ULT)
If a person's eye is evil, that person is envious of other people's money.
>The eye is the lamp of the body. Therefore, if your <u>eye is good</u>, the whole body is filled with light. But if your <u>eye is bad</u>, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. <u>You cannot serve God and wealth</u>. (Matthew 6:22-24 ULB)
>The eye is the lamp of the body. Therefore, if your <u>eye is good</u>, the whole body is filled with light. But if your <u>eye is bad</u>, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. <u>You cannot serve God and wealth</u>. (Matthew 6:22-24 ULT)
A person who is envious might put a curse or enchantment on someone by looking at him with an evil eye.
>Foolish Galatians, whose <u>evil eye</u> has harmed you? (Galatians 3:1 ULB)
>Foolish Galatians, whose <u>evil eye</u> has harmed you? (Galatians 3:1 ULT)
A person with a good eye can put a blessing on someone by looking at him.
> If I have found <u>favor in your eyes</u>... (1 Samuel 27:5 ULB)
> If I have found <u>favor in your eyes</u>... (1 Samuel 27:5 ULT)
#### Life is modeled as BLOOD
In this model, the blood of a person or an animal represents its life.
>But you must not eat meat with <u>its life—that is its blood</u>—in it. (Genesis 9:4 ULB)
>But you must not eat meat with <u>its life—that is its blood</u>—in it. (Genesis 9:4 ULT)
If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed.
>Whoever <u>sheds man's blood</u>, by man will his <u>blood be shed</u>, (Genesis 9:6 ULB)
>Whoever <u>sheds man's blood</u>, by man will his <u>blood be shed</u>, (Genesis 9:6 ULT)
<blockquote>In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge <u>the blood that was shed</u>, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge <u>the blood that was shed</u>, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULT)</blockquote>
If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who killed someone. (This also includes personification, because the blood is pictured as someone that can cry out. See: [Personification](figs-personification))
>Yahweh said, "What have you done? <u>Your brother's blood is calling out to me</u> from the ground. (Genesis 4:10 ULB)
>Yahweh said, "What have you done? <u>Your brother's blood is calling out to me</u> from the ground. (Genesis 4:10 ULT)
#### A country is modeled as a WOMAN, and its gods are modeled as HER HUSBAND
>It came about, as soon as Gideon was dead, the people of Israel turned again and <u>prostituted themselves</u> by worshiping the Baals. They made Baal Berith their god. (Judges 8:33 ULB)
>It came about, as soon as Gideon was dead, the people of Israel turned again and <u>prostituted themselves</u> by worshiping the Baals. They made Baal Berith their god. (Judges 8:33 ULT)
#### The nation of Israel is modeled as GOD'S SON
>When Israel was a young man I loved him, and I called <u>my son</u> out of Egypt. (Hosea 11:1 ULB)
>When Israel was a young man I loved him, and I called <u>my son</u> out of Egypt. (Hosea 11:1 ULT)
#### The sun is modeled as BEING IN A CONTAINER AT NIGHT
>Yet their words go out over all the earth and their speech to the end of the world. He has pitched <u>a tent for the sun</u> among them. The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of <u>his chamber</u> and like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race. (Psalm 19:4-5 ULB)
>Yet their words go out over all the earth and their speech to the end of the world. He has pitched <u>a tent for the sun</u> among them. The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of <u>his chamber</u> and like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race. (Psalm 19:4-5 ULT)
Psalm 110 pictures the sun as being in the womb before it comes out in the morning.
>from <u>the womb</u> of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3 ULB)
>from <u>the womb</u> of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3 ULT)
#### Things that can move fast are modeled as having WINGS
@ -142,17 +142,17 @@ This is especially true of things that move in the air or the sky.
The sun is modeled as a disc with wings, which allow it to "fly" through the air from east to west during the daytime. In Psalm 139, "the wings of the morning" refers to the sun. In Malachi 4 God called himself the "sun of righteousness" and he spoke of the sun as having wings.
>If I fly away on <u>the wings of the morning</u> and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea... (Psalm 139:9 ULB)
>If I fly away on <u>the wings of the morning</u> and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea... (Psalm 139:9 ULT)
<blockquote>But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing <u>in its wings</u>. (Malachi 4:2 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing <u>in its wings</u>. (Malachi 4:2 ULT)</blockquote>
The wind moves quickly and is modeled as having wings.
>He was seen flying on the <u>wings of the wind</u>. (2 Sam. 22:11 ULB)
>He was seen flying on the <u>wings of the wind</u>. (2 Sam. 22:11 ULT)
<blockquote>He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the <u>wings of the wind</u>. (Psalm 18:10 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the <u>wings of the wind</u>. (Psalm 18:10 ULT)</blockquote>
>you walk on the <u>wings of the wind</u> (Psalm 104:3 ULB)
>you walk on the <u>wings of the wind</u> (Psalm 104:3 ULT)
#### Futility is modeled as something that the WIND can blow away
@ -161,42 +161,42 @@ In this model, the wind blows away things that are worthless, and they are gone.
Psalm 1 and Job 27 show that wicked people are worthless and will not live long.
>The wicked are not so,
>but are instead <u>like the chaff that the wind drives away</u>. (Psalm 1:4 ULB)
>but are instead <u>like the chaff that the wind drives away</u>. (Psalm 1:4 ULT)
><u>The east wind carries him away</u>, and he leaves;
><u>it sweeps him out of his place</u>. (Job 27:21 ULB)
><u>it sweeps him out of his place</u>. (Job 27:21 ULT)
The writer of Ecclesiastes says that everything is worthless.
><u>Like a vapor of mist</u>,
><u>like a breeze in the wind</u>,
>everything vanishes, leaving many questions.
>What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun? (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULB)
>What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun? (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULT)
In Job 30:15, Job complains that his honor and prosperity are gone.
>Terrors are turned upon me;
>my honor is <u>driven away as if by the wind</u>;
>my prosperity <u>passes away as a cloud</u>. (Job 30:15 ULB)
>my prosperity <u>passes away as a cloud</u>. (Job 30:15 ULT)
#### Human warfare is modeled as DIVINE WARFARE
When there was a war between nations, people believed that the gods of those nations were also at war.
>This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for <u>he also inflicted punishment on their gods</u>. (Numbers 33:4 ULB)
>This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for <u>he also inflicted punishment on their gods</u>. (Numbers 33:4 ULT)
<blockquote>And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?...You drove out nations <u>and their gods</u> from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?...You drove out nations <u>and their gods</u> from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT)</blockquote>
>The servants of the king of Aram said to him, "<u>Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were</u>. But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they." (1 Kings 20:23 ULB)
>The servants of the king of Aram said to him, "<u>Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were</u>. But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they." (1 Kings 20:23 ULT)
#### Constraints in life are modeled as PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES
The verses below are not about real physical boundaries but about difficulties or the lack of difficulties in life.
>He has built <u>a wall</u> around me, and I cannot escape. He has made my shackles heavy. (Lamentations 3:7 ULB)
>He has built <u>a wall</u> around me, and I cannot escape. He has made my shackles heavy. (Lamentations 3:7 ULT)
<blockquote>He has blocked my path with <u>walls of hewn stone</u>; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>He has blocked my path with <u>walls of hewn stone</u>; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULT)</blockquote>
><u>Measuring lines</u> have been laid for me in pleasant places (Psalm 16:6 ULB)
><u>Measuring lines</u> have been laid for me in pleasant places (Psalm 16:6 ULT)
#### Dangerous places are modeled as NARROW PLACES
@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ In Psalm 4 David asks God to rescue him.
>Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
>give me room <u>when I am hemmed in</u>.
>Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. (Psalm 4:1 ULB)
>Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. (Psalm 4:1 ULT)
#### A distressing situation is modeled as a WILDERNESS
@ -215,12 +215,12 @@ When Job was distressed because of all the sad things that happened to him, he s
>I go about with darkened skin but not because of the sun;
>I stand up in the assembly and cry for help.
>I am <u>a brother to jackals</u>,
><u>a companion of ostriches</u>. (Job 30:27-29 ULB)
><u>a companion of ostriches</u>. (Job 30:27-29 ULT)
#### Wellbeing is modeled as PHYSICAL CLEANLINESS, and evil is modeled as PHYSICAL DIRTINESS
Leprosy is a disease. If a person had it, he was said to be unclean.
>Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, "Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u>." Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, "I am willing. Be clean." Immediately he was <u>cleansed of his leprosy.</u> (Matthew 8:2-3 ULB)
>Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, "Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u>." Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, "I am willing. Be clean." Immediately he was <u>cleansed of his leprosy.</u> (Matthew 8:2-3 ULT)
An "unclean spirit" is an evil spirit.
>When an <u>unclean spirit</u> has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULB)
>When an <u>unclean spirit</u> has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULT)

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@ -4,26 +4,26 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
#### LIGHT represents someone's face (This often combines with FACE represents someone's presence)
<blockquote>Yahweh, lift up the <u>light of your face</u> on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Yahweh, lift up the <u>light of your face</u> on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULT)</blockquote>
>For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword,
>neither did their own arm save them;
>but your right hand, your arm, and the <u>light of your face</u>,
>because you were favorable to them. (Psalm 44:3 ULB)
>because you were favorable to them. (Psalm 44:3 ULT)
<blockquote>they did not reject the <u>light of my face</u>. (Job 29:24 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>they did not reject the <u>light of my face</u>. (Job 29:24 ULT)</blockquote>
>Yahweh, they walk in the <u>light of your face</u>. (Psalm 89:15 ULB)
>Yahweh, they walk in the <u>light of your face</u>. (Psalm 89:15 ULT)
#### LIGHT represents goodness, and DARKNESS represents evil
>But if your eye is bad, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! (Matthew 6:23 ULB)
>But if your eye is bad, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! (Matthew 6:23 ULT)
#### SHADOW or DARKNESS represents death
@ -33,125 +33,125 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
#### FIRE represents extreme feelings, particularly love or anger
>Because iniquity will be increased, the love of many will <u>be extinguished</u>. (Matthew 24:12 ULB)
>Because iniquity will be increased, the love of many will <u>be extinguished</u>. (Matthew 24:12 ULT)
<blockquote>Surging waters cannot <u>quench</u> love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Surging waters cannot <u>quench</u> love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULT)</blockquote>
>For <u>a fire is kindled by my anger</u> and <u>is burning</u> to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULB)
>For <u>a fire is kindled by my anger</u> and <u>is burning</u> to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULT)
<blockquote>Therefore <u>the anger of Yahweh was set on fire</u> against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Therefore <u>the anger of Yahweh was set on fire</u> against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULT)</blockquote>
>When Yahweh heard this, <u>he was angry</u>; so <u>his fire burned</u> against Jacob, and <u>his anger</u> attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULB)
>When Yahweh heard this, <u>he was angry</u>; so <u>his fire burned</u> against Jacob, and <u>his anger</u> attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
#### FIRE OR A LAMP represents life
>They say, 'Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.' And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the <u>burning coal</u> that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. 2 Samuel 14:7 ULB)
>They say, 'Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.' And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the <u>burning coal</u> that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. 2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
<blockquote>You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp of Israel</u>. (2 Samuel 21:17 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote>You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp of Israel</u>. (2 Samuel 21:17 ULT) </blockquote>
>I will give one tribe to Solomon's son, so that David my servant may always have <u>a lamp</u> before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36 ULB)
>I will give one tribe to Solomon's son, so that David my servant may always have <u>a lamp</u> before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36 ULT)
<blockquote>Nevertheless for David's sake, Yahweh his God gave him <u>a lamp</u> in Jerusalem by raising up his son after him in order to strengthen Jerusalem. (1 Kings 15:4 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Nevertheless for David's sake, Yahweh his God gave him <u>a lamp</u> in Jerusalem by raising up his son after him in order to strengthen Jerusalem. (1 Kings 15:4 ULT)</blockquote>
>Indeed, <u>the light</u> of the wicked person will be put out; <u>the spark of his fire</u> will not shine. <u>The light</u> will be dark in his tent; <u>his lamp</u> above him will be put out. (Job 18:5-6 ULB)
>Indeed, <u>the light</u> of the wicked person will be put out; <u>the spark of his fire</u> will not shine. <u>The light</u> will be dark in his tent; <u>his lamp</u> above him will be put out. (Job 18:5-6 ULT)
<blockquote>For you give <u>light to my lamp</u>; Yahweh my God <u>lights up my darkness</u>. (Psalm 18:28 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>For you give <u>light to my lamp</u>; Yahweh my God <u>lights up my darkness</u>. (Psalm 18:28 ULT)</blockquote>
>A dimly burning wick he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULB)
>A dimly burning wick he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULT)
#### A WIDE SPACE reperesents safetey, security, and ease
>They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support!
>He set me free in <u>a wide open place</u>; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULB)
>He set me free in <u>a wide open place</u>; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULT)
>You have made <u>a wide place</u> for my feet beneath me,
>so my feet have not slipped. (2 Samuel 22:37 ULB)
>so my feet have not slipped. (2 Samuel 22:37 ULT)
>You made people ride over our heads;
>we went through fire and water,
>but you brought us out into <u>a spacious place</u>. (Psalms 66:12 ULB)
>but you brought us out into <u>a spacious place</u>. (Psalms 66:12 ULT)
#### A NARROW SPACE represents danger or difficulties
>Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
>give me room when <u>I am hemmed in</u>.
>Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. Psalm 4:1 ULB)
>Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. Psalm 4:1 ULT)
>For a prostitute is a deep pit,
>and an immoral woman is <u>a narrow well</u>. (Proverbs 23:27 ULB)
>and an immoral woman is <u>a narrow well</u>. (Proverbs 23:27 ULT)
#### LIQUID represents a moral quality (emotion, attitude, spirit, life)
>Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting <u>flood of water</u>. (2 Samuel 5:20 ULB)
>Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting <u>flood of water</u>. (2 Samuel 5:20 ULT)
<blockquote>He will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming <u>flood</u>. (Nahum 1:8 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>He will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming <u>flood</u>. (Nahum 1:8 ULT)</blockquote>
>My heart <u>drips</u> because of sadness. (Psalm 119:28 ULB)
>My heart <u>drips</u> because of sadness. (Psalm 119:28 ULT)
<blockquote>I am being <u>poured out like water</u>. (Psalm 22:14 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote>I am being <u>poured out like water</u>. (Psalm 22:14 ULT) </blockquote>
>It will come about afterward that I will <u>pour out</u> my Spirit on all flesh. (Joel 2:28 ULB)
>It will come about afterward that I will <u>pour out</u> my Spirit on all flesh. (Joel 2:28 ULT)
<blockquote>My God, my soul has <u>melted</u> within me. (Psalm 42:6 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>My God, my soul has <u>melted</u> within me. (Psalm 42:6 ULT)</blockquote>
> For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been <u>poured out</u> on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULB)
> For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been <u>poured out</u> on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULT)
#### WATER represents what someone says
>A quarreling wife is a constant <u>dripping of water</u>. (Proverbs 19:13 ULB)
>A quarreling wife is a constant <u>dripping of water</u>. (Proverbs 19:13 ULT)
<blockquote>His lips are lilies, <u>dripping myrrh</u>. (Song of Songs 5:13 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>His lips are lilies, <u>dripping myrrh</u>. (Song of Songs 5:13 ULT)</blockquote>
>My groaning is <u>poured out like water</u>. (Job 3:24 ULB)
>My groaning is <u>poured out like water</u>. (Job 3:24 ULT)
<blockquote>The words of a man's mouth are <u>deep waters</u>; the <u>fountain of wisdom</u> is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>The words of a man's mouth are <u>deep waters</u>; the <u>fountain of wisdom</u> is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULT)</blockquote>
#### FLOODING WATER represents disaster
>I have come into <u>deep waters</u>, where the <u>floods flow</u> over me. (Psalm 69:2 ULB)
>I have come into <u>deep waters</u>, where the <u>floods flow</u> over me. (Psalm 69:2 ULT)
<blockquote>Do not let the <u>floods of water</u> overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Do not let the <u>floods of water</u> overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULT)</blockquote>
>Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of <u>many waters</u> from the hands of these foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULB)
>Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of <u>many waters</u> from the hands of these foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULT)
#### A SPRING OF WATER represents the origins of something
>The fear of Yahweh is a <u>fountain of life</u>. (Proverbs 14:27 ULB)
>The fear of Yahweh is a <u>fountain of life</u>. (Proverbs 14:27 ULT)
#### A ROCK represents protection
>Who is a rock except our God? (Psalm 18:31 ULB)
>Who is a rock except our God? (Psalm 18:31 ULT)
<blockquote>Yahweh, my rock, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Yahweh, my rock, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14 ULT)</blockquote>

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@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ Some images from the Bible involving plants are listed below in alphabetical ord
In the examples below, Isaiah wrote about one of Jesse's descendants and Jeremiah wrote about one of David's descendants.
><u>A shoot</u> will sprout from the root of Jesse, and <u>a branch</u> out of his root will bear fruit.
>The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding. (Isaiah 11:1 ULB)
>The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding. (Isaiah 11:1 ULT)
>See, days are coming—this is Yahweh's declaration—when I will raise up for David <u>a righteous branch</u>.
>He will reign as king; he will bring prosperity and carry out justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULB)
>He will reign as king; he will bring prosperity and carry out justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULT)
In Job when it says "his branch will be cut off," it means that he will not have any descendants.
@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ In Job when it says "his branch will be cut off," it means that he will not have
>His roots will be dried up beneath;
>above will <u>his branch be cut off</u>.
>His memory will perish from the earth;
>he will have no name in the street. (Job 18:17 ULB)
>he will have no name in the street. (Job 18:17 ULT)
#### A PLANT represents a person
>God will likewise destroy you forever; he will…<u>root you out</u> of the land of the living. (Psalm 52:5 ULB)
>God will likewise destroy you forever; he will…<u>root you out</u> of the land of the living. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
#### A PLANT represents an emotion or attitude
@ -32,27 +32,27 @@ In Job when it says "his branch will be cut off," it means that he will not have
Just as planting one kind of seeds results in that kind of plant growing, behaving in one way results in that kind of consequence.
The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below.
>Sow <u>righteousness</u> for yourselves, and reap the fruit of <u>covenant faithfulness</u>. (Hosea 10:12 ULB)
>Sow <u>righteousness</u> for yourselves, and reap the fruit of <u>covenant faithfulness</u>. (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
<blockquote>Based on what I have observed, those who plow <u>iniquity</u> and sow <u>trouble</u>, reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Based on what I have observed, those who plow <u>iniquity</u> and sow <u>trouble</u>, reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULT)</blockquote>
>For the people sow <u>the wind</u> and reap <u>the whirlwind</u>. (Hosea 8:7 ULB)
>For the people sow <u>the wind</u> and reap <u>the whirlwind</u>. (Hosea 8:7 ULT)
<blockquote>You have turned…the fruit of <u>righteousness</u> into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>You have turned…the fruit of <u>righteousness</u> into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULT)</blockquote>
>What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now <u>ashamed</u>? (Romans 6:21 ULB)
>What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now <u>ashamed</u>? (Romans 6:21 ULT)
#### A TREE represents a person
>He will be like <u>a tree planted</u> by the streams of water that <u>produces its fruit in its season</u>, whose <u>leaves do not wither</u>; whatever he does will prosper. (Psalm 1:3 ULB)
>He will be like <u>a tree planted</u> by the streams of water that <u>produces its fruit in its season</u>, whose <u>leaves do not wither</u>; whatever he does will prosper. (Psalm 1:3 ULT)
<blockquote>I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out <u>like a green tree in its native soil</u>. (Psalm 37:35 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out <u>like a green tree in its native soil</u>. (Psalm 37:35 ULT)</blockquote>
>I am <u>like a green olive tree</u> in God's house. (Psalm 52:8 ULB)
>I am <u>like a green olive tree</u> in God's house. (Psalm 52:8 ULT)

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@ -14,20 +14,20 @@ Sometimes in the Bible a speaker used the third person to refer to himself or to
### Examples from the Bible
Sometimes people used the third person instead of "I" or "me" to refer to themselves.
>But David said to Saul, "<u>Your servant</u> used to keep <u>his</u> father's sheep." (1 Samuel 17:34 ULB)
>But David said to Saul, "<u>Your servant</u> used to keep <u>his</u> father's sheep." (1 Samuel 17:34 ULT)
David referred to himself in the third person as "your servant" and "his." He was calling himself Saul's servant in order to show his humility before Saul.
>Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said,
>"… Do you have an arm like <u>God's</u>? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>him</u>? (Job 40:6, 9 ULB)
>"… Do you have an arm like <u>God's</u>? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>him</u>? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
God referred to himself in the third person with the words "God's" and "him." He did this to emphasize that he is God, and he is powerful.
Sometimes people use the third person instead of "you" or "your" to refer to the person or people they are speaking to.
>Abraham answered and said, "Look what I have done, taking it upon myself to speak to <u>my Lord</u>, even though I am only dust and ashes! (Genesis 18:27 ULB)
>Abraham answered and said, "Look what I have done, taking it upon myself to speak to <u>my Lord</u>, even though I am only dust and ashes! (Genesis 18:27 ULT)
Abraham was speaking to the Lord, and referred to the Lord as "My Lord" rather than as "you." He did this to show his humility before God.
>So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>his</u> brother from your heart. (Matthew 18:35 ULB)
>So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>his</u> brother from your heart. (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
After saying "each of you," Jesus used the third person "his" instead of "your."
@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ If using the third person to mean "I" or "you" would be natural and give the rig
1. Simply use the first person ("I") or second person ("you") instead of the third person.
* **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "… Do you have an arm like <u>God's</u>? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>him</u>?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULB)
* **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "… Do you have an arm like <u>God's</u>? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>him</u>?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
* Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "… Do you have an arm like <u>mine</u>? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>me</u>?"
* **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>his</u> brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULB)
* **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>his</u> brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
* So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>your</u> brother from your heart.

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@ -13,24 +13,24 @@ The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain idea
### Examples from the Bible
> ..._from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings ..._ (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB)
> ..._from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings ..._ (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
The abstract noun "childhood" refers to when someone is a child.
>But <u>godliness</u> with <u>contentment</u> is great <u>gain</u>. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULB)
>But <u>godliness</u> with <u>contentment</u> is great <u>gain</u>. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
The abstract nouns "godliness" and "contentment" refer to being godly and content.
The abstract noun "gain" refers to something that benefits or helps someone.
>Today <u>salvation</u> has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham. (Luke 19:9 ULB)
>Today <u>salvation</u> has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham. (Luke 19:9 ULT)
The abstract noun "salvation" here refers to being saved.
>The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>slowness</u> to be (2 Peter 3:9 ULB)
>The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>slowness</u> to be (2 Peter 3:9 ULT)
The abstract noun "slowness" refers how slowly something is done.
>He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the <u>purposes</u> of the heart. (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULB)
>He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the <u>purposes</u> of the heart. (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
The abstract noun "purposes" refers to the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them.
@ -44,21 +44,21 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
1. Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun.
* **... from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings ...** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB)
* **... from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings ...** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
* Ever since <u>you were a child</u> you have known the sacred writings.
* **But <u>godliness with contentment</u> is great <u>gain</u>.** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULB)
* **But <u>godliness with contentment</u> is great <u>gain</u>.** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
* But <u>being godly</u> and <u>content</u> is very <u>beneficial</u>.
* But we <u>benefit</u> greatly when we <u>are godly</u> and <u>content</u>.
* But we <u>benefit</u> greatly when we <u>honor and obey God</u> and when we are <u>happy with what we have</u>.
* **Today <u>salvation</u> has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULB)
* **Today <u>salvation</u> has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULT)
* Today the people in this house <u>have been saved</u>…
* Today God <u>has saved</u> the people in this house…
* **The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>slowness</u> to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULB)
* **The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>slowness</u> to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULT)
* The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>moving slowly</u> to be.
* **He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the <u>purposes</u> of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULB)
* **He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the <u>purposes</u> of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
* He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal <u>the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them</u>.

12
translate/figs-activepassive/01.md
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@ -37,15 +37,15 @@ The passive form is not used for the same purposes in all of the languages that
### Examples from the Bible
>And their shooters shot at your soldiers from off the wall, and some of the king's servants <u>were killed</u>, and your servant Uriah the Hittite <u>was killed</u> too. (2 Samuel 11:24 ULB)
>And their shooters shot at your soldiers from off the wall, and some of the king's servants <u>were killed</u>, and your servant Uriah the Hittite <u>was killed</u> too. (2 Samuel 11:24 ULT)
This means that the enemy's shooters shot and killed some of the king's servants, including Uriah. The point is what happened to the king's servants and Uriah, not who shot them. The purpose of the passive form here is to keep the focus on the king's servants and Uriah.
>In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal <u>was broken down</u> … (Judges 6:28 ULB)
>In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal <u>was broken down</u> … (Judges 6:28 ULT)
The men of the town saw what had happened to the altar of Baal, but they did not know who broke it down. The purpose of the passive form here is to communicate this event from the perspective of the men of the town.
>It would be better for him if a millstone <u>were put</u> around his neck and he <u>were thrown</u> into the sea (Luke 17:2 ULB)
>It would be better for him if a millstone <u>were put</u> around his neck and he <u>were thrown</u> into the sea (Luke 17:2 ULT)
This describes a situation in which a person ends up in the sea with a millstone around his neck. The purpose of the passive form here is to keep the focus on what happens to this person. Who does these things to the person is not important.
@ -61,17 +61,17 @@ If you decide that it is better to translate without a passive form, here are so
1. Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
* **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB)
* **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
* <u>The king's servants gave</u> Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
1. Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell  who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like "they" or  "people" or  "someone." 
* **It would be better for him if a millstone <u>were put</u> around his neck and he <u>were thrown</u> into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULB)
* **It would be better for him if a millstone <u>were put</u> around his neck and he <u>were thrown</u> into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULT)
* It would be better for him if <u>they were to put</u> a millstone around his neck and <u>throw</u> him into the sea.
* It would be better for him if <u>someone were to put</u> a heavy stone around his neck and <u>throw</u> him into the sea.
1. Use a different verb in an active sentence. 
* **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB)
* **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
* He <u>received</u> a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.

