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Correct stray bullets (#216)

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Larry Sallee 2019-10-08 21:56:54 +00:00 committed by Gogs
parent 73475e2a5c
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102 changed files with 2039 additions and 51 deletions
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39
translate/bita-hq/01.md
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@ -14,13 +14,21 @@ In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Ch
#### The FACE represents someone’s presence
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh’s declaration—or tremble <u>before my face</u>? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULT)
=======
> Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh’s declaration—or tremble <u>before my face</u> ? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
To be before someone’s face is to be in their presence, that is, to be with them.
#### The FACE represents someone’s attention
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity <u>before his face</u>, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULT)
=======
> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity <u>before his face</u> , and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
To put something before one’s face is to look at it intently or pay attention to it.
@ -63,7 +71,11 @@ To hide one’s face from someone is to ignore him.
#### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> No one can serve <u>two masters</u>, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
=======
> No one can serve <u>two masters</u> , for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by money.
@ -72,12 +84,20 @@ To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by mon
> May your God make <u>the name of Solomon</u> better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne.” 1 Kings 1:47 (ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> See, I have sworn <u>by my great name</u>—says Yahweh. <u>My name</u> will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt….” (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT) </blockquote>
=======
<blockquote> See, I have sworn <u>by my great name</u> —says Yahweh. <u>My name</u> will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt….” (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT) </blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
If someone’s name is great, it means that he is great.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to <u>honor your name</u>…. Nehemiah 1:11 (ULT)
=======
> Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to <u>honor your name</u> …. Nehemiah 1:11 (ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
To honor someone’s name is to honor him.
@ -101,28 +121,47 @@ The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that “becaus
#### The NOSE represents anger
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of <u>your nostrils</u>. (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
=======
> Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of <u>your nostrils</u> . (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
<blockquote> By the blast of <u>your nostrils</u> the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULT)</blockquote>
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Smoke went up from out of <u>his nostrils</u>, and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULT)
<blockquote> …This is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration: ‘My fury will arise in <u>my nostrils</u>!’ (Ezekiel 38:18 ULT)</blockquote>
=======
> Smoke went up from out of <u>his nostrils</u> , and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULT)
<blockquote> …This is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration: ‘My fury will arise in <u>my nostrils</u> !’ (Ezekiel 38:18 ULT)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
A blast of air or smoke coming from someone’s nose shows his great anger.
#### RAISED EYES represents arrogance
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> but you bring down those with <u>proud, uplifted eyes</u>! (Psalm 18:27 ULT)
=======
> but you bring down those with <u>proud, uplifted eyes</u> ! (Psalm 18:27 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with <u>lowered eyes</u>. (Job 22:29 ULT)
=======
> God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with <u>lowered eyes</u> . (Job 22:29 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Lowered eyes show that a person is humble.

94
translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md
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@ -4,18 +4,30 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i
#### BEING BENT OVER represents being discouraged
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Yahweh supports all who are falling and raises up all those who are <u>bent over</u>. (Psalm 145:14 ULT)
=======
> Yahweh supports all who are falling and raises up all those who are <u>bent over</u> . (Psalm 145:14 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### BIRTH PAINS represent the suffering that is necessary to achieve a new condition
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <u>Be in pain and labor to give birth</u>, daughter of Zion, like a <u>woman in labor</u>.
=======
> <u>Be in pain and labor to give birth</u> , daughter of Zion, like a <u>woman in labor</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> For now you will go out of the city, live in the field, and go to Babylon.
> There you will be rescued.
> There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of <u>birth pains</u>. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULT)</blockquote>
=======
<blockquote> For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of <u>birth pains</u> . (Matthew 24:7-8 ULT)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> My little children, I am suffering <u>labor pains</u> for you again, until Christ will have been formed in you! (Galatians 4:19 ULT)
@ -48,7 +60,11 @@ This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord.
Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some of the <u>clean</u> birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma…(Genesis 8:20 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him <u>clean</u>. It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is <u>clean</u>. (Leviticus 13:6 ULT)
=======
> The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him <u>clean</u> . It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is <u>clean</u> . (Leviticus 13:6 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### CLEANSING or PURIFYING represents making something acceptable for God’s Purposes
@ -61,15 +77,26 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some
#### UNCLEANLINESS represents not being acceptable for God’s purposes
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and <u>you must not eat them</u>, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is <u>unclean</u> for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULT)
<blockquote> And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be <u>unclean</u>, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be <u>unclean</u> until evening. Then it will be <u>clean</u>. (Leviticus 11:32 ULT) </blockquote>
=======
> You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and <u>you must not eat them</u> , animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is <u>unclean</u> for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULT)
<blockquote> And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be <u>unclean</u> , whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be <u>unclean</u> until evening. Then it will be <u>clean</u> . (Leviticus 11:32 ULT) </blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### MAKING SOMETHING UNCLEAN represents making it unacceptable for God’s purposes.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as <u>unclean</u>, whether it be the carcass of an <u>unclean</u> wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is <u>unclean</u> and <u>guilty</u>. (Leviticus 5:2 ULT)
=======
> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as <u>unclean</u> , whether it be the carcass of an <u>unclean</u> wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is <u>unclean</u> and <u>guilty</u> . (Leviticus 5:2 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
@ -80,10 +107,17 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some
#### BEING CUT OFF represents being killed
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely <u>be put to death</u>. Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely <u>be cut off from his people</u>. (Exodus 31:14-15 ULT)
<blockquote> Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be <u>cut off from his people</u>. Whoever does any work on that day, <u>I, Yahweh, will destroy him</u> from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULT) </blockquote>
=======
> So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely <u>be put to death</u> . Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely <u>be cut off from his people</u> . (Exodus 31:14-15 ULT)
<blockquote> Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be <u>cut off from his people</u> . Whoever does any work on that day, <u>I, Yahweh, will destroy him</u> from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULT) </blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> But he was <u>cut off</u> from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULT)
@ -91,9 +125,15 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some
#### COMING AND STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE represents serving him
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly <u>stand before you</u>, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)</blockquote>
> Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness <u>come before you</u>. (Psalm 89:14 ULT)
=======
<blockquote> How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly <u>stand before you</u> , because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)</blockquote>
> Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness <u>come before you</u> . (Psalm 89:14 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md))
@ -103,12 +143,20 @@ Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (see [Perso
Too much wine makes a person weak and he staggers. So too, when God judges people, they become weak and stagger. So the idea of wine is used to represent God’s judgment.
> You have shown your people severe things;
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> you have made us <u>drink the wine of staggering</u>. (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
=======
> you have made us <u>drink the wine of staggering</u> . (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Another example from Psalm.
> But God is the judge;
> he brings one down and raises up another.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> For Yahweh holds a cup in his hand of <u>foaming wine</u>,
=======
> For Yahweh holds a cup in his hand of <u>foaming wine</u> ,
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> which is mixed with spices, and pours it out.
> Surely all the wicked of the earth will <u>drink it</u> to the last drop. (Psalm 75:8 ULT)
@ -120,19 +168,31 @@ An example from Revelation.
> God brings [Israel] out of Egypt.
> He has strength like a wild ox.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <u>He will eat up the nations who fight against him</u>.
=======
> <u>He will eat up the nations who fight against him</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> He will break their bones to pieces.
> He will shoot them with his arrows. Numbers 24:8 ULT)
Another word for “eat up” is devour.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Therefore as <u>the tongue of fire devours stubble</u>, and as the dry grass goes down in flame,
=======
> Therefore as <u>the tongue of fire devours stubble</u> , and as the dry grass goes down in flame,
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust, (Isaiah 5:24 ULT)
Another example from Isaiah.
> Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him, Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies,
> the Arameans on the east, and the Philistines on the west.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <u>They will devour Israel with open mouth</u>. (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULT)
=======
> <u>They will devour Israel with open mouth</u> . (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
An example from Deuteronomy.
> I will make my arrows drunk with blood,
@ -152,23 +212,39 @@ An example from Deuteronomy.
<blockquote> Then the Spirit of Yahweh <u>fell on me</u> and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULT)</blockquote>
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Now look, the hand of the Lord <u>is upon you</u>, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULT)
=======
> Now look, the hand of the Lord <u>is upon you</u> , and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### FOLLOWING SOMEONE represents being loyal to him
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. <u>They went after other gods</u>, the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths.
=======
> They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. <u>They went after other gods</u> , the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
<blockquote> For Solomon <u>followed</u> Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and <u>he followed</u> Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULT)</blockquote>
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. <u>He has followed me fully</u>; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULT)
=======
> Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. <u>He has followed me fully</u> ; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### GOING BEFORE, ACCOMPANYING, OR FOLLOWING A KING WITH HIS OTHER ATTENDANTS represents serving him
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> See, his reward is <u>with him</u>, and his recompense is <u>going before him</u>. (Isaiah 62:11 ULT)
=======
> See, his reward is <u>with him</u> , and his recompense is <u>going before him</u> . (Isaiah 62:11 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
<blockquote> Righteousness will <u>go before him</u> and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULT)</blockquote>
@ -185,11 +261,19 @@ People cannot receive the kingdom of God in its complete form as a permanent pos
An **INHERITANCE** is something that someone permanently possesses
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of your <u>inheritance</u>. (Exodus 15:17 ULT)
The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession.
> Pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us as your <u>inheritance</u>. (Exodus 34:9 ULT)
=======
> You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of your <u>inheritance</u> . (Exodus 15:17 ULT)
The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession.
> Pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us as your <u>inheritance</u> . (Exodus 34:9 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, that is, as the people permanently belonging to him.
@ -214,7 +298,11 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
#### LYING DOWN represents DYING
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> When your days are fulfilled and you <u>lie down with your fathers</u>, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULT)</blockquote>
=======
<blockquote> When your days are fulfilled and you <u>lie down with your fathers</u> , I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULT)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> Ask them, ‘Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? <u>Go down and lie</u> with the uncircumcised!’
@ -231,9 +319,15 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
#### RESTING or a RESTING PLACE represents a permanent beneficial situation
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Naomi her mother-in-law said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to <u>rest</u>, so that things may go well for you?” (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
<blockquote> Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my <u>resting place</u>. (Psalm 95:11 ULT)</blockquote>
=======
> Naomi her mother-in-law said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to <u>rest</u> , so that things may go well for you?” (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
<blockquote> Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my <u>resting place</u> . (Psalm 95:11 ULT)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> This is my <u>resting place</u> forever; I will live here, for I desire her [Zion]. (Psalm 132:14 ULT)

21
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@ -4,16 +4,25 @@ Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphab
#### BRONZE represents strength
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> He trains…my arms to bend a bow of <u>bronze</u>. Psalm 18:34 ULT)
=======
> He trains…my arms to bend a bow of <u>bronze</u> . Psalm 18:34 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### CHAINS represent control
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Let us tear off the <u>shackles</u> they put on us and throw off their <u>chains</u>. Psalm 2:3
=======
> Let us tear off the <u>shackles</u> they put on us and throw off their <u>chains</u> . Psalm 2:3
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### CLOTHING represents moral qualities (emotions, attitudes, spirit, life)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> It is God who puts strength on me like a <u>belt</u>. (Psalm 18:32 ULT)
@ -24,6 +33,18 @@ Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphab
<blockquote> I will <u>clothe his enemies with shame</u>. (Psalm 132:18 ULT)</blockquote>
=======
> It is God who puts strength on me like a <u>belt</u> . (Psalm 18:32 ULT)
<blockquote> Righteousness will be the <u>belt of his waist</u> , and faithfulness the <u>belt around his hips</u> . (Isaiah 11:5 ULT)</blockquote>
> May my adversaries be <u>clothed with shame</u> ; may they <u>wear their shame like a robe</u> . (Psalm 109:29 ULT)
<blockquote> I will <u>clothe his enemies with shame</u> . (Psalm 132:18 ULT)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### A SNARE (A LIGHT TRAP FOR BIRDS WORKED BY CORDS) represents death

10
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@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ Some common metonymies from the Bible are listed below in alphabetical order. Th
There is so much in the cup that it runs over the top of the cup.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> For every time you eat this bread and drink this <u>cup</u>, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULT)
=======
> For every time you eat this bread and drink this <u>cup</u> , you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
@ -17,9 +21,15 @@ People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
> A fool’s <u>mouth</u> is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> Oh, how I would encourage you with my <u>mouth</u>! (Job 16:5 ULT) </blockquote>
> I heard you when you boasted against me with your <u>mouth</u>; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULT)
=======
<blockquote> Oh, how I would encourage you with my <u>mouth</u> ! (Job 16:5 ULT) </blockquote>
> I heard you when you boasted against me with your <u>mouth</u> ; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
In these examples the mouth refers to what a person says.

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@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ The word “hand” here is a metonym that refers to God’s power. (See: [Meton
> For the <u>kingdom</u> is Yahweh’s;
> he is the <u>ruler</u> over the nations. (Psalm 22:28 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Your <u>throne</u>, God, is forever and ever;
> a <u>scepter</u> of justice is the scepter of your <u>kingdom</u>. (Psalm 45:6 ULT)
@ -33,6 +34,16 @@ The word “hand” here is a metonym that refers to God’s power. (See: [Meton
> God <u>reigns</u> over the nations;
> God sits on his holy <u>throne</u>.
=======
> Your <u>throne</u> , God, is forever and ever;
> a <u>scepter</u> of justice is the scepter of your <u>kingdom</u> . (Psalm 45:6 ULT)
> This is what Yahweh says,
> “Heaven is my <u>throne</u> , and the earth is my <u>footstool</u> . (Isaiah 66:1 ULT)
> God <u>reigns</u> over the nations;
> God sits on his holy <u>throne</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> The <u>princes</u> of the peoples have gathered together
> to the people of the God of Abraham;
> for the <u>shields</u> of the earth belong to God;
@ -40,6 +51,7 @@ The word “hand” here is a metonym that refers to God’s power. (See: [Meton
#### God is modeled as a SHEPHERD and his people are modeled as SHEEP
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
His people are sheep.
@ -63,6 +75,31 @@ He is willing to die in order to save his sheep.
> But <u>God will shoot them</u>;
> suddenly they will be <u>wounded with his arrows</u>. (Psalm 65:7 ULT)
=======
> Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u> ; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
His people are sheep.
> For he is our God, and we are the people of <u>his pasture</u> and the <u>sheep of his hand</u> . (Psalm 95:7 ULT)
He leads his people like sheep.
> He led his own people out <u>like sheep</u> and guided them through the wilderness <u>like a flock</u> . (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
He is willing to die in order to save his sheep.
> I am the good shepherd, and I know my own, and my own know me. The Father knows me, and I know the Father, and <u>I lay down my life for the sheep</u> . I have other sheep that are not of this fold. Those, also, I must bring, and they will hear my voice so that there will be one flock and one shepherd. (John 10:14-15 ULT)
#### God is modeled as a WARRIOR
> Yahweh is a <u>warrior</u> ; (Exodus 15:3 ULT)
> Yahweh will go out as a <u>warrior</u> ; he will proceed as a <u>man of war</u> . He will stir up his zeal.
> He will shout, yes, he will roar his <u>battle cries</u> ; he will <u>show his enemies his power</u> . (Isaiah 42:13 ULT)
> Your right hand, Yahweh, is <u>glorious in power</u> ;
> your right hand, Yahweh, <u>has shattered the enemy</u> . (Exodus 15:6 ULT)
> But <u>God will shoot them</u> ;
> suddenly they will be <u>wounded with his arrows</u> . (Psalm 65:7 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
<blockquote> For you will turn them back; <u>you will draw your bow</u> before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULT)</blockquote>
@ -70,43 +107,69 @@ He is willing to die in order to save his sheep.
> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look…when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will <u>shepherd</u> my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’ “ (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> “Woe to the <u>shepherds</u> who destroy and scatter the <u>sheep</u> of my <u>pasture</u>—this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)</blockquote>
> Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the <u>flock</u> of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to <u>shepherd</u> the assembly of the Lord, which he purchased with his own blood. 29I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, and not spare the <u>flock</u>. I know that from even among your own selves some men shall come and say corrupt things, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
=======
<blockquote> “Woe to the <u>shepherds</u> who destroy and scatter the <u>sheep</u> of my <u>pasture</u> —this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)</blockquote>
> Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the <u>flock</u> of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to <u>shepherd</u> the assembly of the Lord, which he purchased with his own blood. 29I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, and not spare the <u>flock</u> . I know that from even among your own selves some men shall come and say corrupt things, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### The eye is modeled as a LAMP
Variations of this model and the model of the EVIL EYE are found in many parts of the world. In most of the cultures represented in the Bible, these models included the following elements:
People see objects, not because of light around the object, but because of light that shines from their eyes onto those objects.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> The eye is the <u>lamp</u> of the body. Therefore, if your eye is good, the whole body is <u>filled with light</u>. (Matthew 6:22 ULT)
This light shining from the eyes carries with itself the viewer’s character.
> The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor sees no <u>kindness in his eyes</u>. (Proverbs 21:10 ULT)
=======
> The eye is the <u>lamp</u> of the body. Therefore, if your eye is good, the whole body is <u>filled with light</u> . (Matthew 6:22 ULT)
This light shining from the eyes carries with itself the viewer’s character.
> The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor sees no <u>kindness in his eyes</u> . (Proverbs 21:10 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### Envy and cursing are modeled as looking with an EVIL EYE at someone, and favor is modeled as looking with a GOOD EYE at someone
The primary emotion of a person with the evil eye is envy. The Greek word translated as “envy” in Mark 7 is “eye,” which refers here to an evil eye.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> He said, “It is that which comes out of the person that defiles him. For from within a person, out of the heart, proceed evil thoughts…, <u>envy</u>…. (Mark 7:20-22 ULT)
=======
> He said, “It is that which comes out of the person that defiles him. For from within a person, out of the heart, proceed evil thoughts…, <u>envy</u> …. (Mark 7:20-22 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The context for Matthew 20:15 includes the emotion of envy. “Is your eye evil?” means “Are you envious?”
> Is it not legitimate for me to do what I wish with my own possessions? Or is your <u>eye evil</u> because I am good? (Matthew 20:15 ULT)
If a person’s eye is evil, that person is envious of other people’s money.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> The eye is the lamp of the body. Therefore, if your <u>eye is good</u>, the whole body is filled with light. But if your <u>eye is bad</u>, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. <u>You cannot serve God and wealth</u>. (Matthew 6:22-24 ULT)
=======
> The eye is the lamp of the body. Therefore, if your <u>eye is good</u> , the whole body is filled with light. But if your <u>eye is bad</u> , your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. <u>You cannot serve God and wealth</u> . (Matthew 6:22-24 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
A person who is envious might put a curse or enchantment on someone by looking at him with an evil eye.
> Foolish Galatians, whose <u>evil eye</u> has harmed you? (Galatians 3:1 ULT)
A person with a good eye can put a blessing on someone by looking at him.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> If I have found <u>favor in your eyes</u>…(1 Samuel 27:5 ULT)
=======
> If I have found <u>favor in your eyes</u> …(1 Samuel 27:5 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### Life is modeled as BLOOD
In this model, the blood of a person or an animal represents its life.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> But you must not eat meat with <u>its life—that is its blood</u>—in it. (Genesis 9:4 ULT)
If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed.
@ -114,6 +177,15 @@ If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed.
> Whoever <u>sheds man’s blood</u>, by man will his <u>blood be shed</u>, (Genesis 9:6 ULT)
<blockquote> In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge <u>the blood that was shed</u>, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULT)</blockquote>
=======
> But you must not eat meat with <u>its life—that is its blood</u> —in it. (Genesis 9:4 ULT)
If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed.
> Whoever <u>sheds man’s blood</u> , by man will his <u>blood be shed</u> , (Genesis 9:6 ULT)
<blockquote> In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge <u>the blood that was shed</u> , until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULT)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who killed someone. (This also includes personification, because the blood is pictured as someone that can cry out. See: [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md))
@ -144,6 +216,7 @@ The sun is modeled as a disc with wings, which allow it to “fly” through the
> If I fly away on <u>the wings of the morning</u> and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea…(Psalm 139:9 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing <u>in its wings</u>. (Malachi 4:2 ULT)</blockquote>
The wind moves quickly and is modeled as having wings.
@ -151,6 +224,15 @@ The wind moves quickly and is modeled as having wings.
> He was seen flying on the <u>wings of the wind</u>. (2 Sam. 22:11 ULT)
<blockquote> He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the <u>wings of the wind</u>. (Psalm 18:10 ULT)</blockquote>
=======
<blockquote> But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing <u>in its wings</u> . (Malachi 4:2 ULT)</blockquote>
The wind moves quickly and is modeled as having wings.
> He was seen flying on the <u>wings of the wind</u> . (2 Sam. 22:11 ULT)
<blockquote> He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the <u>wings of the wind</u> . (Psalm 18:10 ULT)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> you walk on the <u>wings of the wind</u> (Psalm 104:3 ULT)
@ -161,6 +243,7 @@ In this model, the wind blows away things that are worthless, and they are gone.
Psalm 1 and Job 27 show that wicked people are worthless and will not live long.
> The wicked are not so,
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> but are instead <u>like the chaff that the wind drives away</u>. (Psalm 1:4 ULT)
> <u>The east wind carries him away</u>, and he leaves;
@ -169,24 +252,47 @@ Psalm 1 and Job 27 show that wicked people are worthless and will not live long.
The writer of Ecclesiastes says that everything is worthless.
> <u>Like a vapor of mist</u>,
> <u>like a breeze in the wind</u>,
=======
> but are instead <u>like the chaff that the wind drives away</u> . (Psalm 1:4 ULT)
> <u>The east wind carries him away</u> , and he leaves;
> <u>it sweeps him out of his place</u> . (Job 27:21 ULT)
The writer of Ecclesiastes says that everything is worthless.
> <u>Like a vapor of mist</u> ,
> <u>like a breeze in the wind</u> ,
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> everything vanishes, leaving many questions.
> What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun? (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULT)
In Job 30:15, Job complains that his honor and prosperity are gone.
> Terrors are turned upon me;
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> my honor is <u>driven away as if by the wind</u>;
> my prosperity <u>passes away as a cloud</u>. (Job 30:15 ULT)
=======
> my honor is <u>driven away as if by the wind</u> ;
> my prosperity <u>passes away as a cloud</u> . (Job 30:15 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### Human warfare is modeled as DIVINE WARFARE
When there was a war between nations, people believed that the gods of those nations were also at war.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for <u>he also inflicted punishment on their gods</u>. (Numbers 33:4 ULT)
<blockquote> And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?…You drove out nations <u>and their gods</u> from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT)</blockquote>
> The servants of the king of Aram said to him, “<u>Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were</u>. But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they.” (1 Kings 20:23 ULT)
=======
> This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for <u>he also inflicted punishment on their gods</u> . (Numbers 33:4 ULT)
<blockquote> And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?…You drove out nations <u>and their gods</u> from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT)</blockquote>
> The servants of the king of Aram said to him, “<u>Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were</u> . But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they.” (1 Kings 20:23 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### Constraints in life are modeled as PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES
@ -194,7 +300,11 @@ The verses below are not about real physical boundaries but about difficulties o
> He has built <u>a wall</u> around me, and I cannot escape. He has made my shackles heavy. (Lamentations 3:7 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> He has blocked my path with <u>walls of hewn stone</u>; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULT)</blockquote>
=======
<blockquote> He has blocked my path with <u>walls of hewn stone</u> ; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULT)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> <u>Measuring lines</u> have been laid for me in pleasant places (Psalm 16:6 ULT)
@ -203,7 +313,11 @@ The verses below are not about real physical boundaries but about difficulties o
In Psalm 4 David asks God to rescue him.
> Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> give me room <u>when I am hemmed in</u>.
=======
> give me room <u>when I am hemmed in</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. (Psalm 4:1 ULT)
@ -214,13 +328,22 @@ When Job was distressed because of all the sad things that happened to him, he s
> days of affliction have come on me.
> I go about with darkened skin but not because of the sun;
> I stand up in the assembly and cry for help.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> I am <u>a brother to jackals</u>,
> <u>a companion of ostriches</u>. (Job 30:27-29 ULT)
=======
> I am <u>a brother to jackals</u> ,
> <u>a companion of ostriches</u> . (Job 30:27-29 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### Wellbeing is modeled as PHYSICAL CLEANLINESS, and evil is modeled as PHYSICAL DIRTINESS
Leprosy is a disease. If a person had it, he was said to be unclean.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u>.” Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, “I am willing. Be clean.” Immediately he was <u>cleansed of his leprosy.</u> (Matthew 8:2-3 ULT)
=======
> Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u> .” Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, “I am willing. Be clean.” Immediately he was <u>cleansed of his leprosy.</u> (Matthew 8:2-3 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
An “unclean spirit” is an evil spirit.
> When an <u>unclean spirit</u> has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULT)

