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Richard Mahn
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### A License for Freedom
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To achieve **unrestricted biblical content in every language**, a license is needed that gives the global church "unrestricted" access. We believe this movement will become unstoppable when the Church has unrestricted access. The [Creative
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Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) provides all the needed rights for translation and distribution of biblical content and ensures that the content remains open. Except where otherwise noted, all our content is licensed CC BY-SA.
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To achieve **unrestricted biblical content in every language**, a license is needed that gives the global church "unrestricted" access. We believe this movement will become unstoppable when the Church has unrestricted access. The [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) provides all the needed rights for translation and distribution of biblical content and ensures that the content remains open. Except where otherwise noted, all our content is licensed CC BY-SA.
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*The official license for Door43 is found at http://door43.org/en/license/.*
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*The official license for Door43 is found at https://door43.org/en/legal/license.*
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### Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
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@ -49,4 +48,4 @@ Source texts may only be used if they have one of the following licenses:
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* **[CC Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**
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* **[Free Translate License](http://ufw.io/freetranslate/)**
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See [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../../translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md) for more information.
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See [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../../translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md) for more information.
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@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ A **metaphor** occurs when someone speaks of one thing as if it were a different
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A **simile** is like a metaphor, except that it uses words such as "like" or "as" as a signal to the audience that it is a figure of speech. A simile using the image above would say, "My love is <u>like</u> a red, red rose."
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"see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](translate-bita-part1) for links to pages showing common patterns of pairings between ideas in metaphors and similes."
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"see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](bita-part1) for links to pages showing common patterns of pairings between ideas in metaphors and similes."
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### Common Metonymies
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In metonymy, a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it.
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"see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](translate-bita-part2) for a list of some common metonymies in the Bible"
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"see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) for a list of some common metonymies in the Bible"
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### Cultural Models
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@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ The Bible often speaks of God as if he were a shepherd and his people were sheep
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Some of the cultural models in the Bible were used much by the cultures in the Ancient Near East, and not only by the Israelites.
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"see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](translate-bita-part3) for a list of cultural models in the Bible."
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"see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3) for a list of cultural models in the Bible."
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@ -146,4 +146,4 @@ Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry.
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### Translation Strategies
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(see the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../translate-bita-part1/01.md))
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(see the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md))
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This page discusses ideas that are paired together in limited ways. (For a discussion of more complex pairings, see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](translate-bita-part3).*)
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This page discusses ideas that are paired together in limited ways. (For a discussion of more complex pairings, see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3).*)
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### Description
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These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them:
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1) When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, it is God who puts strength on me like a belt. (Psalm 18:32 ULB) is based on the pairing of clothing with moral quality. In this case, the image of a belt represents strength. (see "Clothing represents a moral quality" in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](translate-bita-manmade))
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1) When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, it is God who puts strength on me like a belt. (Psalm 18:32 ULB) is based on the pairing of clothing with moral quality. In this case, the image of a belt represents strength. (see "Clothing represents a moral quality" in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](bita-manmade))
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2) When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether "lamp" refers concretely to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether "lamp" is an image that represents life. (see "FIRE or LAMP represents life" in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](translate-bita-phenom))
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2) When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether "lamp" refers concretely to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether "lamp" is an image that represents life. (see "FIRE or LAMP represents life" in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](bita-phenom))
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In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel" they were concerned that he might be killed.
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@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary l
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>Ishbibenob...intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp</u> of Israel." (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULB)
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3) Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](translate-bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](translate-bita-part3))
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3) Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3))
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For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, "the burning coal" is an image for the life of the son, who represents what will cause people to remember his father. So there are two patterns of pairings here: the pairing of the burning coal with the life of the son, and the pairing of the son with the memory of his father.
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@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, "the burning coal" is an image for the life
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The following pages have lists of some of the ideas that represent others in the Bible, together with examples from the Bible. They are organized according to the kinds of image:
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A. [Biblical Imagery - Body Parts and Human Qualities](translate-bita-humanqualities)
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A. [Biblical Imagery - Body Parts and Human Qualities](bita-humanqualities)
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B. [Biblical Imagery - Human Behavior](translate-bita-humanbehavior) - Includes both physical and non-physical actions, conditions and experiences
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B. [Biblical Imagery - Human Behavior](bita-humanbehavior) - Includes both physical and non-physical actions, conditions and experiences
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C. [Biblical Imagery - Plants](translate-bita-plants)
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C. [Biblical Imagery - Plants](bita-plants)
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D. [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](translate-bita-phenom)
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D. [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](bita-phenom)
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E. [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](translate-bita-manmade)
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E. [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](bita-manmade)
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English speakers do not view them as unusual expressions, so it would be wrong to translate them into other languages in a way that would lead people to pay special attention to them as figurative speech.
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For a description of important patterns of this kind of metaphor in biblical languages, please see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../translate-bita-part1/01.md)and the pages it will direct you to.
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For a description of important patterns of this kind of metaphor in biblical languages, please see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md)and the pages it will direct you to.
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#### Parts of a Metaphor
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If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
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1. If the metaphor is a common expression of a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language, express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. (See [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../translate-bita-part1/01.md) for lists of some of these patterned pairs of concepts.)
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1. If the metaphor is a common expression of a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language, express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. (See [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) for lists of some of these patterned pairs of concepts.)
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2. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
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3. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md).
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4. If the target audience would not know the image, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
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_To learn more about specific metaphors read:_
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* [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../translate-bita-part1/01.md)
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* [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md)
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* "who warned you to flee from God's coming <u>punishment</u>?"
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To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../translate-bita-part2/01.md).
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To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md).
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@ -180,6 +180,8 @@ sections:
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link: figs-metonymy
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- title: "Parallelism"
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link: figs-parallelism
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- title: "Parallelism with the Same Meaning"
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link: figs-synonparallelism
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- title: "Personification"
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link: figs-personification
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- title: "Predictive Past"
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link: figs-123person
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- title: "Exclusive 'We'"
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link: figs-exclusive
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- title: "Inclusive 'We'"
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link: figs-inclusive
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- title: "Forms of 'You' - Formal or Informal"
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link: figs-youformal
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- title: "Forms of 'You' - Singular to a Crowd"
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