10
translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md
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@ -13,15 +13,15 @@ Many languages do not use apostrophe, and readers could be confused by it. They
### Examples from the Bible
>Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB)
>Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you (2 Samuel 1:21 ULT)
King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, and David sang a sad song about it. By telling these mountains that he wanted them to have no dew or rain, he showed how sad he was.
>Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you. (Luke 13:34 ULB)
>Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you. (Luke 13:34 ULT)
Jesus was expressing his feelings for the people of Jerusalem in front of his disciples and a group of Pharisees. By speaking directly to Jerusalem as though its people could hear him, Jesus showed how deeply he cared about them.
>He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>"Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, … on you they will burn human bones.' " (1 Kings 13:2 ULB)
>He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>"Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, … on you they will burn human bones.' " (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
The man of God spoke as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the king, who was standing there, to hear him.
@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
1. If this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells <u>them</u> his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him.
* **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>"Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, … on you they will burn human bones.' "** (1 Kings 13:2 ULB)
* **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>"Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, … on you they will burn human bones.' "** (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
* He said this about the altar: "This is what Yahweh says <u>about this altar.</u> 'See, … they will burn people's bones on <u>it</u>.' "
* **<u>Mountains of Gilboa</u>, let there not be dew or rain on <u>you</u>** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB)
* **<u>Mountains of Gilboa</u>, let there not be dew or rain on <u>you</u>** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULT)
* <u>As for these mountains of Gilboa</u>, let there not be dew or rain on <u>them</u>

20
translate/figs-declarative/01.md
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@ -11,27 +11,27 @@ Some languages would not use a statement for some of the functions that statemen
Statements are normally used to give **information**. All of the sentences in John 1:6-8 below are statements, and their function is to give information.
> There was a man who was sent from God, whose name was John. He came as a witness to testify about the light, that all might believe through him. John was not the light, but came that he might testify about the light. (John 1:6-8 ULB)
> There was a man who was sent from God, whose name was John. He came as a witness to testify about the light, that all might believe through him. John was not the light, but came that he might testify about the light. (John 1:6-8 ULT)
A statement can also be used as a **command** to tell someone what to do. In the examples below, the high priest used statements with the verb "will" to tell people what to do.
>He commanded them, saying, "This is what you **must** do. A third of you who come on the Sabbath _will_ keep watch over the king's house, and a third _will_ be at the Sur Gate, and a third at the gate behind the guardhouse." (2 Kings 11:5 ULB)
>He commanded them, saying, "This is what you **must** do. A third of you who come on the Sabbath _will_ keep watch over the king's house, and a third _will_ be at the Sur Gate, and a third at the gate behind the guardhouse." (2 Kings 11:5 ULT)
A statement can also be used to give **instructions**. The speaker below was not just telling Joseph about something Joseph would do in the future; he was telling Joseph what he needed to do.
> She will give birth to a son, and _you will call his name Jesus_, for he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21 ULB)
> She will give birth to a son, and _you will call his name Jesus_, for he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
A statement can also be used to make a **request**. The man with leprosy was not just saying what Jesus was able to do. He was also asking Jesus to heal him.
>Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, "Lord, if you are willing, _you can make me clean_." (Matthew 8:2 ULB)
>Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, "Lord, if you are willing, _you can make me clean_." (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
A statement can also be used to **perform** something. By telling Adam that the ground was cursed because of him, God actually cursed it.
>... cursed is the ground because of you; (Genesis 3:17 ULB)
>... cursed is the ground because of you; (Genesis 3:17 ULT)
By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man's sins.
>Seeing their faith, Jesus said to the paralyzed man, "Son, _your sins are forgiven_." (Luke 2:5 ULB)
>Seeing their faith, Jesus said to the paralyzed man, "Son, _your sins are forgiven_." (Luke 2:5 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
@ -43,21 +43,21 @@ By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man's sins.
1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a sentence type that would express that function.
* **She will give birth to a son, and <u>you will call his name Jesus</u>, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULB) The phrase "you will call his name Jesus" is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction.
* **She will give birth to a son, and <u>you will call his name Jesus</u>, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT) The phrase "you will call his name Jesus" is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction.
* She will give birth to a son. <u>Name him Jesus</u>, because he will save his people from their sins.
1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, add a sentence type that would express that function.
* **Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u>.** (Matthew 8:2 ULB) The function of "you can make me clean" is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
* **Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u>.** (Matthew 8:2 ULT) The function of "you can make me clean" is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
* Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean. Please do so.</u>
* Lord, if you are willing, <u>please make me clean. I know you can do so.</u>
1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a verb form that would express that function.
* **She will give birth to a son, and <u>you will call his name Jesus</u>, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULB)
* **She will give birth to a son, and <u>you will call his name Jesus</u>, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
* She will give birth to a son, and <u>you must call his name Jesus</u>, for he will save his people from their sins.
* **Son, your sins are forgiven.** Luke 2:5 ULB)
* **Son, your sins are forgiven.** Luke 2:5 ULT)
* Son, I forgive your sins.
* Son, God has forgiven your sins.

20
translate/figs-distinguish/01.md
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@ -22,25 +22,25 @@ With the comma, the sentence is giving more information:
**Examples of words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items**: These usually do not cause a problem in translation.
>… The curtain is to separate <u>the holy place</u> from <u>the most holy place</u>. (Exodus 26:33 ULB)
>… The curtain is to separate <u>the holy place</u> from <u>the most holy place</u>. (Exodus 26:33 ULT)
The words "holy" and "most holy" distinguish two different places from each other and from any other place.
>A foolish son is a grief to his father, and bitterness to <u>the woman who bore him</u>. (Proverbs 17:25 ULB)
>A foolish son is a grief to his father, and bitterness to <u>the woman who bore him</u>. (Proverbs 17:25 ULT)
The phrase "who bore him" distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to. He is not bitterness to all women, but to his mother.
**Examples of words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item**: These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these.
>... for <u>your righteous judgments</u> are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULB)
>... for <u>your righteous judgments</u> are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
The word "righteous" simply reminds us that God's judgments are righteous. It does not distinguish his righteous judgements from his unrighteous judgements, because all of his judgments are righteous.
>Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son? - (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB)
>Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son? - (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT)
The phrase "who is ninety years old" is the reason that Abraham did not think that Sarah could bear a son. He was not distinguishing one woman named Sarah from another woman named Sarah who was a different age, and he was not telling anyone something new about her age. He simply did not think that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
>I will wipe away mankind <u>whom I have created</u> from the surface of the earth. (Genesis 6:7 ULB)
>I will wipe away mankind <u>whom I have created</u> from the surface of the earth. (Genesis 6:7 ULT)
The phrase "whom I have created" is a reminder of the relationship between God and mankind. It is the reason God had the right to wipe away mankind. There is not another mankind that God did not create.
@ -55,21 +55,21 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
* <u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.
* **... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB)
* **... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
* ... for your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
* **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
* **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
* Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?
* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u>** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u>** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
* I will call on Yahweh, <u>because</u> he is worthy to be praised
1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing that this is just added information.
* **You are my Son, <u>whom I love</u>. I am pleased with you.** (Luke 3:22 ULB)
* **You are my Son, <u>whom I love</u>. I am pleased with you.** (Luke 3:22 ULT)
* You are my Son. <u>I love you</u> and I am pleased with you.
* <u>Receiving my love</u>, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.

18
translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md
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@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meani
Negative words are words that have in them the meaning "not." Examples are "no," "not," "none," "no one," "nothing," "nowhere," "never," "nor," "neither," and "without." Also, some words have prefixes or suffixes that mean "not" such as the underlined parts of these words: "<u>un</u>happy," "<u>im</u>possible," and "use<u>less</u>."
A double negative occurs when a sentence has two words that each express the meaning of "not."
>It is <u>not</u> that we do <u>not</u> have authority... (2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULB)
>It is <u>not</u> that we do <u>not</u> have authority... (2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULT)
<blockquote>And this better confidence did <u>not</u> happen <u>without</u> the taking of an oath, ... (Hebrews 7:20 ULB.) </blockquote>
<blockquote>And this better confidence did <u>not</u> happen <u>without</u> the taking of an oath, ... (Hebrews 7:20 ULT.) </blockquote>
>Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u>punished (Proverbs 11:21 ULB)
>Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u>punished (Proverbs 11:21 ULT)
#### Reason this is a translation issue
@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ To translate sentences with double negatives accurately and clearly in your lang
### Examples from the Bible
>... so that they may <u>not</u> be <u>un</u>fruitful. (Titus 3:14 ULB)
>... so that they may <u>not</u> be <u>un</u>fruitful. (Titus 3:14 ULT)
This means "so that they will be fruitful."
>All things were made through him and <u>without</u> him there was <u>not</u> one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULB)
>All things were made through him and <u>without</u> him there was <u>not</u> one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULT)
By using a double negative, John emphasized that the Son of God created absolutely everything.
@ -43,17 +43,17 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan
1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive.
* **For we do <u>not</u> have a high priest who can<u>not</u> feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULB)
* **For we do <u>not</u> have a high priest who can<u>not</u> feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULT)
* "For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses."
* **... so that they may <u>not</u> be <u>un</u>fruitful.** (Titus 3:14 ULB)
* **... so that they may <u>not</u> be <u>un</u>fruitful.** (Titus 3:14 ULT)
* "... so that they may be fruitful."
1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as "very" or "surely."
* **Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u>punished ...** (Proverbs 11:21 ULB)
* **Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u>punished ...** (Proverbs 11:21 ULT)
* "Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>certainly</u> be punished ..."
* **All things were made through him and <u>without</u> him there was <u>not</u> one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULB)
* **All things were made through him and <u>without</u> him there was <u>not</u> one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULT)
* "All things were made through him. He made <u>absolutely</u> everything that has been made."

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translate/figs-doublet/01.md
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@ -10,19 +10,19 @@ In some languages people do not use doublets. Or they may use doublets, but only
### Examples from the Bible
>King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u>. (1 Kings 1:1 ULB)
>King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u>. (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
The underlined words mean the same thing. Together they mean that he was "very old."
>... he attacked two men <u>more righteous</u> and <u>better</u> than himself ... (1 Kings 2:32 ULB)
>... he attacked two men <u>more righteous</u> and <u>better</u> than himself ... (1 Kings 2:32 ULT)
This means that they were "much more righteous" than he was.
>You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> and <u>deceptive</u> words (Daniel 2:9 ULB)
>You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> and <u>deceptive</u> words (Daniel 2:9 ULT)
This means that they had prepared "many false things to say."
>... as of a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>. (1 Peter 1:19 ULB)
>... as of a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>. (1 Peter 1:19 ULT)
This means that he was like a lamb that did not have any blemish--not even one.
@ -38,16 +38,16 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
1. Translate only one of the words.
* **You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> and <u>deceptive</u> words** (Daniel 2:9 ULB)
* **You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> and <u>deceptive</u> words** (Daniel 2:9 ULT)
* "You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> things to say."
1. If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as "very" or "great" or "many."
* **King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u>.** (1 Kings 1:1 ULB)
* **King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u>.** (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
* "King David was <u>very old</u>."
1. If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language's ways of doing that.
* **... a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>...** (1 Peter 1:19 ULB) - English can emphasize this with "any" and "at all."
* **... a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>...** (1 Peter 1:19 ULT) - English can emphasize this with "any" and "at all."
* " ... a lamb <u>without any blemish at all</u> ..."

4
translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md
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@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know what the missing in
### Examples from the Bible
> ... when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, "What do you want me to do for you?" He said, "Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>." (Luke 18:40-41 ULB)
> ... when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, "What do you want me to do for you?" He said, "Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>." (Luke 18:40-41 ULT)
The man answered in an incomplete sentence because he wanted to be polite and not directly ask Jesus for healing. He knew that Jesus would understand that the only way he could receive his sight would be for Jesus to heal him.
>He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u>and Sirion like a young ox</u>. (Psalm 29:6 ULB)
>He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u>and Sirion like a young ox</u>. (Psalm 29:6 ULT)
The writer wants his words to be few and to make good poetry. He did not say that Yahweh makes Sirion skip like a young ox because he knew that his readers could fill in the information themselves.

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translate/figs-euphemism/01.md
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ A euphemism is a mild or polite way of referring to something that is unpleasant
### Definition
>... they found Saul and his sons <u>fallen</u> on Mount Gilboa. (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULB)
>... they found Saul and his sons <u>fallen</u> on Mount Gilboa. (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULT)
This means that Saul and his sons "were dead". It is a euphemism because the important thing was not that Saul and his sons had fallen but that they were dead. Sometimes people do not like to speak directly about death because it is unpleasant.
@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ Different languages use different euphemisms. If the target language does not us
### Examples from the Bible
>... where there was a cave. Saul went inside to relieve himself ... (1 Samuel 24:3 ULB)
>... where there was a cave. Saul went inside to relieve himself ... (1 Samuel 24:3 ULT)
The original hearers would have understood that Saul went into the cave to use it as a toilet, but the writer wanted to avoid offending or distracting them, so **he did not say specifically** what Saul did or what he left in the cave.
> Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with any man?” (Luke 1:34 ULB)
> Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with any man?” (Luke 1:34 ULT)
In order **to be polite**, Mary uses a euphemism to say that she has never had sexual intercourse with a man.
@ -34,15 +34,15 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
1. Use a euphemism from your own culture.
* **... where there was a cave. Saul went inside to <u>relieve himself</u>.** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULB) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these:
* **... where there was a cave. Saul went inside to <u>relieve himself</u>.** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULT) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these:
* "...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to dig a hole</u>"
* "...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to have some time alone</u>"
* **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not <u>slept with any man</u>?”** (Luke 1:34 ULB)
* **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not <u>slept with any man</u>?”** (Luke 1:34 ULT)
* Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since <u>I do not know a man</u>?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek)
1. State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.
* **they found Saul and his sons <u>fallen</u> on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULB)
* **they found Saul and his sons <u>fallen</u> on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULT)
* "they found Saul and his sons <u>dead</u> on Mount Gilboa."

16
translate/figs-events/01.md
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@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ In the Bible, events are not always told in the order in which they occurred. So
### Examples from the Bible
> But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULB)
> But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
This could sound like John baptized Jesus after John was locked up in prison, but John baptized Jesus before John was locked up in prison.
> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
This could sound like Joshua gave the order not to shout after the army had already started their march, but he had given that order before they started marching.
>Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? (Revelation 5:2 ULB)
>Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? (Revelation 5:2 ULT)
This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, but the seals that lock the scroll must be broken before the scroll can be unrolled.
@ -30,23 +30,23 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
1. If your language uses phrases, time words or tenses to show that an event happened before the one just mentioned, consider using one of them.
* **<sup>20</sup> But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. <sup>21</sup> Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized.** (Luke 3:20-21 ULB)
* **<sup>20</sup> But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. <sup>21</sup> Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized.** (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
* <sup>20</sup> But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. <sup>21</sup> <u>Before John was put in prison,</u> while all the people were being baptized by John, Jesus also was baptized.
* **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB)
* **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULT)
* Who is worthy to open the scroll <u>after</u> breaking its seals?
1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that.
* **<sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
* **<sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
* <sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup> But Joshua <u>had commanded</u> the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.
1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6).
* **<sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
* **<sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
* <sup>8-10</sup> Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ...
* **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB)
* **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULT)
* Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?

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translate/figs-exclamations/01.md
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@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
### Description
Exclamations are words or sentences that show strong feeling such as surprise, joy, fear, or anger. In the ULB and UDB, they usually have an exclamation mark (!) at the end. The mark shows that it is an exclamation. The situation and the meaning of what the people say helps us understand what feelings they were expressing. In the example below from Matthew 8, the speakers were terribly afraid. In the example from Matthew 9, the speakers were amazed, because something happened that they had never seen before.
Exclamations are words or sentences that show strong feeling such as surprise, joy, fear, or anger. In the ULT and UST, they usually have an exclamation mark (!) at the end. The mark shows that it is an exclamation. The situation and the meaning of what the people say helps us understand what feelings they were expressing. In the example below from Matthew 8, the speakers were terribly afraid. In the example from Matthew 9, the speakers were amazed, because something happened that they had never seen before.
>Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULB)
>Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULT)
>When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, "This has never been seen before in Israel!" (Matthew 9:33 ULB)
>When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, "This has never been seen before in Israel!" (Matthew 9:33 ULT)
### Reason this is a translation issue
@ -16,18 +16,18 @@ Languages have different ways of showing that a sentence communicates strong emo
Some exclamations have a word that shows feeling. The sentences below have "Oh" and "Ah." The word "oh" here shows the speaker's amazement.
><u>Oh</u>, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33 ULB)
><u>Oh</u>, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
The word "Ah" below shows that Gideon was very frightened.
>Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, "<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!" (Judges 6:22 ULB)
>Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, "<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!" (Judges 6:22 ULT)
Some exclamations start with a question word such as "how" or "why," even though they are not questions. The sentence below shows that the speaker is amazed at how unsearchable God's judgments are.
><u>How</u> unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering! (Romans 11:33 ULB)
><u>How</u> unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below shows that the speaker is disgusted with the person he is speaking to.
>You worthless person! (Matthew 5:22 ULB)
>You worthless person! (Matthew 5:22 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
@ -41,33 +41,33 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
1. If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is "is" or "are."
* **You worthless person!** (Matthew 5:22 ULB)
* **You worthless person!** (Matthew 5:22 ULT)
* "You <u>are</u> such a worthless person!"
* **Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God!** (Romans 11:33 ULB)
* **Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God!** (Romans 11:33 ULT)
* "Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God <u>are</u> so deep!"
1. Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling. The word "wow" below shows that they were astonished. The expression "Oh no" shows that something terrible or frightening has happened.
* **They were absolutely astonished, saying, "He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak."** (Mark 7:36 ULB)
* **They were absolutely astonished, saying, "He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak."** (Mark 7:36 ULT)
* "They were absolutely astonished, saying, "<u>Wow</u>! He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak." "
* **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULB)
* **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
* "__Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!"
1. Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
* **<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULB)
* **<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
* Lord Yahweh, <u>what will happen to me</u>? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!"
* <u>Help</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
1. Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
* **How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering!** (Romans 11:33 ULB)
* **How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering!** (Romans 11:33 ULT)
* "His judgements are <u>so</u> unsearchable and his ways are <u>far</u> beyond discovering!"
1. If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.
* **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, "<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!"** (Judges 6:22 ULB)
* "Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. <u>He was terrified</u> and said, "<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!" (Judges 6:22 ULB)
* **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, "<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!"** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
* "Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. <u>He was terrified</u> and said, "<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!" (Judges 6:22 ULT)

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translate/figs-exclusive/01.md
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@ -16,18 +16,18 @@ The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like En
### Examples from the Bible
>They said, “<u>We</u> have no more than five loaves of bread and two fish, unless <u>we</u> went and bought food for all this crowd of people.” (Luke 9:13 ULB)
>They said, “<u>We</u> have no more than five loaves of bread and two fish, unless <u>we</u> went and bought food for all this crowd of people.” (Luke 9:13 ULT)
In the first clause, the disciples are telling Jesus how much food they have among them, so this "we" could be the inclusive form or the exclusive form. In the second clause, the disciples are talking about some of them going to buy food, so that "we" would be the exclusive form, since Jesus would not go to buy food.
><u>we</u> have seen, and bear witness, and declare to you the eternal life, which was with the Father, and was manifested to <u>us</u> (1 John 1:2 ULB)
><u>we</u> have seen, and bear witness, and declare to you the eternal life, which was with the Father, and was manifested to <u>us</u> (1 John 1:2 ULT)
John is telling people who have not seen Jesus what he and the other apostles have seen. So languages that have exclusive forms of "we" and "us" would use the exclusive forms in this verse.
>… the shepherds said one to each other, "Let <u>us</u> now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to <u>us</u>." (Luke 2:15 ULB)
>… the shepherds said one to each other, "Let <u>us</u> now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to <u>us</u>." (Luke 2:15 ULT)
The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said "us," they were <u>including</u> the people they were speaking to - one another.
>Now it happened on one of those days that Jesus and his disciples entered into a boat, and he said to them, "Let <u>us</u> go over to the other side of the lake." Then they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULB)
>Now it happened on one of those days that Jesus and his disciples entered into a boat, and he said to them, "Let <u>us</u> go over to the other side of the lake." Then they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
When Jesus said "us," he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to, so this would be the inclusive form.

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translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md
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@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ In Psalm 23:1-4, the writer says that God's concern and care for his people can
>he <u>guides me</u> along right paths for his name's sake.
><sup>4</sup>Even though I walk through a valley of darkest shadow,
>I will not fear harm since you are with me;
>your rod and your staff comfort me. (ULB)
>your rod and your staff comfort me. (ULT)
In Isaiah 5:1-7, Isaiah presents God's disappointment with his people as the disappointment that a farmer would feel if his vineyard only produced bad fruit. Farmers care for their gardens, but if they only produce bad fruit, farmers eventually stop caring for them. Verses 1 through 6 appear to be simply about a farmer and his vineyard, but verse 7 makes it clear that it is about God and his people.
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ In Isaiah 5:1-7, Isaiah presents God's disappointment with his people as the dis
><sup>7</sup>For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel,
>and the men of Judah his pleasant planting;
>he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
>for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. (ULB)
>for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. (ULT)
### Translation Strategies
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in
>**Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing.**
>**He makes <u>me</u> to lie down in green pastures;**
>**<u>he leads me</u> beside tranquil water.** (ULB)
>**<u>he leads me</u> beside tranquil water.** (ULT)
Can be translated as:
> "Yahweh is <u>like</u> a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing.
@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ Can be translated as:
>**My well beloved had a <u>vineyard</u> on a very fertile hill.**
>**He <u>spaded</u> it and removed the stones, and planted it with the <u>choicest</u> vine.**
>**He built <u>a tower</u> in the middle of it, and also built a <u>winepress</u>.**
>**He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes</u>.**(Isaiah 5:1-2 ULB)
>**He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes</u>.**(Isaiah 5:1-2 ULT)
May be translated as:
> "My well beloved had a <u>grapevine garden</u> on a very fertile hill.
@ -86,14 +86,14 @@ May be translated as:
1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULB)
Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
* "Yahweh <u>cares for me</u> like a shepherd that cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing."
>**For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts <u>is</u> the house of Israel,**
>**and the men of Judah his pleasant planting;**
>**he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;**
>**for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.** (Isaiah 5:7 ULB)
>**for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.** (Isaiah 5:7 ULT)
Can be translated as:
> For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts <u>represents</u> the house of Israel,

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translate/figs-explicit/01.md
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@ -19,19 +19,19 @@ All three kinds of information are part of the speaker's message. If one of thes
### Examples from the Bible
>Then a scribe came to him and said, "Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go." Jesus said to him, "Foxes <u>have holes</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head." (Matthew 8:20 ULB)
>Then a scribe came to him and said, "Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go." Jesus said to him, "Foxes <u>have holes</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head." (Matthew 8:20 ULT)
Jesus did not say what foxes and birds use holes and nests for, because he assumed that the scribe would have known that foxes sleep in holes in the ground and birds sleep in their nests. This is **assumed knowledge**.
Jesus did not directly say here "I am the Son of Man" but, if the scribe did not already know it, then that fact would be **implicit information** that he could learn because Jesus referred to himself that way. Also, Jesus did not state explicitly that he travelled a lot and did not have a house that he slept in every night. That is **implicit information** that the scribe could learn when Jesus said that he had nowhere to lay his head.
> Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the <u>day of judgment</u> than for you. (Matthew 11:21, 22 ULB)
> Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the <u>day of judgment</u> than for you. (Matthew 11:21, 22 ULT)
Jesus assumed that the people he was speaking to knew that Tyre and Sidon were very wicked, and that the day of judgment is a time when God will judge every person. Jesus also knew that the people he was talking to believed that they were good and did not need to repent. Jesus did not need to tell them these things. This is all **assumed knowledge**.
An important piece of **implicit information** here is that because the people he was speaking to did not repent, they would be judged more severely than the people of Tyre and Sidon would be judged.
>Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands when they eat</u>. (Matthew 15:2 ULB)
>Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands when they eat</u>. (Matthew 15:2 ULT)
One of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating. People thought that in order to be righteous, they had to follow all the traditions of the elders. This was **assumed knowledge** that the Pharisees who were speaking to Jesus expected him to know. By saying this, they were accusing his disciples of not following the traditions, and thus not being righteous. This is **implicit information** that they wanted him to understand from what they said.
@ -46,26 +46,26 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a
1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.
* **Jesus said to him, "Foxes <u>have holes</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:20 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
* **Jesus said to him, "Foxes <u>have holes</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:20 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
* Jesus said to him, "Foxes <u>have holes to live in</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests to live in</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep."
* **it will be more tolerable for <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
* **it will be more tolerable for <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
* ... it will be more tolerable for <u>those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked</u>, at the day of judgment than for you
* Or:
* ... it will be more tolerable for those <u>wicked cities Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you
* **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands</u> when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
* **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands</u> when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
* Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness</u> when they eat.
1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not know certain implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience.
* **Then a scribe came to him and said, "Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go." Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:19, 20 ULB) - Implicit information is that Jesus himself is the Son of Man. Other implicit information is that if the scribe wanted to follow Jesus, he would have to live like Jesus without a house.
* **Then a scribe came to him and said, "Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go." Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:19, 20 ULT) - Implicit information is that Jesus himself is the Son of Man. Other implicit information is that if the scribe wanted to follow Jesus, he would have to live like Jesus without a house.
* Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but <u>I, the Son of Man</u>, have <u>no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live</u>."
* **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit.
* **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit.
* At the day of judgment, God will <u>punish Tyre and Sidon</u>, cities whose people were very wicked, <u>less severely than he will punish you</u>
* At the day of judgment, God will <u>punish you more severely</u> than Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked.