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@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
> For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword,
> neither did their own arm save them;
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> but your right hand, your arm, and the <u>light of your face</u>,
> because you were favorable to them. (Psalm 44:3 ULT)
@ -17,6 +18,16 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
> Yahweh, they walk in the <u>light of your face</u>. (Psalm 89:15 ULT)
=======
> but your right hand, your arm, and the <u>light of your face</u> ,
> because you were favorable to them. (Psalm 44:3 ULT)
<blockquote> they did not reject the <u>light of my face</u> . (Job 29:24 ULT)</blockquote>
> Yahweh, they walk in the <u>light of your face</u> . (Psalm 89:15 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
@ -28,12 +39,20 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
#### SHADOW or DARKNESS represents death
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Yet you have severely broken us in the place of jackals and covered us with the <u>shadow of death</u>. (Psalm 44:19)
=======
> Yet you have severely broken us in the place of jackals and covered us with the <u>shadow of death</u> . (Psalm 44:19)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### FIRE represents extreme feelings, particularly love or anger
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Because iniquity will be increased, the love of many will <u>be extinguished</u>. (Matthew 24:12 ULT)
=======
> Because iniquity will be increased, the love of many will <u>be extinguished</u> . (Matthew 24:12 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
<blockquote> Surging waters cannot <u>quench</u> love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULT)</blockquote>
@ -45,7 +64,11 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
<blockquote> Therefore <u>the anger of Yahweh was set on fire</u> against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULT)</blockquote>
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> When Yahweh heard this, <u>he was angry</u>; so <u>his fire burned</u> against Jacob, and <u>his anger</u> attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
=======
> When Yahweh heard this, <u>he was angry</u> ; so <u>his fire burned</u> against Jacob, and <u>his anger</u> attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### FIRE OR A LAMP represents life
@ -53,7 +76,11 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
> They say, ‘Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the <u>burning coal</u> that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. 2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp of Israel</u>. (2 Samuel 21:17 ULT) </blockquote>
=======
<blockquote> You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp of Israel</u> . (2 Samuel 21:17 ULT) </blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> I will give one tribe to Solomon’s son, so that David my servant may always have <u>a lamp</u> before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36 ULT)
@ -65,7 +92,11 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
> Indeed, <u>the light</u> of the wicked person will be put out; <u>the spark of his fire</u> will not shine. <u>The light</u> will be dark in his tent; <u>his lamp</u> above him will be put out. (Job 18:5-6 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> For you give <u>light to my lamp</u>; Yahweh my God <u>lights up my darkness</u>. (Psalm 18:28 ULT)</blockquote>
=======
<blockquote> For you give <u>light to my lamp</u> ; Yahweh my God <u>lights up my darkness</u> . (Psalm 18:28 ULT)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> A dimly burning wick he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULT)
@ -74,38 +105,65 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
#### A WIDE SPACE reperesents safetey, security, and ease
> They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support!
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> He set me free in <u>a wide open place</u>; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULT)
=======
> He set me free in <u>a wide open place</u> ; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> You have made <u>a wide place</u> for my feet beneath me,
> so my feet have not slipped. (2 Samuel 22:37 ULT)
> You made people ride over our heads;
> we went through fire and water,
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> but you brought us out into <u>a spacious place</u>. (Psalms 66:12 ULT)
=======
> but you brought us out into <u>a spacious place</u> . (Psalms 66:12 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### A NARROW SPACE represents danger or difficulties
> Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> give me room when <u>I am hemmed in</u>.
> Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. Psalm 4:1 ULT)
> For a prostitute is a deep pit,
> and an immoral woman is <u>a narrow well</u>. (Proverbs 23:27 ULT)
=======
> give me room when <u>I am hemmed in</u> .
> Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. Psalm 4:1 ULT)
> For a prostitute is a deep pit,
> and an immoral woman is <u>a narrow well</u> . (Proverbs 23:27 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### LIQUID represents a moral quality (emotion, attitude, spirit, life)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting <u>flood of water</u>. (2 Samuel 5:20 ULT)
<blockquote> He will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming <u>flood</u>. (Nahum 1:8 ULT)</blockquote>
=======
> Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting <u>flood of water</u> . (2 Samuel 5:20 ULT)
<blockquote> He will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming <u>flood</u> . (Nahum 1:8 ULT)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> My heart <u>drips</u> because of sadness. (Psalm 119:28 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> I am being <u>poured out like water</u>. (Psalm 22:14 ULT) </blockquote>
=======
<blockquote> I am being <u>poured out like water</u> . (Psalm 22:14 ULT) </blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> It will come about afterward that I will <u>pour out</u> my Spirit on all flesh. (Joel 2:28 ULT)
@ -119,6 +177,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
#### WATER represents what someone says
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> A quarreling wife is a constant <u>dripping of water</u>. (Proverbs 19:13 ULT)
@ -129,11 +188,27 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
<blockquote> The words of a man’s mouth are <u>deep waters</u>; the <u>fountain of wisdom</u> is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULT)</blockquote>
=======
> A quarreling wife is a constant <u>dripping of water</u> . (Proverbs 19:13 ULT)
<blockquote> His lips are lilies, <u>dripping myrrh</u> . (Song of Songs 5:13 ULT)</blockquote>
> My groaning is <u>poured out like water</u> . (Job 3:24 ULT)
<blockquote> The words of a man’s mouth are <u>deep waters</u> ; the <u>fountain of wisdom</u> is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULT)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### FLOODING WATER represents disaster
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> I have come into <u>deep waters</u>, where the <u>floods flow</u> over me. (Psalm 69:2 ULT)
=======
> I have come into <u>deep waters</u> , where the <u>floods flow</u> over me. (Psalm 69:2 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
<blockquote> Do not let the <u>floods of water</u> overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULT)</blockquote>
@ -143,7 +218,11 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
#### A SPRING OF WATER represents the origins of something
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> The fear of Yahweh is a <u>fountain of life</u>. (Proverbs 14:27 ULT)
=======
> The fear of Yahweh is a <u>fountain of life</u> . (Proverbs 14:27 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### A ROCK represents protection

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@ -10,14 +10,22 @@ In the examples below, Isaiah wrote about one of Jesse’s descendants and Jerem
> The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding. (Isaiah 11:1 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> See, days are coming—this is Yahweh’s declaration—when I will raise up for David <u>a righteous branch</u>.
=======
> See, days are coming—this is Yahweh’s declaration—when I will raise up for David <u>a righteous branch</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> He will reign as king; he will bring prosperity and carry out justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULT)
In Job when it says “his branch will be cut off,” it means that he will not have any descendants.
> His roots will be dried up beneath;
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> above will <u>his branch be cut off</u>.
=======
> above will <u>his branch be cut off</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> His memory will perish from the earth;
> he will have no name in the street. (Job 18:17 ULT)
@ -32,6 +40,7 @@ In Job when it says “his branch will be cut off,” it means that he will not
Just as planting one kind of seeds results in that kind of plant growing, behaving in one way results in that kind of consequence.
The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Sow <u>righteousness</u> for yourselves, and reap the fruit of <u>covenant faithfulness</u>. (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
@ -39,20 +48,40 @@ The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below.
> For the people sow <u>the wind</u> and reap <u>the whirlwind</u>. (Hosea 8:7 ULT)
=======
> Sow <u>righteousness</u> for yourselves, and reap the fruit of <u>covenant faithfulness</u> . (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
<blockquote> Based on what I have observed, those who plow <u>iniquity</u> and sow <u>trouble</u> , reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULT)</blockquote>
> For the people sow <u>the wind</u> and reap <u>the whirlwind</u> . (Hosea 8:7 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
<blockquote> You have turned…the fruit of <u>righteousness</u> into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULT)</blockquote>
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now <u>ashamed</u>? (Romans 6:21 ULT)
=======
> What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now <u>ashamed</u> ? (Romans 6:21 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### A TREE represents a person
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> He will be like <u>a tree planted</u> by the streams of water that <u>produces its fruit in its season</u>, whose <u>leaves do not wither</u>; whatever he does will prosper. (Psalm 1:3 ULT)
<blockquote> I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out <u>like a green tree in its native soil</u>. (Psalm 37:35 ULT)</blockquote>
=======
> He will be like <u>a tree planted</u> by the streams of water that <u>produces its fruit in its season</u> , whose <u>leaves do not wither</u> ; whatever he does will prosper. (Psalm 1:3 ULT)
<blockquote> I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out <u>like a green tree in its native soil</u> . (Psalm 37:35 ULT)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> I am <u>like a green olive tree</u> in God’s house. (Psalm 52:8 ULT)

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@ -19,12 +19,20 @@ Sometimes people used the third person instead of “I” or “me” to refer t
David referred to himself in the third person as “your servant” and “his.” He was calling himself Saul’s servant in order to show his humility before Saul.
> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said,
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> “… Do you have an arm like <u>God’s</u>? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>him</u>? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
=======
> “… Do you have an arm like <u>God’s</u> ? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>him</u> ? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
God referred to himself in the third person with the words “God’s” and “him.” He did this to emphasize that he is God, and he is powerful.
Sometimes people use the third person instead of “you” or “your” to refer to the person or people they are speaking to.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Abraham answered and said, “Look what I have done, taking it upon myself to speak to <u>my Lord</u>, even though I am only dust and ashes! (Genesis 18:27 ULT)
=======
> Abraham answered and said, “Look what I have done, taking it upon myself to speak to <u>my Lord</u> , even though I am only dust and ashes! (Genesis 18:27 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Abraham was speaking to the Lord, and referred to the Lord as “My Lord” rather than as “you.” He did this to show his humility before God.
> So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>his</u> brother from your heart. (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
@ -42,6 +50,7 @@ If using the third person to mean “I” or “you” would be natural and give
(1) Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **But David said to Saul, “<u>Your servant</u> used to keep <u>his</u> father’s sheep.”** (1 Samuel 17:34)
>> But David said to Saul, “<u>I, your servant</u>, used to keep <u>my</u> father’s sheep.”
@ -55,4 +64,19 @@ If using the third person to mean “I” or “you” would be natural and give
> **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>his</u> brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
>> So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>your</u> brother from your heart.
=======
> **But David said to Saul, “<u>Your servant</u> used to keep <u>his</u> father’s sheep.”** (1 Samuel 17:34)
>> But David said to Saul, “<u>I, your servant</u> , used to keep <u>my</u> father’s sheep.”
(2) Simply use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you”) instead of the third person.
> **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like <u>God’s</u> ? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>him</u> ?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
>> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like <u>mine</u> ? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>me</u> ?”
> **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>his</u> brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
>> So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>your</u> brother from your heart.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

28
translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md
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@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, situations, or even to relationships among these ideas. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as happiness, weight, injury, unity, friendship, health, and reason. This is a translation issue because some languages may express a certain idea with an abstract noun, while others would need a different way to express it. For example, “What is its <u>weight</u>?” could be expressed as “How much does it <u>weigh</u>?” or “How <u>heavy</u> is it?”
=======
Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, situations, or even to relationships among these ideas. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as happiness, weight, injury, unity, friendship, health, and reason. This is a translation issue because some languages may express a certain idea with an abstract noun, while others would need a different way to express it. For example, “What is its <u>weight</u> ?” could be expressed as “How much does it <u>weigh</u> ?” or “How <u>heavy</u> is it?”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
### Description
@ -17,7 +21,11 @@ The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain idea
The abstract noun “childhood” refers to when someone is a child.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> But <u>godliness</u> with <u>contentment</u> is great <u>gain</u>. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
=======
> But <u>godliness</u> with <u>contentment</u> is great <u>gain</u> . (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The abstract nouns “godliness” and “contentment” refer to being godly and content.
The abstract noun “gain” refers to something that benefits or helps someone.
@ -44,6 +52,7 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
(1) Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **…from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings…** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
>> Ever since <u>you were a child</u> you have known the sacred writings.
@ -61,4 +70,23 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the <u>purposes</u> of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
>> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal <u>the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them</u>.
=======
> **…from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings…** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
>> Ever since <u>you were a child</u> you have known the sacred writings.
> **But <u>godliness with contentment</u> is great <u>gain</u> .** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
>> But <u>being godly</u> and <u>content</u> is very <u>beneficial</u> .
>> But we <u>benefit</u> greatly when we <u>are godly</u> and <u>content</u> .
>> But we <u>benefit</u> greatly when we <u>honor and obey God</u> and when we are <u>happy with what we have</u> .
> Today <u>salvation</u> has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULT)
>> Today the people in this house <u>have been saved</u> …
>> Today God <u>has saved</u> the people in this house…
> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>slowness</u> to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULT)
>> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>moving slowly</u> to be.
> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the <u>purposes</u> of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
>> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal <u>the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

30
translate/figs-activepassive/01.md
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@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
Some languages have both active and passive sentences. In active sentences, the subject does the action. In passive sentences, the subject is the one that receives the action. Here are some examples with their subjects underlined:
* ACTIVE: <u>My father</u> built the house in 2010.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* PASSIVE: <u>The house</u> was built in 2010.
=======
* PASSIVE: <u>The house</u> was built in 2010.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Translators whose languages do not have passive sentences will need to know how they can translate passive sentences that they find in the Bible. Other translators will need to decide when to use a passive sentence and when to use the active form.
@ -15,9 +19,15 @@ Some languages have both active and passive forms of sentences.
In the examples of active and passive sentences below, we have underlined the subject.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **ACTIVE**: <u>My father</u> built the house in 2010.
* **PASSIVE**: <u>The house</u> was built by my father in 2010.
* **PASSIVE**: <u>The house</u> was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.)
=======
* **ACTIVE**: <u>My father</u> built the house in 2010.
* **PASSIVE**: <u>The house</u> was built by my father in 2010.
* **PASSIVE**: <u>The house</u> was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### Reasons this is a translation issue
@ -37,11 +47,19 @@ The passive form is not used for the same purposes in all of the languages that
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> And their shooters shot at your soldiers from off the wall, and some of the king’s servants <u>were killed</u>, and your servant Uriah the Hittite <u>was killed</u> too. (2 Samuel 11:24 ULT)
This means that the enemy’s shooters shot and killed some of the king’s servants, including Uriah. The point is what happened to the king’s servants and Uriah, not who shot them. The purpose of the passive form here is to keep the focus on the king’s servants and Uriah.
> In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal <u>was broken down</u>… (Judges 6:28 ULT)
=======
> And their shooters shot at your soldiers from off the wall, and some of the king’s servants <u>were killed</u> , and your servant Uriah the Hittite <u>was killed</u> too. (2 Samuel 11:24 ULT)
This means that the enemy’s shooters shot and killed some of the king’s servants, including Uriah. The point is what happened to the king’s servants and Uriah, not who shot them. The purpose of the passive form here is to keep the focus on the king’s servants and Uriah.
> In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal <u>was broken down</u> … (Judges 6:28 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The men of the town saw what had happened to the altar of Baal, but they did not know who broke it down. The purpose of the passive form here is to communicate this event from the perspective of the men of the town.
@ -61,17 +79,29 @@ If you decide that it is better to translate without a passive form, here are so
(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
=======
> **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> <u>The king’s servants gave</u> Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
(2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell  who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or  ”people” or  ”someone.” 
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **It would be better for him if a millstone <u>were put</u> around his neck and he <u>were thrown</u> into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULT)
=======
> **It would be better for him if a millstone <u>were put</u> around his neck and he <u>were thrown</u> into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> It would be better for him if <u>they were to put</u> a millstone around his neck and <u>throw</u> him into the sea.
>> It would be better for him if <u>someone were to put</u> a heavy stone around his neck and <u>throw</u> him into the sea.
(3) Use a different verb in an active sentence. 
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
=======
> **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> He <u>received</u> a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.