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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ In Biblical Hebrew, it was normal to start most sentences with a conjunction suc
In Biblical Hebrew, it was normal to say that something was burned with fire. In English, the idea of fire is included in the action of burning, and so it is unnatural to state both ideas explicitly. It is enough to say that something was burned and leave the idea of fire implicit.
>The centurion <u>answered and said</u>, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…” (Matthew 8:8 ULB)
>The centurion <u>answered and said</u>, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…” (Matthew 8:8 ULT)
In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two verbs of speaking. One verb indicated the mode of address, and the other introduced the words of the speaker. English speakers do not do this, so it is very unnatural and confusing to use two verbs. For the English speaker, the idea of speaking is included in the idea of answering. Using two verbs in English implies two separate speeches, rather than just one. So in English, it is better to use only one verb of speaking.
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver
In English, it is clear that the action of this verse follows the action of the previous verse without the use of the connector “and” at the beginning, so it was omitted. Also, the words “with fire” were left out, because this information is communicated implicitly by the word “burn.” An alternative translation for “to burn it” is “to set it on fire.” It is not natural in English to use both “burn” and “fire,” so the English translator should choose only one of them. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How would the door burn?” If they knew it was by fire, then they have understood the implicit information. Or, if you chose the second option, you could ask, “What happens to a door that is set on fire?” If the readers answer, “It burns,” then they have understood the implicit information.
* **The centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”** (Matthew 8:8 ULB)
* **The centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”** (Matthew 8:8 ULT)
* The centurion <u>answered</u>, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”
In English, the information that the centurion answered by speaking is included in the verb “answered,” so the verb “said” can be left implicit. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How did the centurion answer?” If they knew it was by speaking, then they have understood the implicit information.

6
translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md
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@ -16,14 +16,14 @@ Sometimes it is better not to state assumed knowledge or implicit information ex
### Examples from the Bible
>Out of the eater was something to eat;
>out of the strong was something sweet. (Judges 14:14 ULB)
>out of the strong was something sweet. (Judges 14:14 ULT)
This was a riddle. Samson purposely said this in a way that it would be hard for his enemies to know what it meant. Do not make it clear that the eater and the strong thing was a lion and that the sweet thing to eat was honey.
>Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." … (Matthew 16:6,7 ULB)
>Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." … (Matthew 16:6,7 ULT)
Possible implicit information here is that the disciples should beware of the false teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. But Jesus' disciples did not understand this. They thought that Jesus was talking about real yeast and bread. So it would not be appropriate to state explicitly that the word "yeast" here refers to false teaching. The disciples did not understand what Jesus meant until they heard what Jesus said in Matthew 16:11 -
> "How is it that you do not understand that I was not speaking to you about bread? Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." Then they understood that he was not telling them to beware of yeast in bread, but to beware of the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. (Matthew 16:11,12 ULB)
> "How is it that you do not understand that I was not speaking to you about bread? Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." Then they understood that he was not telling them to beware of yeast in bread, but to beware of the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. (Matthew 16:11,12 ULT)
Only after Jesus explained that he was not talking about bread did they realize that he was talking about the false teaching of the Pharisees. Therefore it would be wrong to explicitly state the implicit information in Matthew 16:6.

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translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ In some languages a word that normally refers to men can also be used in a more
Also in some languages, the masculine pronouns "he" and "him" can be used in a more general way for any person if it is not important whether the person is a man or a woman. In the example below, the pronoun is "his", but it is not limited to males.
>A wise child makes <u>his</u> father rejoice
>but a foolish child brings grief to <u>his</u> mother. (Proverbs 10:1 ULB)
>but a foolish child brings grief to <u>his</u> mother. (Proverbs 10:1 ULT)
#### Reason this is a translation issue
@ -20,17 +20,17 @@ When a statement applies to both men and women, translate it in such a way that
### Examples from the Bible
> We want you to know, <u>brothers</u>, about the grace of God that has been given to the churches of Macedonia. (2 Corinthians 8:1 ULB)
> We want you to know, <u>brothers</u>, about the grace of God that has been given to the churches of Macedonia. (2 Corinthians 8:1 ULT)
This verse is addressing the believers in Corinth, not only men, but **men and women**.
> Then said Jesus to his disciples, "If anyone wants to follow me, <u>he</u> must deny <u>himself</u>, take up <u>his</u> cross, and follow me." (Matthew 16:24-26 ULB)
> Then said Jesus to his disciples, "If anyone wants to follow me, <u>he</u> must deny <u>himself</u>, take up <u>his</u> cross, and follow me." (Matthew 16:24-26 ULT)
Jesus was not speaking only of men, but of **men and women**.
**Caution**: Sometimes masculine words are used specifically to refer to men. Do not use words that would lead people to think that they include women. The underlined words below are specifically about men.
>Moses said, 'If a <u>man</u> dies, having no children, <u>his</u> <u>brother</u> must marry <u>his</u> wife and have a child for <u>his</u> <u>brother</u>.' (Mark 22:24 ULB)
>Moses said, 'If a <u>man</u> dies, having no children, <u>his</u> <u>brother</u> must marry <u>his</u> wife and have a child for <u>his</u> <u>brother</u>.' (Mark 22:24 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like "man," "brother," and
1. Use nouns that can be used for both men and women.
* **The wise <u>man</u> dies just like the fool dies.** (Ecclesiastes 2:16 ULB)
* **The wise <u>man</u> dies just like the fool dies.** (Ecclesiastes 2:16 ULT)
* "The wise <u>person</u> dies just like the fool dies."
* "Wise <u>people</u> die just like fools die."
@ -55,6 +55,6 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like "man," "brother," and
1. Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women.
* **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me."** (Matthew 16:24 ULB) - English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, "he," "himself," and "his" to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, "they," "themselves," and "their" in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.
* **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me."** (Matthew 16:24 ULT) - English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, "he," "himself," and "his" to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, "they," "themselves," and "their" in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.
* "If <u>people</u> want to follow me, <u>they</u> must deny <u>themselves</u>, take up <u>their</u> cross, and follow me."

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translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Generic noun phrases refer to people or things in general rather than to specifi
>Can <u>a man</u> walk on hot coals without scorching his feet?
>So is <u>the man who goes into his neighbor's wife</u>;
><u>the one who has relations with her</u> will not go unpunished. (Proverbs 6:28 ULB)
><u>the one who has relations with her</u> will not go unpunished. (Proverbs 6:28 ULT)
The underlined phrases above do not refer to a specific man. They refer to any man who does these things.
@ -16,20 +16,20 @@ Different languages have different ways of showing that noun phrases refer to so
### Examples from the Bible
>The <u>one who does what is right</u> is kept away from trouble and it comes upon <u>the wicked</u> instead. (Proverbs 11:8 ULB)
>The <u>one who does what is right</u> is kept away from trouble and it comes upon <u>the wicked</u> instead. (Proverbs 11:8 ULT)
The underlined phrases above do not refer to any specific people but to anyone who does what is right or anyone who is wicked.
>People curse <u>the man who refuses to sell them grain</u>. (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
>People curse <u>the man who refuses to sell them grain</u>. (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
This does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who refuses to sell grain.
>Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u>, but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u>. (Proverbs 12:2 ULB)
>Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u>, but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u>. (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
The phrase "a good man" does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who is good. The phrase "a man who makes evil plans" does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who makes evil plans.
### Translation Strategies
If your language can use the same wording as in the ULB to refer to people or things in general rather than to specific individuals or things, consider using the same wording. Here are some strategies you might use.
If your language can use the same wording as in the ULT to refer to people or things in general rather than to specific individuals or things, consider using the same wording. Here are some strategies you might use.
1. Use the word "the" in the noun phrase.
1. Use the word "a" in the noun phrase.
@ -41,27 +41,27 @@ If your language can use the same wording as in the ULB to refer to people or th
1. Use the word "the" in the noun phrase.
* **Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u>, but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u>.** (Proverbs 12:2 ULB)
* **Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u>, but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u>.** (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
* "Yahweh gives favor to <u>the good man</u>, but he condemns <u>the man who makes evil plans</u>." (Proverbs 12:2)
1. Use the word "a" in the noun phrase.
* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
* "People curse <u>a man</u> who refuses to sell them grain"
1. Use the word "any, as in "any person" or "anyone."
* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
* "People curse <u>any man</u> who refuses to sell them grain."
1. Use the plural form, as in "people" (or in this sentence, "men").
* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
* "People curse <u>men</u> who refuse to sell them grain"
1. Use any other way that is natural in your language.
* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
* "People curse <u>whoever</u> refuses to sell them grain."

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translate/figs-go/01.md
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@ -10,33 +10,33 @@ Different languages have different ways of talking about motion. The biblical la
### Examples from the Bible
>Yahweh said to Noah, "<u>Come</u>, you and all your household, into the ark (Genesis 7:1 ULB)
>Yahweh said to Noah, "<u>Come</u>, you and all your household, into the ark (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
In some languages, this would lead people to think that Yahweh was in the ark.
>But you will be free from my oath if you <u>come</u> to my relatives and they will not give her to you. Then you will be free from my oath. (Genesis 24:41 ULB)
>But you will be free from my oath if you <u>come</u> to my relatives and they will not give her to you. Then you will be free from my oath. (Genesis 24:41 ULT)
Abraham was speaking to his servant. Abraham's relatives lived far away, from where he and his servant were standing and he wanted his servant to <u>go</u> to them, not <u>come</u> toward Abraham.
>When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it ... (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULB)
>When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it ... (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
Moses is speaking to the people in the wilderness. They had not yet gone into the land that God was giving them. In some languages, it would make more sense to say, "When you have <u>gone</u> into the land..."
>Joseph and Mary <u>brought</u> him up to the temple in Jerusalem to present him to the Lord. (Luke 1:22 ULB)
>Joseph and Mary <u>brought</u> him up to the temple in Jerusalem to present him to the Lord. (Luke 1:22 ULT)
In some languages, it might make more sense to say that Joseph and Mary <u>took</u> or <u>carried</u> Jesus to the temple.
>Behold, there came a man named Jairus, and he was one of the leaders of the synagogue. Jairus fell down at Jesus' feet and implored him to <u>come</u> to his house, (Luke 8:41 ULB)
>Behold, there came a man named Jairus, and he was one of the leaders of the synagogue. Jairus fell down at Jesus' feet and implored him to <u>come</u> to his house, (Luke 8:41 ULT)
The man was not at his house when he spoke to Jesus. He wanted Jesus to <u>go</u> with him to his house.
>Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>go</u> out in public for five months. (Luke 1:24 UDB)
>Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>go</u> out in public for five months. (Luke 1:24 UST)
In some languages, it might make more sense to say that Elizabeth did not <u>come</u> out in public.
### Translation Strategies
If the word used in the ULB would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other strategies.
If the word used in the ULT would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other strategies.
1. Use the word "go," "come," "take," or "bring" that would be natural in your language.
1. Use another word that expresses the right meaning.
@ -45,20 +45,20 @@ If the word used in the ULB would be natural and give the right meaning in your
1. Use the word "go," "come," "take," or "bring" that would be natural in your language.
* **But you will be free from my oath if you <u>come</u> to my relatives and they will not give her to you.** (Genesis 24:41 ULB)
* **But you will be free from my oath if you <u>come</u> to my relatives and they will not give her to you.** (Genesis 24:41 ULT)
* But you will be free from my oath if you <u>go</u> to my relatives and they will not give her to you.
* **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>go</u> out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UDB)
* **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>go</u> out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UST)
* Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>come</u> out in public for five months.
1. Use another word that expresses the right meaning.
* **When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it ...** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULB)
* **When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it ...** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
* "When you have <u>arrived</u> in the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it ..."
* **Yahweh said to Noah, "<u>Come</u>, you and all your household, into the ark ...** (Genesis 7:1 ULB)
* **Yahweh said to Noah, "<u>Come</u>, you and all your household, into the ark ...** (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
* "Yahweh said to Noah, "<u>Enter</u>, you and all your household, into the ark ..."
* **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>go</u> out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UDB)
* **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>go</u> out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UST)
* Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>appear</u> in public for five months.

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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
When a speaker expresses a single idea by using two words that are connected with "and," it is called "hendiadys." In hendiadys, the two words work together. Usually one of the words is the primary idea and the other word further describes the primary one.
>... his own <u>kingdom and glory.</u> (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB)
>... his own <u>kingdom and glory.</u> (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
Though "kingdom" and "glory" are both nouns, "glory" actually tells what kind of kingdom it is: it is a **kingdom of glory** or **a glorious kingdom**.
@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ Though "kingdom" and "glory" are both nouns, "glory" actually tells what kind of
### Examples from the Bible
>... for I will give you <u>words and wisdom ...</u> (Luke 21:15 ULB)
>... for I will give you <u>words and wisdom ...</u> (Luke 21:15 ULT)
"Words" and "wisdom" are nouns, but in this figure of speech "wisdom" describes "words."
>... if you are willing and obedient ... (Isaiah 1:19 ULB)
>... if you are willing and obedient ... (Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
"Willing" and "obedient" are adjectives, but "willing" describes "obedient."
@ -36,27 +36,27 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c
1. Substitute the describing noun with an adjective that means the same thing.
* **for I will give you <u>words and wisdom</u>** (Luke 21:15 ULB)
* **for I will give you <u>words and wisdom</u>** (Luke 21:15 ULT)
* for I will give you <u>wise words</u>
* **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB)
* **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
* that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own glorious kingdom</u>.
1. Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing.
* **for I will give you <u>words and wisdom</u>.** (Luke 21:15 ULB)
* **for I will give you <u>words and wisdom</u>.** (Luke 21:15 ULT)
* for I will give you <u>words of wisdom</u>.
* **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB)
* **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
* that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom of glory</u>.
1. Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing.
* **if you are <u>willing</u> and <u>obedient</u>** (Isaiah 1:19 ULB)
* **if you are <u>willing</u> and <u>obedient</u>** (Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
* if you are <u>willingly obedient</u>
1. Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word describes the other.
* **if you are, <u>willing and obedient</u>** (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) - The adjective "obedient" can be substituted with the verb "obey."
* **if you are, <u>willing and obedient</u>** (Isaiah 1:19 ULT) - The adjective "obedient" can be substituted with the verb "obey."
* if you <u>obey willingly</u>

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translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ A speaker or writer can use exactly the same words to say something he means as
**Hyperbole**: This is a figure of speech that uses **exaggeration**. A speaker deliberately describes something by an extreme or even unreal statement, usually to show his strong feeling or opinion about it. He expects people to understand that he is exaggerating.
>They will not leave <u>one stone upon another</u> (Luke 19:44 ULB)
>They will not leave <u>one stone upon another</u> (Luke 19:44 ULT)
* This is an exaggeration. It means that the enemies will completely destroy Jerusalem.
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ A speaker or writer can use exactly the same words to say something he means as
Even though a generalization may have a strong-sounding word like "all," "always," "none," or "never," it does not necessarliy mean **exactly** "all," "always," "none," or "never." It simply means "most, "most of the time," "hardly any" or "rarely."
>Moses was educated in <u>all the learning of the Egyptians</u> (Acts 7:22 ULB)
>Moses was educated in <u>all the learning of the Egyptians</u> (Acts 7:22 ULT)
* This generalization means that he had learned much of what the Egyptians knew and taught.
@ -43,35 +43,35 @@ Even though a generalization may have a strong-sounding word like "all," "always
#### Examples of Exaggeration
>If your hand causes you to stumble, <u>cut it off</u>. It is better for you to enter into life maimed… (Mark 9:43 ULB)
>If your hand causes you to stumble, <u>cut it off</u>. It is better for you to enter into life maimed… (Mark 9:43 ULT)
When Jesus said to cut off your hand, he meant that we should <u>do whatever extreme things</u> we need to do in order not to sin. He used this hyperbole to show how extremely important it is to try to stop sinning.
>The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops <u>as numerous as the sand on the seashore</u>. (1 Samuel 13:5 ULB)
>The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops <u>as numerous as the sand on the seashore</u>. (1 Samuel 13:5 ULT)
The underlined phrase is an exaggeration. It means that there were <u>many, many</u> soldiers in the Philistine army.
#### Examples of Generalization
>They found him, and they said to him, "<u>Everyone</u> is looking for you." (Mark 1:37 ULB)
>They found him, and they said to him, "<u>Everyone</u> is looking for you." (Mark 1:37 ULT)
The disciples told Jesus that everyone was looking looking for him. They probably did not mean that everyone in the city was looking for him, but that <u>many people</u> were looking for him, or that all of Jesus' closest friends there were looking for him.
>But as his anointing teaches you about <u>all things</u> and is true and is not a lie, and even as it has taught you, remain in him. (1 John 2:27 ULB)
>But as his anointing teaches you about <u>all things</u> and is true and is not a lie, and even as it has taught you, remain in him. (1 John 2:27 ULT)
This is a generalization. God's Spirit teaches us about <u>all things that we need to know</u>, not about everything that is possible to know.
#### Caution
Do not assume that something is an exaggeration just because it seems to be impossible. God does miraculous things.
>… they saw Jesus <u>walking on the sea</u> and coming near the boat … (John 6:19 ULB)
>… they saw Jesus <u>walking on the sea</u> and coming near the boat … (John 6:19 ULT)
This is not hyperbole. Jesus really walked on the water. It is a literal statement.
Do not assume that the word "all" is always a generalization that means "most."
>Yahweh is righteous in all his ways
>and gracious in all he does. (Psalms 145:17 ULB)
>and gracious in all he does. (Psalms 145:17 ULT)
Yahweh is always righteous. This is a completely true statement.
@ -89,24 +89,24 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa
1. Express the meaning without the exaggeration.
* **The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops <u>as numerous as the sand on the seashore</u>.** (1 Samuel 13:5 ULB)
* **The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops <u>as numerous as the sand on the seashore</u>.** (1 Samuel 13:5 ULT)
* The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and <u>a great number of troops</u>.
1. For a generalization, show that it is a generalization by using a phrase like "in general" or "in most cases."
* **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ...** (Proverbs 13:18 ULB)
* **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ...** (Proverbs 13:18 ULT)
* <u>In general,</u> the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame
* **And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.** (Matthew 6:7)
* "And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles <u>generally</u> do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words."
1. For a generalization, add a word like "most" or "almost" to show that the generalization is not exact. 
* **The <u>whole</u> country of Judea and <u>all</u> the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULB)
* **The <u>whole</u> country of Judea and <u>all</u> the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULT)
* <u>Almost all</u> the country of Judea and <u>almost all</u> the people of Jerusalem went out to him."
* <u>Most</u> of the country of Judea and <u>most</u> of the people of Jerusalem went out to him."
1. For a generalization that has a word like "all," always," "none," or "never," consider deleting that word.
* **The <u>whole</u> country of Judea and <u>all</u> the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULB)
* **The <u>whole</u> country of Judea and <u>all</u> the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULT)
* The country of Judea and the people of Jerusalem went out to him.

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translate/figs-hypo/01.md
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@ -32,31 +32,31 @@ People sometimes express regrets about things that have not happened or that are
1. Hypothetical situations in the past
> "Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes." (Matthew 11:21 ULB)
> "Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes." (Matthew 11:21 ULT)
Here in Matthew 11:21 Jesus said that <u>if</u> the people living in the ancient cities of Tyre and Sidon had been able to see the miracles that he performed, they would have repented long ago. The people of Tyre and Sidon did not actually see his miracles and repent. He said this to rebuke the people of Chorazin and Bethsaida who had seen his miracles yet did not repent.
> Martha then said to Jesus, "Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died." (John 11:21 ULB)
> Martha then said to Jesus, "Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died." (John 11:21 ULT)
Martha said this to express her wish that Jesus had come sooner. But Jesus did not come sooner, and her brother did die.
1. Hypothetical situations in the present
> Also, no man puts new wine into old wineskins. If he did that, the new wine would burst the skins, and the wine would be spilled, and the wineskins would be destroyed. (Luke 5:37 ULB)
> Also, no man puts new wine into old wineskins. If he did that, the new wine would burst the skins, and the wine would be spilled, and the wineskins would be destroyed. (Luke 5:37 ULT)
Jesus told about what would happen if a person were to put new wine into old wineskins. But no one would do that. He used this imaginary situation as an example to show that there are times when it is unwise to mix new things with old things. He did this so that people could understand why his disciples were not fasting as people traditionally did.
>Jesus said to them, "What man would there be among you, who, <u>if</u> he had just one sheep, and if this sheep fell into a deep hole on the Sabbath, would not grasp hold of it and lift it out? (Matthew 12:11 ULB)
>Jesus said to them, "What man would there be among you, who, <u>if</u> he had just one sheep, and if this sheep fell into a deep hole on the Sabbath, would not grasp hold of it and lift it out? (Matthew 12:11 ULT)
Jesus asked the religious leaders what they would do on the Sabbath if one of their sheep fell into a hole. He was not saying that their sheep would fall into a hole. He used this imaginary situation to show them that they were wrong to judge him for healing people on the Sabbath.
1. Hypothetical situation in the future
> <u>Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved</u>; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULB)
> <u>Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved</u>; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULT)
Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show about how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved.
@ -64,12 +64,12 @@ Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told
1. Expressing emotion about a hypothetical situation
Regrets and wishes are very similar.
>The Israelites said to them, "<u>If only we had died by Yahweh's hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full.</u> For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill our whole community with hunger." (Exodus 16:3 ULB)
>The Israelites said to them, "<u>If only we had died by Yahweh's hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full.</u> For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill our whole community with hunger." (Exodus 16:3 ULT)
Here the Israelites were afraid they would have to suffer and die of hunger in the wilderness, and so they wished that they had stayed in Egypt and died there with full stomachs. They were complaining, expressing regret that this had not happened.
> I know what you have done, and that you are neither cold nor hot. <u>I wish that you were either cold or hot!</u> (Revelation 3:15 ULB)
> I know what you have done, and that you are neither cold nor hot. <u>I wish that you were either cold or hot!</u> (Revelation 3:15 ULT)
Jesus wished that the people were either hot or cold, but they are neither. He was rebuking them, expressing anger at this.

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translate/figs-idiom/01.md
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@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ An idiom is a figure of speech made up of a group of words that, as a whole, has
An idiom is a phrase that has a special meaning to the people of the language or culture who use it. Its meaning is different than what a person would understand from the meanings of the individual words that form the phrase.
>he resolutely <u>set his face</u> to go to Jerusalem. (Luke 9:51 ULB)
>he resolutely <u>set his face</u> to go to Jerusalem. (Luke 9:51 ULT)
The words "set his face" is an idiom that means "decided."
Sometimes people may be able to understand an idiom from another culture, but it might sound like a strange way to express the meaning.
>I am not worthy that you should <u>enter under my roof</u>. (Luke 7:6 ULB)
>I am not worthy that you should <u>enter under my roof</u>. (Luke 7:6 ULT)
The phrase "enter under my roof" is an idiom that means "enter my house."
>Let these words <u>go deeply into your ears</u>. (Luke 9:44 ULB)
>Let these words <u>go deeply into your ears</u>. (Luke 9:44 ULT)
This idiom means "Listen carefully and remember what I say."
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ This idiom means "Listen carefully and remember what I say."
### Examples from the Bible
>Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look, we are your <u>flesh and bone</u>." (1 Chronicles 11:1 ULB)
>Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look, we are your <u>flesh and bone</u>." (1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
This means, "We and you belong to the same race, the same family."
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ This means, "We and you belong to the same race, the same family."
This means, "The Israelites went out defiantly."
>the one who <u>lifts up my head</u> (Psalm 3:3 ULB)
>the one who <u>lifts up my head</u> (Psalm 3:3 ULT)
This means, "the one who helps me."
@ -57,20 +57,20 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If
1. Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom.
* **Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look, we are your <u>flesh and bone</u>."** ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULB)
* **Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look, we are your <u>flesh and bone</u>."** ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
* ...Look, we all <u>belong to the same nation</u>.
* **he <u>resolutely set his face</u> to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULB)
* **he <u>resolutely set his face</u> to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULT)
* He started to travel to Jerusalem, <u>determined to reach it</u>.
* **I am not worthy that you should enter <u>under my roof</u>.** (Luke 7:6 ULB)
* **I am not worthy that you should enter <u>under my roof</u>.** (Luke 7:6 ULT)
* I am not worthy that you should enter <u>my house</u>.
1. Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning.
* **Let these words <u>go deeply into your ears</u>** (Luke 9:44 ULB)
* **Let these words <u>go deeply into your ears</u>** (Luke 9:44 ULT)
* <u>Be all ears</u> when I say these words to you.
* **"My <u>eyes grow dim</u> from grief** (Psalm 6:7 ULB)
* **"My <u>eyes grow dim</u> from grief** (Psalm 6:7 ULT)
* I am crying my <u>eyes out</u>

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translate/figs-imperative/01.md
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@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ Some languages would not use an imperative sentence for some of the functions th
Speakers often use imperative sentences to tell or ask their listeners to do something. In Genesis 2, God spoke to Isaac and told him not to go to Egypt but to live where God would tell him to live.
> Now Yahweh appeared to him and said, "<u>Do not go down</u> to Egypt; <u>live</u> in the land that I tell you to live in. (Genesis 26:2 ULB)
> Now Yahweh appeared to him and said, "<u>Do not go down</u> to Egypt; <u>live</u> in the land that I tell you to live in. (Genesis 26:2 ULT)
Sometimes imperative sentences in the Bible have other uses.
#### Imperatives that make things happen
God can make things happen by commanding that they happen. Jesus healed a man by commanding that the man be healed. The man could not do anything to obey the command, but Jesus caused him to be healed by commanding it. ("Be clean" means "Be healed.")
> "I am willing. <u>Be clean</u>." Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULB)
> "I am willing. <u>Be clean</u>." Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULT)
In Genesis 1, God commanded that there should be light, and by commanding it, he caused it to exist. Some languages, such as the Hebrew of the Bible, have commands that are in the third person. English does not do that, and so it must turn the third-person command into a general second-person command, as in the ULB:
>God said, "<u>Let there be</u> light," and there was light. (Genesis 1:3 ULB)
In Genesis 1, God commanded that there should be light, and by commanding it, he caused it to exist. Some languages, such as the Hebrew of the Bible, have commands that are in the third person. English does not do that, and so it must turn the third-person command into a general second-person command, as in the ULT:
>God said, "<u>Let there be</u> light," and there was light. (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
Languages that have third-person commands can follow the original Hebrew, which translates into English as something like, "light must be."
@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ In the Bible, God blesses people by using imperatives. This indicates what his w
An imperative sentence can also be used to tell the **condition** under which something will happen. The proverbs mainly tell about life and things that often happen. The purpose of Proverbs 4:6 below is not primarily to give a command, but to teach what people can expect to happen **if** they love wisdom.
>... <u>do not abandon</u> wisdom and she will watch over you;
><u>love</u> her and she will keep you safe. (Proverbs 4:6 ULB)
><u>love</u> her and she will keep you safe. (Proverbs 4:6 ULT)
The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if they teach their children the way they should go.
><u>Teach</u> a child the way he should go,
>and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction. (Proverbs 22:6 ULB)
>and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction. (Proverbs 22:6 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
@ -54,26 +54,26 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if
1. If people would not use an imperative sentence for one of the functions in the Bible, try using a statement instead.
* **Be clean.** (Matthew 8:3 ULB)
* **Be clean.** (Matthew 8:3 ULT)
* "You are now clean."
* "I now cleanse you."
* **God said, "<u>Let there be</u> light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB)
* **God said, "<u>Let there be</u> light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
* God said, "<u>There is now light</u>" and there was light.
* **God blessed them and said to them, "<u>Be fruitful</u>, and <u>multiply</u>. <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>Have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."** (Genesis 1:3 ULB)
* **God blessed them and said to them, "<u>Be fruitful</u>, and <u>multiply</u>. <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>Have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
* God blessed them and said to them, "<u>My will for you is that you be fruitful</u>, and <u>multiply</u>. <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>I want you to have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."
1. If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like "so" to show that what happened was a result of what was said.
* **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB)
* **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
* God said, 'Let there be light,' <u>so</u> there was light.
* God said, "Light must be;" <u>as a result</u>, there was light.
1. If people would not use a command as a condition, translate it as a statement with the words "if" and "then."
>**Teach a child the way he should go,**
>**and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.** (Proverbs 22:6 ULB)
>**and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.** (Proverbs 22:6 ULT)
Translated as:
>"<u>If</u> you teach a child the way he should go,

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@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is tal
### Examples from the Bible
>… the shepherds said one to each other, "Let <u>us</u> now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to <u>us</u>." (Luke 2:15 ULB)
>… the shepherds said one to each other, "Let <u>us</u> now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to <u>us</u>." (Luke 2:15 ULT)
The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said "us," they were including the people they were speaking to - one another.
>Now it happened on one of those days that Jesus and his disciples entered into a boat, and he said to them, "Let <u>us</u> go over to the other side of the lake." Then they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULB)
>Now it happened on one of those days that Jesus and his disciples entered into a boat, and he said to them, "Let <u>us</u> go over to the other side of the lake." Then they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
When Jesus said "us," he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to.

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translate/figs-informremind/01.md
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@ -25,19 +25,19 @@ The phrase "who was very thankful" immediately follows the word "sister" and inf
### Examples from the Bible
>The name of the third river is Tigris, <u>which flows east of Asshur</u>. (Genesis 2:14 ULB)
>The name of the third river is Tigris, <u>which flows east of Asshur</u>. (Genesis 2:14 ULT)
There is only one Tigris River. The phrase "which flows east of Asshur" gives more information about where the Tigris River was. This would have been helpful to the original audience, because they knew were Asshur was.
>I will wipe away mankind <u>whom I have created</u> from the surface of the earth. (Genesis 6:7 ULB)
>I will wipe away mankind <u>whom I have created</u> from the surface of the earth. (Genesis 6:7 ULT)
The phrase "whom I have created" is a reminder of the relationship between God and mankind. It is the reason God had the right to wipe away mankind.
>I will bring an end to the <u>worthless</u> idols of Memphis. (Ezekiel 30:13 ULB)
>I will bring an end to the <u>worthless</u> idols of Memphis. (Ezekiel 30:13 ULT)
All idols are worthless. This is why God said he would destroy them.
>... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULB)
>... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
All of God's judgments are righteous. This is why the person who wrote this psalm said that they are good.
@ -54,21 +54,21 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
* "<u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them."
* **... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB)
* **... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
* ... for your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
* **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
* **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
* "Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?"
* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u> ...** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u> ...** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
* "I will call on Yahweh, <u>because</u> he is worthy to be praised"
1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing information in a weak way.
* **The name of the third river is Tigris, <u>which flows east of Asshur</u>.** (Genesis 2:14 ULB)
* **The name of the third river is Tigris, <u>which flows east of Asshur</u>.** (Genesis 2:14 ULT)
* "The name of the third river is Tigris. <u>It flows east of Asshur</u>.

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@ -23,19 +23,19 @@ This puts the most important information first, which is normal for English. Man
### Examples from the Bible
>They all ate until they were satisfied. (Mark 6:42 ULB)
>They all ate until they were satisfied. (Mark 6:42 ULT)
The parts of this sentence were in a different order in the original Greek source language. They were like this:
* And they ate all and they were satisfied.
In English, this means that the people ate everything. But the next verse says that they took up twelve baskets full of leftover pieces of food. In order for this to not be so confusing, the translators of the ULB put the parts of the sentence in the right order for English.
In English, this means that the people ate everything. But the next verse says that they took up twelve baskets full of leftover pieces of food. In order for this to not be so confusing, the translators of the ULT put the parts of the sentence in the right order for English.
>Now the day was about to come to an end, and the twelve came to him and said, "Send the crowd away that they may go into the surrounding villages and countryside to find lodging and food, because we are here in an isolated place." (Luke 9:12 ULB)
>Now the day was about to come to an end, and the twelve came to him and said, "Send the crowd away that they may go into the surrounding villages and countryside to find lodging and food, because we are here in an isolated place." (Luke 9:12 ULT)
In this verse, what the disciples say to Jesus puts the important information first - that he should send the crowd away. But in languages that put the important information last, people would understand that the reason that they give - being in an isolated place - is the most important part of their message to Jesus. They might then think that the disciples are afraid of the spirits in that place, and that sending the people to buy food is a way to protect them from the spirits. That is the wrong message.
>Woe to you, when all men speak well of you, for that is how their ancestors treated the false prophets. (Luke 6:26 ULB)
>Woe to you, when all men speak well of you, for that is how their ancestors treated the false prophets. (Luke 6:26 ULT)
In this verse, the most important part of the information is first - that "woe" is coming on the people for what they are doing. The reason that supports that warning comes last. This could be confusing for people who expect the important information to come last.
@ -50,18 +50,18 @@ In this verse, the most important part of the information is first - that "woe"
* And he went out from there and came to the hometown his, and they followed him the disciples his. (Mark 6:1)
This is the verse in the original Greek order. The ULB has put this into the normal order for English:
> And he went out from there and came into his hometown, and his disciples followed him. (Mark 6:1 ULB)
This is the verse in the original Greek order. The ULT has put this into the normal order for English:
> And he went out from there and came into his hometown, and his disciples followed him. (Mark 6:1 ULT)
1. Study where your language puts the new or important information, and rearrange the order of information so that it follows the way it is done in your language.
>Now the day was about to come to an end, and the twelve came to him and said, "Send the crowd away that they may go into the surrounding villages and countryside to find lodging and food, because we are here in an isolated place." (Luke 9:12 ULB)
>Now the day was about to come to an end, and the twelve came to him and said, "Send the crowd away that they may go into the surrounding villages and countryside to find lodging and food, because we are here in an isolated place." (Luke 9:12 ULT)
If your language puts the important information last, you can change the order of the verse:
* Now the day was about to come to an end, and the twelve came to him and said, "Because we are here in an isolated place, send the crowd away that they may go into the surrounding villages and countryside to find lodging and food."
>Woe to you, when all men speak well of you, for that is how their ancestors treated the false prophets. (Luke 6:26 ULB)
>Woe to you, when all men speak well of you, for that is how their ancestors treated the false prophets. (Luke 6:26 ULT)
If your language puts the important information last, you can change the order of the verse:

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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
Irony is a figure of speech in which the sense that the speaker intends to communicate is actually the opposite of the literal meaning of the words. Sometimes a person does this by using someone else's words, but in a way that communicates that he does not agree with them. People do this to emphasize how different something is from what it should be, or how someone else's belief about something is wrong or foolish. It is often humorous.
>Jesus answered them, "People who are in good health do not need a physician, only people who are sick need one. I did not come to call righteous people to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance." (Luke 5:31-32 ULB)
>Jesus answered them, "People who are in good health do not need a physician, only people who are sick need one. I did not come to call righteous people to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance." (Luke 5:31-32 ULT)
When Jesus spoke of "righteous people," he was not referring to people who were truly righteous, but to people who wrongly believed that they were righteous. By using irony, Jesus communicated that they were wrong to think that they were better than others and did not need to repent.
@ -13,22 +13,22 @@ When Jesus spoke of "righteous people," he was not referring to people who were
### Examples from the Bible
><u>How well you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition! (Mark 7:9 ULB)
><u>How well you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition! (Mark 7:9 ULT)
Here Jesus praises the Pharisees for doing something that is obviously wrong. Through irony, he communicates the opposite of praise: He communicates that the Pharisees, who take great pride in keeping the commandments, are so far from God that they do not even recognize that their traditions are breaking God's commandments. The use of irony makes the Pharisee's sin more obvious and startling.
>"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. <u>"Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled</u>." (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB)
>"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. <u>"Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled</u>." (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
People worshiped idols as if their idols had knowledge or power, and Yahweh was angry at them for doing that. So he used irony and challenged their idols to tell what would happen in the future. He knew that the idols could not do this, but by speaking as if they could, he mocked the idols, making their inability more obvious, and rebuked the people for worshiping them.
>Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?
>Can you find the way back to their houses for them?
><u>Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;</u>
>"<u>the number of your days is so large!</u>" (Job 38:20, 21 ULB)
>"<u>the number of your days is so large!</u>" (Job 38:20, 21 ULT)
Job thought that he was wise. Yahweh used irony to show Job that he was not so wise. The two underlined phrases above are irony. They emphasize the opposite of what they say, because they are so obviously false. They emphasize that Job could not possibly answer God's questions about the creation of light because Job was not born until many, many years later.
>Already you have all you could want! Already you have become rich! You began to reign—and that quite apart from us! (1 Corinthians 4:8 ULB)
>Already you have all you could want! Already you have become rich! You began to reign—and that quite apart from us! (1 Corinthians 4:8 ULT)
The Corinthians considered themselves to be very wise, self-sufficient, and not in need of any instruction from the Apostle Paul. Paul used irony, speaking as if he agreed with them, to show how proudly they were acting and how far from being wise they really were.
@ -43,26 +43,26 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it
1. Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes.
* **<u>How well you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB)
* **<u>How well you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULT)
* <u>You think that you are doing well when you reject God's commandment</u> so you may keep your tradition!
* <u>You act like it is good to reject God's commandment</u> so you may keep your tradition!
* **I did not come to call <u>righteous people</u> to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.** (Luke 5:32 ULB)
* **I did not come to call <u>righteous people</u> to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.** (Luke 5:32 ULT)
* I did not come to call <u>people who think that they are righteous</u> to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.
1. Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony.
* **<u>How well you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB)
* **<u>How well you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULT)
* <u>You are doing a terrible thing when you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition!
* **"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "<u>Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen</u>, so we may know these things well. <u>Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled</u>."** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB)
* **"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "<u>Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen</u>, so we may know these things well. <u>Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled</u>."** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
* 'Present your case,' says Yahweh; 'present your best arguments for your idols,' says the King of Jacob. Your idols <u>cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen</u> so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because <u>they cannot speak</u> to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.
* **Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?**
**Can you find the way back to their houses for them?**
**<u>Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;</u>**
**<u>the number of your days is so large!</u>"** (Job 38:20, 21 ULB)
**<u>the number of your days is so large!</u>"** (Job 38:20, 21 ULT)
* Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? <u>You act like you know how light and darkness were created, as if you were there; as if you are as old as creation, but you are not</u>!

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@ -10,18 +10,18 @@ Some languages do not use litotes. People who speak those languages might not un
### Examples from the Bible
>For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was <u>not useless</u>, (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULB)
>For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was <u>not useless</u>, (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULT)
By using litotes, Paul emphasized that his visit with them was <u>very</u> useful.
>Now when it became day, there was <u>no small excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULB)
>Now when it became day, there was <u>no small excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULT)
By using litotes, Luke emphasized that there was a <u>lot</u> of excitement or anxiety among the soldiers about what happened to Peter. (Peter had been in prison, and even though there were soldiers guarding him, he escaped when an angel let him out. So they were very agitated.)
>And you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah,
>are <u>not the least</u> among the leaders of Judah,
>for from you will come a ruler
>who will shepherd my people Israel. (Matthew 2:6 ULB)
>who will shepherd my people Israel. (Matthew 2:6 ULT)
By using litotes, the prophet emphasized that Bethlehem would be a <u>very important city</u>.
@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ If the litotes would be understood correctly, consider using it.
1. If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the <u>positive</u> meaning in a strong way.
* **For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was <u>not useless</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULB)
* **For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was <u>not useless</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULT)
* "For you yourselves know, brothers, our visit to you <u>did much good</u>."
* **Now when it became day, there was <u>no small excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULB)
* **Now when it became day, there was <u>no small excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULT)
* "Now when it became day, there was <u>great excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter."
* "Now when it became day, the soldiers were <u>very concerned</u> because of what had happened to Peter."

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@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
### Definition
Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking of two extreme parts of it. By referring to the extreme parts, the speaker intends to include also everything in between those parts.
> "I am the Alpha and the Omega," says the Lord God, "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty." (Revelation 1:8, ULB)
> "I am the Alpha and the Omega," says the Lord God, "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty." (Revelation 1:8, ULT)
> I am the <u>Alpha and the Omega</u>, <u>the First and the Last</u>, <u>the Beginning and the End</u>. (Revelation 22:13, ULB)
> I am the <u>Alpha and the Omega</u>, <u>the First and the Last</u>, <u>the Beginning and the End</u>. (Revelation 22:13, ULT)
<u>Alpha and Omega</u> are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This is a merism that includes everything from the beginning to the end. It means eternal.
>I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth ...</u>, (Matthew 11:25 ULB)
>I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth ...</u>, (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
<u>Heaven and earth</u> is a merism that includes everything that exists.
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Some languages do not use merism. The readers of those languages may think that
### Examples from the Bible
><u>From the rising of the sun to its setting</u>, Yahweh's name should be praised. (Psalm 113:3 ULB)
><u>From the rising of the sun to its setting</u>, Yahweh's name should be praised. (Psalm 113:3 ULT)
This underlined phrase is a merism because it speaks of the east and the west and everywhere in between. It means "everywhere."
>He will bless those who honor him, both <u>young and old</u>. (Psalm 115:13)
@ -37,17 +37,17 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
1. Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts.
* **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u> ...** (Matthew 11:25 ULB)
* **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u> ...** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
* I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>everything</u> ...
* **<u>From the rising of the sun to its setting</u>, Yahweh's name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULB)
* **<u>From the rising of the sun to its setting</u>, Yahweh's name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULT)
* <u>In all places</u>, people should praise Yahweh's name.
1. Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts.
* **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u>.** (Matthew 11:25 ULB)
* **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u>.** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
* I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>everything, including both what is in heaven and what is on earth</u>.
* **He will bless those who honor him, both <u>young and old</u>.** (Psalm 115:13 ULB)
* **He will bless those who honor him, both <u>young and old</u>.** (Psalm 115:13 ULT)
* He will bless <u>all those</u> who honor him, regardless of whether they are <u>young or old</u>.

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@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ When translating something that is a dead metaphor into another language, do not
These are metaphors that people recognize as one concept standing for another concept, or one thing for another thing. They make people think about how the one thing is like the other thing, because in most ways the two things are very different. People also easily recognize these metaphors as giving strength and unusual qualities to the message. For this reason, people pay attention to these metaphors. For example,
> For you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. (Malachi 4:2 ULB)
> For you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. (Malachi 4:2 ULT)
Here God speaks about his salvation as if it were the sun rising in order to shine its rays on the people whom he loves. He also speaks of the sun's rays as if they were wings. Also, he speaks of these wings as if they were bringing medicine that would heal his people. Here is another example:
> "Jesus said, 'Go and tell that fox...,'" (Luke 13:32 ULB)
> "Jesus said, 'Go and tell that fox...,'" (Luke 13:32 ULT)
Here, "that fox" refers to King Herod. The people listening to Jesus certainly understood that Jesus was intending for them to apply certain characteristics of a fox to Herod. They probably understood that Jesus intended to communicate that Herod was evil, either in a cunning way or as someone who was destructive, murderous, or who took things that did not belong to him, or all of these.
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Often, as in the metaphor above, the speaker explicitly states the **topic** and
Also in the Bible, normally the **topic** and the **image** are stated clearly, but not the **points of comparison**. The writer leaves it to the audience to think of and understand the points of comparison that are implied.
> Jesus said to them, "I am the bread of life; he who comes to me will not be hungry, and he who believes in me will never be thirsty." (John 6:35 ULB)
> Jesus said to them, "I am the bread of life; he who comes to me will not be hungry, and he who believes in me will never be thirsty." (John 6:35 ULT)
In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I," and the **image** is "bread." Bread is a food that people ate all the time. The **point of comparison** between bread and Jesus is that people need both to live. Just as people need to eat food in order to have physical life, people need to trust in Jesus in order to have spiritual life.
@ -92,17 +92,17 @@ In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I,"
### Examples from the Bible
>Listen to this word, <u>you cows of Bashan</u>, (Amos 4:1 ULB)
>Listen to this word, <u>you cows of Bashan</u>, (Amos 4:1 ULT)
In this metaphor Amos speaks to the upper-class women of Samaria (the topic is "you") as if they were cows (the image). Amos does not say what points of comparison he intends between these women and cows. He wants the reader to think of them, and fully expects that readers from his culture will easily do so. From the context, we can see that he means that the women are like cows in that they are fat and interested only in feeding themselves. If we were to apply points of comparison from a different culture, such as that cows are sacred and should be worshipped, we would get the wrong meaning from this verse.
Note, also, that Amos does not actually mean that the women are cows. He speaks to them as human beings.
>And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; <u>we are the clay</u>. <u>You are our potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULB)
>And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; <u>we are the clay</u>. <u>You are our potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
The example above has two related metaphors. The topics are "we" and "you," and the images are "clay and "potter." The intended point of comparison between a potter and God is the fact that both make what they wish out of their material: the potter makes what he wishes out of the clay, and God makes what he wishes out of his people. The point of comparison between the potter's clay and "us" is that neither the clay nor God's people have a right to complain about what they are becoming.
>Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of <u>the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees</u>." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." (Matthew 16:6-7 ULB)
>Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of <u>the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees</u>." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." (Matthew 16:6-7 ULT)
Jesus used a metaphor here, but his disciples did not realize it. When he said "yeast," they thought he was talking about bread, but "yeast" was the image in his metaphor, and the topic was the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. Since the disciples (the original audience) did not understand what Jesus meant, it would not be good to state clearly here what Jesus meant.
@ -127,48 +127,48 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language.
* **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u>fell at his feet</u>.** (Mark 5:22 ULB)
* **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u>fell at his feet</u>.** (Mark 5:22 ULT)
* Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u>immediately bowed down in front of him</u>.
1. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally <u>if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible</u>. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
* **It was because of your <u>hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULB)
* **It was because of your <u>hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULT)
* It was because of your <u>hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,
There is no change to this one - but it must be tested to make sure that the target audience correctly understands this metaphor.
1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as."
* **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB)
* **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
* And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are <u>like</u> clay. You are <u>like</u> a potter; and we all are the work of your hand.
1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
* **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULB)
* **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULT)
* Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to <u>kick against a pointed stick</u>.
1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
* **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB)
* **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
* "And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>wood</u>. You are our <u>carver</u>; and we all are the work of your hand."
* "And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>string</u>. You are the <u>weaver</u>; and we all are the work of your hand."
1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.)
* **Yahweh lives; may <u>my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB)
* **Yahweh lives; may <u>my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULT)
* Yahweh lives; <u>He is my rock</u>. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly.
* **Yahweh lives; may <u>my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB)
* **Yahweh lives; may <u>my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULT)
* Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock <u>under which I can hide from my enemies</u>. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
* **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULB)
* **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULT)
* Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You <u>fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick</u>.
1. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor.
* **I will make you become <u>fishers of men</u>.** (Mark 1:17 ULB)
* **I will make you become <u>fishers of men</u>.** (Mark 1:17 ULT)
* I will make you become <u>people who gather men</u>.
* Now you gather fish. I will make you <u>gather people</u>.

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### Description
**Metonymy** is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. A **metonym** is a word or phrase used as a substitute for something it is associated with.
>and <u>the blood</u> of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin. (1 John 1:7 ULB)
>and <u>the blood</u> of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin. (1 John 1:7 ULT)
The blood represents Christ's death.
>He took <u>the cup</u> in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>This cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. (Luke 22:20 ULB)
>He took <u>the cup</u> in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>This cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. (Luke 22:20 ULT)
The cup represents the wine that is in the cup.
@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ The Bible uses metonymy very often. Speakers of some languages are not used to m
### Examples from the Bible
>The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David. (Luke 1:32 ULB)
>The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David. (Luke 1:32 ULT)
A throne represents the authority of a king. "Throne" is a metonym for "kingly authority," "kingship" or "reign." This means that God would make him become the king that would follow King David.
>Immediately his <u>mouth</u> was opened (Luke 1:64 ULB)
>Immediately his <u>mouth</u> was opened (Luke 1:64 ULT)
The mouth here represents the power to speak. This means that he was able to talk again.
> ... who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB)
> ... who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULT)
The word "wrath" or "anger" is a metonym for "punishment." God was extremely angry with the people, and as a result, he would punish them.
@ -42,16 +42,16 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her
1. Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.
* **He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>This cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.** (Luke 22:20 ULB)
* **He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>This cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.** (Luke 22:20 ULT)
* "He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>The wine in this cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you."
1. Use the name of the thing the metonym represents.
* **The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULB)
* **The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULT)
* "The Lord God will give him <u>the kingly authority</u> of his father, David."
* "The Lord God will <u>make him king</u> like his ancestor, King David."
* **who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULB)
* **who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULT)
* "who warned you to flee from God's coming <u>punishment</u>?"