12
translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md
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@ -21,7 +21,11 @@ King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, and David sang a sad song about it. By tel
Jesus was expressing his feelings for the people of Jerusalem in front of his disciples and a group of Pharisees. By speaking directly to Jerusalem as though its people could hear him, Jesus showed how deeply he cared about them.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>“Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’ “ (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
=======
> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>“Altar</u> , <u>altar</u> ! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’ “ (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The man of God spoke as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the king, who was standing there, to hear him.
@ -35,9 +39,17 @@ If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
(1) If this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells <u>them</u> his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>“Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’ “** (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
>> He said this about the altar: “This is what Yahweh says <u>about this altar.</u> ‘See, … they will burn people’s bones on <u>it</u>.’ “
> **<u>Mountains of Gilboa</u>, let there not be dew or rain on <u>you</u>** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULT)
>> <u>As for these mountains of Gilboa</u>, let there not be dew or rain on <u>them</u>
=======
> **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>“Altar</u> , <u>altar</u> ! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’ “** (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
>> He said this about the altar: “This is what Yahweh says <u>about this altar.</u> ‘See, … they will burn people’s bones on <u>it</u> .’ “
> **<u>Mountains of Gilboa</u> , let there not be dew or rain on <u>you</u>** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULT)
>> <u>As for these mountains of Gilboa</u> , let there not be dew or rain on <u>them</u>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

28
translate/figs-declarative/01.md
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@ -41,23 +41,39 @@ By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man’s sins.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a sentence type that would express that function.
(1) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a sentence type that would express that function.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **She will give birth to a son, and <u>you will call his name Jesus</u>, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT) The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction.
* She will give birth to a son. <u>Name him Jesus</u>, because he will save his people from their sins.
=======
> **She will give birth to a son, and <u>you will call his name Jesus</u> , for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT) The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction.
>> She will give birth to a son. <u>Name him Jesus</u> , because he will save his people from their sins.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, add a sentence type that would express that function.
(2) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, add a sentence type that would express that function.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u>.** (Matthew 8:2 ULT) The function of “you can make me clean” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
* Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean. Please do so.</u>
* Lord, if you are willing, <u>please make me clean. I know you can do so.</u>
=======
> **Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u> .** (Matthew 8:2 ULT) The function of “you can make me clean” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
>> Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean. Please do so.</u>
>> Lord, if you are willing, <u>please make me clean. I know you can do so.</u>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a verb form that would express that function.
(3) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a verb form that would express that function.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **She will give birth to a son, and <u>you will call his name Jesus</u>, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
* She will give birth to a son, and <u>you must call his name Jesus</u>, for he will save his people from their sins.
=======
> **She will give birth to a son, and <u>you will call his name Jesus</u> , for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
>> She will give birth to a son, and <u>you must call his name Jesus</u> , for he will save his people from their sins.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* **Son, your sins are forgiven.** Luke 2:5 ULT)
* Son, I forgive your sins.
* Son, God has forgiven your sins.
> **Son, your sins are forgiven.** Luke 2:5 ULT)
>> Son, I forgive your sins.
>> Son, God has forgiven your sins.

44
translate/figs-distinguish/01.md
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@ -5,12 +5,20 @@ In some languages, phrases that modify a noun can be used with the noun for two
Some languages use a comma to mark the difference between making a distinction between similar items and gving more information about an item. Without the comma, the sentence below communicates that it is making a distinction:
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* Mary gave some of the food to <u>her sister who was very thankful</u>.
=======
* Mary gave some of the food to <u>her sister who was very thankful</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* If her sister was usually thankful, the phrase “who was thankful” could **distinguish this sister** of Mary’s from another sister who was not usually thankful.
With the comma, the sentence is giving more information:
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* Mary gave some of the food to <u>her sister, who was very thankful</u>.
=======
* Mary gave some of the food to <u>her sister, who was very thankful</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* This same phrase can be used give us more information about Mary’s sister. It tells us about **how Mary’s sister responded** when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish one sister from another sister.
### Reasons this is a translation issue
@ -22,11 +30,19 @@ With the comma, the sentence is giving more information:
**Examples of words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items**: These usually do not cause a problem in translation.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> … The curtain is to separate <u>the holy place</u> from <u>the most holy place</u>. (Exodus 26:33 ULT)
The words “holy” and “most holy” distinguish two different places from each other and from any other place.
> A foolish son is a grief to his father, and bitterness to <u>the woman who bore him</u>. (Proverbs 17:25 ULT)
=======
> … The curtain is to separate <u>the holy place</u> from <u>the most holy place</u> . (Exodus 26:33 ULT)
The words “holy” and “most holy” distinguish two different places from each other and from any other place.
> A foolish son is a grief to his father, and bitterness to <u>the woman who bore him</u> . (Proverbs 17:25 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The phrase “who bore him” distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to. He is not bitterness to all women, but to his mother.
@ -36,7 +52,11 @@ The phrase “who bore him” distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to
The word “righteous” simply reminds us that God’s judgments are righteous. It does not distinguish his righteous judgements from his unrighteous judgements, because all of his judgments are righteous.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son? - (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT)
=======
> Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u> , bear a son? - (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The phrase “who is ninety years old” is the reason that Abraham did not think that Sarah could bear a son. He was not distinguishing one woman named Sarah from another woman named Sarah who was a different age, and he was not telling anyone something new about her age. He simply did not think that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
@ -53,8 +73,9 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
* <u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.
@ -66,10 +87,29 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u>** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
* I will call on Yahweh, <u>because</u> he is worthy to be praised
=======
> **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
>> <u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.
1. Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information.
> **…for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
>> …for your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
> **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u> , bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase “who is ninety years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
>> Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?
> **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u> ** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
>> I will call on Yahweh, <u>because</u> he is worthy to be praised
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **You are my Son, <u>whom I love</u>. I am pleased with you.** (Luke 3:22 ULT)
* You are my Son. <u>I love you</u> and I am pleased with you.
* <u>Receiving my love</u>, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.
=======
> **You are my Son, <u>whom I love</u> . I am pleased with you.** (Luke 3:22 ULT)
>> You are my Son. <u>I love you</u> and I am pleased with you.
>> <u>Receiving my love</u> , you are my Son. I am pleased with you.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

24
translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md
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@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meani
### Description
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
Negative words are words that have in them the meaning “not.” Examples are “no,” “not,” “none,” “no one,” “nothing,” “nowhere,” “never,” “nor,” “neither,” and “without.” Also, some words have prefixes or suffixes that mean “not” such as the underlined parts of these words: “<u>un</u> happy,” “<u>im</u> possible,” and “use<u>less</u>.”
=======
Negative words are words that have in them the meaning “not.” Examples are “no,” “not,” “none,” “no one,” “nothing,” “nowhere,” “never,” “nor,” “neither,” and “without.” Also, some words have prefixes or suffixes that mean “not” such as the underlined parts of these words: “<u>un</u> happy,” “<u>im</u> possible,” and “use<u>less</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
A double negative occurs when a sentence has two words that each express the meaning of “not.”
> It is <u>not</u> that we do <u>not</u> have authority…(2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULT)
@ -41,19 +45,35 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive.
(1) If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **For we do <u>not</u> have a high priest who can<u>not</u> feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULT)
* “For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses.”
* **…so that they may <u>not</u> be <u>un</u> fruitful.** (Titus 3:14 ULT)
* “…so that they may be fruitful.”
=======
> **For we do <u>not</u> have a high priest who can<u>not</u> feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULT)
>> “For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses.”
1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as “very” or “surely.”
>>= **…so that they may <u>not</u> be <u>un</u> fruitful.** (Titus 3:14 ULT)
>> “…so that they may be fruitful.”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(2) If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as “very” or “surely.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u> punished…** (Proverbs 11:21 ULT)
* “Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>certainly</u> be punished…”
* **All things were made through him and <u>without</u> him there was <u>not</u> one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULT)
* “All things were made through him. He made <u>absolutely</u> everything that has been made.”
=======
> **Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u> punished…** (Proverbs 11:21 ULT)
>> “Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>certainly</u> be punished…”
> **All things were made through him and <u>without</u> him there was <u>not</u> one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULT)
>> “All things were made through him. He made <u>absolutely</u> everything that has been made.”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

33
translate/figs-doublet/01.md
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@ -10,11 +10,19 @@ In some languages people do not use doublets. Or they may use doublets, but only
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u>. (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
The underlined words mean the same thing. Together they mean that he was “very old.”
> …he attacked two men <u>more righteous</u> and <u>better</u> than himself… (1 Kings 2:32 ULT)
=======
> King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u> . (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
The underlined words mean the same thing. Together they mean that he was “very old.”
> …he attacked two men <u>more righteous</u> and <u>better</u> than himself…(1 Kings 2:32 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
This means that they were “much more righteous” than he was.
@ -22,7 +30,11 @@ This means that they were “much more righteous” than he was.
This means that they had prepared “many false things to say.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> …as of a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>. (1 Peter 1:19 ULT)
=======
> …as of a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u> . (1 Peter 1:19 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
This means that he was like a lamb that did not have any blemish--not even one.
@ -36,18 +48,33 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
### Translation Strategies Applied
1. Translate only one of the words.
(1) Translate only one of the words.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> and <u>deceptive</u> words** (Daniel 2:9 ULT)
* “You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> things to say.”
=======
> **You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> and <u>deceptive</u> words** (Daniel 2:9 ULT)
>> “You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> things to say.”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as “very” or “great” or “many.”
(2) If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as “very” or “great” or “many.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u>.** (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
* “King David was <u>very old</u>.”
=======
> **King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u> .** (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
>> “King David was <u>very old</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language’s ways of doing that.
(3) If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language’s ways of doing that.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **…a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>…** (1 Peter 1:19 ULT) - English can emphasize this with “any” and “at all.”
* “…a lamb <u>without any blemish at all</u>…”
=======
> **…a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u> …** (1 Peter 1:19 ULT) - English can emphasize this with “any” and “at all.”
>> “…a lamb <u>without any blemish at all</u> …”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

28
translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,11 @@
Ellipsis is what happens when a speaker or writer leaves out one or more words from a sentence that it normally should have to be a complete sentence. The speaker or writer does this because he knows that the hearer or reader will understand the meaning of the sentence and fill in the words in his mind when he hears or reads the words that are there. For example:
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> …the wicked will not stand in the judgment, <u>nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous</u>. (Psalm 1:5)
=======
> …the wicked will not stand in the judgment, <u>nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous</u> . (Psalm 1:5)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
There is ellipsis in the second part because “nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous” is not a complete sentence. The speaker assumes that the hearer will understand what it is that sinners will not do in the assembly of the righteous by filling in the action from the previous clause. With the action filled in, the complete sentence would be:
@ -23,13 +27,21 @@ Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know what information is
#### Relative Ellipsis
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u>and Sirion like a young ox</u>. (Psalm 29:6 ULT)
=======
> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u>and Sirion like a young ox</u> . (Psalm 29:6 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The writer wants his words to be few and to make good poetry. The full sentence with the information filled in would be:
> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and <u>he makes</u> Sirion <u>skip</u> like a young ox.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> But if we are afflicted, <u>for your comfort and salvation</u>; if we are comforted, <u>for your comfort</u>,… (2 Corinthians 1:6)
=======
> But if we are afflicted, <u>for your comfort and salvation</u> ; if we are comforted, <u>for your comfort</u> ,… (2 Corinthians 1:6)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The information that the reader must understand in the second parts of these sentences can be filled in from the first parts:
@ -37,13 +49,21 @@ The information that the reader must understand in the second parts of these sen
#### Absolute Ellipsis
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>.” (Luke 18:40-41 ULT)
=======
> …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u> .” (Luke 18:40-41 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
It seems that the man answered in an incomplete sentence because he wanted to be polite and not directly ask Jesus for healing. He knew that Jesus would understand that the only way he could receive his sight would be for Jesus to heal him. The complete sentence would be:
>> “Lord, <u>I want you to heal me so</u> that I might receive my sight.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> To Titus…<u>Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our savior</u>. (Titus 1:4 ULT)
=======
> To Titus…<u>Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our savior</u> . (Titus 1:4 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The writer assumes that the reader will recognize this common form of a blessing or wish, so he does not need to include the full sentence, which would be:
@ -63,10 +83,18 @@ If ellipsis would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consid
>> …the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and <u>sinners will not stand in the assembly</u> of the righteous
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>.”** (Luke 18:40-41)
>> …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>I want you to heal me</u> that I might receive my sight.”
> **He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u>and Sirion like a young ox</u>.** (Psalm 29:6)
=======
> **…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u> .”** (Luke 18:40-41)
>> …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>I want you to heal me</u> that I might receive my sight.”
> **He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u>and Sirion like a young ox</u> .** (Psalm 29:6)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and <u>he makes</u> Sirion <u>skip</u> like a young ox.

9
translate/figs-euphemism/01.md
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@ -34,12 +34,21 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
(1) Use a euphemism from your own culture.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **…where there was a cave. Saul went inside to <u>relieve himself</u>.** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULT) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these:
>> “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to dig a hole</u> “
>> “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to have some time alone</u> “
> **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not <u>slept with any man</u>?”** (Luke 1:34 ULT)
>> Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since <u>I do not know a man</u>?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek)
=======
> **…where there was a cave. Saul went inside to <u>relieve himself</u> .** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULT) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these:
>> “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to dig a hole</u> “
>> “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to have some time alone</u> “
> **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not <u>slept with any man</u> ?”** (Luke 1:34 ULT)
>> Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since <u>I do not know a man</u> ?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(2) State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.

4
translate/figs-events/01.md
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@ -38,7 +38,11 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
(2) If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **<sup> 8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup> 10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
=======
> **<sup> 8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup> 10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> <sup> 8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup> 10</sup> But Joshua <u>had commanded</u> the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.
(3) If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6).

22
translate/figs-exclamations/01.md
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@ -16,10 +16,17 @@ Languages have different ways of showing that a sentence communicates strong emo
Some exclamations have a word that shows feeling. The sentences below have “Oh” and “Ah.” The word “oh” here shows the speaker’s amazement.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <u>Oh</u>, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
The word “Ah” below shows that Gideon was very frightened.
> Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
=======
> <u>Oh</u> , the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
The word “Ah” below shows that Gideon was very frightened.
> Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “<u>Ah</u> , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Some exclamations start with a question word such as “how” or “why,” even though they are not questions. The sentence below shows that the speaker is amazed at how unsearchable God’s judgments are.
@ -50,16 +57,26 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
(2) Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling. The word “wow” below shows that they were astonished. The expression “Oh no” shows that something terrible or frightening has happened.
> **They were absolutely astonished, saying, “He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.”** (Mark 7:36 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> “They were absolutely astonished, saying, “<u>Wow</u>! He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.” “
=======
>> “They were absolutely astonished, saying, “<u>Wow</u> ! He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.” “
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>> “__Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
(3) Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>> Lord Yahweh, <u>what will happen to me</u>? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
>> <u>Help</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
=======
> **<u>Ah</u> , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>> Lord Yahweh, <u>what will happen to me</u> ? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
>> <u>Help</u> , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(4) Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
@ -68,6 +85,11 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
(5) If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>> “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. <u>He was terrified</u> and said, “<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
=======
> **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “<u>Ah</u> , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>> “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. <u>He was terrified</u> and said, “<u>Ah</u> , Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

8
translate/figs-exclusive/01.md
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@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
### Description
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
Some languages have more than one form of “we:” an **inclusive** form that means “I and you” and an **exclusive** form that means “I and someone else but <u>not you</u>.” The exclusive form excludes the person being spoken to. The inclusive form includes the person being spoken to and possibly others. This is also true for “us,” “our,” “ours,” and “ourselves.” Some languages have inclusive forms and exclusive forms for each of these. Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms for these words will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form to use.
=======
Some languages have more than one form of “we:” an **inclusive** form that means “I and you” and an **exclusive** form that means “I and someone else but <u>not you</u> .” The exclusive form excludes the person being spoken to. The inclusive form includes the person being spoken to and possibly others. This is also true for “us,” “our,” “ours,” and “ourselves.” Some languages have inclusive forms and exclusive forms for each of these. Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms for these words will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form to use.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is talking to. The yellow highlight shows who the inclusive “we” and the exclusive “we” refer to.
@ -24,7 +28,11 @@ In the first clause, the disciples are telling Jesus how much food they have amo
John is telling people who have not seen Jesus what he and the other apostles have seen. So languages that have exclusive forms of “we” and “us” would use the exclusive forms in this verse.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> … the shepherds said one to each other, “Let <u>us</u> now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to <u>us</u>.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
=======
> … the shepherds said one to each other, “Let <u>us</u> now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to <u>us</u> .” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were <u>including</u> the people they were speaking to - one another.

25
translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md
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@ -62,7 +62,11 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in
(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate it as a simile by using “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. See Psalm 23:1-2 as an example:
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing.**
=======
> **Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u> ; I will lack nothing.**
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> **He makes <u>me</u> to lie down in green pastures;**
> **<u>he leads me</u> beside tranquil water.** (ULT)
@ -76,12 +80,18 @@ Can be translated as:
> **My well beloved had a <u>vineyard</u> on a very fertile hill.**
> **He <u>spaded</u> it and removed the stones, and planted it with the <u>choicest</u> vine.**
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **He built <u>a tower</u> in the middle of it, and also built a <u>winepress</u>.**
> **He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes</u>.**(Isaiah 5:1-2 ULT)
=======
> **He built <u>a tower</u> in the middle of it, and also built a <u>winepress</u> .**
> **He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes</u> .**(Isaiah 5:1-2 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
May be translated as:
> “My well beloved had a <u>grapevine garden</u> on a very fertile hill.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> He <u>dug up the ground</u> and removed the stones, and planted it with <u>the best grapevines</u>.
> He built a <u>watchtower</u> in the middle of it, and also built <u>a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes</u>.
> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes that were not good for making wine</u>.”
@ -89,6 +99,15 @@ May be translated as:
(3) If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
> Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
=======
> He <u>dug up the ground</u> and removed the stones, and planted it with <u>the best grapevines</u> .
> He built a <u>watchtower</u> in the middle of it, and also built <u>a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes</u> .
> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes that were not good for making wine</u> .”
(3) If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
> **Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u> ; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> “Yahweh <u>cares for me</u> like a shepherd that cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing.”
@ -106,9 +125,15 @@ Can be translated as:
or as:
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> <u>So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit</u>,
>> <u>Yahweh will stop protecting</u> Israel and Judah,
>> <u>because they do not do what is right</u>.
=======
>> <u>So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit</u> ,
>> <u>Yahweh will stop protecting</u> Israel and Judah,
>> <u>because they do not do what is right</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
>> for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.

29
translate/figs-explicit/01.md
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@ -19,7 +19,11 @@ All three kinds of information are part of the speaker’s message. If one of th
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Then a scribe came to him and said, “Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go.” Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.” (Matthew 8:20 ULT)
=======
> Then a scribe came to him and said, “Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go.” Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes</u> , and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u> , but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.” (Matthew 8:20 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Jesus did not say what foxes and birds use holes and nests for, because he assumed that the scribe would have known that foxes sleep in holes in the ground and birds sleep in their nests. This is **assumed knowledge**.
@ -31,7 +35,11 @@ Jesus assumed that the people he was speaking to knew that Tyre and Sidon were v
An important piece of **implicit information** here is that because the people he was speaking to did not repent, they would be judged more severely than the people of Tyre and Sidon would be judged.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands when they eat</u>. (Matthew 15:2 ULT)
=======
> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands when they eat</u> . (Matthew 15:2 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
One of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating. People thought that in order to be righteous, they had to follow all the traditions of the elders. This was **assumed knowledge** that the Pharisees who were speaking to Jesus expected him to know. By saying this, they were accusing his disciples of not following the traditions, and thus not being righteous. This is **implicit information** that they wanted him to understand from what they said.
@ -46,18 +54,31 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a
(1) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.”** (Matthew 8:20 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
>> Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes to live in</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests to live in</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep.”
> **it will be more tolerable for <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
>> …it will be more tolerable for <u>those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked</u>, at the day of judgment than for you
=======
> **Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes</u> , and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u> , but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.”** (Matthew 8:20 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
>> Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes to live in</u> , and the birds of the sky <u>have nests to live in</u> , but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep.”
> **it will be more tolerable for <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
>> …it will be more tolerable for <u>those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked</u> , at the day of judgment than for you
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
or:
>> …it will be more tolerable for those <u>wicked cities Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands</u> when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
=======
> **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands</u> when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness</u> when they eat.
@ -65,11 +86,19 @@ or:
> **Then a scribe came to him and said, “Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go.” Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.”** (Matthew 8:19, 20 ULT) - Implicit information is that Jesus himself is the Son of Man. Other implicit information is that if the scribe wanted to follow Jesus, he would have to live like Jesus without a house.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but <u>I, the Son of Man</u>, have <u>no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live</u>.”
=======
>> Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but <u>I, the Son of Man</u> , have <u>no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> At the day of judgment, God will <u>punish Tyre and Sidon</u>, cities whose people were very wicked, <u>less severely than he will punish you</u>
=======
>> At the day of judgment, God will <u>punish Tyre and Sidon</u> , cities whose people were very wicked, <u>less severely than he will punish you</u>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> At the day of judgment, God will <u>punish you more severely</u> than Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked.
Modern readers may not know some of the things that the people in the Bible and the people who first read it knew. This can make it hard for them to understand what a speaker or writer says, and to learn things that the speaker left implicit. Translators may need to state some things explicitly in the translation that the original speaker or writer left unstated or implicit.

17
translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md
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@ -11,13 +11,21 @@ If you translate all of the explicit information from the source language into t
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <u>And</u> Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower <u>to burn it with fire</u>. (Judges 9:52 ESV)
=======
> <u>And</u> Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower <u>to burn it with fire</u> . (Judges 9:52 ESV)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
In Biblical Hebrew, it was normal to start most sentences with a conjunction such as “and” to show the connection between sentences. In English, it is ungrammatical to do so, is quite tiresome for the English reader, and gives the impression that the author was uneducated. In English, it is best to leave the idea of connection between sentences implicit in most cases and not translate the conjunction explicitly.
In Biblical Hebrew, it was normal to say that something was burned with fire. In English, the idea of fire is included in the action of burning, and so it is unnatural to state both ideas explicitly. It is enough to say that something was burned and leave the idea of fire implicit.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> The centurion <u>answered and said</u>, “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…” (Matthew 8:8 ULT)
=======
> The centurion <u>answered and said</u> , “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…” (Matthew 8:8 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two verbs of speaking. One verb indicated the mode of address, and the other introduced the words of the speaker. English speakers do not do this, so it is very unnatural and confusing to use two verbs. For the English speaker, the idea of speaking is included in the idea of answering. Using two verbs in English implies two separate speeches, rather than just one. So in English, it is better to use only one verb of speaking.
@ -34,13 +42,22 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver
(2) If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV)
>> Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower <u>to burn it</u>. (Or) <u>…to set it on fire</u>.
=======
> **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV)
>> Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower <u>to burn it</u> . (Or) <u>…to set it on fire</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
In English, it is clear that the action of this verse follows the action of the previous verse without the use of the connector “and” at the beginning, so it was omitted. Also, the words “with fire” were left out, because this information is communicated implicitly by the word “burn.” An alternative translation for “to burn it” is “to set it on fire.” It is not natural in English to use both “burn” and “fire,” so the English translator should choose only one of them. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How would the door burn?” If they knew it was by fire, then they have understood the implicit information. Or, if you chose the second option, you could ask, “What happens to a door that is set on fire?” If the readers answer, “It burns,” then they have understood the implicit information.
> **The centurion answered and said, “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”** (Matthew 8:8 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> The centurion <u>answered</u>, “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”
=======
>> The centurion <u>answered</u> , “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
In English, the information that the centurion answered by speaking is included in the verb “answered,” so the verb “said” can be left implicit. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How did the centurion answer?” If they knew it was by speaking, then they have understood the implicit information.

21
translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md
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@ -20,17 +20,29 @@ When a statement applies to both men and women, translate it in such a way that
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> We want you to know, <u>brothers</u>, about the grace of God that has been given to the churches of Macedonia. (2 Corinthians 8:1 ULT)
This verse is addressing the believers in Corinth, not only men, but **men and women**.
> Then said Jesus to his disciples, “If anyone wants to follow me, <u>he</u> must deny <u>himself</u>, take up <u>his</u> cross, and follow me.” (Matthew 16:24-26 ULT)
=======
> We want you to know, <u>brothers</u> , about the grace of God that has been given to the churches of Macedonia. (2 Corinthians 8:1 ULT)
This verse is addressing the believers in Corinth, not only men, but **men and women**.
> Then said Jesus to his disciples, “If anyone wants to follow me, <u>he</u> must deny <u>himself</u> , take up <u>his</u> cross, and follow me.” (Matthew 16:24-26 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Jesus was not speaking only of men, but of **men and women**.
**Caution**: Sometimes masculine words are used specifically to refer to men. Do not use words that would lead people to think that they include women. The underlined words below are specifically about men.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Moses said, ‘If a <u>man</u> dies, having no children, <u>his</u> <u>brother</u> must marry <u>his</u> wife and have a child for <u>his</u> <u>brother</u>.’ (Mark 22:24 ULT)
=======
> Moses said, ‘If a <u>man</u> dies, having no children, <u>his</u> <u>brother</u> must marry <u>his</u> wife and have a child for <u>his</u> <u>brother</u> .’ (Mark 22:24 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
### Translation Strategies
@ -50,11 +62,20 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like “man,” “brother,
(2) Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **For we do not want you to be ignorant, <u>brothers</u>, about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women.
>> “For we do not want you to be ignorant, <u>brothers and sisters</u>, about the troubles we had in Asia.” (2 Corinthians 1:8)
=======
> **For we do not want you to be ignorant, <u>brothers</u> , about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women.
>> “For we do not want you to be ignorant, <u>brothers and sisters</u> , about the troubles we had in Asia.” (2 Corinthians 1:8)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(3) Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women.
> **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me.”** (Matthew 16:24 ULT) - English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, “he,” “himself,” and “his” to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, “they,” “themselves,” and “their” in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> “If <u>people</u> want to follow me, <u>they</u> must deny <u>themselves</u>, take up <u>their</u> cross, and follow me.”
=======
>> “If <u>people</u> want to follow me, <u>they</u> must deny <u>themselves</u> , take up <u>their</u> cross, and follow me.”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

16
translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md
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@ -5,7 +5,11 @@
Generic noun phrases refer to people or things in general rather than to specific individuals or things. This happens frequently in proverbs, because proverbs tell about things that are true about people in general.
> Can <u>a man</u> walk on hot coals without scorching his feet?
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> So is <u>the man who goes into his neighbor’s wife</u>;
=======
> So is <u>the man who goes into his neighbor’s wife</u> ;
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> <u>the one who has relations with her</u> will not go unpunished. (Proverbs 6:28 ULT)
The underlined phrases above do not refer to a specific man. They refer to any man who does these things.
@ -20,10 +24,17 @@ Different languages have different ways of showing that noun phrases refer to so
The underlined phrases above do not refer to any specific people but to anyone who does what is right or anyone who is wicked.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> People curse <u>the man who refuses to sell them grain</u>. (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
This does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who refuses to sell grain.
> Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u>, but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u>. (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
=======
> People curse <u>the man who refuses to sell them grain</u> . (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
This does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who refuses to sell grain.
> Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u> , but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u> . (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The phrase “a good man” does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who is good. The phrase “a man who makes evil plans” does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who makes evil plans.
@ -41,8 +52,13 @@ If your language can use the same wording as in the ULT to refer to people or th
(1) Use the word “the” in the noun phrase.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u>, but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u>.** (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
>> “Yahweh gives favor to <u>the good man</u>, but he condemns <u>the man who makes evil plans</u>.” (Proverbs 12:2)
=======
> **Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u> , but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u> .** (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
>> “Yahweh gives favor to <u>the good man</u> , but he condemns <u>the man who makes evil plans</u> .” (Proverbs 12:2)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(2) Use the word “a” in the noun phrase.

9
translate/figs-go/01.md
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@ -10,7 +10,11 @@ Different languages have different ways of talking about motion. The biblical la
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Come</u>, you and all your household, into the ark (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
=======
> Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Come</u> , you and all your household, into the ark (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
In some languages, this would lead people to think that Yahweh was in the ark.
@ -56,8 +60,13 @@ If the word used in the ULT would be natural and give the right meaning in your
> **When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
>> “When you have <u>arrived</u> in the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Come</u>, you and all your household, into the ark…** (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
>> “Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Enter</u>, you and all your household, into the ark…”
=======
> **Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Come</u> , you and all your household, into the ark…** (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
>> “Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Enter</u> , you and all your household, into the ark…”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>go</u> out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UST)
>> Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>appear</u> in public for five months.

19
translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md
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@ -39,25 +39,44 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c
> **for I will give you <u>words and wisdom</u>** (Luke 21:15 ULT)
>> for I will give you <u>wise words</u>
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
=======
> **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own glorious kingdom</u>.
(2) Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **for I will give you <u>words and wisdom</u>.** (Luke 21:15 ULT)
>> for I will give you <u>words of wisdom</u>.
> **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
=======
> **for I will give you <u>words and wisdom</u> .** (Luke 21:15 ULT)
>> for I will give you <u>words of wisdom</u>.
> **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom of glory</u>.
(3) Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **if you are <u>willing</u> and <u>obedient</u>** (Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
=======
> **if you are <u>willing</u> and <u>obedient</u> ** (Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> if you are <u>willingly obedient</u>
(4) Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word describes the other.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **if you are, <u>willing and obedient</u>** (Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
=======
> **if you are, <u>willing and obedient</u> ** (Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The adjective “obedient” can be substituted with the verb “obey.”

17
translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md
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@ -43,11 +43,19 @@ Even though a generalization may have a strong-sounding word like “all,” “
#### Examples of Exaggeration
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> If your hand causes you to stumble, <u>cut it off</u>. It is better for you to enter into life maimed… (Mark 9:43 ULT)
When Jesus said to cut off your hand, he meant that we should <u>do whatever extreme things</u> we need to do in order not to sin. He used this hyperbole to show how extremely important it is to try to stop sinning.
> The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops <u>as numerous as the sand on the seashore</u>. (1 Samuel 13:5 ULT)
=======
> If your hand causes you to stumble, <u>cut it off</u> . It is better for you to enter into life maimed… (Mark 9:43 ULT)
When Jesus said to cut off your hand, he meant that we should <u>do whatever extreme things</u> we need to do in order not to sin. He used this hyperbole to show how extremely important it is to try to stop sinning.
> The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops <u>as numerous as the sand on the seashore</u> . (1 Samuel 13:5 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The underlined phrase is an exaggeration. It means that there were <u>many, many</u> soldiers in the Philistine army.
@ -59,7 +67,11 @@ The disciples told Jesus that everyone was looking looking for him. They probabl
> But as his anointing teaches you about <u>all things</u> and is true and is not a lie, and even as it has taught you, remain in him. (1 John 2:27 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
This is a generalization. God’s Spirit teaches us about <u>all things that we need to know</u>, not about everything that is possible to know.
=======
This is a generalization. God’s Spirit teaches us about <u>all things that we need to know</u> , not about everything that is possible to know.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### Caution
@ -89,8 +101,13 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa
(1) Express the meaning without the exaggeration.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops <u>as numerous as the sand on the seashore</u>.** (1 Samuel 13:5 ULT)
>> The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and <u>a great number of troops</u>.
=======
> **The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops <u>as numerous as the sand on the seashore</u> .** (1 Samuel 13:5 ULT)
>> The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and <u>a great number of troops</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(2) For a generalization, show that it is a generalization by using a phrase like “in general” or “in most cases.”

8
translate/figs-hypo/01.md
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@ -49,14 +49,22 @@ Martha said this to express her wish that Jesus had come sooner. But Jesus did n
Jesus told about what would happen if a person were to put new wine into old wineskins. But no one would do that. He used this imaginary situation as an example to show that there are times when it is unwise to mix new things with old things. He did this so that people could understand why his disciples were not fasting as people traditionally did.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Jesus said to them, “What man would there be among you, who, <u>if</u> he had just one sheep, and if this sheep fell into a deep hole on the Sabbath, would not grasp hold of it and lift it out? (Matthew 12:11 ULT)
=======
> Jesus said to them, “What man would there be among you, who, <u>if</u> he had just one sheep, and if this sheep fell into a deep hole on the Sabbath, would not grasp hold of it and lift it out? (Matthew 12:11 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Jesus asked the religious leaders what they would do on the Sabbath if one of their sheep fell into a hole. He was not saying that their sheep would fall into a hole. He used this imaginary situation to show them that they were wrong to judge him for healing people on the Sabbath.
1. Hypothetical situation in the future
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <u>Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved</u>; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULT)
=======
> <u>Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved</u> ; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show about how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved.

21
translate/figs-idiom/01.md
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@ -16,11 +16,19 @@ The words “set his face” is an idiom that means “decided.”
Sometimes people may be able to understand an idiom from another culture, but it might sound like a strange way to express the meaning.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> I am not worthy that you should <u>enter under my roof</u>. (Luke 7:6 ULT)
The phrase “enter under my roof” is an idiom that means “enter my house.”
> Let these words <u>go deeply into your ears</u>. (Luke 9:44 ULT)
=======
> I am not worthy that you should <u>enter under my roof</u> . (Luke 7:6 ULT)
The phrase “enter under my roof” is an idiom that means “enter my house.”
> Let these words <u>go deeply into your ears</u> . (Luke 9:44 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
This idiom means “Listen carefully and remember what I say.”
@ -34,7 +42,11 @@ This idiom means “Listen carefully and remember what I say.”
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look, we are your <u>flesh and bone</u>.” (1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
=======
> Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look, we are your <u>flesh and bone</u> .” (1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
This means, “We and you belong to the same race, the same family.”
@ -57,14 +69,23 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If
(1) Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look, we are your <u>flesh and bone</u>.”** ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
*…Look, we all <u>belong to the same nation</u>.
=======
> **Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look, we are your <u>flesh and bone</u> .”** ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
> …Look, we all <u>belong to the same nation</u>.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> **he <u>resolutely set his face</u> to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULT)
>> He started to travel to Jerusalem, <u>determined to reach it</u>.
> **I am not worthy that you should enter <u>under my roof</u>.** (Luke 7:6 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> I am not worthy that you should enter <u>my house</u>.
=======
>> I am not worthy that you should enter <u>my house</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(2) Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning.

22
translate/figs-imperative/01.md
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@ -19,7 +19,11 @@ Sometimes imperative sentences in the Bible have other uses.
#### Imperatives that make things happen
God can make things happen by commanding that they happen. Jesus healed a man by commanding that the man be healed. The man could not do anything to obey the command, but Jesus caused him to be healed by commanding it. (“Be clean” means “Be healed.”)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> “I am willing. <u>Be clean</u>.” Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULT)
=======
> “I am willing. <u>Be clean</u> .” Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
In Genesis 1, God commanded that there should be light, and by commanding it, he caused it to exist. Some languages, such as the Hebrew of the Bible, have commands that are in the third person. English does not do that, and so it must turn the third-person command into a general second-person command, as in the ULT:
> God said, “<u>Let there be</u> light,” and there was light. (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
@ -30,7 +34,11 @@ Languages that have third-person commands can follow the original Hebrew, which
In the Bible, God blesses people by using imperatives. This indicates what his will is for them.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> God blessed them and said to them, “<u>Be fruitful</u>, and <u>multiply</u>. <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>Have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”
=======
> God blessed them and said to them, “<u>Be fruitful</u> , and <u>multiply</u> . <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>Have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### Imperatives that function as conditions
@ -58,6 +66,7 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if
>> “You are now clean.”
>> “I now cleanse you.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **God said, “<u>Let there be</u> light,” and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
>> God said, “<u>There is now light</u> “ and there was light.
@ -69,6 +78,19 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if
> **God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
>> God said, ‘Let there be light,’ <u>so</u> there was light.
>> God said, “Light must be;” <u>as a result</u>, there was light.
=======
> **God said, “<u>Let there be</u> light,” and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
>> God said, “<u>There is now light</u> “ and there was light.
> **God blessed them and said to them, “<u>Be fruitful</u> , and <u>multiply</u> . <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>Have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”** (Genesis 1:28 ULT)
>> God blessed them and said to them, “<u>My will for you is that you be fruitful</u> , and <u>multiply</u> . <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>I want you to have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”
(2) If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like “so” to show that what happened was a result of what was said.
> **God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
>> God said, ‘Let there be light,’ <u>so</u> there was light.
>> God said, “Light must be;” <u>as a result</u> , there was light.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(3) If people would not use a command as a condition, translate it as a statement with the words “if” and “then.”

4
translate/figs-inclusive/01.md
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@ -14,7 +14,11 @@ See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is tal
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> … the shepherds said one to each other, “Let <u>us</u> now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to <u>us</u>.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
=======
> … the shepherds said one to each other, “Let <u>us</u> now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to <u>us</u> .” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were including the people they were speaking to - one another.