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### Description
In some languages an adjective can be used to refer to a class of things that the adjective describes. When it does, it acts like a noun. For example, the word "rich" is an adjective. Here are two sentences that show that "rich" is an adjective.
> ... <u> The rich man</u> had huge numbers of flocks and herds ... (2 Samuel 12:2 ULB)
> ... <u> The rich man</u> had huge numbers of flocks and herds ... (2 Samuel 12:2 ULT)
The adjective "rich" comes before the word "man" and describes "man."
><u>He will not be rich</u>; his wealth will not last ... (Job 15:29 ULB)
><u>He will not be rich</u>; his wealth will not last ... (Job 15:29 ULT)
The adjective "rich" comes after the verb "be" and describes "He."
Here is a sentence that shows that "rich" can also function as a noun.
>…<u>the rich</u> must not give more than the half shekel, and <u>the poor</u> must not give less. (Exodus 30:15 ULB)
>…<u>the rich</u> must not give more than the half shekel, and <u>the poor</u> must not give less. (Exodus 30:15 ULT)
In Exodus 30:15, the word "rich" acts as a noun in the phrase "the rich," and it refers to rich people. The word "poor" also acts as a noun and refers to poor people.
@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ In Exodus 30:15, the word "rich" acts as a noun in the phrase "the rich," and it
### Examples from the Bible
>The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>. (Psalms 125:3 ULB)
>The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>. (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
"The righteous" here are people who are righteous, not one particular righteous person.
>Blessed are <u>the meek</u> (Matthew 5:5 ULB)
>Blessed are <u>the meek</u> (Matthew 5:5 ULT)
"The meek" here are all people who are meek, not one particular meek person.
@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ If your language uses adjectives as nouns to refer to a class of people, conside
1. Use the adjective with a plural form of the noun that the adjective describes.
* **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>.** (Psalms 125:3 ULB)
* **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>.** (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
* The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>righteous people</u>.
* **Blessed are <u>the meek</u> ...** (Matthew 5:5 ULB)
* **Blessed are <u>the meek</u> ...** (Matthew 5:5 ULT)
* Blessed are <u>people who are meek</u> ...

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@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ A parable is a short story that makes truth easy to understand and hard to forge
### Description
A parable is a short story that is told to teach a truth. Though the events in a parable could happen, they did not actually happen. They are told only to teach a truth. Parables rarely contain the names of specific people. (This may help you identify what is a parable and what is an account of a real event.) Parables often have figures of speech such as simile and metaphor.
>Then he also told them a parable. "Can a blind person guide another blind person? If he did, they would both fall into a pit, would they not?" (Luke 6:39 ULB)
>Then he also told them a parable. "Can a blind person guide another blind person? If he did, they would both fall into a pit, would they not?" (Luke 6:39 ULT)
This parable teaches that if a person does not have spiritual understanding, he cannot help someone else to understand spiritual things.
### Examples from the Bible
>Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a basket, but rather, on the lampstand, and it shines for everyone in the house. Let your light shine before people in such a way that they see your good deeds and praise your Father who is in heaven. (Matthew 5:15-16 ULB)
>Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a basket, but rather, on the lampstand, and it shines for everyone in the house. Let your light shine before people in such a way that they see your good deeds and praise your Father who is in heaven. (Matthew 5:15-16 ULT)
This parable teaches us not to hide the way we live for God from other people.
>Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches." (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB)
>Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches." (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it will grow and spread throughout the world.
@ -26,17 +26,17 @@ This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it wil
1. If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown things in it, you can replace the unknown things with things that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the teaching the same.
* **Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a <u>lampstand</u>"**. (Mark 4:21 ULB) - If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house.
* **Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a <u>lampstand</u>"**. (Mark 4:21 ULT) - If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house.
* Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on <u>a high shelf</u>.
* **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u>sowed</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB) - To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting.
* **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u>sowed</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT) - To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting.
* Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u>planted</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."
1. If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as "Jesus told this story about being generous."
* **<u>Jesus said to them</u>, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand"**. (Mark 4:21 ULB)
* <u>Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly.</u> "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand." (Mark 4:21 ULB)
* **<u>Jesus said to them</u>, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand"**. (Mark 4:21 ULT)
* <u>Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly.</u> "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand." (Mark 4:21 ULT)
* **<u>Then Jesus presented another parable to them.</u> He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB)
* **<u>Then Jesus presented another parable to them.</u> He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
* <u>Then Jesus presented another parable to them about how the Kingdom of God grows</u>. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."

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@ -27,38 +27,38 @@ Note: We use the term "synonymous parallelism" for long phrases or clauses that
**The second clause or phrase means the same as the first.**
>Your word is a lamp to my feet
>and a light for my path. (Psalm 119:105 ULB)
>and a light for my path. (Psalm 119:105 ULT)
Both parts of the sentence are metaphors saying that God's word teaches people how to live.
>You make him to rule over the works of your hands;
>you have put all things under his feet (Psalm 8:6 ULB)
>you have put all things under his feet (Psalm 8:6 ULT)
Both lines say that God made man the ruler of everything.
**The second clarifies or strengthens the meaning of the first.**
>The eyes of Yahweh are everywhere,
>keeping watch over the evil and the good. (Proverbs 15:3 ULB)
>keeping watch over the evil and the good. (Proverbs 15:3 ULT)
The second line tells more specifically what Yahweh watches.
**The second completes what is said in the first.**
>I lift up my voice to Yahweh,
>and he answers me from his holy hill. (Psalm 3:4 ULB)
>and he answers me from his holy hill. (Psalm 3:4 ULT)
The second line tells what Yahweh does in response to what the person does in the first clause.
**The second says something that contrasts with the first, but adds to the same idea.**
>For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous,
>but the way of the wicked will perish. (Psalm 1:6 ULB)
>but the way of the wicked will perish. (Psalm 1:6 ULT)
This contrasts what happens to righteous people with what happens to wicked people.
>A gentle answer turns away wrath,
>but a harsh word stirs up anger. (Proverbs 15:1 ULB)
>but a harsh word stirs up anger. (Proverbs 15:1 ULT)
This contrasts what happens when someone gives a gentle answer with what happens when someone says something harsh.
@ -74,25 +74,25 @@ For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or ph
1. Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
* **Until now you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13, ULB) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
* **Until now you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
* "Until now you have deceived me with your lies."
* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - The phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does."
* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does."
* "Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does."
* **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
* **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULT) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
* "For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel."
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as "truly" or "certainly."
* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
* "Yahweh truly sees everything a person does."
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like "very," "completely" or "all."
* **you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULB)
* **you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULT)
* "All you have done is lie to me."
* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
* "Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does."

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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
The predictive past is a figure of speech that uses the past tense to refer to things that will happen in the future. This is sometimes done in prophecy to show that the event will certainly happen. It is also called the prophetic perfect.
> Therefore my people have gone into captivity for lack of understanding;
> their leaders go hungry, and their masses have nothing to drink. (Isaiah 5:13 ULB)
> their leaders go hungry, and their masses have nothing to drink. (Isaiah 5:13 ULT)
In the example above, the people of Israel had not yet gone into captivity, but God spoke of their going into captivity as if it had already happened because he had decided that they certainly would go into captivity.
@ -15,16 +15,16 @@ Readers who are not aware of the past tense being used in prophecy to refer to f
### Examples from the Bible
>Now all the entrances to Jericho were closed because of the army of Israel. No one went out and no one came in. Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I have handed over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers." (Joshua 6:1-2 ULB)
>Now all the entrances to Jericho were closed because of the army of Israel. No one went out and no one came in. Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I have handed over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers." (Joshua 6:1-2 ULT)
>For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given;
>and the rule will be on his shoulder; (Isaiah 9:6 ULB)
>and the rule will be on his shoulder; (Isaiah 9:6 ULT)
In the examples above, God spoke of things that would happen in the future as if they had already happened.
> And about these people also Enoch, the seventh in line from Adam, foretold, saying, "Look, the Lord came with tens of thousands of his holy ones, (Jude 1:14 ULB)
> And about these people also Enoch, the seventh in line from Adam, foretold, saying, "Look, the Lord came with tens of thousands of his holy ones, (Jude 1:14 ULT)
Enoch was speaking of something that would happen in the future, but he used the past tense when he said "the Lord came.”
@ -42,16 +42,16 @@ If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
1. Use the future tense to refer to future events.
* **For to us a child <u>has been born</u>, to us a son <u>has been given</u>;** (Isaiah 9:6a ULB)
* **For to us a child <u>has been born</u>, to us a son <u>has been given</u>;** (Isaiah 9:6a ULT)
* "For to us a child <u>will be born</u>, to us a son <u>will be given</u>;
1. If it refers to something that would happen very soon, use a form that shows that.
* **Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>have handed</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."** (Joshua 6:2 ULB)
* **Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>have handed</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."** (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
* Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>am about to hand</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."
1. Some languages may use the present tense to show that something will happen very soon.
* **Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>have handed</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."** (Joshua 6:2 ULB)
* **Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>have handed</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."** (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
* Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>am handing</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."

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@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
Personification is a figure of speech in which someone speaks of something as if it could do things that animals or people can do. People often do this because it makes it easier to talk about things that we cannot see:
Such as wisdom:
>Does not Wisdom call out? (Proverbs 8:1 ULB)
>Does not Wisdom call out? (Proverbs 8:1 ULT)
Or sin:
>sin crouches at the door (Genesis 4:7 ULB)
>sin crouches at the door (Genesis 4:7 ULT)
People also do this because it is sometimes easier to talk about people's relationships with non-human things, such as wealth, as if they were like relationships between people.
>You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB)
>You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
### Reasons this is a translation issue
@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ People also do this because it is sometimes easier to talk about people's relati
### Examples from the Bible
>You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB)
>You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
Jesus speaks of wealth as if it were a master whom people might serve. Loving money and basing one's decisions on it is like serving it as a slave would serve his master.
>Does not Wisdom call out? Does not Understanding raise her voice? (Proverbs 8:1 ULB)
>Does not Wisdom call out? Does not Understanding raise her voice? (Proverbs 8:1 ULT)
The author speaks of wisdom and understanding as if they are a woman who calls out to teach people. This means that they are not something hidden, but something obvious that people should pay attention to.
@ -42,17 +42,17 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou
1. Add words or phrases to make it clear.
* ** ... <u>sin crouches</u> at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear.
* ** ... <u>sin crouches</u> at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear.
* ... <u>sin</u> is at your door, <u>waiting to attack you</u>
1. Use words such as "like" or "as" to show that the sentences is not to be understood literally.
* ** ... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - This can be translated with the word "as."
* ** ... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - This can be translated with the word "as."
* ... sin is crouching at the door, just <u>as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person</u>.
1. Find a way to translate it without the personification.
* ** ... even the <u>winds and the sea obey him</u>** (Matthew 8:27 ULB) - The men speak of the "wind and the sea as if they are able to hear" and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
* ** ... even the <u>winds and the sea obey him</u>** (Matthew 8:27 ULT) - The men speak of the "wind and the sea as if they are able to hear" and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
* He even <u>controls the winds and the sea</u>.

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@ -31,19 +31,19 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He
>… the younger son … wasted <u>his money</u> with wildly extravagant living. (Luke 15:13)
**Social Relationship** - In the example below, the disciples were people who learned from John.
>Then <u>the disciples of John</u> came to him …, (Matthew 9:14 ULB)
>Then <u>the disciples of John</u> came to him …, (Matthew 9:14 ULT)
**Material** - In the example below, the material used for making the crowns was gold.
>On their heads were something like <u>crowns of gold</u> (Revelation 9:7)
**Contents** - In the example below, the cup has water in it.
>Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink … will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULB)
>Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink … will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULT)
**Part of a whole** - In the example below, the door was a part of the palace.
>But Uriah slept at <u>the door of the king's palace</u> (2 Samuel 11:9 ULB)
>But Uriah slept at <u>the door of the king's palace</u> (2 Samuel 11:9 ULT)
**Part of a group** - In the example below, "us" refers to the whole group and "each one" refers to the individual members.
>To <u>each one of us</u> has been given a gift (Ephesians 4:7 ULB)
>To <u>each one of us</u> has been given a gift (Ephesians 4:7 ULT)
#### Events and Possession
@ -56,18 +56,18 @@ In the example below, <u>Christ loves us</u>.
>Who will separate us from <u>the **love** of Christ</u>? (Romans 3:35)
**Object** - Sometimes the word after "of" tells who or what something would happen to. In the example below, <u>people love money</u>.
>For <u>the **love** of money</u> is a root of all kinds of evil. (1 Timothy 6:10 ULB)
>For <u>the **love** of money</u> is a root of all kinds of evil. (1 Timothy 6:10 ULT)
**Instrument** - Sometimes the word after "of" tells how something would happen. In the example below, God would <u>punish people by sending enemies to attack them with swords</u>.
> then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings <u>the **punishment** of the sword</u> (Job 19:29 ULB)
> then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings <u>the **punishment** of the sword</u> (Job 19:29 ULT)
**Representation** - In the example below, John was baptizing people who were repenting of their sins. They were being baptized to show that they were repenting. Their <u>baptism represented their repentance</u>.
>As John came, he was baptizing in the wilderness and was preaching <u>a **baptism** of repentance</u> for the forgiveness of sins. (Mark 1:4 ULB)
>As John came, he was baptizing in the wilderness and was preaching <u>a **baptism** of repentance</u> for the forgiveness of sins. (Mark 1:4 ULT)
### Strategies for learning what the relationship is between the two nouns
1. Read the surrounding verses to see if they help you to understand the relationship between the two nouns.
1. Read the verse in the UDB. Sometimes it shows the relationship clearly.
1. Read the verse in the UST. Sometimes it shows the relationship clearly.
1. See what the notes say about it.
### Translation Strategies
@ -87,21 +87,21 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t
1. Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold.
* ** ... Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULB)
* ** ... Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULT)
* ... Whoever gives you <u>a cup that **has** water in it</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward.
* **Wealth is worthless on <u>the day of wrath</u>** (Proverbs 11:4 ULB)
* **Wealth is worthless on <u>the day of wrath</u>** (Proverbs 11:4 ULT)
* Wealth is worthless on <u>the day when God **shows** his wrath.</u>
* Wealth is worthless on the <u>day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath</u>.
1. If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb. In the example below, that verb is in bold.
* **Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen <u>the punishment of Yahweh your God</u>,** (Deuteronomy 11:2 ULB)
* **Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen <u>the punishment of Yahweh your God</u>,** (Deuteronomy 11:2 ULT)
* Notice that I am not speaking to your children who have not known or seen <u>how Yahweh your God **punished** the people of Egypt.</u>
* **You will only observe and see the <u>punishment of the wicked</u>.** (Psalms 91:8 ULB)
* **You will only observe and see the <u>punishment of the wicked</u>.** (Psalms 91:8 ULT)
* You will only observe and see <u>how Yahweh **punishes** the wicked</u>.
* **... you will receive the gift <u>of the Holy Spirit</u>.** (Acts 2:38 ULB)
* **... you will receive the gift <u>of the Holy Spirit</u>.** (Acts 2:38 ULT)
* ... you will receive <u>the Holy Spirit, whom God will **give** to you</u>.

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translate/figs-quotations/01.md
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@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ In some languages, reported speech can be expressed by either direct or indirect
### Examples from the Bible
The verses in the examples below contain both direct and indirect quotations. In the explanation below the verse, we have underlined the quotations.
>He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them." (Luke 5:14 ULB)
>He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them." (Luke 5:14 ULT)
* Indirect quote: He instructed him <u>to tell no one</u>,
* Direct quote: but told him, "<u>Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest…</u>"
>Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, Jesus answered them and said, "The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, 'Look here!' or, 'Look there!' because the kingdom of God is among you." (Luke 17:20-21 ULB)
>Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, Jesus answered them and said, "The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, 'Look here!' or, 'Look there!' because the kingdom of God is among you." (Luke 17:20-21 ULT)
* Indirect quote: Being asked by the Pharisees <u>when the kingdom of God would come,</u>
* Direct quote: Jesus answered them and said, "<u>The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, 'Look here!' or, 'Look there!' because the kingdom of God is among you.</u>"
@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ If the kind of quote used in the source text would work well in your language, c
1. If a direct quote would not work well in your language, change it to an indirect quote.
* **He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, "<u>Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.</u>"** (Luke 5:14 ULB)
* **He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, "<u>Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.</u>"** (Luke 5:14 ULT)
* He instructed him to tell no one, but <u>to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them</u>."
1. If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote.
* **He instructed him, <u>to tell no one</u>, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."** (Luke 5:14 ULB)
* **He instructed him, <u>to tell no one</u>, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."** (Luke 5:14 ULT)
* He instructed him, "<u>Tell no one</u>. Just go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."
You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_quotations.

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@ -19,30 +19,30 @@ Some languages use other kinds of quotation marks: Here are some examples: ‚ '
### Examples from the Bible
The examples below show the kind of quote marking used in the ULB.
The examples below show the kind of quote marking used in the ULT.
#### A quotation with only one layer
A first layer direct quote has double quote marks around it.
> So the king replied, "That is Elijah the Tishbite." (2 Kings 1:8 ULB)
> So the king replied, "That is Elijah the Tishbite." (2 Kings 1:8 ULT)
#### Quotations with two layers
A second layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it and the phrase for you to see it clearly.
> They asked him, "Who is the man that said to you, <u>'Pick up your bed and walk'</u>?" (John 5:12 ULB)
> They asked him, "Who is the man that said to you, <u>'Pick up your bed and walk'</u>?" (John 5:12 ULT)
> … he sent two of the disciples, saying, "Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, <u>'Why are you untying it?'</u> say, <u>'The Lord has need of it.'</u> " (Luke 19:29-31 ULB)
> … he sent two of the disciples, saying, "Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, <u>'Why are you untying it?'</u> say, <u>'The Lord has need of it.'</u> " (Luke 19:29-31 ULT)
#### A quotation with three layers
A third layer direct quote has double quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly.
> Abraham said, "Because I thought, 'Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.' Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father's house and travel from place to place, I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, <u>"He is my brother."</u> ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB)
> Abraham said, "Because I thought, 'Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.' Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father's house and travel from place to place, I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, <u>"He is my brother."</u> ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULT)
#### A quotation with four layers
A fourth layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly.
> They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: <u>'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'</u> " ' " (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULB)
> They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: <u>'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'</u> " ' " (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULT)
### Quote Marking Strategies
@ -54,20 +54,20 @@ Here are some ways you may be able to help readers see where each quote starts a
### Examples of Quote Marking Strategies Applied
1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation as shown in the ULB text below.
1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation as shown in the ULT text below.
>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)
>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. In English the word "that" can introduce an indirect quote. In the example below, everything after the word "that" is an indirect quote of what the messengers said to the king. Within that indirect quote, there are some direct quotes marked with " and '.
>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)
>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
* They told him <u>that</u> a man came to meet them who said to them, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die." ' "
1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it.
>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)
>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
* They said to him,
* A man came to meet us who said to us, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die." ' "

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@ -14,26 +14,26 @@ A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quot
#### A quotation with only one layer
> But Paul said, "I was born a Roman citizen." (Acts 22:28 ULB)
> But Paul said, "I was born a Roman citizen." (Acts 22:28 ULT)
#### Quotations with two layers
>Jesus answered and said to them, "Be careful that no one leads you astray. For many will come in my name. They will say, 'I am the Christ,' and will lead many astray." Matthew 24:4-5 ULB
>Jesus answered and said to them, "Be careful that no one leads you astray. For many will come in my name. They will say, 'I am the Christ,' and will lead many astray." Matthew 24:4-5 ULT
The outermost layer is what Jesus said to his disciples. The second layer is what other people will say.
>Jesus answered, "You say that I am a king." (John 18:37 ULB)
>Jesus answered, "You say that I am a king." (John 18:37 ULT)
The outermost layer is what Jesus said to Pilate. The second layer is what Pilate said about Jesus.
#### A quotation with three layers
> Abraham said, "... I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, <u>"He is my brother."</u> ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB)
> Abraham said, "... I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, <u>"He is my brother."</u> ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULT)
The outermost layer is what Abraham said to Abimelech. The second layer is what Abraham had told his wife. The third layer is what he wanted his wife to say. (We have underlined the third layer.)
#### A quotation with four layers
>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: <u>'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'</u> " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)
>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: <u>'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'</u> " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
The outermost layer is what the messengers said to the king. The second layer is what the man who had met the messengers told them. The third is what that man wanted the messengers to say to the king. The fourth is what Yahweh said. (We have underlined the fourth layer.)
@ -46,16 +46,16 @@ Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of dire
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
1. Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have underlined the indirect quotes in the ULB and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it.
1. Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have underlined the indirect quotes in the ULT and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it.
* **Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ...I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him <u>if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things</u>. But when Paul called <u>to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision</u>, I ordered him <u>to be kept until I send him to Caesar</u>."** (Acts 25:14-21 ULB)
* **Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ...I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him <u>if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things</u>. But when Paul called <u>to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision</u>, I ordered him <u>to be kept until I send him to Caesar</u>."** (Acts 25:14-21 ULT)
* Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ...I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, <u>'Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?'</u> But when Paul said, <u>'I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision,'</u> I told the guard, <u>'Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.'</u>"
1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word "that" can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined.
* **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, 'At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.' "** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULB)
* **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, 'At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.' "** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULT)
* Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them <u>that</u> at twilight <u>they</u> will eat meat, and in the morning <u>they</u> will be filled with bread. Then <u>they</u> will know that I am Yahweh <u>their</u> God."
* **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' "** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)
* **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' "** (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
* They told him <u>that</u> a man had come to meet <u>them</u> who said to <u>them</u>, "Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him <u>that</u> Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' "

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@ -19,20 +19,20 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different role
### Examples from the Bible
Reflexive pronouns are used to show the same person or thing fills two different roles in a sentence.
<blockquote>If <u>I</u> should testify about <u>myself</u> alone, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote>If <u>I</u> should testify about <u>myself</u> alone, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULT) </blockquote>
>Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and <u>many</u> went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify <u>themselves</u>. (John 11:55 ULB)
>Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and <u>many</u> went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify <u>themselves</u>. (John 11:55 ULT)
Reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize a person or thing in the sentence.
<blockquote><u>Jesus himself</u> was not baptizing, but his disciples were (John 4:2 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote><u>Jesus himself</u> was not baptizing, but his disciples were (John 4:2 ULT) </blockquote>
> So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. Other boats were also with him. And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But <u>Jesus himself</u> was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB)
> So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. Other boats were also with him. And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But <u>Jesus himself</u> was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULT)
Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone did something alone.
>When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain <u>by himself</u>. (John 6:15 ULB)
>When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain <u>by himself</u>. (John 6:15 ULT)
Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone or something was alone.
>He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. <u>It</u> was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place <u>by itself</u>. (John 20:6-7 ULB)
>He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. <u>It</u> was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place <u>by itself</u>. (John 20:6-7 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
* **<u>He himself</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULB)
* **<u>He himself</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULT)
* "<u>It was he who</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases."
* **<u>Jesus himself</u> was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2)
@ -73,6 +73,6 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
1. In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was.
* **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place <u>by itself</u>.** (John 20:6-7 ULB)
* **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place <u>by itself</u>.** (John 20:6-7 ULT)
* "He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying <u>in it's own place</u>."

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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker asks when he is more interest
A rhetorical question is a question that strongly expresses the speaker's attitude toward something. Often the speaker is not looking for information at all, but if he is asking for information, it is not usually the information that the question appears to ask for. The speaker is more interested in expressing his attitude than in getting information.
>Those who stood by said, "<u>Is this how you insult God's high priest?</u>" (Acts 23:4 ULB)
>Those who stood by said, "<u>Is this how you insult God's high priest?</u>" (Acts 23:4 ULT)
The people who asked Paul this question were not asking about his way of insulting God’s high priest. Rather they used theis question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest.
@ -19,37 +19,37 @@ The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. Some of the purposes of these rhet
### Examples from the Bible
>Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel? (1 Kings 21:7 ULB)
>Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel? (1 Kings 21:7 ULT)
Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab of something he already knew: he still ruled the kingdom of Israel. The rhetorical question made her point more strongly than if she had merely stated it, because it forced Ahab to admit the point himself. She did this in order to rebuke him for being unwilling to take over a poor man's property. She was implying that since he was the king of Israel, he had the power to take the man's property.
><u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils?</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB)
><u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils?</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry or a bride forget her veils. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him, who is so much greater than those things.
>Why did I not die when I came out from the womb? (Job 3:11 ULB)
>Why did I not die when I came out from the womb? (Job 3:11 ULT)
Job used the question above to show deep emotion. This rhetorical question expresses how sad he was that he did not die as soon as he was born. He wished that he had not lived.
>And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me? (Luke 1:43 ULB)
>And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me? (Luke 1:43 ULT)
Elizabeth used the question above to show how surprised and happy she was that the mother of her Lord came to her.
>Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULB)
>Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already knew: a good father would never give his son something bad to eat. By introducing this point, Jesus could go on to teach them about God with his next rhetorical question:
>Therefore, if you who are evil know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father from heaven give good things to those who ask him? (Matthew 7:11 ULB)
>Therefore, if you who are evil know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father from heaven give good things to those who ask him? (Matthew 7:11 ULT)
Jesus used this question to teach the people in an emphatic way that God gives good things to those who ask him.
><u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden... (Luke 13:18-19 ULB)
><u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden... (Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was going to compare the kingdom of God to something.
@ -75,36 +75,36 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
1. Add the answer after the question.
* **<u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils?</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB)
* **<u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils?</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
* Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? <u>Of course not!</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!
* **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULB)
* **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
* Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? <u>None of you would do that!</u>
1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
* **<u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULB)
* **<u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
* <u>This is what the kingdom of God is like.</u> It is like a mustard seed..."
* **<u>Is this how you insult God's high priest?</u>** (Acts 23:4 ULB)
* **<u>Is this how you insult God's high priest?</u>** (Acts 23:4 ULT)
* <u>You should not insult God's high priest!</u>
* **<u>Why did I not die when I came out from the womb?</u>** (Job 3:11 ULB)
* **<u>Why did I not die when I came out from the womb?</u>** (Job 3:11 ULT)
* <u>I wish I had died when I came out from the womb!</u>
* **<u>And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?</u>** (Luke 1:43 ULB)
* **<u>And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?</u>** (Luke 1:43 ULT)
* <u>How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me!</u>
1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
* **<u>Do you not still rule</u> the kingdom of Israel?** (1 Kings 21:7 ULB)
* **<u>Do you not still rule</u> the kingdom of Israel?** (1 Kings 21:7 ULT)
* You still rule the kingdom of Israel, <u>do you not?</u>
1. Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your langauge what the orignal speaker communicated in his.
* **Or <u>what man among you is there who</u>, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, <u>will give him a stone?</u>** (Matthew 7:9 ULB)
* **Or <u>what man among you is there who</u>, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, <u>will give him a stone?</u>** (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
* If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, <u>would you give him a stone</u>?
* **<u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils</u>? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB)
* **<u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils</u>? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
* <u>What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils</u>? Yet my poeple have forgotten me for days without number

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@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The examples below show each of these types used for their main functions.
#### Statements
>In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. (Genesis 1:1 ULB)
>In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. (Genesis 1:1 ULT)
Statements can also have other functions. (see [Statements - Other Uses](../figs-declarative/01.md))
@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ Statements can also have other functions. (see [Statements - Other Uses](../figs
The speakers below used these questions to get information, and the people they were speaking to answered their questions.
<blockquote>Jesus said to them, "<u>Do you believe that I can do this?</u>" They said to him, "Yes, Lord." (Matthew 9:28 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote>Jesus said to them, "<u>Do you believe that I can do this?</u>" They said to him, "Yes, Lord." (Matthew 9:28 ULT) </blockquote>
<blockquote>The jailer...said, "Sirs, <u>what must I do to be saved?</u>" They said, "Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your house." (Acts 16:29-31 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>The jailer...said, "Sirs, <u>what must I do to be saved?</u>" They said, "Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your house." (Acts 16:29-31 ULT)</blockquote>
Questions can also have other functions. (see [Rhetorical Question](../figs-rquestion/01.md))
@ -41,43 +41,43 @@ Questions can also have other functions. (see [Rhetorical Question](../figs-rque
There are different kinds of imperative sentences: commands, instructions, suggestions, invitations, requests, and wishes.
With a **command**, the speaker uses his authority and tells someone to do something.
><u>Rise up</u>, Balak, and <u>hear</u>. <u>Listen</u> to me, you son of Zippor. (Numbers 23:18 ULB)
><u>Rise up</u>, Balak, and <u>hear</u>. <u>Listen</u> to me, you son of Zippor. (Numbers 23:18 ULT)
With an **instruction**, the speaker tells someone how to do something.
>...but if you want to enter into life, <u>keep the commandments</u>. ... If you wish to be perfect, <u>go</u>, <u>sell</u> what you have, and <u>give</u> it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. (Matthew 19:17, 21 ULB)
>...but if you want to enter into life, <u>keep the commandments</u>. ... If you wish to be perfect, <u>go</u>, <u>sell</u> what you have, and <u>give</u> it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. (Matthew 19:17, 21 ULT)
With a **suggestion**, the speaker tells someone something to do or not do that he thinks might help that person. In the example below, it is best for both blind men if they do not try to lead each other.
>A blind man <u>should not</u> try to lead another blind man. If he did, they both would fall into a hole! ( Luke 6:39 UDB)
>A blind man <u>should not</u> try to lead another blind man. If he did, they both would fall into a hole! ( Luke 6:39 UST)
Speakers may intend to be part of the group that does what is suggested. In Genesis 11, the people were saying that it would be good for them all to make bricks together.
>They said to one another, "Come, <u>let us</u> make bricks and bake them thoroughly." (Genesis 11:3 ULB)
>They said to one another, "Come, <u>let us</u> make bricks and bake them thoroughly." (Genesis 11:3 ULT)
With an **invitation**, the speaker uses politeness or friendliness to suggest that someone do something if he wants. This is usually something that the speaker thinks the listener will enjoy.
><u>Come</u> with us and we will do you good. (Numbers 10:29)
With a **request**, the speaker uses politeness to say that he wants someone to do something. This may include the word 'please' to make it clear that it is a request and not a command. This is usually something that would benefit the speaker.
<blockquote><u>Give us</u> today our daily bread. (Matthew 6:11 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote><u>Give us</u> today our daily bread. (Matthew 6:11 ULT) </blockquote>
<blockquote><u>Please excuse</u> me. (Luke 14:18 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote><u>Please excuse</u> me. (Luke 14:18 ULT)</blockquote>
With a **wish** a person expresses what they want to happen. In English they often start with the word "may" or "let."
In Genesis 28, Isaac told Jacob what he wanted God to do for him.
><u>May God Almighty bless</u> you, make you fruitful and multiply you. (Genesis 28:3 ULB)
><u>May God Almighty bless</u> you, make you fruitful and multiply you. (Genesis 28:3 ULT)
In Genesis 9, Noah said what he wanted to happen to Canaan.
><u>Cursed be</u> Canaan. <u>May he be</u> a servant to his brothers' servants. (Genesis 9:25 ULB)
><u>Cursed be</u> Canaan. <u>May he be</u> a servant to his brothers' servants. (Genesis 9:25 ULT)
In Genesis 21, Hagar expressed her strong desire not to see her son die, and then she moved away so that she would not see him die.
><u>Let me not look</u> upon the death of the child. (Genesis 21:16 ULB)
><u>Let me not look</u> upon the death of the child. (Genesis 21:16 ULT)
Imperative sentences also have other functions. (see [Imperatives - Other Uses](../figs-imperative/01.md))
#### Exclamations
Exclamations express strong feeling. In the ULB and UDB, they usually have an exclamation mark (!) at the end.
>Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULB)
Exclamations express strong feeling. In the ULT and UST, they usually have an exclamation mark (!) at the end.
>Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULT)
(See [Exclamations](../figs-exclamations/01.md) for other ways that exclamations are shown and ways to translate them.)

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@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be simil
>When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them, because they were worried and confused, because they were <u>like sheep without a shepherd</u>. (Matthew 9:36)
Jesus compared the crowds of people to sheep without a shepherd. Sheep grow frightened when they do not have a good shepherd to lead them in safe places. The crowds were like that because they did not have good religious leaders.
>See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>, so be as wise <u>as serpents</u> and harmless <u>as doves</u>. (Matthew 10:16 ULB)
>See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>, so be as wise <u>as serpents</u> and harmless <u>as doves</u>. (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
Jesus compared his disciples to sheep and their enemies to wolves. Wolves attack sheep. Jesus' enemies would attack his disciples.
>For the word of God is living and active and sharper <u>than any two-edged sword</u>. (Hebrews 4:12 ULB)
>For the word of God is living and active and sharper <u>than any two-edged sword</u>. (Hebrews 4:12 ULT)
God's word is compared to a two-edged sword. A two-edged sword is a weapon that can easily cut through a person's flesh. God's word is very effective in showing what is in a person's heart and thoughts.
@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ God's word is compared to a two-edged sword. A two-edged sword is a weapon that
### Examples from the Bible
>Suffer hardship with me, <u>as a good soldier of Christ Jesus</u>. (2 Timothy 2:3 ULB)
>Suffer hardship with me, <u>as a good soldier of Christ Jesus</u>. (2 Timothy 2:3 ULT)
In this simile, Paul compares suffering with what soldiers endure, and he encourages Timothy to follow their example.
>for <u>as the lightning appears when it flashes from one part of the sky to another part of the sky</u>, so will the Son of Man be in his day. (Luke 17:24 ULB)
>for <u>as the lightning appears when it flashes from one part of the sky to another part of the sky</u>, so will the Son of Man be in his day. (Luke 17:24 ULT)
This verse does not tell how the Son of Man will be like the lightning. But from the context we can understand from the verses before it that just as lighting flashes suddenly and everyone can see it, the Son of Man will come suddenly and everyone will be able to see him. No one will have to be told about it.
@ -46,18 +46,18 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I
1. If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience.
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) - This compares the danger that Jesus' disciples would be in with the danger that sheep are in when they are surrounded by wolves.
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>** (Matthew 10:16 ULT) - This compares the danger that Jesus' disciples would be in with the danger that sheep are in when they are surrounded by wolves.
* See, I send <u>you out among wicked people</u> and you will be in danger from them <u>as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves</u>.
* **For the word of God is living and active and sharper <u>than any two-edged sword</u>.** (Hebrews 4:12 ULB)
* **For the word of God is living and active and sharper <u>than any two-edged sword</u>.** (Hebrews 4:12 ULT)
* For the word of God is living and active and <u>more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword</u>
1. If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible.
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) - If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another.
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>,** (Matthew 10:16 ULT) - If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another.
* See, I send you out <u>as chickens in the midst of wild dogs</u>,
* **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB)
* **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULT)
* How often I wanted to gather your children together, <u>as a mother closely watches over her infants</u>, but you refused!
* **If you have faith even as small <u>as a grain of mustard</u>,** (Matthew 17:20)
@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I
1. Simply describe the item without comparing it to another.
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB)
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>,** (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
* See, I send you out and <u>people will want to harm you</u>.
* **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB)
* **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULT)
* How often I wanted to <u>protect you</u>, but you refused!

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translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md
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@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
### Description
Synecdoche is when a speaker uses a part of something to refer to the whole or uses the whole to refer to a part.
> <u>My soul</u> exalts the Lord. (Luke 1:46 ULB)
> <u>My soul</u> exalts the Lord. (Luke 1:46 ULT)
Mary was was very happy about what the Lord was doing, so she said "my soul," which means the inner, emotional part of herself, to refer to her whole self.
><u>the Pharisees</u> said to him, "Look, why are they doing something that is not lawful ...?" (Mark 2:24 ULB)
><u>the Pharisees</u> said to him, "Look, why are they doing something that is not lawful ...?" (Mark 2:24 ULT)
The Pharisees who were standing there did not all say the same words at the same time. Instead, it is more likely that one man representing the group said those words.
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ The Pharisees who were standing there did not all say the same words at the same
### Example from the Bible
>I looked on all the deeds that <u>my hands</u> had accomplished (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULB)
>I looked on all the deeds that <u>my hands</u> had accomplished (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULT)
"My hands" is a synecdoche for the whole person, because clearly the arms and the rest of the body and the mind were also involved in the person's accomplishments.
@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ If the synecdoche would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
1. State specifically what the synecdoche refers to.
* **"<u>My soul</u> exalts the Lord."** (Luke 1:46 ULB)
* **"<u>My soul</u> exalts the Lord."** (Luke 1:46 ULT)
* "<u>I</u> exalt the Lord."
* **...<u>the Pharisees</u> said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULB)
* **...<u>the Pharisees</u> said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULT)
* ...<u>a representative of the Pharisees</u> said to him ...
* **... I looked on all the deeds that <u>my hands</u> had accomplished ...** (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULB)
* **... I looked on all the deeds that <u>my hands</u> had accomplished ...** (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULT)
* I looked on all the deeds that <u>I</u> had accomplished

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translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
**Parallelism with the same meaning** is a poetic device in which one complex idea is expressed in two or more different ways. Speakers may do this in order to emphasize the idea that is the same in the two phrases. This is also called "synonymous parallelism."
Note: We use the term "parallelism with the same meaning" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
>Yahweh <u>sees everything a person does</u> and <u>watches all the paths he takes</u>. (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
>Yahweh <u>sees everything a person does</u> and <u>watches all the paths he takes</u>. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
The first underlined phrase and the second underlined phrase mean the same thing. There are three ideas that are the same between these two phrases. "Sees" corresponds to "watches," "everything ... does" corresponds to "all the paths ... takes," and "a person" corresponds to "he."
@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ In some languages people do not expect someone to say the same thing twice, even
### Examples from the Bible
>Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path. (Psalm 119:105 ULB)
>Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path. (Psalm 119:105 ULT)
Both parts of the sentences are metaphors saying that God's word teaches people how to live. The words "lamp" and "light" are similar in meaning because they refer to light, and the words "my feet" and "my path" are related, because they refer to a person walking.
><u>Praise Yahweh</u>, all you nations; <u>exalt him</u>, all you peoples! (Psalm 117:1 ULB)
><u>Praise Yahweh</u>, all you nations; <u>exalt him</u>, all you peoples! (Psalm 117:1 ULT)
Both parts of this verse tell people everywhere to praise Yahweh. The words 'Praise' and 'exalt' mean the same thing, 'Yahweh' and 'him' refer to the same person, and 'all you nations' and 'all you peoples' refer to the same people.
>For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u>, and he will <u>fight in court</u> against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULB)
>For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u>, and he will <u>fight in court</u> against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULT)
The two parts of this verse say that Yahweh has a serious disagreement with his people, Israel. These are not two different disagreements or two different groups of people.
@ -42,25 +42,25 @@ If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages, tha
1. Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
* **Until now you have <u>deceived me and told me lies</u>.** (Judges 16:13, ULB) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
* **Until now you have <u>deceived me and told me lies</u>.** (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
* Until now you have <u>deceived me with your lies</u>.
* **Yahweh <u>sees everything a person does and watches all</u> the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - The phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does."
* **Yahweh <u>sees everything a person does and watches all</u> the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does."
* Yahweh <u>pays attention to everything</u> a person does.
* **For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u>, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
* **For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u>, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULT) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
* For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u>, Israel.
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as "truly" or "certainly."
* **Yahweh <u>sees everything</u> a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
* **Yahweh <u>sees everything</u> a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
* Yahweh <u>truly sees</u> everything a person does.
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like "very," "completely" or "all."
* **... you have deceived me <u>and</u> told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULB)
* **... you have deceived me <u>and</u> told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULT)
* <u>All</u> you have done is lie to me.
* **Yahweh sees everything a person does <u>and</u> watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
* **Yahweh sees everything a person does <u>and</u> watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
* Yahweh sees <u>absolutely everything</u> that a person does.

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translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md
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@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ Also, speakers and writers of the Old Testament often referred to groups of peop
### Examples from the Bible
><sup>1</sup>Take heed that <u>you</u> do not do <u>your</u> acts of righteousness before people to be seen by them, or else <u>you</u> will have no reward from <u>your</u> Father who is in heaven. <sup>2</sup>So when <u>you</u> give alms, do not sound a trumpet before <u>yourself</u> as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may have the praise of people. Truly I say to <u>you</u>, they have received their reward. (Matthew 6:1,2 ULB)
><sup>1</sup>Take heed that <u>you</u> do not do <u>your</u> acts of righteousness before people to be seen by them, or else <u>you</u> will have no reward from <u>your</u> Father who is in heaven. <sup>2</sup>So when <u>you</u> give alms, do not sound a trumpet before <u>yourself</u> as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may have the praise of people. Truly I say to <u>you</u>, they have received their reward. (Matthew 6:1,2 ULT)
Jesus said this to a crowd. He used "you" plural in verse 1, and "you" singular in the first sentence of verse 2. Then in the last sentence he used the plural again.
>God spoke all these words: "I am Yahweh, <u>your</u> God, who brought <u>you</u> out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. <u>You</u> must have no other gods before me." (Exodus 20:1-3 ULB)
>God spoke all these words: "I am Yahweh, <u>your</u> God, who brought <u>you</u> out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. <u>You</u> must have no other gods before me." (Exodus 20:1-3 ULT)
God said this to all the people of Israel. He had taken them all out of Egypt and he wanted them all to obey him, but he used the singular form of you here when speaking to them.
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ God said this to all the people of Israel. He had taken them all out of Egypt an
>because <u>he</u> pursued <u>his</u> brother with the sword
>and cast off all pity.
><u>His</u> anger raged continually,
>and <u>his</u> wrath lasted forever." (Amos 1:11 ULB)
>and <u>his</u> wrath lasted forever." (Amos 1:11 ULT)
Yahweh said these things about the nation of Edom, not about only one person.
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ If the singular form of the pronoun would be natural when referring to a group o
>because <u>he</u> pursued <u>his</u> brother with the sword
>and cast off all pity.
><u>His</u> anger raged continually,
>and <u>his</u> wrath lasted forever." (Amos 1:11 ULB)
>and <u>his</u> wrath lasted forever." (Amos 1:11 ULT)
This is what Yahweh says,
"For three sins of Edom,

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translate/figs-youdual/01.md
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@ -15,22 +15,22 @@ Often the context will make it clear whether the word "you" refers to one person
### Examples from the Bible
><u>James and John</u>, the sons of Zebedee, came up to him and said, "Teacher, we want you to do for us whatever we ask you." He [Jesus] said to them, "What do <u>you </u> want me to do for <u>you</u>?" (Mark 10:35-36 ULB)
><u>James and John</u>, the sons of Zebedee, came up to him and said, "Teacher, we want you to do for us whatever we ask you." He [Jesus] said to them, "What do <u>you </u> want me to do for <u>you</u>?" (Mark 10:35-36 ULT)
Jesus is asking the **two**, James and John, what they want him to do for them. If the target language has a **dual** form of "you," use that. If the target language does not have a dual form, then the plural form would be appropriate.
>… and Jesus sent out two of his disciples and said to them, "Go into the village opposite us. As soon as <u>you</u> enter it, <u>you</u> will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. (Mark 11:1-2 ULB)
>… and Jesus sent out two of his disciples and said to them, "Go into the village opposite us. As soon as <u>you</u> enter it, <u>you</u> will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. (Mark 11:1-2 ULT)
The context makes it clear that Jesus is addressing **two** people. If the target language has a **dual** form of "you," use that. If the target language does not have a dual form, then the plural form would be appropriate.
>James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes of the Dispersion, greetings. Consider it all joy, my brothers, when <u>you</u> experience various troubles, knowing that the testing of <u>your</u> faith works endurance. (James 1:1-3 ULB)
>James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes of the Dispersion, greetings. Consider it all joy, my brothers, when <u>you</u> experience various troubles, knowing that the testing of <u>your</u> faith works endurance. (James 1:1-3 ULT)
James wrote this letter to many people, so the word "you" refers to many people. If the target language has a **plural** form of "you," it would be best to use it here.
### Strategies for finding out how many people "you" refers to
1. Look at the notes to see if they tell whether "you" refers to one person or more than one person.
1. Look at the UDB to see if it says anything that would show you whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one person.
1. Look at the UST to see if it says anything that would show you whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one person.
1. If you have a Bible that is written in a language that distinguishes "you" singular from "you" plural, see which form of "you" that Bible has in that sentence.
1. Look at the context to see who the speaker was talking to and who responded.

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translate/figs-youformal/01.md
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@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ In some cultures people use the formal "you" when speaking to someone who is old
### Examples from the Bible
>Yahweh God called to the man and said to him, "Where are <u>you</u>?" (Genesis 3:9 ULB)
>Yahweh God called to the man and said to him, "Where are <u>you</u>?" (Genesis 3:9 ULT)
God is in authority over the man, so languages that have formal and informal forms of "you" would probably use the informal form here.
>So, it seemed good to me also, having investigated everything accurately from the beginning, to write it down for <u>you</u> in order, most excellent Theophilus. I want <u>you</u> to know the certainty of the things that <u>you </u> were taught. (Luke 1:3-4 ULB)
>So, it seemed good to me also, having investigated everything accurately from the beginning, to write it down for <u>you</u> in order, most excellent Theophilus. I want <u>you</u> to know the certainty of the things that <u>you </u> were taught. (Luke 1:3-4 ULT)
Luke called Theophilus "most excellent." This shows us that Theophilus was probably a high official to whom Luke was showing great respect. Speakers of languages that have a formal form of "you" would probably use that form here.
>Heavenly Father, sanctify <u>your</u> name. (Matthew 6:9 ULB)
>Heavenly Father, sanctify <u>your</u> name. (Matthew 6:9 ULT)
This is part of a prayer that Jesus taught his disciples. Some cultures would use the formal "you" because God is in authority. Other cultures would use the informal "you" because God is our Father.

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translate/figs-yousingular/01.md
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### Examples from the Bible
>The ruler said, "All these things I have obeyed from the time I was a youth." When Jesus heard that, he said to him, "One thing <u>you</u> still lack. <u>You</u> must sell all that you have and distribute it to the poor, and <u>you</u> will have treasure in heaven—and come, follow me." (Luke 18:21, 22 ULB)
>The ruler said, "All these things I have obeyed from the time I was a youth." When Jesus heard that, he said to him, "One thing <u>you</u> still lack. <u>You</u> must sell all that you have and distribute it to the poor, and <u>you</u> will have treasure in heaven—and come, follow me." (Luke 18:21, 22 ULT)
The ruler was speaking about just himself when he said "I." This shows us that when Jesus said "you" he was referring only to the ruler. So languages that have singular and plural forms of "you" would have the singular form here.
>The angel said to him, "Dress <u>yourself</u> and put on <u>your</u> sandals." Peter did so. The angel said to him, "Put on <u>your</u> outer garment and follow me." So Peter followed the angel and went out. (Acts 12:8, ULB)
>The angel said to him, "Dress <u>yourself</u> and put on <u>your</u> sandals." Peter did so. The angel said to him, "Put on <u>your</u> outer garment and follow me." So Peter followed the angel and went out. (Acts 12:8, ULT)
The context makes it clear that the angel was speaking to one person and that only one person did what the the angel commanded. So languages that have singular and plural forms of "you" would have the singular form here for "yourself" and "your". Also, if verbs have different forms for singular and plural subjects, the verbs "dress" and "put on" will need the form for "you" singular.
>To Titus, a true son in our common faith. ... For this purpose I left <u>you</u> in Crete, that <u>you</u> might set in order things not yet complete, and ordain elders in every city as I directed <u>you</u>. … But <u>you</u>, say what agrees with healthy doctrine. (Titus 1:4,5; 2:1 ULB)
>To Titus, a true son in our common faith. ... For this purpose I left <u>you</u> in Crete, that <u>you</u> might set in order things not yet complete, and ordain elders in every city as I directed <u>you</u>. … But <u>you</u>, say what agrees with healthy doctrine. (Titus 1:4,5; 2:1 ULT)
Paul wrote this letter to one person, Titus. Most of the time the word "you" in this letter refers only to Titus.
#### Strategies for finding out how many people "you" refers to
1. Look at the notes to see if they tell whether "you" refers to one person or more than one person.
1. Look at the UDB to see if it says anything that would show you whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one person.
1. Look at the UST to see if it says anything that would show you whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one person.
1. If you have a Bible that is written in a language that distinguishes "you" singular from "you" plural, see which form of "you" that Bible has in that sentence.
1. Look at the context to see how many people the speaker was talking to and who responded.

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* Pray that God would help you to understand the passage that you are translating and that he would help you to find the best way to communicate that passage in your language.
* If you are translating Open Bible Stories, read the entire story before starting to translate it. If you are translating the Bible, read the entire chapter before you start to translate any part of it. This way you will understand how the part you are translating fits into the larger context, and you will translate it better.
* Read the passage that you plan to translate in as many different translations as you have. The ULB will help you to see the form of the original text, and the UDB will help you to understand the meaning of the original text. Think about how to communicate the meaning in the form that people would use in your language. Also read any Bible helps or commentaries that you have talk address that passage.
* Read the passage that you plan to translate in as many different translations as you have. The ULT will help you to see the form of the original text, and the UST will help you to understand the meaning of the original text. Think about how to communicate the meaning in the form that people would use in your language. Also read any Bible helps or commentaries that you have talk address that passage.
* Read the translationNotes for the passage that you plan to translate.
* Read the definitions of important terms in the list called "translationWords" for each highlighted word in the passage that you plan to translate.
* Discuss the passage, the translationNotes, and the translationWords with others in the translation team.