34
translate/figs-informremind/01.md
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@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
Some languages can use a word or phrase with a noun to give information about that noun or to remind people of something about it.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, <u>who was very thankful</u>.
=======
* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, <u>who was very thankful</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The phrase “who was very thankful” immediately follows the word “sister” and informs us about how Mary’s sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish this sister from another sister that Mary might have. It simply gives added information about that sister.
@ -9,7 +13,11 @@ The phrase “who was very thankful” immediately follows the word “sister”
Some languages can use a word or phrase with a noun to give information about that noun or to remind people of something about it.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, <u>who was very thankful</u>.
=======
* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, <u>who was very thankful</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The phrase “who was very thankful” immediately follows the word “sister” and informs us about how Mary’s sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish this sister from another sister that Mary might have.
@ -25,7 +33,11 @@ The phrase “who was very thankful” immediately follows the word “sister”
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> The name of the third river is Tigris, <u>which flows east of Asshur</u>. (Genesis 2:14 ULT)
=======
> The name of the third river is Tigris, <u>which flows east of Asshur</u> . (Genesis 2:14 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
There is only one Tigris River. The phrase “which flows east of Asshur” gives more information about where the Tigris River was. This would have been helpful to the original audience, because they knew were Asshur was.
@ -33,7 +45,11 @@ There is only one Tigris River. The phrase “which flows east of Asshur” give
The phrase “whom I have created” is a reminder of the relationship between God and mankind. It is the reason God had the right to wipe away mankind.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> I will bring an end to the <u>worthless</u> idols of Memphis. (Ezekiel 30:13 ULT)
=======
> I will bring an end to the <u>worthless</u> idols of Memphis. (Ezekiel 30:13 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
All idols are worthless. This is why God said he would destroy them.
@ -54,6 +70,7 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
>> “<u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.”
@ -64,11 +81,28 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
>> “Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?”
> **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u>…** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
=======
> **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
>> “<u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.”
> **…for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
> …for your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
> **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u> , bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase “who is ninety years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
>> “Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?”
> **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u> …** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> “I will call on Yahweh, <u>because</u> he is worthy to be praised”
(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing information in a weak way.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **The name of the third river is Tigris, <u>which flows east of Asshur</u>.** (Genesis 2:14 ULT)
>> “The name of the third river is Tigris. <u>It flows east of Asshur</u>.
=======
> **The name of the third river is Tigris, <u>which flows east of Asshur</u> .** (Genesis 2:14 ULT)
>> “The name of the third river is Tigris. <u>It flows east of Asshur</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

8
translate/figs-irony/01.md
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@ -17,7 +17,11 @@ When Jesus spoke of “righteous people,” he was not referring to people who w
Here Jesus praises the Pharisees for doing something that is obviously wrong. Through irony, he communicates the opposite of praise: He communicates that the Pharisees, who take great pride in keeping the commandments, are so far from God that they do not even recognize that their traditions are breaking God’s commandments. The use of irony makes the Pharisee’s sin more obvious and startling.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> “Present your case,” says Yahweh; “present your best arguments for your idols,” says the King of Jacob. <u>“Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled</u>.” (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
=======
> “Present your case,” says Yahweh; “present your best arguments for your idols,” says the King of Jacob. <u>“Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled</u> .” (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
People worshiped idols as if their idols had knowledge or power, and Yahweh was angry at them for doing that. So he used irony and challenged their idols to tell what would happen in the future. He knew that the idols could not do this, but by speaking as if they could, he mocked the idols, making their inability more obvious, and rebuked the people for worshiping them.
@ -58,7 +62,11 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it
>> <u>You are doing a terrible thing when you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition!
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **”Present your case,” says Yahweh; “present your best arguments for your idols,” says the King of Jacob. “<u>Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen</u>, so we may know these things well. <u>Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled</u>.”** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
=======
> **”Present your case,” says Yahweh; “present your best arguments for your idols,” says the King of Jacob. “<u>Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen</u> , so we may know these things well. <u>Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled</u>.”** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> ‘Present your case,’ says Yahweh; ‘present your best arguments for your idols,’ says the King of Jacob. Your idols <u>cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen</u> so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because <u>they cannot speak</u> to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.

14
translate/figs-litotes/01.md
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@ -10,7 +10,11 @@ Some languages do not use litotes. People who speak those languages might not un
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was <u>not useless</u>, (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULT)
=======
> For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was <u>not useless</u> , (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
By using litotes, Paul emphasized that his visit with them was <u>very</u> useful.
@ -23,7 +27,11 @@ By using litotes, Luke emphasized that there was a <u>lot</u> of excitement or a
> for from you will come a ruler
> who will shepherd my people Israel. (Matthew 2:6 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
By using litotes, the prophet emphasized that Bethlehem would be a <u>very important city</u>.
=======
By using litotes, the prophet emphasized that Bethlehem would be a <u>very important city</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
### Translation Strategies
@ -35,9 +43,15 @@ If the litotes would be understood correctly, consider using it.
(1) If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the <u>positive</u> meaning in a strong way.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was <u>not useless</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULT)
>> “For you yourselves know, brothers, our visit to you <u>did much good</u>.”
=======
> **For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was <u>not useless</u> .** (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULT)
>> “For you yourselves know, brothers, our visit to you <u>did much good</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> **Now when it became day, there was <u>no small excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULT)

30
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@ -6,10 +6,17 @@ Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking o
> “I am the Alpha and the Omega,” says the Lord God, “the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty.” (Revelation 1:8, ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> I am the <u>Alpha and the Omega</u>, <u>the First and the Last</u>, <u>the Beginning and the End</u>. (Revelation 22:13, ULT)
<u>Alpha and Omega</u> are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This is a merism that includes everything from the beginning to the end. It means eternal.
> I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth…</u>, (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
=======
> I am the <u>Alpha and the Omega</u> , <u>the First and the Last</u> , <u>the Beginning and the End</u> . (Revelation 22:13, ULT)
<u>Alpha and Omega</u> are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This is a merism that includes everything from the beginning to the end. It means eternal.
> I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth…</u> , (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
<u>Heaven and earth</u> is a merism that includes everything that exists.
@ -19,10 +26,17 @@ Some languages do not use merism. The readers of those languages may think that
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <u>From the rising of the sun to its setting</u>, Yahweh’s name should be praised. (Psalm 113:3 ULT)
This underlined phrase is a merism because it speaks of the east and the west and everywhere in between. It means “everywhere.”
> He will bless those who honor him, both <u>young and old</u>. (Psalm 115:13)
=======
> <u>From the rising of the sun to its setting</u> , Yahweh’s name should be praised. (Psalm 113:3 ULT)
This underlined phrase is a merism because it speaks of the east and the west and everywhere in between. It means “everywhere.”
> He will bless those who honor him, both <u>young and old</u> . (Psalm 115:13)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The underlined phrase is merism because it speaks of, old people and young people and everyone in between. It means “everyone.”
@ -37,6 +51,7 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
(1) Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u>…** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
>> I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>everything</u>…
@ -50,4 +65,19 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
> **He will bless those who honor him, both <u>young and old</u>.** (Psalm 115:13 ULT)
>> He will bless <u>all those</u> who honor him, regardless of whether they are <u>young or old</u>.
=======
> **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u> …** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
>> I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>everything</u> …
> **<u>From the rising of the sun to its setting</u> , Yahweh’s name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULT)
>> <u>In all places</u> , people should praise Yahweh’s name.
(2) Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts.
> **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u> .** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
>> I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>everything, including both what is in heaven and what is on earth</u> .
> **He will bless those who honor him, both <u>young and old</u> .** (Psalm 115:13 ULT)
>> He will bless <u>all those</u> who honor him, regardless of whether they are <u>young or old</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

51
translate/figs-metaphor/01.md
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@ -93,17 +93,29 @@ In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is “I,
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Listen to this word, <u>you cows of Bashan</u>, (Amos 4:1 ULT)
=======
> Listen to this word, <u>you cows of Bashan</u> , (Amos 4:1 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
In this metaphor Amos speaks to the upper-class women of Samaria (the topic is “you”) as if they were cows (the image). Amos does not say what points of comparison he intends between these women and cows. He wants the reader to think of them, and fully expects that readers from his culture will easily do so. From the context, we can see that he means that the women are like cows in that they are fat and interested only in feeding themselves. If we were to apply points of comparison from a different culture, such as that cows are sacred and should be worshipped, we would get the wrong meaning from this verse.
Note, also, that Amos does not actually mean that the women are cows. He speaks to them as human beings.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; <u>we are the clay</u>. <u>You are our potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
The example above has two related metaphors. The topics are “we” and “you,” and the images are “clay and “potter.” The intended point of comparison between a potter and God is the fact that both make what they wish out of their material: the potter makes what he wishes out of the clay, and God makes what he wishes out of his people. The point of comparison between the potter’s clay and “us” is that neither the clay nor God’s people have a right to complain about what they are becoming.
> Jesus said to them, “Take heed and beware of <u>the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees</u>.” The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, “It is because we took no bread.” (Matthew 16:6-7 ULT)
=======
> And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; <u>we are the clay</u> . <u>You are our potter</u> ; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
The example above has two related metaphors. The topics are “we” and “you,” and the images are “clay and “potter.” The intended point of comparison between a potter and God is the fact that both make what they wish out of their material: the potter makes what he wishes out of the clay, and God makes what he wishes out of his people. The point of comparison between the potter’s clay and “us” is that neither the clay nor God’s people have a right to complain about what they are becoming.
> Jesus said to them, “Take heed and beware of <u>the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees</u> .” The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, “It is because we took no bread.” (Matthew 16:6-7 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Jesus used a metaphor here, but his disciples did not realize it. When he said “yeast,” they thought he was talking about bread, but “yeast” was the image in his metaphor, and the topic was the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. Since the disciples (the original audience) did not understand what Jesus meant, it would not be good to state clearly here what Jesus meant.
@ -115,7 +127,11 @@ If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original reader
If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a “dead” metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
1. If the metaphor seems to be a “live” metaphor, you can translate it literally <u>if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible</u>. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
=======
1. If the metaphor seems to be a “live” metaphor, you can translate it literally <u>if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible</u> . If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.” See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md).
1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
@ -128,23 +144,37 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
(1) If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a “dead” metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u>fell at his feet</u>.** (Mark 5:22 ULT)
>> Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u>immediately bowed down in front of him</u>.
(2) If the metaphor seems to be a “live” metaphor, you can translate it literally <u>if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible</u>. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
> **It was because of your <u>hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULT)
=======
> **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u>fell at his feet</u> .** (Mark 5:22 ULT)
>> Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u>immediately bowed down in front of him</u> .
(2) If the metaphor seems to be a “live” metaphor, you can translate it literally <u>if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible</u> . If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
> **It was because of your <u>hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> It was because of your <u>hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,
There is no change to this one - but it must be tested to make sure that the target audience correctly understands this metaphor.
(3) If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
=======
> **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u> . You are our <u>potter</u> ; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are <u>like</u> clay. You are <u>like</u> a potter; and we all are the work of your hand.
(4) If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULT)
>> Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to <u>kick against a pointed stick</u>.
@ -153,19 +183,40 @@ There is no change to this one - but it must be tested to make sure that the tar
> **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
>> “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>wood</u>. You are our <u>carver</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.”
>> “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>string</u>. You are the <u>weaver</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.”
=======
> **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u> .** (Acts 26:14 ULT)
>> Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to <u>kick against a pointed stick</u> .
(5) If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
> **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u> . You are our <u>potter</u> ; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
>> “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>wood</u> . You are our <u>carver</u> ; and we all are the work of your hand.”
>> “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>string</u> . You are the <u>weaver</u> ; and we all are the work of your hand.”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(6) If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.)
> **Yahweh lives; may <u>my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> Yahweh lives; <u>He is my rock</u>. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
=======
>> Yahweh lives; <u>He is my rock</u> . May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(7) If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly.
> **Yahweh lives; may <u>my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock <u>under which I can hide from my enemies</u>. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
> **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULT)
>> Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You <u>fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner’s pointed stick</u>.
=======
>> Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock <u>under which I can hide from my enemies</u> . May the God of my salvation be exalted.
> **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u> .** (Acts 26:14 ULT)
>> Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You <u>fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner’s pointed stick</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(8) If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor.

9
translate/figs-metonymy/01.md
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@ -47,12 +47,21 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her
(2) Use the name of the thing the metonym represents.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULT)
>> “The Lord God will give him <u>the kingly authority</u> of his father, David.”
>> “The Lord God will <u>make him king</u> like his ancestor, King David.”
> **who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULT)
>> “who warned you to flee from God’s coming <u>punishment</u>?”
=======
> **The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULT)
>> “The Lord God will give him <u>the kingly authority</u> of his father, David.”
>> “The Lord God will <u>make him king</u> like his ancestor, King David.”
> **who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULT)
>> “who warned you to flee from God’s coming <u>punishment</u> ?”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md).

12
translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md
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@ -6,7 +6,11 @@ In some languages an adjective can be used to refer to a class of things that th
> …<u>The rich man</u> had huge numbers of flocks and herds…(2 Samuel 12:2 ULT)
The adjective “rich” comes before the word “man” and describes “man.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <u>He will not be rich</u>; his wealth will not last…(Job 15:29 ULT)
=======
> <u>He will not be rich</u> ; his wealth will not last…(Job 15:29 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The adjective “rich” comes after the verb “be” and describes “He.”
@ -24,7 +28,11 @@ In Exodus 30:15, the word “rich” acts as a noun in the phrase “the rich,
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>. (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
=======
> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u> . (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
“The righteous” here are people who are righteous, not one particular righteous person.
> Blessed are <u>the meek</u> (Matthew 5:5 ULT)
@ -41,7 +49,11 @@ If your language uses adjectives as nouns to refer to a class of people, conside
(1) Use the adjective with a plural form of the noun that the adjective describes.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>.** (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
=======
> **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>.** (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>righteous people</u>.
> **Blessed are <u>the meek</u>…** (Matthew 5:5 ULT)

11
translate/figs-order/01.md
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@ -27,17 +27,28 @@ A subject can be described or it can be in a **state**, such as being happy, sad
The **object** is often the thing that the subject does something to.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* Peter hit <u>the ball</u>.
* Peter read <u>a book</u>.
* Peter sang <u>the song</u> well.
* Peter ate <u>good food</u>.
=======
* Peter hit <u>the ball</u> .
* Peter read <u>a book</u> .
* Peter sang <u>the song</u> well.
* Peter ate <u>good food</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### Verb
The verb shows an action or a state of being.
* Peter <u>sings</u> the song well.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* Peter <u>is singing</u>.
=======
* Peter <u>is singing</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* Peter <u>is</u> tall.
#### Preferred Word Order

12
translate/figs-parables/01.md
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@ -27,16 +27,28 @@ This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it wil
(1) If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown things in it, you can replace the unknown things with things that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the teaching the same.
> **Jesus said to them, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a <u>lampstand</u> “**. (Mark 4:21 ULT) - If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> Jesus said to them, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on <u>a high shelf</u>.
=======
>> Jesus said to them, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on <u>a high shelf</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u>sowed</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT) - To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting.
>> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u>planted</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
(2) If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as “Jesus told this story about being generous.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **<u>Jesus said to them</u>, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand”**. (Mark 4:21 ULT)
>> <u>Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly.</u> “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand.” (Mark 4:21 ULT)
> **<u>Then Jesus presented another parable to them.</u> He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
>> <u>Then Jesus presented another parable to them about how the Kingdom of God grows</u>. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
=======
> **<u>Jesus said to them</u> , “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand”**. (Mark 4:21 ULT)
>> <u>Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly.</u> “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand.” (Mark 4:21 ULT)
> **<u>Then Jesus presented another parable to them.</u> He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
>> <u>Then Jesus presented another parable to them about how the Kingdom of God grows</u> . He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

10
translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md
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@ -11,10 +11,18 @@ Parts of speech are categories of words. The different categories of words have
**CONJUNCTIONS** are words that join phrases or sentences. Examples include and, or, but, for, yet, nor. Some conjunctions are used in pairs: both/and; either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also. More information about these can be found on [Connecting Words](../writing-connectingwords/01.md)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
**PREPOSITIONS** are words that begin phrases which connect a noun or verb with more detail about that noun or verb. For example, “The girl ran <u>to her father</u>.” Here the phrase with the preposition “to” tells the direction of the girl’s running (the action) in relation to her father. Another example is, “The crowd <u>around Jesus</u> grew in numbers.” The phrase with the preposition <u>around</u> tells the location of the crowd in relation to Jesus. Some examples of prepositions are to, from, in, out, on, off, with, without, above, below, before, after, behind, in front of, among, through, beyond, among.
=======
**PREPOSITIONS** are words that begin phrases which connect a noun or verb with more detail about that noun or verb. For example, “The girl ran <u>to her father</u> .” Here the phrase with the preposition “to” tells the direction of the girl’s running (the action) in relation to her father. Another example is, “The crowd <u>around Jesus</u> grew in numbers.” The phrase with the preposition <u>around</u> tells the location of the crowd in relation to Jesus. Some examples of prepositions are to, from, in, out, on, off, with, without, above, below, before, after, behind, in front of, among, through, beyond, among.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
**ARTICLES** are words that are used with nouns to show whether or not the speaker is referring to something that his listener should be able to identify. In English these words are: “a”, an, the. The words <u>a</u> and <u>an</u> mean the same thing. If a speaker says “<u>a dog,</u> he does not expect his listener to know which dog he is talking about; this might be the first time he says anything about a dog. If a speaker says <u>the</u> dog, he is usually referring to a specific dog, and he expects his listener to know which dog he is talking about. English speakers also use <u>the</u> to show that they are talking about something in general. For example, they can say “<u>The</u> elephant is a large animal” and refer to elephants in general, not a specific elephant. More information about this can be found on [Generic Noun Phrases](../figs-genericnoun/01.md).
**ADJECTIVES** are words that describe nouns and express such things as quantity, size, color, and age. Some examples are: many, big, blue, old, smart, tired. Sometimes people use adjectives to give some information about something, and sometimes people use them to distinguish one item from another. For example, in <u>my elderly father</u> the adjective <u>elderly</u> simply tells something about my father. But in <u>my eldest sister</u> the word <u>eldest</u> distinguishes that sister from any other older sisters I might have. More information about this can be found on [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](../figs-distinguish/01.md).
**ADVERBS** are words that describe verbs or adjectives and tell such things as how, when, where, why, and to what extent. Many English adverbs end in <u>ly</u>. Some examples of adverbs: slowly, later, far, intentionally, very.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
**ADVERBS** are words that describe verbs or adjectives and tell such things as how, when, where, why, and to what extent. Many English adverbs end in <u>ly</u>. Some examples of adverbs: slowly, later, far, intentionally, very.
=======
**ADVERBS** are words that describe verbs or adjectives and tell such things as how, when, where, why, and to what extent. Many English adverbs end in <u>ly</u> . Some examples of adverbs: slowly, later, far, intentionally, very.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

5
translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md
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@ -42,8 +42,13 @@ If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
(1) Use the future tense to refer to future events.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **For to us a child <u>has been born</u>, to us a son <u>has been given</u>;** (Isaiah 9:6a ULT)
>> “For to us a child <u>will be born</u>, to us a son <u>will be given</u>;
=======
> **For to us a child <u>has been born</u> , to us a son <u>has been given</u> ;** (Isaiah 9:6a ULT)
>> “For to us a child <u>will be born</u> , to us a son <u>will be given</u> ;
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(2) If it refers to something that would happen very soon, use a form that shows that.