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translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md
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@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ To create an **accurate** translation of the Bible means that the translation co
#### Discover the Meaning
First, read each passage a few times to discover the meaning. Use the two versions of the Bible available in translationStudio: the *Unlocked Dynamic Bible* and the *Unlocked Literal Bible*. Also read the definitions of the translationWords and the translationNotes.
First, read each passage a few times to discover the meaning. Use the two versions of the Bible available in translationStudio: the *unfoldingWord Simplified Text* and the *unfoldingWord Literal Text*. Also read the definitions of the translationWords and the translationNotes.
First read the *Unlocked Literal Bible*:
>Whatever town you enter, and they receive you, eat what is set before you, and heal the sick that are there. Say to them, 'The kingdom of God has come close to you.' (Luke 10:8-9 ULB)
First read the *unfoldingWord Literal Text*:
>Whatever town you enter, and they receive you, eat what is set before you, and heal the sick that are there. Say to them, 'The kingdom of God has come close to you.' (Luke 10:8-9 ULT)
Look at the *Unlocked Dynamic Bible* in the translationHelps:
>Whenever you enter a town and the people there welcome you, eat whatever food they provide for you. Heal the people there who are sick. Tell them, 'The kingdom of God is right here near you.' (Luke 10:8-9 UDB)
Look at the *unfoldingWord Simplified Text* in the translationHelps:
>Whenever you enter a town and the people there welcome you, eat whatever food they provide for you. Heal the people there who are sick. Tell them, 'The kingdom of God is right here near you.' (Luke 10:8-9 UST)
Do you notice the differences? There are some differences in the words each Bible version uses.

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translate/guidelines-authoritative/01.md
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An **authoritative** Bible translation is one that is based on the biblical texts in the original languages as the highest authority for the meaning of biblical content. Whenever two or more translations of the Bible disagree about the meaning of a Bible passage, it is the original languages that have the final authority for deciding the meaning. Sometimes people are very loyal to certain Bible translations that they are accustomed to reading, and might argue with other people who are loyal to a different Bible translation. But neither of those Bible translations are the highest authority, because they are only translations of the original. All translations are secondary in authority to the original languages. That is why we must always refer to the original biblical languages when deciding how to translate the Bible.
Since not all translation teams have a member who can read the original languages of the Bible, it is not always possible to refer to the biblical languages when translating the Bible. Instead, the translation team has to rely on translations that they are able to read that have, in turn, been based on the biblical languages. Many of the translations in the Gateway Languages were translated from the biblical languages, including the ULB, but some are translations of translations. It is easy for errors to be introduced when a translation is two or three steps removed from the original.
Since not all translation teams have a member who can read the original languages of the Bible, it is not always possible to refer to the biblical languages when translating the Bible. Instead, the translation team has to rely on translations that they are able to read that have, in turn, been based on the biblical languages. Many of the translations in the Gateway Languages were translated from the biblical languages, including the ULT, but some are translations of translations. It is easy for errors to be introduced when a translation is two or three steps removed from the original.
To help with this problem, the translation team can do three things:
@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ To help with this problem, the translation team can do three things:
1. They should compare their translation with as many other reliable translations as they can, to make sure that it is communicating the same message as the others.
1. Someone who has studied the biblical languages should review the translation to make sure that it is accurate. This person could be a church leader, pastor, seminary professor, or Bible translation professional.
Sometimes Bible translations differ because some passages in the Bible are unclear or ambiguous in the original biblical languages. In that case, the translation team must choose between them based on what Bible scholars say in translationNotes, translationWords, the UDB, and other translation helps.
Sometimes Bible translations differ because some passages in the Bible are unclear or ambiguous in the original biblical languages. In that case, the translation team must choose between them based on what Bible scholars say in translationNotes, translationWords, the UST, and other translation helps.

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A clear translation will use whatever language structures are needed to help readers easily read and understand it. This includes putting the text into a different form or arrangement and using as many or as few terms as necessary to communicate the original meaning as clearly as possible.
These guidelines are for Other Language translations, not for Gateway Language translations. When translating the ULB into a Gateway Language, you should not make these changes. It is not necessary to make these changes when translating the UDB into a Gateway Language, because they have already been done. Here are some ideas to create a clear translation from the source text:
These guidelines are for Other Language translations, not for Gateway Language translations. When translating the ULT into a Gateway Language, you should not make these changes. It is not necessary to make these changes when translating the UST into a Gateway Language, because they have already been done. Here are some ideas to create a clear translation from the source text:
#### Check Pronouns

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**Definition** - Languages use exclamations to communicate emotion. Sometimes the exclamation word or words do not have meaning other than the expression of emotion, such as the words "alas" or "wow" in English.
See, for example, 1 Samuel 4:8: **Woe to us**! Who will protect us from the strength of these mighty gods? (ULB)
See, for example, 1 Samuel 4:8: **Woe to us**! Who will protect us from the strength of these mighty gods? (ULT)
The Hebrew word translated as "woe" here expresses strong emotion about something bad happening. If possible, try to find an exclamation in your language that communicates this same emotion.
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ The Hebrew word translated as "woe" here expresses strong emotion about somethin
See, for example, Psalm 36:5:
Your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, [reaches] to the heavens;
your loyalty [reaches] to the clouds. (ULB)
your loyalty [reaches] to the clouds. (ULT)
This verse of poetry repeats a similar idea in two lines, which is good Hebrew poetic style. Also, there are no verbs in the Hebrew original, which is a different use of grammar than ordinary speech would use. Poetry in your language may have different things that mark it as poetry. When you are translating poetry, try to use the forms of your language that communicate to the reader that this is poetry, and that communicate the same emotions that the source poem is trying to communicate.

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* Example: When you are translating Mark 10:11, "Whoever divorces his wife and marries another woman commits adultery against her," you might know that in Matthew 19:9 there is also the phrase, "...except for sexual immorality...." Even so, do not add this phrase into Mark 10:11, because that would not be translating faithfully. Also, do not add any of your own ideas or teachings from your church. Only translate the meaning that is there in the Bible passage.
In order to avoid these biases, especially the ones that you might not be aware of, you must study the translationNotes (see http://ufw.io/tn/), translationWords (see http://ufw.io/tw/) and the *Unlocked Dynamic Bible* (see http://ufw.io/udb/), as well as any other translation helps that you have. That way you will know what the meaning of the Bible passage is, and you will be less likely to translate in a biased, unfaithful way.
In order to avoid these biases, especially the ones that you might not be aware of, you must study the translationNotes (see http://ufw.io/tn/), translationWords (see http://ufw.io/tw/) and the *unfoldingWord Simplified Text* (see http://ufw.io/udb/), as well as any other translation helps that you have. That way you will know what the meaning of the Bible passage is, and you will be less likely to translate in a biased, unfaithful way.
(You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/guidelines_faithful.)

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* For example, the New Testament writers often referred to events in the Old Testament, but without explaining what they were referring to. They knew that their readers were very familiar with the Old Testament, and did not need any explanation. But it is possible that readers from other times and places will need some explanation.
Let us compare 1 Corinthians 10:1 from the ULB and UDB.
Let us compare 1 Corinthians 10:1 from the ULT and UST.
>"I want you to know, brothers and sisters that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea. " (ULB)
>"I want you to know, brothers and sisters that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea. " (ULT)
<blockquote>"I want you to remember, brothers and sisters, that our Jewish ancestors were following God, who led them as a cloud during the day, as they passed through the Red Sea on dry land, long ago in the time of the Exodus." (UDB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>"I want you to remember, brothers and sisters, that our Jewish ancestors were following God, who led them as a cloud during the day, as they passed through the Red Sea on dry land, long ago in the time of the Exodus." (UST)</blockquote>
Notice that the UDB makes several points explicit: the 'fathers were all under the cloud' tells of the time that God led the Jewish ancestors as a cloud. The statement that 'our fathers passed through the sea' is also about the 'passing through the Red Sea in the time of the exodus.' The UDB translator decided to explicitly describe the historical events. This is a way to translate historical events that is more meaningful for those who have little knowledge of Old Testament history.
Notice that the UST makes several points explicit: the 'fathers were all under the cloud' tells of the time that God led the Jewish ancestors as a cloud. The statement that 'our fathers passed through the sea' is also about the 'passing through the Red Sea in the time of the exodus.' The UST translator decided to explicitly describe the historical events. This is a way to translate historical events that is more meaningful for those who have little knowledge of Old Testament history.
Include or refer to the needed implicit information intended by the original writer that will be necessary for your community to understand what is written.

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#### Not for Gateway Language Translations
This section is not for Gateway Language translations of the ULB and UDB. These are Bibles that are designed to have characteristics that keep them from being natural in a target language. They are Bible translation tools, not end-user Bibles. For more information about this, see "Translating the ULB" and "Translating the UDB" in the Gateway Languages Manual.
This section is not for Gateway Language translations of the ULT and UST. These are Bibles that are designed to have characteristics that keep them from being natural in a target language. They are Bible translation tools, not end-user Bibles. For more information about this, see "Translating the ULT" and "Translating the UST" in the Gateway Languages Manual.

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#### The Bible teaches that there is only one God.
In the Old Testament:
>Yahweh, he is God; there is <u>no other God</u>! (I Kings 8:60 ULB)
>Yahweh, he is God; there is <u>no other God</u>! (I Kings 8:60 ULT)
In the New Testament:
>Jesus said,... "This is everlasting life: that they should know you, <u>the only true God"</u>. (John 17:3 ULB)
>Jesus said,... "This is everlasting life: that they should know you, <u>the only true God"</u>. (John 17:3 ULT)
(See also: Deuteronomy 4:35, Ephesians 4:5-6, 1 Timothy 2:5, James 2:19)
#### The Old Testament begins to reveal God's three persons.
><u>God</u> created the heavens... <u>The Spirit of God</u> was moving... "Let <u>us</u> make man in <u>our</u> image." (Genesis 1:1-2 ULB)
><u>God</u> created the heavens... <u>The Spirit of God</u> was moving... "Let <u>us</u> make man in <u>our</u> image." (Genesis 1:1-2 ULT)
<blockquote>God has spoken to us by a <u>Son</u>... through whom he also made the universe. His <u>Son</u> is the radiance of his glory, the very character of his essence... about the <u>Son</u> he says,... "In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth's foundation; the heavens are the work of your hands." (Hebrews 1:2-3, and 8-10 ULB quoting Psalm 102:25)</blockquote>
<blockquote>God has spoken to us by a <u>Son</u>... through whom he also made the universe. His <u>Son</u> is the radiance of his glory, the very character of his essence... about the <u>Son</u> he says,... "In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth's foundation; the heavens are the work of your hands." (Hebrews 1:2-3, and 8-10 ULT quoting Psalm 102:25)</blockquote>
#### The Church has always found it necessary to state what the New Testament says about God by affirming that he exists in three distinct persons: The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
>Jesus said, "...Baptize them into the name of <u>the Father</u>, of <u>the Son</u>, and of <u>the Holy Spirit</u>." (Matthew 28:19 ULB)
>Jesus said, "...Baptize them into the name of <u>the Father</u>, of <u>the Son</u>, and of <u>the Holy Spirit</u>." (Matthew 28:19 ULT)
<blockquote>God sent his <u>Son</u>, born of a woman,... God sent the <u>Spirit</u> of his <u>Son</u> into our hearts, who calls, "Abba, <u>Father</u>." (Galatians 4:4-6 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>God sent his <u>Son</u>, born of a woman,... God sent the <u>Spirit</u> of his <u>Son</u> into our hearts, who calls, "Abba, <u>Father</u>." (Galatians 4:4-6 ULT)</blockquote>
See also: John 14:16-17, 1 Peter 1:2
Each person of God is fully God and is called "God" in the Bible.
>Yet for us there is only one <u>God the Father ... </u> (1 Corinthians 8:6 ULB)
>Yet for us there is only one <u>God the Father ... </u> (1 Corinthians 8:6 ULT)
<blockquote>Thomas answered and said to him, "My Lord and <u>my God</u>." <u>Jesus</u> said to him, "Because you have seen me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen, and yet have believed." (John 20:28-29 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Thomas answered and said to him, "My Lord and <u>my God</u>." <u>Jesus</u> said to him, "Because you have seen me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen, and yet have believed." (John 20:28-29 ULT)</blockquote>
<blockquote>But Peter said, "Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to <u>the Holy Spirit</u> and to keep back part of the price of the land?... You have not lied to men, but to <u>God</u>." (Acts 5:3-4 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>But Peter said, "Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to <u>the Holy Spirit</u> and to keep back part of the price of the land?... You have not lied to men, but to <u>God</u>." (Acts 5:3-4 ULT)</blockquote>
Each person is also distinct from the other two persons. All three persons can appear separately at the same time. In the verses below, God the Son is baptized while God the Spirit comes down and God the Father speaks from heaven.
>After he was baptized, <u>Jesus</u> came up... from the water... He saw the <u>Spirit</u> of God coming down..., and a <u>voice</u> [the Father's] came out of the heavens saying, "This is my Beloved <u>Son</u>..." (Matthew 3:16-17 ULB)
>After he was baptized, <u>Jesus</u> came up... from the water... He saw the <u>Spirit</u> of God coming down..., and a <u>voice</u> [the Father's] came out of the heavens saying, "This is my Beloved <u>Son</u>..." (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)

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**"Father" and "Son" are names that God calls himself in the Bible.**
The Bible shows that God called Jesus his Son:
>After he was baptized, Jesus came up immediately from the water, and... a voice came out of the heavens saying, "<u>This is my beloved Son</u>. I am very pleased with him." (Matthew 3:16-17 ULB)
>After he was baptized, Jesus came up immediately from the water, and... a voice came out of the heavens saying, "<u>This is my beloved Son</u>. I am very pleased with him." (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
The Bible shows that Jesus called God his Father:
>Jesus said, "I praise you <u>Father</u>, Lord of heaven and earth,... no one knows the <u>Son</u> except the <u>Father</u>, and no one knows the <u>Father</u> except the <u>Son</u>" (Matthew 11:25-27 ULB) (See also: John 6:26-57)
>Jesus said, "I praise you <u>Father</u>, Lord of heaven and earth,... no one knows the <u>Son</u> except the <u>Father</u>, and no one knows the <u>Father</u> except the <u>Son</u>" (Matthew 11:25-27 ULT) (See also: John 6:26-57)
Christians have found that "Father" and "Son" are the ideas that most essentially describe the eternal relationship of the First and Second Persons of the Trinity to each other. The Bible indeed refers to them in various ways, but no other terms reflect the eternal love and intimacy between these Persons, nor the interdependent eternal relationship between them.
Jesus referred to God in the following terms:
> Baptize them into <u>the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit</u>. (Matthew 28:19 ULB)
> Baptize them into <u>the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit</u>. (Matthew 28:19 ULT)
The intimate, loving relationship between the Father and the Son is eternal, just as they are eternal.
>The Father <u>loves</u> the Son. (John 3:35-36; 5:19-20 ULB)
>The Father <u>loves</u> the Son. (John 3:35-36; 5:19-20 ULT)
<blockquote>I <u>love</u> the Father, I do what the Father commands me, just as he gave me the commandment. (John 14:31 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>I <u>love</u> the Father, I do what the Father commands me, just as he gave me the commandment. (John 14:31 ULT)</blockquote>
<blockquote><u> ... no one knows who the Son is except the Father, and no one knows who the Father is except the Son</u>. (Luke 10:22 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote><u> ... no one knows who the Son is except the Father, and no one knows who the Father is except the Son</u>. (Luke 10:22 ULT)</blockquote>
The terms "Father" and "Son" also communicate that the Father and the Son are of the same essence; they are both eternal God.
>Jesus said, "Father, glorify your Son so that the Son may glorify you... I glorified you on the earth,... Now Father, glorify me... with the glory that <u>I had with you before the world was created</u>." (John 17:1-5 ULB)
>Jesus said, "Father, glorify your Son so that the Son may glorify you... I glorified you on the earth,... Now Father, glorify me... with the glory that <u>I had with you before the world was created</u>." (John 17:1-5 ULT)
<blockquote>But in these last days, he [God the Father] has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. It is through him that God also made the universe. He is the brightness of God's glory, <u>the very character of his essence</u>. He even holds everything together by the word of his power. (Hebrews 1:2-3 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>But in these last days, he [God the Father] has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. It is through him that God also made the universe. He is the brightness of God's glory, <u>the very character of his essence</u>. He even holds everything together by the word of his power. (Hebrews 1:2-3 ULT)</blockquote>
>Jesus said to him, "I have been with you for so long and you still do not know me, Philip? <u>Whoever has seen me has seen the Father</u>. How can you say, 'Show us the Father'? (John 14:9 ULB)
>Jesus said to him, "I have been with you for so long and you still do not know me, Philip? <u>Whoever has seen me has seen the Father</u>. How can you say, 'Show us the Father'? (John 14:9 ULT)
### Human Relationships

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### Description
An alternate translation is a possible way to change the form of the ULB in case the target language prefers or needs a different form. The alternate translation should only be used when the ULB form or content would give a wrong meaning, or would be unclear or unnatural.
An alternate translation is a possible way to change the form of the ULT in case the target language prefers or needs a different form. The alternate translation should only be used when the ULT form or content would give a wrong meaning, or would be unclear or unnatural.
The alternate translation suggestion may involve, for example, stating implicit information clearly, changing passive voice to active, or rewording rhetorical questions as statements. The notes often explain why there is an alternate translation and have a link to a page that explains the topic.
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ The "AT:" indicates that this is an alternate translation. Some examples are:
**Making Implicit Information Clear**
>it is the law of the Medes and Persians, that <u>no decree or statute that the king issues can be changed</u>. (Daniel 6:15 ULB)
>it is the law of the Medes and Persians, that <u>no decree or statute that the king issues can be changed</u>. (Daniel 6:15 ULT)
* **no decree...can be changed** - An additional sentence may be added here to aid in understanding. AT: "no decree...can be changed. So they must throw Daniel into the pit of lions." (See: *Explicit*)
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ The additional sentence shows what the speaker wanted the king to understand fro
**Passive to Active**
>to him who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit, <u>it will not be forgiven</u>. (Luke 12:10 ULB)
>to him who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit, <u>it will not be forgiven</u>. (Luke 12:10 ULT)
* **it will not be forgiven** - This can be expressed with an active verb. AT: God will not forgive him. This can also be expressed in a positive way using a verb that means the opposite of "forgive." AT: "God will consider him guilty forever" (See: *Active Passive*)
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ This Note provides an example of how translators can translate this passive sent
**Rhetorical Question**
>Saul, Saul, <u>why are you persecuting me?</u> (Acts 9:4 ULB)
>Saul, Saul, <u>why are you persecuting me?</u> (Acts 9:4 ULT)
* **why are you persecuting me?** - This rhetorical question communicates a rebuke to Saul. In some languages, a statement would be more natural (AT): "You are persecuting me!" or a command (AT): "Stop persecuting me!" (See: *Rhetorical Questions*)

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Alternate meanings refer to when Bible scholars have different understandings of what a word or phrase means.
The note will have the ULB text followed by an explanation starting with the words "Possible meanings are." The meanings are numbered, and the first one is the one that most Bible scholars consider to be correct. If a meaning is given in a way that it can be used as a translation, it will have quote marks around it.
The note will have the ULT text followed by an explanation starting with the words "Possible meanings are." The meanings are numbered, and the first one is the one that most Bible scholars consider to be correct. If a meaning is given in a way that it can be used as a translation, it will have quote marks around it.
The translator needs to decide which meaning to translate. Translators may choose the first meaning, or they may choose one of the other meanings if the people in their community use and respect another Bible version that has one of those other meanings.
### Translation Notes Examples
> But take a small number of hairs from them and tie them into <u>the folds of your robe</u>. (Ezekiel 5:3 ULB)
> But take a small number of hairs from them and tie them into <u>the folds of your robe</u>. (Ezekiel 5:3 ULT)
* **the folds of your robe** -- Possible meanings are 1) "the cloth on your arms" ("your sleeves") (UDB) or 2) "the end of the cloth on your robe" ("your hem") or 3) the fold in the garment where it is tucked into the belt.
* **the folds of your robe** -- Possible meanings are 1) "the cloth on your arms" ("your sleeves") (UST) or 2) "the end of the cloth on your robe" ("your hem") or 3) the fold in the garment where it is tucked into the belt.
This note has the ULB text followed by three possible meanings. The word translated by "the folds of your robe" refers to the loose parts of the robe. Most scholars believe it refers here to the sleeves, but it could also refer to the loose part at the bottom or also to the folds in the middle, around the belt.
This note has the ULT text followed by three possible meanings. The word translated by "the folds of your robe" refers to the loose parts of the robe. Most scholars believe it refers here to the sleeves, but it could also refer to the loose part at the bottom or also to the folds in the middle, around the belt.
> But Simon Peter, when he saw it, <u>fell down at Jesus' knees</u> (Luke 5:8 ULB)
> But Simon Peter, when he saw it, <u>fell down at Jesus' knees</u> (Luke 5:8 ULT)
* **fell down at Jesus' knees** - Possible meanings are 1) "knelt down before Jesus" or 2) "bowed down at Jesus' feet" or 3) "lay down on the ground at Jesus' feet." Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus.

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### Description
Sometimes a Note suggests a translation from the UDB. In that case the text from the UDB will be followed by "(UDB)."
Sometimes a Note suggests a translation from the UST. In that case the text from the UST will be followed by "(UST)."
### Translation Notes Examples
>He who <u>sits in the heavens</u> will sneer at them (Psalms 2:4 **ULB**)
>He who <u>sits in the heavens</u> will sneer at them (Psalms 2:4 **ULT**)
>But the one who <u>sits on his throne in heaven</u> laughs at them (Psalms 2:4 **UDB**)
>But the one who <u>sits on his throne in heaven</u> laughs at them (Psalms 2:4 **UST**)
The Note for this verse says:
* **sits in the heavens** - Here sitting represents ruling. What he sits on can be stated clearly. AT: "rules in the heavens" or "sits on his throne in heaven" (UDB) (See: [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [Explicit](../figs-explicit/01.md))
* **sits in the heavens** - Here sitting represents ruling. What he sits on can be stated clearly. AT: "rules in the heavens" or "sits on his throne in heaven" (UST) (See: [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [Explicit](../figs-explicit/01.md))
Here there are two suggested translations for the phrase 'sits in the heavens.' The first expresses clearly what "sits in the heavens" represents. The second gives a hint about the idea of ruling by stated clearly that he sits on his "throne." This suggestion is from the UDB.
Here there are two suggested translations for the phrase 'sits in the heavens.' The first expresses clearly what "sits in the heavens" represents. The second gives a hint about the idea of ruling by stated clearly that he sits on his "throne." This suggestion is from the UST.
>When he saw Jesus, <u>he fell on his face</u>. (Luke 5:12 **ULB**)
>When he saw Jesus, <u>he fell on his face</u>. (Luke 5:12 **ULT**)
>When he saw Jesus, <u>he bowed down to the ground</u>. (Luke 5:12 **UDB**)
>When he saw Jesus, <u>he bowed down to the ground</u>. (Luke 5:12 **UST**)
The Note for this verse says:
* **he fell on his face** - "he knelt and touched the ground with his face" or "he bowed down to the ground" (UDB)
* **he fell on his face** - "he knelt and touched the ground with his face" or "he bowed down to the ground" (UST)
Here the words from the UDB are provided as another translation suggestion.
Here the words from the UST are provided as another translation suggestion.

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Why do some translationNotes have quotes from the UDB?
Why do some translationNotes have quotes from the UST?

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Notes that Include a Quote from the UDB
Notes that Include a Quote from the UST

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#### Whether this chunk is at the beginning, continuation, or end of a passage
><sup>1</sup>It came about that when Jesus had finished instructing his twelve disciples, he departed from there to teach and preach in their cities. <sup>2</sup>Now when John heard in the prison about the deeds of the Christ, he sent a message by his disciples <sup>3</sup>and said to him, "Are you the Coming One, or is there another person we should be looking for?" (Matthew 11:1-3 ULB)
><sup>1</sup>It came about that when Jesus had finished instructing his twelve disciples, he departed from there to teach and preach in their cities. <sup>2</sup>Now when John heard in the prison about the deeds of the Christ, he sent a message by his disciples <sup>3</sup>and said to him, "Are you the Coming One, or is there another person we should be looking for?" (Matthew 11:1-3 ULT)
* **General Information**: - This is the beginning of a new part of the story where the writer tells of how Jesus responded to disciples of John the Baptist. (See: *Introduction of New Event*)
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ This note alerts you to the beginning of a new part of a story and gives you a l
#### Who is speaking
> <sup>17</sup>For he was one of us and received his share of the benefits of this ministry." <sup>18</sup>(Now this man bought a field with the earnings of his evil act. Then he fell head first, and his body burst wide open, and all his bowels poured out. <sup>19</sup>It became known to all those living in Jerusalem that the field was called in their own language Akeldama, that is, The field of blood.) (Acts 1:17-19 ULB)
> <sup>17</sup>For he was one of us and received his share of the benefits of this ministry." <sup>18</sup>(Now this man bought a field with the earnings of his evil act. Then he fell head first, and his body burst wide open, and all his bowels poured out. <sup>19</sup>It became known to all those living in Jerusalem that the field was called in their own language Akeldama, that is, The field of blood.) (Acts 1:17-19 ULT)
* **Connecting Statement:** - Peter continues his speech to the believers that he began in *Acts 1:16*.
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ This note tells you that it is still Peter speaking in verse 17 so you can mark
>"I was found by those who did not seek me.
>I appeared to those who did not ask for me."
><sup>21</sup>But to Israel he says, "All the day long I reached out my hands
>to a disobedient and resistant people." (Romans 10:20-21 ULB)
>to a disobedient and resistant people." (Romans 10:20-21 ULT)
* **General Information:** - Here the words "I," "me," and "my" refer to God.
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ This note lets you know who the pronouns refer to. You may need to add something
#### Important background or implied information
> <sup>26</sup>Now an angel of the Lord spoke to Philip and said, "Arise and go toward the south to the road that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza." (This road is in a desert.) <sup>27</sup>He arose and went. Behold, there was a man from Ethiopia, a eunuch of great authority under Candace, queen of the Ethiopians. He was in charge of all her treasure. He had come to Jerusalem to worship. <sup>28</sup>He was returning and sitting in his chariot, and was reading the prophet Isaiah. (Acts 8:26-28 ULB)
> <sup>26</sup>Now an angel of the Lord spoke to Philip and said, "Arise and go toward the south to the road that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza." (This road is in a desert.) <sup>27</sup>He arose and went. Behold, there was a man from Ethiopia, a eunuch of great authority under Candace, queen of the Ethiopians. He was in charge of all her treasure. He had come to Jerusalem to worship. <sup>28</sup>He was returning and sitting in his chariot, and was reading the prophet Isaiah. (Acts 8:26-28 ULT)
* **General Information:** - This is the beginning of the part of the story about Philip and the man from Ethiopia. Verse 27 gives background information about the man from Ethiopia. (See: *Backgrounds*)

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Why do some translationNotes not have any ULB text at the beginning?
Why do some translationNotes not have any ULT text at the beginning?