12
translate/figs-personification/01.md
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@ -43,17 +43,29 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou
(1) Add words or phrases to make it clear.
> **…<u>sin crouches</u> at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
*…<u>sin</u> is at your door, <u>waiting to attack you</u>
=======
> …<u>sin</u> is at your door, <u>waiting to attack you</u>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(2) Use words such as “like” or “as” to show that the sentences is not to be understood literally.
> **…sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - This can be translated with the word “as.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
*…sin is crouching at the door, just <u>as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person</u>.
=======
> …sin is crouching at the door, just <u>as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(3) Find a way to translate it without the personification.
> **…even the <u>winds and the sea obey him</u>** (Matthew 8:27 ULT) - The men speak of the “wind and the sea as if they are able to hear” and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> He even <u>controls the winds and the sea</u>.
=======
>> He even <u>controls the winds and the sea</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
**Note**: We have broadened our definition of “personification” to include “zoomorphism” (speaking of other things as if they had animal characteristics) and “anthropomorphism” (speaking of non-human things as if they had human characteristics.)

32
translate/figs-possession/01.md
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@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
### Description
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
In common English, “possession” refers to having something, or to something that a person has. In English that grammatical relationship is shown with <u>of</u>, or an apostrophe and the letter <u>s</u>, or a possessive pronoun.
=======
In common English, “possession” refers to having something, or to something that a person has. In English that grammatical relationship is shown with <u>of</u> , or an apostrophe and the letter <u>s</u> , or a possessive pronoun.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* the house <u>of</u> my grandfather
* my grandfather<u>‘s</u> house
@ -40,7 +44,11 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He
> Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink … will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULT)
**Part of a whole** - In the example below, the door was a part of the palace.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> But Uriah slept at <u>the door of the king’s palace</u> (2 Samuel 11:9 ULT)
=======
> But Uriah slept at <u>the door of the king’s palace</u> (2 Samuel 11:9 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
**Part of a group** - In the example below, “us” refers to the whole group and “each one” refers to the individual members.
> To <u>each one of us</u> has been given a gift (Ephesians 4:7 ULT)
@ -49,6 +57,7 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He
Sometimes one or both of the nouns is an abstract noun that refers to an event or action. In the examples below, the abstract nouns are in **bold** print. These are just some of the relationships that are possible between two nouns when one of them refers to an event.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
**Subject** - Sometimes the word after “of” tells who would do the action named by the first noun. In the example below, <u>John baptized people</u>.
> The <u>**baptism** of John</u>, was it from heaven or from men? Answer me.” (Mark 11:30)
@ -62,6 +71,21 @@ In the example below, <u>Christ loves us</u>.
> then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings <u>the **punishment** of the sword</u> (Job 19:29 ULT)
**Representation** - In the example below, John was baptizing people who were repenting of their sins. They were being baptized to show that they were repenting. Their <u>baptism represented their repentance</u>.
=======
**Subject** - Sometimes the word after “of” tells who would do the action named by the first noun. In the example below, <u>John baptized people</u> .
> The <u>**baptism** of John</u> , was it from heaven or from men? Answer me.” (Mark 11:30)
In the example below, <u>Christ loves us</u> .
> Who will separate us from <u>the **love** of Christ</u> ? (Romans 3:35)
**Object** - Sometimes the word after “of” tells who or what something would happen to. In the example below, <u>people love money</u> .
> For <u>the **love** of money</u> is a root of all kinds of evil. (1 Timothy 6:10 ULT)
**Instrument** - Sometimes the word after “of” tells how something would happen. In the example below, God would <u>punish people by sending enemies to attack them with swords</u> .
> then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings <u>the **punishment** of the sword</u> (Job 19:29 ULT)
**Representation** - In the example below, John was baptizing people who were repenting of their sins. They were being baptized to show that they were repenting. Their <u>baptism represented their repentance</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> As John came, he was baptizing in the wilderness and was preaching <u>a **baptism** of repentance</u> for the forgiveness of sins. (Mark 1:4 ULT)
### Strategies for learning what the relationship is between the two nouns
@ -87,12 +111,20 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t
(2) Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **…Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink…will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULT)
=======
> **…Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink…will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> …Whoever gives you <u>a cup that **has** water in it</u> to drink…will not lose his reward.
> **Wealth is worthless on <u>the day of wrath</u>** (Proverbs 11:4 ULT)
>> Wealth is worthless on <u>the day when God **shows** his wrath.</u>
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> Wealth is worthless on the <u>day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath</u>.
=======
>> Wealth is worthless on the <u>day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(3) If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb. In the example below, that verb is in bold.

4
translate/figs-pronouns/01.md
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@ -58,7 +58,11 @@ Personal pronouns refer to people or things and show if the speaker is referring
**Indefinite pronouns** are used when no particular noun is being referred to: any, anyone, someone, anything, something, some. Sometimes a personal pronoun is used in a generic way to do this: you, they, he or it.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **He does not want to talk to <u>anyone</u>.**
=======
* **He does not want to talk to <u>anyone</u> .**
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* **<u>Someone</u> fixed it, but I do not know who.**
* **<u>They</u> say that <u>you</u> should not wake a sleeping dog.**

13
translate/figs-quotations/01.md
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@ -21,7 +21,11 @@ In some languages, reported speech can be expressed by either direct or indirect
The verses in the examples below contain both direct and indirect quotations. In the explanation below the verse, we have underlined the quotations.
> He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, “Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.” (Luke 5:14 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* Indirect quote: He instructed him <u>to tell no one</u>,
=======
* Indirect quote: He instructed him <u>to tell no one</u> ,
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* Direct quote: but told him, “<u>Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest…</u> “
> Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, Jesus answered them and said, “The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, ‘Look here!’ or, ‘Look there!’ because the kingdom of God is among you.” (Luke 17:20-21 ULT)
@ -42,11 +46,20 @@ If the kind of quote used in the source text would work well in your language, c
(1) If a direct quote would not work well in your language, change it to an indirect quote.
> **He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, “<u>Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.</u> “** (Luke 5:14 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> He instructed him to tell no one, but <u>to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them</u>.”
(2) If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote.
> **He instructed him, <u>to tell no one</u>, but told him, “Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”** (Luke 5:14 ULT)
>> He instructed him, “<u>Tell no one</u>. Just go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”
=======
>> He instructed him to tell no one, but <u>to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them</u> .”
(2) If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote.
> **He instructed him, <u>to tell no one</u> , but told him, “Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”** (Luke 5:14 ULT)
>> He instructed him, “<u>Tell no one</u> . Just go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_quotations.

4
translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md
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@ -29,7 +29,11 @@ A first layer direct quote has double quote marks around it.
#### Quotations with two layers
A second layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it and the phrase for you to see it clearly.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> They asked him, “Who is the man that said to you, <u>‘Pick up your bed and walk’</u>?” (John 5:12 ULT)
=======
> They asked him, “Who is the man that said to you, <u>‘Pick up your bed and walk’</u> ?” (John 5:12 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> … he sent two of the disciples, saying, “Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, <u>‘Why are you untying it?’</u> say, <u>‘The Lord has need of it.’</u> “ (Luke 19:29-31 ULT)

12
translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md
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@ -48,14 +48,26 @@ Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of dire
(1) Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have underlined the indirect quotes in the ULT and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner.…I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him <u>if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things</u>. But when Paul called <u>to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision</u>, I ordered him <u>to be kept until I send him to Caesar</u>.”** (Acts 25:14-21 ULT)
=======
> **Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner.…I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him <u>if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things</u> . But when Paul called <u>to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision</u> , I ordered him <u>to be kept until I send him to Caesar</u> .”** (Acts 25:14-21 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner.…I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, <u>‘Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?’</u> But when Paul said, <u>‘I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision,’</u> I told the guard, <u>‘Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.’</u> “
(2) Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word “that” can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, ‘At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.’ “** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULT)
>> Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them <u>that</u> at twilight <u>they</u> will eat meat, and in the morning <u>they</u> will be filled with bread. Then <u>they</u> will know that I am Yahweh <u>their</u> God.”
> **They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “ ‘ “** (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
>> They told him <u>that</u> a man had come to meet <u>them</u> who said to <u>them</u>, “Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him <u>that</u> Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “
=======
> **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, ‘At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.’ “** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULT)
>> Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them <u>that</u> at twilight <u>they</u> will eat meat, and in the morning <u>they</u> will be filled with bread. Then <u>they</u> will know that I am Yahweh <u>their</u> God.”
> **They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “ ‘ “** (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
>> They told him <u>that</u> a man had come to meet <u>them</u> who said to <u>them</u> , “Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him <u>that</u> Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

29
translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md
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@ -21,7 +21,11 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different role
Reflexive pronouns are used to show the same person or thing fills two different roles in a sentence.
<blockquote> If <u>I</u> should testify about <u>myself</u> alone, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULT) </blockquote>
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and <u>many</u> went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify <u>themselves</u>. (John 11:55 ULT)
=======
> Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and <u>many</u> went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify <u>themselves</u> . (John 11:55 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize a person or thing in the sentence.
<blockquote> <u>Jesus himself</u> was not baptizing, but his disciples were (John 4:2 ULT) </blockquote>
@ -29,10 +33,17 @@ Reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize a person or thing in the sentence.
> So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. Other boats were also with him. And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But <u>Jesus himself</u> was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULT)
Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone did something alone.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain <u>by himself</u>. (John 6:15 ULT)
Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone or something was alone.
> He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. <u>It</u> was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place <u>by itself</u>. (John 20:6-7 ULT)
=======
> When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain <u>by himself</u> . (John 6:15 ULT)
Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone or something was alone.
> He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. <u>It</u> was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place <u>by itself</u> . (John 20:6-7 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
### Translation Strategies
@ -51,13 +62,22 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
> **If I should testify about <u>myself</u> alone, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31)
>> “If I should <u>self-testify</u> alone, my testimony would not be true.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>purify themselves</u>.** (John 11:55)
>> “Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>self-purify</u>.”
=======
> **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>purify themselves</u> .** (John 11:55)
>> “Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>self-purify</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(2) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
> **<u>He himself</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> “<u>It was he who</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.”
=======
>> “<u>It was he who</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> **<u>Jesus himself</u> was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2)
>> “<u>It was not Jesus who</u> was baptizing, but his disciples were.”
@ -68,11 +88,20 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
(4) In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like “alone.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain <u>by himself</u>.** (John 6:15)
=======
> **When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain <u>by himself</u> .** (John 6:15)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> “When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again <u>alone</u> up the mountain.”
(5) In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place <u>by itself</u>.** (John 20:6-7 ULT)
>> “He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying <u>in it’s own place</u>.”
=======
> **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place <u>by itself</u> .** (John 20:6-7 ULT)
>> “He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying <u>in it’s own place</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

12
translate/figs-rquestion/01.md
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@ -83,7 +83,11 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
(2) Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **<u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed…** (Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
=======
> **<u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed…** (Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> <u>This is what the kingdom of God is like.</u> It is like a mustard seed…”
> **<u>Is this how you insult God’s high priest?</u>** (Acts 23:4 ULT)
@ -102,9 +106,17 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
(4) Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your langauge what the orignal speaker communicated in his.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Or <u>what man among you is there who</u>, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, <u>will give him a stone?</u>** (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
>> If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, <u>would you give him a stone</u>?
> **<u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils</u>? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
>> <u>What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils</u>? Yet my poeple have forgotten me for days without number
=======
> **Or <u>what man among you is there who</u> , if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, <u>will give him a stone?</u>** (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
>> If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, <u>would you give him a stone</u> ?
> **<u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils</u> ? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
>> <u>What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils</u> ? Yet my poeple have forgotten me for days without number
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

20
translate/figs-sentences/01.md
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@ -24,9 +24,15 @@ When the sentence is a command, in many languages it does not have a subject pro
The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject. It usually has a verb. (See: [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md)) In the sentences below, the subjects are “the man” and “he.” The predicates are underlined and the verbs are in bold.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* The man <u>**is** strong</u>.
* He <u>**worked** hard</u>.
* He <u>**made** a garden</u>.
=======
* The man <u>**is** strong</u> .
* He <u>**worked** hard</u> .
* He <u>**made** a garden</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### Compound Sentences
@ -49,9 +55,15 @@ Sentences can also have clauses and other phrases. Clauses are like sentences be
Sentences can have many clauses, and so they can become long and complex. But each sentence has to have at least one **independent clause**, that is, a clause that can be a sentence all by itself. The other clauses that cannot be sentences by themselves are called the **dependent clauses**. Dependent clauses depend on the independent clause to complete their meaning. The dependent clauses are underlined in the sentences below.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* <u>When the corn was ready</u>, she picked it.
* <u>After she picked it</u>, she carried it home and cooked it.
* Then she and her husband ate it all, <u>because it tasted so good</u>.
=======
* <u>When the corn was ready</u> , she picked it.
* <u>After she picked it</u> , she carried it home and cooked it.
* Then she and her husband ate it all, <u>because it tasted so good</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The following phrases can each be a whole sentence. They are the independent clauses from the sentences above.
@ -65,11 +77,19 @@ In some languages, clauses can be used with a noun that is part of a sentence. T
In the sentence below, “the corn that was ready” is part of the predicate of the whole sentence. The relative clause “that was ready” is used with the noun “corn” to tell which corn she picked.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* His wife picked **the corn** <u>that was ready</u>.
In the sentence below “her mother, who was very annoyed” is part of the predicate of the whole sentence. The relative clause “who was very annoyed” is used with the noun “mother” to tell how her mother felt when she did not get any corn.
* She did not give any corn to **her mother**, <u>who was very annoyed</u>.
=======
* His wife picked **the corn** <u>that was ready</u> .
In the sentence below “her mother, who was very annoyed” is part of the predicate of the whole sentence. The relative clause “who was very annoyed” is used with the noun “mother” to tell how her mother felt when she did not get any corn.
* She did not give any corn to **her mother**, <u>who was very annoyed</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### Translation Issues

7
translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md
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@ -41,10 +41,17 @@ Questions can also have other functions. (see [Rhetorical Question](../figs-rque
There are different kinds of imperative sentences: commands, instructions, suggestions, invitations, requests, and wishes.
With a **command**, the speaker uses his authority and tells someone to do something.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <u>Rise up</u>, Balak, and <u>hear</u>. <u>Listen</u> to me, you son of Zippor. (Numbers 23:18 ULT)
With an **instruction**, the speaker tells someone how to do something.
> …but if you want to enter into life, <u>keep the commandments</u>.…If you wish to be perfect, <u>go</u>, <u>sell</u> what you have, and <u>give</u> it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. (Matthew 19:17, 21 ULT)
=======
> <u>Rise up</u> , Balak, and <u>hear</u> . <u>Listen</u> to me, you son of Zippor. (Numbers 23:18 ULT)
With an **instruction**, the speaker tells someone how to do something.
> …but if you want to enter into life, <u>keep the commandments</u> .…If you wish to be perfect, <u>go</u> , <u>sell</u> what you have, and <u>give</u> it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. (Matthew 19:17, 21 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
With a **suggestion**, the speaker tells someone something to do or not do that he thinks might help that person. In the example below, it is best for both blind men if they do not try to lead each other.

42
translate/figs-simile/01.md
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@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be simil
### Description
A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be similar. It focuses on a particular trait the two items have in common, and it includes the words “like,” “as” or “than.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them, because they were worried and confused, because they were <u>like sheep without a shepherd</u>. (Matthew 9:36)
Jesus compared the crowds of people to sheep without a shepherd. Sheep grow frightened when they do not have a good shepherd to lead them in safe places. The crowds were like that because they did not have good religious leaders.
@ -11,6 +12,15 @@ Jesus compared the crowds of people to sheep without a shepherd. Sheep grow fri
Jesus compared his disciples to sheep and their enemies to wolves. Wolves attack sheep. Jesus’ enemies would attack his disciples.
> For the word of God is living and active and sharper <u>than any two-edged sword</u>. (Hebrews 4:12 ULT)
=======
> When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them, because they were worried and confused, because they were <u>like sheep without a shepherd</u> . (Matthew 9:36)
Jesus compared the crowds of people to sheep without a shepherd. Sheep grow frightened when they do not have a good shepherd to lead them in safe places. The crowds were like that because they did not have good religious leaders.
> See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u> , so be as wise <u>as serpents</u> and harmless <u>as doves</u> . (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
Jesus compared his disciples to sheep and their enemies to wolves. Wolves attack sheep. Jesus’ enemies would attack his disciples.
> For the word of God is living and active and sharper <u>than any two-edged sword</u> . (Hebrews 4:12 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
God’s word is compared to a two-edged sword. A two-edged sword is a weapon that can easily cut through a person’s flesh. God’s word is very effective in showing what is in a person’s heart and thoughts.
@ -27,10 +37,17 @@ God’s word is compared to a two-edged sword. A two-edged sword is a weapon tha
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Suffer hardship with me, <u>as a good soldier of Christ Jesus</u>. (2 Timothy 2:3 ULT)
In this simile, Paul compares suffering with what soldiers endure, and he encourages Timothy to follow their example.
> for <u>as the lightning appears when it flashes from one part of the sky to another part of the sky</u>, so will the Son of Man be in his day. (Luke 17:24 ULT)
=======
> Suffer hardship with me, <u>as a good soldier of Christ Jesus</u> . (2 Timothy 2:3 ULT)
In this simile, Paul compares suffering with what soldiers endure, and he encourages Timothy to follow their example.
> for <u>as the lightning appears when it flashes from one part of the sky to another part of the sky</u> , so will the Son of Man be in his day. (Luke 17:24 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
This verse does not tell how the Son of Man will be like the lightning. But from the context we can understand from the verses before it that just as lighting flashes suddenly and everyone can see it, the Son of Man will come suddenly and everyone will be able to see him. No one will have to be told about it.
@ -47,13 +64,20 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I
(1) If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience.
> **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>** (Matthew 10:16 ULT) - This compares the danger that Jesus’ disciples would be in with the danger that sheep are in when they are surrounded by wolves.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> See, I send <u>you out among wicked people</u> and you will be in danger from them <u>as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves</u>.
> **For the word of God is living and active and sharper <u>than any two-edged sword</u>.** (Hebrews 4:12 ULT)
=======
>> See, I send <u>you out among wicked people</u> and you will be in danger from them <u>as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves</u> .
> **For the word of God is living and active and sharper <u>than any two-edged sword</u> .** (Hebrews 4:12 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> For the word of God is living and active and <u>more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword</u>
(2) If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>,** (Matthew 10:16 ULT) - If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another.
>> See, I send you out <u>as chickens in the midst of wild dogs</u>,
@ -70,4 +94,22 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I
> **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULT)
>> How often I wanted to <u>protect you</u>, but you refused!
=======
> **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u> ,** (Matthew 10:16 ULT) - If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another.
>> See, I send you out <u>as chickens in the midst of wild dogs</u> ,
> **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u> , but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULT)
>> How often I wanted to gather your children together, <u>as a mother closely watches over her infants</u> , but you refused!
> **If you have faith even as small <u>as a grain of mustard</u> ,** (Matthew 17:20)
>> If you have faith even as small <u>as a tiny seed</u> ,
(3) Simply describe the item without comparing it to another.
> **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u> ,** (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
>> See, I send you out and <u>people will want to harm you</u> .
> **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u> , but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULT)
>> How often I wanted to <u>protect you</u> , but you refused!
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

21
translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,11 @@
**Parallelism with the same meaning** is a poetic device in which one complex idea is expressed in two or more different ways. Speakers may do this in order to emphasize the idea that is the same in the two phrases. This is also called “synonymous parallelism.”
Note: We use the term “parallelism with the same meaning” for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Yahweh <u>sees everything a person does</u> and <u>watches all the paths he takes</u>. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
=======
> Yahweh <u>sees everything a person does</u> and <u>watches all the paths he takes</u> . (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The first underlined phrase and the second underlined phrase mean the same thing. There are three ideas that are the same between these two phrases. “Sees” corresponds to “watches,” “everything…does” corresponds to “all the paths…takes,” and “a person” corresponds to “he.”
@ -23,10 +27,17 @@ In some languages people do not expect someone to say the same thing twice, even
> Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path. (Psalm 119:105 ULT)
Both parts of the sentences are metaphors saying that God’s word teaches people how to live. The words “lamp” and “light” are similar in meaning because they refer to light, and the words “my feet” and “my path” are related, because they refer to a person walking.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <u>Praise Yahweh</u>, all you nations; <u>exalt him</u>, all you peoples! (Psalm 117:1 ULT)
Both parts of this verse tell people everywhere to praise Yahweh. The words ‘Praise’ and ‘exalt’ mean the same thing, ‘Yahweh’ and ‘him’ refer to the same person, and ‘all you nations’ and ‘all you peoples’ refer to the same people.
> For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u>, and he will <u>fight in court</u> against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULT)
=======
> <u>Praise Yahweh</u> , all you nations; <u>exalt him</u> , all you peoples! (Psalm 117:1 ULT)
Both parts of this verse tell people everywhere to praise Yahweh. The words ‘Praise’ and ‘exalt’ mean the same thing, ‘Yahweh’ and ‘him’ refer to the same person, and ‘all you nations’ and ‘all you peoples’ refer to the same people.
> For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u> , and he will <u>fight in court</u> against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The two parts of this verse say that Yahweh has a serious disagreement with his people, Israel. These are not two different disagreements or two different groups of people.
@ -42,14 +53,24 @@ If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages, tha
(1) Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Until now you have <u>deceived me and told me lies</u>.** (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
>> Until now you have <u>deceived me with your lies</u>.
=======
> **Until now you have <u>deceived me and told me lies</u> .** (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
>> Until now you have <u>deceived me with your lies</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> **Yahweh <u>sees everything a person does and watches all</u> the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
>> Yahweh <u>pays attention to everything</u> a person does.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u>, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULT) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
>> For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u>, Israel.
=======
> **For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u> , and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULT) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
>> For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u> , Israel.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”

15
translate/figs-verbs/01.md
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@ -5,10 +5,17 @@ Verbs are words that refer to an action or event or that is used in describing o
**Examples** The verbs in the examples below are underlined.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* John <u>ran</u>. (“Run” is an action.)
* John <u>ate</u> a banana. (“Eat” is an action.)
* John <u>saw</u> Mark. (“See” is an event.)
* John <u>died.</u> (“Die” is an event.)
=======
* John <u>ran</u> . (“Run” is an action.)
* John <u>ate</u> a banana. (“Eat” is an action.)
* John <u>saw</u> Mark. (“See” is an event.)
* John <u>died.</u> (“Die” is an event.)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* John <u>is</u> tall. (The phrase “is tall” describes John. The word “is” is a verb that links “John” with “tall.”)
* John <u>looks</u> handsome. (The phrase “is handsome” describes John. The word “looks” here is a verb that links “John” with “handsome.”)
* John <u>is</u> my brother. (The phrase “is my brother” identifies John.)
@ -35,11 +42,19 @@ For many verbs in English, it is alright to leave out the object when the object
* He never <u>eats</u> at night.
* He <u>sings</u> all the time.
* He <u>reads</u> well.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* He cannot <u>see</u>.
In some languages, a verb that needs an object must always take one, even if the object is not very important. People who speak those languages might say the sentences above like this.
* He never <u>eats</u> **food** at night.
=======
* He cannot <u>see</u> .
In some languages, a verb that needs an object must always take one, even if the object is not very important. People who speak those languages might say the sentences above like this.
* He never <u>eats</u> **food** at night.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* He <u>sings</u> **songs** all the time.
* He <u>reads</u> **words** well.
* He cannot <u>see</u> **anything**.

4
translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md
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@ -13,7 +13,11 @@ Also, speakers and writers of the Old Testament often referred to groups of peop
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <sup> 1</sup> Take heed that <u>you</u> do not do <u>your</u> acts of righteousness before people to be seen by them, or else <u>you</u> will have no reward from <u>your</u> Father who is in heaven. <sup> 2</sup> So when <u>you</u> give alms, do not sound a trumpet before <u>yourself</u> as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may have the praise of people. Truly I say to <u>you</u>, they have received their reward. (Matthew 6:1,2 ULT)
=======
> <sup> 1</sup> Take heed that <u>you</u> do not do <u>your</u> acts of righteousness before people to be seen by them, or else <u>you</u> will have no reward from <u>your</u> Father who is in heaven. <sup> 2</sup> So when <u>you</u> give alms, do not sound a trumpet before <u>yourself</u> as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may have the praise of people. Truly I say to <u>you</u> , they have received their reward. (Matthew 6:1,2 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Jesus said this to a crowd. He used “you” plural in verse 1, and “you” singular in the first sentence of verse 2. Then in the last sentence he used the plural again.

4
translate/figs-youdual/01.md
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@ -15,7 +15,11 @@ Often the context will make it clear whether the word “you” refers to one pe
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <u>James and John</u>, the sons of Zebedee, came up to him and said, “Teacher, we want you to do for us whatever we ask you.” He [Jesus] said to them, “What do <u>you </u> want me to do for <u>you</u>?” (Mark 10:35-36 ULT)
=======
> <u>James and John</u> , the sons of Zebedee, came up to him and said, “Teacher, we want you to do for us whatever we ask you.” He [Jesus] said to them, “What do <u>you </u> want me to do for <u>you</u> ?” (Mark 10:35-36 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Jesus is asking the **two**, James and John, what they want him to do for them. If the target language has a **dual** form of “you,” use that. If the target language does not have a dual form, then the plural form would be appropriate.

4
translate/figs-youformal/01.md
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@ -22,7 +22,11 @@ In some cultures people use the formal “you” when speaking to someone who is
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Yahweh God called to the man and said to him, “Where are <u>you</u>?” (Genesis 3:9 ULT)
=======
> Yahweh God called to the man and said to him, “Where are <u>you</u> ?” (Genesis 3:9 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
God is in authority over the man, so languages that have formal and informal forms of “you” would probably use the informal form here.
> So, it seemed good to me also, having investigated everything accurately from the beginning, to write it down for <u>you</u> in order, most excellent Theophilus. I want <u>you</u> to know the certainty of the things that <u>you </u> were taught. (Luke 1:3-4 ULT)

4
translate/figs-yousingular/01.md
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@ -22,7 +22,11 @@ The ruler was speaking about just himself when he said “I.” This shows us th
> The angel said to him, “Dress <u>yourself</u> and put on <u>your</u> sandals.” Peter did so. The angel said to him, “Put on <u>your</u> outer garment and follow me.” So Peter followed the angel and went out. (Acts 12:8, ULT)
The context makes it clear that the angel was speaking to one person and that only one person did what the the angel commanded. So languages that have singular and plural forms of “you” would have the singular form here for “yourself” and “your”. Also, if verbs have different forms for singular and plural subjects, the verbs “dress” and “put on” will need the form for “you” singular.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> To Titus, a true son in our common faith.…For this purpose I left <u>you</u> in Crete, that <u>you</u> might set in order things not yet complete, and ordain elders in every city as I directed <u>you</u>. … But <u>you</u>, say what agrees with healthy doctrine. (Titus 1:4,5; 2:1 ULT)
=======
> To Titus, a true son in our common faith.…For this purpose I left <u>you</u> in Crete, that <u>you</u> might set in order things not yet complete, and ordain elders in every city as I directed <u>you</u> . … But <u>you</u> , say what agrees with healthy doctrine. (Titus 1:4,5; 2:1 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Paul wrote this letter to one person, Titus. Most of the time the word “you” in this letter refers only to Titus.

4
translate/grammar-connect-exceptions/01.md
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@ -39,7 +39,11 @@ If the way that Exceptional Clauses are marked in the source language is also cl
> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for there is <u>no one</u> to redeem it <u>besides</u> you, and I am after you." (Ruth 4:4 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for <u>you are first in line to redeem it [only you can redeem it]</u>, and I am after you."
=======
>> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for <u>you are first in line to redeem it [only you can redeem it]</u> , and I am after you."
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> The man said, "Let me go, for the dawn is breaking." Jacob said, "I will <u>not</u> let you go <u>unless</u> you bless me." (Genesis 32:26 ULT)

18
translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast/01.md
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@ -24,7 +24,11 @@ Jesus contrasts the proud way that human leaders behave and the humble way that
It is unexpected that someone who is bound with chains will be able to break them. The word “though” marks the contrast of an unexpected event.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. <u>However</u>, Solomon built the house for God. <u>However</u>, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, (Acts 7:46-48 ULT)
=======
> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. <u>However</u> , Solomon built the house for God. <u>However</u> , the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, (Acts 7:46-48 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
There are two contrasts here, both marked with “however.” The first contrast shows that even though David asked to find a place for God’s house, it was Solomon who built it. But then there is another contrast. Even though Solomon built a house for God, God does not live in houses that people build.
@ -42,12 +46,17 @@ If your language uses Contrast Relationships in the same way as in the text, the
> For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? <u>Yet</u> I am among you as one who serves. (Luke 22:27 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? <u>Unlike that person</u>, I am among you as one who serves.
=======
For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? <u>Unlike that person</u> , I am among you as one who serves.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
2.If it is more clear in your language to mark the other clause of the Contrast Relationship, then use a connecting word on the other clause.
> …and <u>though</u> he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness. (Luke 8:29 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
…and he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, <u>but even so</u>, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness.
3.If your language shows a Contrast Relationship in a different way, then use that way.
@ -55,3 +64,12 @@ For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it
> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. <u>However</u>, Solomon built the house for God. <u>However</u>, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, (Acts 7:46-48 ULT)
[David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. <u>But</u> it was, Solomon, <u>not David</u>, who built the house for God. <u>But even though Solomon built him a house</u>, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands,
=======
…and he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, <u>but even so</u> , he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness.
3.If your language shows a Contrast Relationship in a different way, then use that way.
> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. <u>However</u> , Solomon built the house for God. <u>However</u> , the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, (Acts 7:46-48 ULT)
[David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. <u>But</u> it was, Solomon, <u>not David</u> , who built the house for God. <u>But even though Solomon built him a house</u> , the Most High does not live in houses made with hands,
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52
translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal/01.md
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@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ In Scripture, the goal or purpose may be stated first or second. In some languag
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> She became angry and falsely accused Joseph <u>so that he was arrested and sent to prison</u>. (Story 8 Frame 5 OBS)
The Goal or Purpose of the master’s wife’s false accusation was to get Joseph arrested and sent to prison.
@ -35,6 +36,29 @@ The Goal or Purpose of Boaz instructing the men to pull out the grain from their
The Purpose of going to Bethlehem was to see the thing that had happened. Here the Purpose is not marked and might be misunderstood.
> “…if you want <u>to enter into life</u>, keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17 ULT)
=======
> She became angry and falsely accused Joseph <u>so that he was arrested and sent to prison</u> . (Story 8 Frame 5 OBS)
The Goal or Purpose of the master’s wife’s false accusation was to get Joseph arrested and sent to prison.
> Gideon, Joash's son, was separating out the wheat by beating it on the floor, in the winepress—<u>to hide it from the Midianites</u> . (Judges 6:11b ULT)
Here the prepositional phrase begins with only the word “to” but “in order to” is understood.
> Now if I have found favor in your eyes, show me your ways <u>so that I may know you and continue to find favor in your eyes</u> . Remember that this nation is your people."(Exodus 33:13 ULT)
Moses wants God to show him God’s ways for the Goal or Purpose of Moses knowing God and continuing to find favor with God.
> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it <u>for her to glean</u> , and do not rebuke her.” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
The Goal or Purpose of Boaz instructing the men to pull out the grain from their bundles and leave it was for Ruth to gather (glean) it.
> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, <u>and see this thing that has happened</u> , which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
The Purpose of going to Bethlehem was to see the thing that had happened. Here the Purpose is not marked and might be misunderstood.
> “…if you want <u>to enter into life</u> , keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17 ULT)
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The Goal of keeping the commandments is to enter into life.
@ -42,7 +66,11 @@ The Goal of keeping the commandments is to enter into life.
The purpose of not turning away from the instructions that Moses gave to the Israelites was so that they would be successful.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him <u>and take over his inheritance</u>.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
=======
> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him <u>and take over his inheritance</u> .’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
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The Purpose of the vine growers killing the heir was so they could take over his inheritance. They state both events to each other as a plan, joining them only with “and.” Then the word “so” marks the reporting of the first event, but the second event (the Goal or Purpose) is not stated.
@ -57,6 +85,7 @@ If your language uses purpose or goal relationships in the same way as in the te
(1) If the construction of the goal statement is unclear, change it to one that is more clear.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it <u>for her to glean</u>, and do not rebuke her.” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
>> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it <u>so that she can glean it</u>, and do not rebuke her.”
@ -78,3 +107,26 @@ If your language uses purpose or goal relationships in the same way as in the te
> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him <u>and take over his inheritance</u>.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
>> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him <u>so that we can take over his inheritance</u>.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him <u>so that they could take over his inheritance</u>.
=======
> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it <u>for her to glean</u> , and do not rebuke her.” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
>> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it <u>so that she can glean it</u> , and do not rebuke her.”
> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, <u>and see this thing that has happened</u> , which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
>> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, <u>so that we can see this thing that has happened</u> , which the Lord has made known to us.”
(2) If the order of the statements makes the goal statement unclear or confusing for the reader, then change the order.
> “…if you want <u>to enter into life</u> , keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17 ULT)
>> “…keep the commandments if you want <u>to enter into life</u> .” or: “…keep the commandments <u>so that you can enter into life</u> .”
> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him <u>and take over his inheritance</u> .’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
(1) and (2)
> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him <u>and take over his inheritance</u> .’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
>> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him <u>so that we can take over his inheritance</u> .’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him <u>so that they could take over his inheritance</u> .
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4
translate/grammar-connect-logic-result/01.md
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@ -48,7 +48,11 @@ If your language uses Reason-Result relationships in the same way as in the text
> Blessed are the poor, <u>for</u> yours is the kingdom of God. (Luke 6:20 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
(1) The kingdom of God belongs to you who are poor. <u>Therefore</u>, the poor are blessed.
=======
(1) The kingdom of God belongs to you who are poor. <u>Therefore</u> , the poor are blessed.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(2) Blessed are the poor, <u>because</u> yours is the kingdom of God.
(3) <u>The reason that</u> the poor are blessed <u>is because</u> yours is the kingdom of God.

16
translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential/01.md
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@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ Languages indicate sequences of events in different ways; some use ordering and
> <u>When</u> Joseph came to his brothers, they kidnapped him and sold him to some slave traders. (OBS Story 8 Frame 2)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
First Joseph came to his brothers and then they kidnapped and sold him. We know this because of the connecting word, <u>when</u>. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
> It was as sweet as honey in my mouth, but <u>after</u> I ate it, my stomach became bitter. (Revelation 10:10 ULT)
@ -23,6 +24,17 @@ The event of the first clause occurs first, and the event of the last clause occ
> For <u>before</u> the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate (Isaiah 7:16 ULT)
The event of the first clause occurs after the event of the second clause. First the land they dread will be desolate and then the child will know to refuse evil and choose good. We know this because of the connecting word, <u>before</u>. However, stating the clauses in this order may communicate the wrong order of events in your language. The translator may have to change the order so the clauses come in the order that they will happen. Or it may be possible to keep the order of the original language text and mark the ordering of sequence so that it is clear to the readers. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
=======
First Joseph came to his brothers and then they kidnapped and sold him. We know this because of the connecting word, <u>when</u> . The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
> It was as sweet as honey in my mouth, but <u>after</u> I ate it, my stomach became bitter. (Revelation 10:10 ULT)
The event of the first clause occurs first, and the event of the last clause occurs later. We know this because of the connecting word, <u>after</u> . The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
> For <u>before</u> the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate (Isaiah 7:16 ULT)
The event of the first clause occurs after the event of the second clause. First the land they dread will be desolate and then the child will know to refuse evil and choose good. We know this because of the connecting word, <u>before</u> . However, stating the clauses in this order may communicate the wrong order of events in your language. The translator may have to change the order so the clauses come in the order that they will happen. Or it may be possible to keep the order of the original language text and mark the ordering of sequence so that it is clear to the readers. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> Then Mary arose in those days <u>and</u> quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah, <u>and</u> she entered into the house of Zechariah <u>and</u> greeted Elizabeth. (Luke 1:39-40 ULT)
@ -45,7 +57,11 @@ If the sequence of events is clear in your language, then translate the sequence
> For <u>before</u> the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate (Isaiah 7:16 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> For the time will come when the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, <u>but even before that time</u>, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate.
=======
>> For the time will come when the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, <u>but even before that time</u> , the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
2. If the clauses are in an order that makes the sequence unclear, put the clauses in an order that is more clear.