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### Description
Sometimes you may not know what a word in the ULB means. The notes may have a definition or a description of the word or phrase to help you understand what it means.
Sometimes you may not know what a word in the ULT means. The notes may have a definition or a description of the word or phrase to help you understand what it means.
### Translation Notes Examples
Simple definitions of words or phrases are added without quotes or sentence format. Here are examples:
>It is like children playing in the marketplace, who sit and call to one another and say, "We played a <u>flute</u> for you." (Matthew 11:16-17 ULB)
>It is like children playing in the marketplace, who sit and call to one another and say, "We played a <u>flute</u> for you." (Matthew 11:16-17 ULT)
* **marketplace** - a large, open-air area where people would come to sell their goods
* **flute** - a long, hollow musical instrument which is played by blowing air in or over one end
>people who dress in splendid clothing and live in luxury are in <u>kings' palaces</u> (Luke 7:25 ULB)
>people who dress in splendid clothing and live in luxury are in <u>kings' palaces</u> (Luke 7:25 ULT)
* **kings' palaces** - a large, expensive house that a king lives in

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#### Description
Sometimes you may not know what a word or phrase means in the ULB, and it may also be used in the UDB. In this case, it will be explained in the notes. These explanations are meant to help you understand the word or phrase. Do not translate the explanations into your Bible. Use them to help you understand the meaning so you can translate the Bible text correctly.
Sometimes you may not know what a word or phrase means in the ULT, and it may also be used in the UST. In this case, it will be explained in the notes. These explanations are meant to help you understand the word or phrase. Do not translate the explanations into your Bible. Use them to help you understand the meaning so you can translate the Bible text correctly.
### Translation Notes Examples
Simple explanations about words or phrases are written as full sentences. They begin with a capital letter and end with a period (".").
> The fishermen had gotten out of them and were <u>washing their nets</u>.(Luke 5:2 ULB)
> The fishermen had gotten out of them and were <u>washing their nets</u>.(Luke 5:2 ULT)
* **washing their nets** - They were cleaning their fishing nets in order to use them again to catch fish.
If you did not know that fishermen used nets to catch fish, you might wonder why the fishermen were cleaning their nets. This explanation can help you choose good words for "were washing" and "nets."
> they <u>motioned</u> to their partners in the other boat (Luke 5:7 ULB)
> they <u>motioned</u> to their partners in the other boat (Luke 5:7 ULT)
* **motioned** - They were too far from shore to call so they made gestures, probably waving their arms.
This note can help you understand what kind of motion the people made. It was a motion that people would be able to see from a distance. This will help you choose a good word or phrase for "motioned."
> He will be filled with the Holy Spirit, <u>even while in his mother's womb</u>. (Luke 1:14 ULB)
> He will be filled with the Holy Spirit, <u>even while in his mother's womb</u>. (Luke 1:14 ULT)
* **even while in his mother's womb** - The word "even" here indicates that this is especially surprising news. People had been filled with the Holy Spirit before, but no one had heard of an unborn baby being filled with the Holy Spirit.

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@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ In order to translate the meaning, you need to be able to recognize the figure o
### Translation Notes Examples
> Many will come <u>in my name</u> and say, 'I am he,' and they will lead many astray. (Mark 13:6 ULB)
> Many will come <u>in my name</u> and say, 'I am he,' and they will lead many astray. (Mark 13:6 ULT)
* **in my name** - Possible meanings are 1) AT: "claiming my authority" or 2) "claiming that God sent them." (See: [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [Idiom](../figs-idiom/01.md))
The figure of speech in this Note is called a metonymy. The phrase "in my name" does not refer to the speaker's name (Jesus), but to his person and authority. The Note explains the metonymy in this passage by giving two alternate translations. After that, there is a link to the tA page about metonymy. Click on the link to learn about metonymy and general strategies for translating metonymys. Because this phrase is also a common idiom, the Note includes a link to the tA page that explains idioms.
> "<u>You offspring of vipers</u>! Who warned you to run away from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB)
> "<u>You offspring of vipers</u>! Who warned you to run away from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULT)
* **You offspring of vipers** - In this metaphor, John compares the crowd to vipers, which were deadly or dangerous snakes and represent evil. AT: "You evil poisonous snakes" or "People should stay away from you just like they avoid poisonous snakes" (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md))

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There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))
When there is a direct or indirect quote in the ULB, the notes may have an option for translating it as the other kind of quote. The translation suggestion may start with "It can be translated as a direct quote:" or "It can be translated as an indirect quote:" and it will be followed by that kind of quote. This will be followed by a link to the information page called "Direct and Indirect Quotations" that explains both kinds of quotations.
When there is a direct or indirect quote in the ULT, the notes may have an option for translating it as the other kind of quote. The translation suggestion may start with "It can be translated as a direct quote:" or "It can be translated as an indirect quote:" and it will be followed by that kind of quote. This will be followed by a link to the information page called "Direct and Indirect Quotations" that explains both kinds of quotations.
There may be a note about direct and indirect quotes when a quote has another quote inside of it, because these can be confusing. In some languages it may be more natural to translate one of these quotes with a direct quote and the other quote with an indirect quote. The note will end with a link to the information page called "[Quotes within Quotes](../figs-quotesinquotes/01.md)."
### Translation Notes Examples
> He instructed him <u>to tell no one</u> (Luke 5:14 ULB)
> He instructed him <u>to tell no one</u> (Luke 5:14 ULT)
* **to tell no one** - This can be translated as a direct quote: "Do not tell anyone" There is implied information that can also be stated explicitly (AT): "do not tell anyone that you have been healed" (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md) and [Ellipsis](../figs-ellipsis/01.md))
Here the translationNote shows how to change the indirect quote to a direct quote, in case that would be clearer or more natural in the target language.
> At the time of the harvest <u>I will say to the reapers, "First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn</u>." (Matthew 13:30 ULB)
> At the time of the harvest <u>I will say to the reapers, "First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn</u>." (Matthew 13:30 ULT)
* **I will say to the reapers, "First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn"** - You can translate this as an indirect quote: "I will tell the reapers to first gather up the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, then gather the wheat into my barn." (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))

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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ There are two types of links in the translationNotes: links to a translationAcad
The translationAcademy topics are intended to enable anyone, anywhere to learn the basics of how to translate the Bible into their own language. They are intended to be highly flexible for just-in-time learning in web and offline mobile video formats.
Each translationNote follows a phrase from the ULB and will provide immediate help on how to translate that phrase. Sometimes there will be a statement in parenthesis at the end of the suggested translation that may look like this: (See: *Metaphor*). The word or words in green are a link to a translationAcademy topic. You can click on the link to learn more about the topic.
Each translationNote follows a phrase from the ULT and will provide immediate help on how to translate that phrase. Sometimes there will be a statement in parenthesis at the end of the suggested translation that may look like this: (See: *Metaphor*). The word or words in green are a link to a translationAcademy topic. You can click on the link to learn more about the topic.
There are several reasons to read the translationAcademy topic information:

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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Sometimes there are notes for a phrase and separate notes for portions of that p
### Translation Notes Examples
> <u>But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart</u> that you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath (Romans 2:5 ULB)
> <u>But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart</u> that you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath (Romans 2:5 ULT)
* **But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart** - Paul uses a metaphor to compare a person who refuses to obey God to something hard, like a stone. He also uses the metonym "heart" to represent the whole person. AT: "It is because you refuse to listen and repent" (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md) and [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md))
* **hardness and unrepentant heart** - The phrase "unrepentant heart" explains the word "hardness" (See: [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md))

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Notes for Long ULB Phrases
Notes for Long ULT Phrases

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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a partic
### Translation Notes Examples
When many scholars say that a word or phrase means one thing, and many others say that it means other things, we show the most common meanings that they give. Our notes for these situations begin with "Possible meanings are" and then give a **numbered list**. We recommend that you use the first meaning given. However, if people in your community have access to another Bible that uses one of the other possible meanings, you may decide that it is better to use that meaning.
>But Simon Peter, when he saw it, <u>fell down at Jesus' knees</u>, saying, "Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, Lord." (Luke 5:8 ULB)
>But Simon Peter, when he saw it, <u>fell down at Jesus' knees</u>, saying, "Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, Lord." (Luke 5:8 ULT)
* **fell down at Jesus' knees** - Possible meanings are 1) "knelt down before Jesus" or 2) "bowed down at Jesus feet" or 3) "lay down on the ground at Jesus feet." Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus.

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It is the duty of the translator, to the best of his ability, to make sure that each Bible passage he translates has the meaning that the writer of that Bible passage intended it to communicate. In order to do this, he will need to study translation helps prepared by Bible scholars, including translationQuestions.
The translationQuestions (tQ) are based on the text of the ULB, but they can be used to check any Bible translation. They ask questions about the content of the Bible, which should not change as it is translated into different languages. Along with each question, tQ provides a suggested answer for that question. You can use these sets of questions and answers as a way to check the accuracy of your translation, and you can also use them with members of the language community.
The translationQuestions (tQ) are based on the text of the ULT, but they can be used to check any Bible translation. They ask questions about the content of the Bible, which should not change as it is translated into different languages. Along with each question, tQ provides a suggested answer for that question. You can use these sets of questions and answers as a way to check the accuracy of your translation, and you can also use them with members of the language community.
Using tQ during community checks will help the translator know if the Target Language translation is clearly communicating the right thing. If the community member can correctly answer the questions after hearing the translation of the Bible chapter, then the translation is clear and accurate.

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### Description
Some Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrase that they quote from the ULB. These replacements can fit into the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. These are synonyms and equivalent phrases and are written in double-quotes. These mean the same as the text in the ULB. This kind of Note can help you to think of other ways to say the same thing, in case the word or phrase in the ULB does not seem to have a natural equivalent in your language.
Some Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrase that they quote from the ULT. These replacements can fit into the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. These are synonyms and equivalent phrases and are written in double-quotes. These mean the same as the text in the ULT. This kind of Note can help you to think of other ways to say the same thing, in case the word or phrase in the ULT does not seem to have a natural equivalent in your language.
### Translation Notes Examples
> Make ready <u>the way</u> of the Lord, (Luke 3:4 ULB)
> Make ready <u>the way</u> of the Lord, (Luke 3:4 ULT)
* **the way** - "the path" or "the road"
In this example, the words "the path" or the words "the road" can replace the words "the way" in the ULB. You can decide whether it is natural to say "way," "path," or "road" in your language.
In this example, the words "the path" or the words "the road" can replace the words "the way" in the ULT. You can decide whether it is natural to say "way," "path," or "road" in your language.
> <u>Deacons, likewise</u>, should be dignified, not double-talkers. (1 Timothy 3:8 ULB)
> <u>Deacons, likewise</u>, should be dignified, not double-talkers. (1 Timothy 3:8 ULT)
* **Deacons, likewise** - "In the same way, deacons" or "Deacons, like overseers"
In this example, the words "In the same way, deacons" or "Deacons, like overseers" can replace the words "Deacons, likewise" in the ULB. You, as the translator, can decide what is natural for your language.
In this example, the words "In the same way, deacons" or "Deacons, like overseers" can replace the words "Deacons, likewise" in the ULT. You, as the translator, can decide what is natural for your language.

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#### To translate from the ULB
#### To translate from the ULT
* Read the ULB. Do you understand the meaning of the text so that you can accurately, clearly, and naturally translate the meaning into your language?
* Read the ULT. Do you understand the meaning of the text so that you can accurately, clearly, and naturally translate the meaning into your language?
* YES? Start translating.
* NO? Look at the UDB. Does the UDB help you understand the meaning of the ULB text?
* NO? Look at the UST. Does the UST help you understand the meaning of the ULT text?
* YES? Start translating.
* NO? Read the translationNotes for help.
TranslationNotes are words or phrases copied from the ULB and then explained. In English, every Note that explains the ULB starts the same. There is a bullet point, the ULB text is in bold followed by a dash, and then there are translation suggestions or information for the translator. The Notes follow this format:
TranslationNotes are words or phrases copied from the ULT and then explained. In English, every Note that explains the ULT starts the same. There is a bullet point, the ULT text is in bold followed by a dash, and then there are translation suggestions or information for the translator. The Notes follow this format:
* **copied ULB text** - translation suggestion or information for the translator.
* **copied ULT text** - translation suggestion or information for the translator.
### Types of Notes
There are many different types of notes in the Translation Notes. Each type of note gives the explanation in a different way. Knowing the type of note will help the translator make decisions on the best way to translate the Bible text into their language.
* **[Notes with Definitions](../resources-def/01.md)** - Sometimes you may not know what a word in the ULB means. Simple definitions of words or phrases are added without quotes or sentence format.
* **[Notes with Definitions](../resources-def/01.md)** - Sometimes you may not know what a word in the ULT means. Simple definitions of words or phrases are added without quotes or sentence format.
* **[Notes that Explain](../resources-eplain/01.md)** - Simple explanations about words or phrases are in sentence format.
@ -25,20 +25,20 @@ There are many different types of notes in the Translation Notes. Each type of n
There are several types of suggested translations.
* **[Notes with Synonyms and Equivalent Phrases](../resources-synequi/01.md)** - Sometimes the Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrases in the ULB. These replacements can fit into the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. These are synonyms and equivalent phrases and are written in double-quotes. These mean the same as the text in the ULB.
* **[Notes with Synonyms and Equivalent Phrases](../resources-synequi/01.md)** - Sometimes the Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrases in the ULT. These replacements can fit into the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. These are synonyms and equivalent phrases and are written in double-quotes. These mean the same as the text in the ULT.
* **[Notes with Alternate Translations (AT)](../resources-alter/01.md)** - An alternate translation is a suggested change to the form or content of the ULB because the target language may prefer a different form. The alternate translation should only be used when the ULB form or content is not accurate or natural in your language.
* **[Notes with Alternate Translations (AT)](../resources-alter/01.md)** - An alternate translation is a suggested change to the form or content of the ULT because the target language may prefer a different form. The alternate translation should only be used when the ULT form or content is not accurate or natural in your language.
* **[Notes that Clarify the UDB Translation](../resources-clarify/01.md)** - When the UDB provides a good alternate translation for the ULB, then there may be no Note providing an Alternate Translation. However, on occasion a Note will provide Alternate Translations in addition to the text from the UDB, and sometimes it will quote the text from the UDB as an Alternate Translation. In that case, the Note will say "(UDB)" after the text from the UDB.
* **[Notes that Clarify the UST Translation](../resources-clarify/01.md)** - When the UST provides a good alternate translation for the ULT, then there may be no Note providing an Alternate Translation. However, on occasion a Note will provide Alternate Translations in addition to the text from the UST, and sometimes it will quote the text from the UST as an Alternate Translation. In that case, the Note will say "(UST)" after the text from the UST.
* **[Notes that have Alternate Meanings](../resources-alterm/01.md)** - Some Notes provide Alternate Meanings when a word or phrase can be understood in more than one way. When this happens, the Note will put the most probable meaning first.
* **[Notes with Probable or Possible Meanings](../resources-porp/01.md)** - Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a particular phrase or sentence in the Bible means. Some reasons for this include: there are minor differences in the ancient Bible texts, or a word may have more than one meaning or use, or it may not be clear what a word (such as a pronoun) refers to in a particular phrase. In this case, the Note will give the most probable meaning, or will list several possible meanings, with the most probable meaning first.
* **[Notes that Identify Figures of Speech](../resources-fofs/01.md)** - When there is a Figure of Speech in the ULB text, then the notes will provide an explanation of how to translate that Figure of Speech. Sometimes an Alternate Translation (AT:) is provided. There will also be a link to the translationAcademy page for additional information and translation strategies to help the translator accurately translate the meaning of that type of Figure of Speech.
* **[Notes that Identify Figures of Speech](../resources-fofs/01.md)** - When there is a Figure of Speech in the ULT text, then the notes will provide an explanation of how to translate that Figure of Speech. Sometimes an Alternate Translation (AT:) is provided. There will also be a link to the translationAcademy page for additional information and translation strategies to help the translator accurately translate the meaning of that type of Figure of Speech.
* **[Notes that Identify Indirect and Direct Quotes](../resources-iordquote/01.md)** - There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. These Notes will alert the translator to the choice that needs to be made.
* **[Notes for Long ULB Phrases](../resources-long/01.md)** - Sometimes there are Notes that refer to a phrase and separate Notes that refer to portions of that phrase. In that case, the Note for the larger phrase is first, and the Notes for its smaller parts follow afterward. In that way, the Notes can give translation suggestions or explanations for the whole as well as each part.
* **[Notes for Long ULT Phrases](../resources-long/01.md)** - Sometimes there are Notes that refer to a phrase and separate Notes that refer to portions of that phrase. In that case, the Note for the larger phrase is first, and the Notes for its smaller parts follow afterward. In that way, the Notes can give translation suggestions or explanations for the whole as well as each part.

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@ -111,9 +111,9 @@ sections:
link: translate-bibleorg
- title: "Chapter and Verse Numbers"
link: translate-chapverse
- title: "Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) and Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) Formatting Signals"
- title: "unfoldingWord Literal Text (ULT) and unfoldingWord Simplified Text (UST) Formatting Signals"
link: translate-formatsignals
- title: "How to Use the ULB and UDB when Translating the Bible"
- title: "How to Use the ULT and UST when Translating the Bible"
link: translate-useulbudb
- title: "Use the translationHelps when Translating"
sections:
@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ sections:
link: resources-synequi
- title: "Notes with Alternate Translations (AT)"
link: resources-alter
- title: "Notes that Clarify the UDB Translation"
- title: "Notes that Clarify the UST Translation"
link: resources-clarify
- title: "Notes that have Alternate Meanings"
link: resources-alterm
@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ sections:
link: resources-fofs
- title: "Notes that Identify Indirect and Direct Quotes"
link: resources-iordquote
- title: "Notes for Long ULB Phrases"
- title: "Notes for Long ULT Phrases"
link: resources-long
- title: "Using translationWords"
link: resources-words

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@ -31,23 +31,23 @@ The metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the bibl
### Translation Strategies
1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
1. Use the measurements from the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note.
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note.
1. Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note.
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a note.
### Translation Strategies Applied
The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below.
* **They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half.** (Exodus 25:10 ULB)
* **They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half.** (Exodus 25:10 ULT)
1. Use the measurements given in the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
1. Use the measurements given in the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half kubits</u>; its width will be <u>one kubit and a half</u>; and its height will be <u>one kubit and a half</u>."
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>one meter</u>; its width will be <u>two thirds of a meter</u>; and its height will be <u>two thirds of a meter</u>."
@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below.
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be<u> 3 3/4 feet</u>; its width will be <u>2 1/4 feet</u>; and its height will be <u>2 1/4 feet</u>."
1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text.
1. Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text.
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half cubits (one meter)</u>; its width will be <u>one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter)</u>; and its height will be <u>one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter)</u>."
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes.
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULT measurements in notes.
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>one meter</u><sup>1</sup>; its width will be <u>two thirds of a meter</u> <sup>2</sup>; and its height will be <u>two thirds of a meter</u>." The footnotes would look like:
* <sup>[1]</sup> two and a half cubits

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When we refer to verses that are not next to each other, we use commas to separate them. "John 3:2, 6, 9" means John chapter 3, verses 2, 6, and 9.
After the chapter and verse numbers, we put the abbreviation for the translation of the Bible that we used. In the example below, "ULB" stands for the *Unlocked Literal Bible*.
After the chapter and verse numbers, we put the abbreviation for the translation of the Bible that we used. In the example below, "ULT" stands for the *unfoldingWord Literal Text*.
In translationAcademy we use this system to tell where portions of scripture come from. However, this does not mean that the whole verse or set of verses is shown. The text below comes from Judges, chapter 6, verse 28, but it is not the whole verse. The verse has more at the end. In translationAcademy, we only show the part of the verse that we want to talk about.
>In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal was broken down ... (Judges 6:28 ULB)
>In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal was broken down ... (Judges 6:28 ULT)

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The translations strategies are all applied to Luke 7:41 below.
* **The one owed five hundred denarii, and the other owed fifty denarii.** (Luke 7:41 ULB)
* **The one owed five hundred denarii, and the other owed fifty denarii.** (Luke 7:41 ULT)
1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
* "The one owed <u>five hundred denali</u>, and the other owed <u>fifty denali</u>." (Luke 7:41 ULB)
* "The one owed <u>five hundred denali</u>, and the other owed <u>fifty denali</u>." (Luke 7:41 ULT)
1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many pieces or coins were used.
* "The one owed <u>five hundred silver coins</u>, and the other owed <u>fifty silver coins</u>." (Luke 7:41 ULB)
* "The one owed <u>five hundred silver coins</u>, and the other owed <u>fifty silver coins</u>." (Luke 7:41 ULT)
1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work.
@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Luke 7:41 below.
1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote.
* "The one owed <u>five hundred denarii</u><sup>1</sup>, and the other owed <u>fifty denarii</u>.<sup>2</sup>" (Luke 7:41 ULB) The footnotes would look like:
* "The one owed <u>five hundred denarii</u><sup>1</sup>, and the other owed <u>fifty denarii</u>.<sup>2</sup>" (Luke 7:41 ULT) The footnotes would look like:
* <sup>[1]</sup> five hundred days's wages
* <sup>[2]</sup> fifty day's wages
1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote.
* "The one owed <u>five hundred denarii</u><sup>1</sup>, and the other owed <u>fifty denarii</u>." (Luke 7:41 ULB)
* "The one owed <u>five hundred denarii</u><sup>1</sup>, and the other owed <u>fifty denarii</u>." (Luke 7:41 ULT)
* <sup>[1]</sup> A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work.

24
translate/translate-bvolume/01.md
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@ -29,23 +29,23 @@ The following terms are the most common units of volume used in the Bible to sta
#### Translation Strategies
1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
1. Use the measurements from the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note.
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note.
1. Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note.
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a note.
#### Translation Strategies Applied
The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below.
* **For four hectares of vineyard will yield only one bath, and one homer of seed will yield only an ephah.** (Isaiah 5:10 ULB)
* **For four hectares of vineyard will yield only one bath, and one homer of seed will yield only an ephah.** (Isaiah 5:10 ULT)
1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
1. Use the measurements from the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
* "For four hektares of vineyard will yield only one <u>bat</u>, and one <u>homer</u> of seed will yield only an <u>efa</u>."
1. Use the measurements given in the UDB. Usually they are metric measurements. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
1. Use the measurements given in the UST. Usually they are metric measurements. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
* "For four hectares of vineyard will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u>, and <u>ten baskets</u> of seed will yield only <u>one basket</u>."
* "For four hectares of vineyard will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u> and <u>220 liters</u> of seed will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u>."
@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below.
* "For four hectares of vineyard will yield only six gallons, and <u>six and a half bushels</u> of seed will yield only twenty quarts."
1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text.
1. Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text.
* "For four hectares of vineyard will yield only <u>one bath (six gallons)</u>, and <u>one homer (six and a half bushels)</u> of seed will yield only <u>an ephah (twenty quarts)</u>."
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in footnotes.
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULT measurements in footnotes.
* "For four hectares of vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters<sup>1</sup>, and 220 liters<sup>2</sup> of seed will yield only twenty-two liters<sup>3</sup>." The footnotes would look like:
* <sup>[1]</sup>one bath
@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below.
### When the unit of measure is implied
Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses a number. In these cases, many English versions, including the ULB and UDB, add the word "measure."
Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses a number. In these cases, many English versions, including the ULT and UST, add the word "measure."
* **whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty measures</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty measures</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>.** (Haggai 2:16 ULB)
* **whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty measures</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty measures</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>.** (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
#### Translation Strategies
@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses
The strategies are all applied to Haggai 2:16 below.
* **whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty measures</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty measures</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>.** (Haggai 2:16 ULB)
* **whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty measures</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty measures</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>.** (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
1. Translate literally by using the number without a unit.

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