8
translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous/01.md
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@ -18,11 +18,19 @@ Two events happened while Joseph was a slave to a wealthy government official: J
> But in truth I tell you that there were many widows in Israel <u>during</u> the time of Elijah… (Luke 4:25 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
This tells us clearly that two things happened at the same time, because of the connecting word, <u>during</u>. But one event did not cause the other.
> Now the people were waiting for Zechariah, <u>and</u> they were wondering at his delay in the temple. (Luke 1:21 ULT)
The people were both waiting and wondering at the same time. The general connector, <u>and</u>, indicates this.
=======
This tells us clearly that two things happened at the same time, because of the connecting word, <u>during</u> . But one event did not cause the other.
> Now the people were waiting for Zechariah, <u>and</u> they were wondering at his delay in the temple. (Luke 1:21 ULT)
The people were both waiting and wondering at the same time. The general connector, <u>and</u> , indicates this.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> And <u>while</u> they were looking intently into heaven <u>as</u> he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing. (Acts 1:10 ULT)

17
translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md
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@ -2,8 +2,13 @@
We write our thoughts in phrases and sentences. Usually, we want to communicate a series of thoughts that are connected to each other in different ways. **Connecting Words and Phrases** show how these thoughts are related to each other. For example, we can show how the following thoughts are related by using the underlined Connecting Words:
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* It was raining, <u>so</u> I opened my umbrella.
* It was raining, <u>but</u> I did not have an umbrella. <u>So</u> I got very wet.
=======
* It was raining, <u>so</u> I opened my umbrella.
* It was raining, <u>but</u> I did not have an umbrella. <u>So</u> I got very wet.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Sometimes people might not use a Connecting Word because they expect the readers to understand the relationship between the thoughts because of the context. Some languages do not use Connecting Words as much as other languages do. They might say:
@ -48,7 +53,11 @@ The word “but” introduces something that **contrasts** with what was said be
The word “Therefore” links this section with the section before it, signalling that the section that came before gave the **reason** for this section. “Therefore” usually links sections larger than one sentence. The word “and” links only two actions within the same sentence, that of breaking commandments and teaching others. In this verse the word “But” **contrasts** what one group of people will be called in God’s kingdom with what another group of people will be called.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> We do not place a stumbling block in front of anyone, <u>for</u> we do not wish our ministry to be brought into disrepute. <u>Instead</u>, we prove ourselves by all our actions, that we are God’s servants. (2 Corinthians 6:3-4 ULT)
=======
> We do not place a stumbling block in front of anyone, <u>for</u> we do not wish our ministry to be brought into disrepute. <u>Instead</u> , we prove ourselves by all our actions, that we are God’s servants. (2 Corinthians 6:3-4 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Here the word “for” connects what follows as the **reason** for what came before; the reason that Paul does not place stumbling blocks is that he does not want his ministry brought into disrepute. “Instead” **contrasts** what Paul does (proving by his actions that he is God’s servant) with what he said he does not do (placing stumbling blocks).
@ -88,8 +97,16 @@ Some languages might not need the words “but” or “then” here. They might
(3) Use a different connecting word.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **<u>Therefore</u> whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>But</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULT)
Instead of a word like “therefore,” a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word “but” is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word “but” would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So “and” might be clearer for those languages. They might translate like this:
>> <u>Because of that</u>, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>And</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
=======
> **<u>Therefore</u> whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>But</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULT)
Instead of a word like “therefore,” a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word “but” is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word “but” would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So “and” might be clearer for those languages. They might translate like this:
>> <u>Because of that</u> , whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>And</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
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translate/guidelines-equal/01.md
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@ -24,10 +24,17 @@ These are all accusations of guilt. Some are using idioms with the word “blood
Here are some examples:
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* <u>I was shattered</u>! The speaker was not literally broken, but he felt very bad.
* <u>He closed his ears to what I was saying.</u> Meaning, “he chose to not listen to what I was saying.”
* <u>The wind moaned in the trees</u>. This means that the wind blowing through the trees sounded like a person moaning.
* <u>The whole world came to the meeting</u>. Everyone in the world did not attend the meeting. Most likely there were many people at the meeting.
=======
* <u>I was shattered</u> ! The speaker was not literally broken, but he felt very bad.
* <u>He closed his ears to what I was saying.</u> Meaning, “he chose to not listen to what I was saying.”
* <u>The wind moaned in the trees</u> . This means that the wind blowing through the trees sounded like a person moaning.
* <u>The whole world came to the meeting</u> . Everyone in the world did not attend the meeting. Most likely there were many people at the meeting.
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Each language uses different figures of speech. Make sure you can:

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translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md
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@ -4,10 +4,17 @@
#### The Bible teaches that there is only one God.
In the Old Testament:
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Yahweh, he is God; there is <u>no other God</u>! (I Kings 8:60 ULT)
In the New Testament:
> Jesus said,…“This is everlasting life: that they should know you, <u>the only true God”</u>. (John 17:3 ULT)
=======
> Yahweh, he is God; there is <u>no other God</u> ! (I Kings 8:60 ULT)
In the New Testament:
> Jesus said,…“This is everlasting life: that they should know you, <u>the only true God”</u> . (John 17:3 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(See also: Deuteronomy 4:35, Ephesians 4:5-6, 1 Timothy 2:5, James 2:19)
@ -15,6 +22,7 @@ In the New Testament:
> <u>God</u> created the heavens…<u>The Spirit of God</u> was moving…“Let <u>us</u> make man in <u>our</u> image.” (Genesis 1:1-2 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> God has spoken to us by a <u>Son</u>…through whom he also made the universe. His <u>Son</u> is the radiance of his glory, the very character of his essence…about the <u>Son</u> he says,…“In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth’s foundation; the heavens are the work of your hands.” (Hebrews 1:2-3, and 8-10 ULT quoting Psalm 102:25)</blockquote>
#### The Church has always found it necessary to state what the New Testament says about God by affirming that he exists in three distinct persons: The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
@ -23,15 +31,34 @@ In the New Testament:
<blockquote> God sent his <u>Son</u>, born of a woman,…God sent the <u>Spirit</u> of his <u>Son</u> into our hearts, who calls, “Abba, <u>Father</u>.” (Galatians 4:4-6 ULT)</blockquote>
=======
<blockquote> God has spoken to us by a <u>Son</u> …through whom he also made the universe. His <u>Son</u> is the radiance of his glory, the very character of his essence…about the <u>Son</u> he says,…“In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth’s foundation; the heavens are the work of your hands.” (Hebrews 1:2-3, and 8-10 ULT quoting Psalm 102:25)</blockquote>
#### The Church has always found it necessary to state what the New Testament says about God by affirming that he exists in three distinct persons: The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
> Jesus said, “…Baptize them into the name of <u>the Father</u> , of <u>the Son</u> , and of <u>the Holy Spirit</u> .” (Matthew 28:19 ULT)
<blockquote> God sent his <u>Son</u> , born of a woman,…God sent the <u>Spirit</u> of his <u>Son</u> into our hearts, who calls, “Abba, <u>Father</u> .” (Galatians 4:4-6 ULT)</blockquote>
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See also: John 14:16-17, 1 Peter 1:2
Each person of God is fully God and is called “God” in the Bible.
> Yet for us there is only one <u>God the Father…</u> (1 Corinthians 8:6 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> Thomas answered and said to him, “My Lord and <u>my God</u>.” <u>Jesus</u> said to him, “Because you have seen me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen, and yet have believed.” (John 20:28-29 ULT)</blockquote>
<blockquote> But Peter said, “Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to <u>the Holy Spirit</u> and to keep back part of the price of the land?…You have not lied to men, but to <u>God</u>.” (Acts 5:3-4 ULT)</blockquote>
Each person is also distinct from the other two persons. All three persons can appear separately at the same time. In the verses below, God the Son is baptized while God the Spirit comes down and God the Father speaks from heaven.
> After he was baptized, <u>Jesus</u> came up…from the water…He saw the <u>Spirit</u> of God coming down…, and a <u>voice</u> [the Father’s] came out of the heavens saying, “This is my Beloved <u>Son</u>…” (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
> After he was baptized, <u>Jesus</u> came up…from the water…He saw the <u>Spirit</u> of God coming down…, and a <u>voice</u> [the Father’s] came out of the heavens saying, “This is my Beloved <u>Son</u>…” (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
=======
<blockquote> Thomas answered and said to him, “My Lord and <u>my God</u> .” <u>Jesus</u> said to him, “Because you have seen me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen, and yet have believed.” (John 20:28-29 ULT)</blockquote>
<blockquote> But Peter said, “Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to <u>the Holy Spirit</u> and to keep back part of the price of the land?…You have not lied to men, but to <u>God</u> .” (Acts 5:3-4 ULT)</blockquote>
Each person is also distinct from the other two persons. All three persons can appear separately at the same time. In the verses below, God the Son is baptized while God the Spirit comes down and God the Father speaks from heaven.
> After he was baptized, <u>Jesus</u> came up…from the water…He saw the <u>Spirit</u> of God coming down…, and a <u>voice</u> [the Father’s] came out of the heavens saying, “This is my Beloved <u>Son</u> …” (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
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translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md
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@ -6,16 +6,28 @@ Door43 supports Bible translations that represent these concepts when they refer
**”Father” and “Son” are names that God calls himself in the Bible.**
The Bible shows that God called Jesus his Son:
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> After he was baptized, Jesus came up immediately from the water, and…a voice came out of the heavens saying, “<u>This is my beloved Son</u>. I am very pleased with him.” (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
The Bible shows that Jesus called God his Father:
> Jesus said, “I praise you <u>Father</u>, Lord of heaven and earth,…no one knows the <u>Son</u> except the <u>Father</u>, and no one knows the <u>Father</u> except the <u>Son</u> “ (Matthew 11:25-27 ULT) (See also: John 6:26-57)
=======
> After he was baptized, Jesus came up immediately from the water, and…a voice came out of the heavens saying, “<u>This is my beloved Son</u> . I am very pleased with him.” (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
The Bible shows that Jesus called God his Father:
> Jesus said, “I praise you <u>Father</u> , Lord of heaven and earth,…no one knows the <u>Son</u> except the <u>Father</u> , and no one knows the <u>Father</u> except the <u>Son</u> “ (Matthew 11:25-27 ULT) (See also: John 6:26-57)
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Christians have found that “Father” and “Son” are the ideas that most essentially describe the eternal relationship of the First and Second Persons of the Trinity to each other. The Bible indeed refers to them in various ways, but no other terms reflect the eternal love and intimacy between these Persons, nor the interdependent eternal relationship between them.
Jesus referred to God in the following terms:
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Baptize them into <u>the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit</u>. (Matthew 28:19 ULT)
=======
> Baptize them into <u>the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit</u> . (Matthew 28:19 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The intimate, loving relationship between the Father and the Son is eternal, just as they are eternal.
@ -23,6 +35,7 @@ The intimate, loving relationship between the Father and the Son is eternal, jus
<blockquote> I <u>love</u> the Father, I do what the Father commands me, just as he gave me the commandment. (John 14:31 ULT)</blockquote>
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> <u>…no one knows who the Son is except the Father, and no one knows who the Father is except the Son</u>. (Luke 10:22 ULT)</blockquote>
The terms “Father” and “Son” also communicate that the Father and the Son are of the same essence; they are both eternal God.
@ -36,6 +49,21 @@ The terms “Father” and “Son” also communicate that the Father and the So
### Human Relationships
**Human fathers and sons are not perfect, but the Bible still uses those terms for the <u>Father</u> and <u>Son</u>, who are perfect.**
=======
<blockquote> <u>…no one knows who the Son is except the Father, and no one knows who the Father is except the Son</u> . (Luke 10:22 ULT)</blockquote>
The terms “Father” and “Son” also communicate that the Father and the Son are of the same essence; they are both eternal God.
> Jesus said, “Father, glorify your Son so that the Son may glorify you…I glorified you on the earth,…Now Father, glorify me…with the glory that <u>I had with you before the world was created</u> .” (John 17:1-5 ULT)
<blockquote> But in these last days, he [God the Father] has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. It is through him that God also made the universe. He is the brightness of God’s glory, <u>the very character of his essence</u> . He even holds everything together by the word of his power. (Hebrews 1:2-3 ULT)</blockquote>
> Jesus said to him, “I have been with you for so long and you still do not know me, Philip? <u>Whoever has seen me has seen the Father</u> . How can you say, ‘Show us the Father’? (John 14:9 ULT)
### Human Relationships
**Human fathers and sons are not perfect, but the Bible still uses those terms for the <u>Father</u> and <u>Son</u> , who are perfect.**
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Just as today, human father-son relationships during Bible times were never as loving or perfect as the relationship between Jesus and his Father. But this does not mean that the translator should avoid the concepts of father and son. The scriptures use these terms to refer to God, the perfect Father and Son, as well as to sinful human fathers and sons. In referring to God as Father and Son, choose words in your language that are widely used to refer to a human “father” and “son.” In this way you will communicate that God the Father and God the Son are essentially the same (they are both God), just as a human father and son are essentially the same, both human and sharing the same characteristics.

8
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@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ The “AT:” indicates that this is an alternate translation. Some examples are
**Making Implicit Information Clear**
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> it is the law of the Medes and Persians, that <u>no decree or statute that the king issues can be changed</u>. (Daniel 6:15 ULT)
=======
> it is the law of the Medes and Persians, that <u>no decree or statute that the king issues can be changed</u> . (Daniel 6:15 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* **no decree…can be changed** - An additional sentence may be added here to aid in understanding. AT: “no decree…can be changed. So they must throw Daniel into the pit of lions.” (See: *Explicit*)
@ -19,7 +23,11 @@ The additional sentence shows what the speaker wanted the king to understand fro
**Passive to Active**
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> to him who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit, <u>it will not be forgiven</u>. (Luke 12:10 ULT)
=======
> to him who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit, <u>it will not be forgiven</u> . (Luke 12:10 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* **it will not be forgiven** - This can be expressed with an active verb. AT: God will not forgive him. This can also be expressed in a positive way using a verb that means the opposite of “forgive.” AT: “God will consider him guilty forever” (See: *Active Passive*)

4
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@ -9,7 +9,11 @@ The translator needs to decide which meaning to translate. Translators may choos
### Translation Notes Examples
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> But take a small number of hairs from them and tie them into <u>the folds of your robe</u>. (Ezekiel 5:3 ULT)
=======
> But take a small number of hairs from them and tie them into <u>the folds of your robe</u> . (Ezekiel 5:3 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* **the folds of your robe** -- Possible meanings are 1) “the cloth on your arms” (“your sleeves”) (UST) or 2) “the end of the cloth on your robe” (“your hem”) or 3) the fold in the garment where it is tucked into the belt.

6
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@ -15,9 +15,15 @@ The Note for this verse says:
Here there are two suggested translations for the phrase ‘sits in the heavens.’ The first expresses clearly what “sits in the heavens” represents. The second gives a hint about the idea of ruling by stated clearly that he sits on his “throne.” This suggestion is from the UST.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> When he saw Jesus, <u>he fell on his face</u>. (Luke 5:12 **ULT**)
> When he saw Jesus, <u>he bowed down to the ground</u>. (Luke 5:12 **UST**)
=======
> When he saw Jesus, <u>he fell on his face</u> . (Luke 5:12 **ULT**)
> When he saw Jesus, <u>he bowed down to the ground</u> . (Luke 5:12 **UST**)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The Note for this verse says:

8
translate/resources-eplain/01.md
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@ -6,7 +6,11 @@ Sometimes you may not know what a word or phrase means in the ULT, and it may al
### Translation Notes Examples
Simple explanations about words or phrases are written as full sentences. They begin with a capital letter and end with a period (“.”).
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> The fishermen had gotten out of them and were <u>washing their nets</u>.(Luke 5:2 ULT)
=======
> The fishermen had gotten out of them and were <u>washing their nets</u> .(Luke 5:2 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* **washing their nets** - They were cleaning their fishing nets in order to use them again to catch fish.
@ -18,7 +22,11 @@ If you did not know that fishermen used nets to catch fish, you might wonder why
This note can help you understand what kind of motion the people made. It was a motion that people would be able to see from a distance. This will help you choose a good word or phrase for “motioned.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> He will be filled with the Holy Spirit, <u>even while in his mother’s womb</u>. (Luke 1:14 ULT)
=======
> He will be filled with the Holy Spirit, <u>even while in his mother’s womb</u> . (Luke 1:14 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* **even while in his mother’s womb** - The word “even” here indicates that this is especially surprising news. People had been filled with the Holy Spirit before, but no one had heard of an unborn baby being filled with the Holy Spirit.

4
translate/resources-fofs/01.md
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@ -15,7 +15,11 @@ In order to translate the meaning, you need to be able to recognize the figure o
The figure of speech in this Note is called a metonymy. The phrase “in my name” does not refer to the speaker’s name (Jesus), but to his person and authority. The Note explains the metonymy in this passage by giving two alternate translations. After that, there is a link to the UTA page about metonymy. Click on the link to learn about metonymy and general strategies for translating metonymys. Because this phrase is also a common idiom, the Note includes a link to the UTA page that explains idioms.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> “<u>You offspring of vipers</u>! Who warned you to run away from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULT)
=======
> “<u>You offspring of vipers</u> ! Who warned you to run away from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* **You offspring of vipers** - In this metaphor, John compares the crowd to vipers, which were deadly or dangerous snakes and represent evil. AT: “You evil poisonous snakes” or “People should stay away from you just like they avoid poisonous snakes” (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md))

4
translate/resources-iordquote/01.md
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@ -15,7 +15,11 @@ There may be a note about direct and indirect quotes when a quote has another qu
Here the translationNote shows how to change the indirect quote to a direct quote, in case that would be clearer or more natural in the target language.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> At the time of the harvest <u>I will say to the reapers, “First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn</u>.” (Matthew 13:30 ULT)
=======
> At the time of the harvest <u>I will say to the reapers, “First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn</u> .” (Matthew 13:30 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* **I will say to the reapers, “First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn”** - You can translate this as an indirect quote: “I will tell the reapers to first gather up the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, then gather the wheat into my barn.” (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))

4
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@ -10,7 +10,11 @@ Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a partic
### Translation Notes Examples
When many scholars say that a word or phrase means one thing, and many others say that it means other things, we show the most common meanings that they give. Our notes for these situations begin with “Possible meanings are” and then give a **numbered list**. We recommend that you use the first meaning given. However, if people in your community have access to another Bible that uses one of the other possible meanings, you may decide that it is better to use that meaning.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> But Simon Peter, when he saw it, <u>fell down at Jesus’ knees</u>, saying, “Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, Lord.” (Luke 5:8 ULT)
=======
> But Simon Peter, when he saw it, <u>fell down at Jesus’ knees</u> , saying, “Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, Lord.” (Luke 5:8 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* **fell down at Jesus’ knees** - Possible meanings are 1) “knelt down before Jesus” or 2) “bowed down at Jesus feet” or 3) “lay down on the ground at Jesus feet.” Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus.

4
translate/resources-synequi/01.md
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@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ Some Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrase
In this example, the words “the path” or the words “the road” can replace the words “the way” in the ULT. You can decide whether it is natural to say “way,” “path,” or “road” in your language.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <u>Deacons, likewise</u>, should be dignified, not double-talkers. (1 Timothy 3:8 ULT)
=======
> <u>Deacons, likewise</u> , should be dignified, not double-talkers. (1 Timothy 3:8 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* **Deacons, likewise** - “In the same way, deacons” or “Deacons, like overseers”

37
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@ -41,27 +41,52 @@ The metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the bibl
The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below.
* **They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half.** (Exodus 25:10 ULT)
> **They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half.** (Exodus 25:10 ULT)
1. Use the measurements given in the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
(1) Use the measurements given in the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half kubits</u>; its width will be <u>one kubit and a half</u>; and its height will be <u>one kubit and a half</u>.”
=======
>>“They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half kubits</u> ; its width will be <u>one kubit and a half</u> ; and its height will be <u>one kubit and a half</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
(2) Use the metric measurements given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
>> “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>one meter</u> ; its width will be <u>two thirds of a meter</u> ; and its height will be <u>two thirds of a meter</u> .”
(3) Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. For example, if you measure things using the standard foot length, you could translate it as below.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>one meter</u>; its width will be <u>two thirds of a meter</u>; and its height will be <u>two thirds of a meter</u>.”
=======
>> “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be<u>3 3/4 feet</u> ; its width will be <u>2 1/4 feet</u> ; and its height will be <u>2 1/4 feet</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. For example, if you measure things using the standard foot length, you could translate it as below.
(4) Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be<u>3 3/4 feet</u>; its width will be <u>2 1/4 feet</u>; and its height will be <u>2 1/4 feet</u>.”
=======
>> “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half cubits (one meter)</u> ; its width will be <u>one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter)</u> ; and its height will be <u>one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter)</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text.
(5) Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULT measurements in notes.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half cubits (one meter)</u>; its width will be <u>one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter)</u>; and its height will be <u>one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter)</u>.”
=======
>> “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>one meter</u> <sup> 1</sup> ; its width will be <u>two thirds of a meter</u> <sup> 2</sup> ; and its height will be <u>two thirds of a meter</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULT measurements in notes.
The footnotes would look like:
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>one meter</u> <sup> 1</sup> ; its width will be <u>two thirds of a meter</u> <sup> 2</sup> ; and its height will be <u>two thirds of a meter</u>.” The footnotes would look like:
* <sup> [1]</sup> two and a half cubits
* <sup> [2]</sup> one cubit and a half
=======
>> <sup> [1]</sup> two and a half cubits
>> <sup> [2]</sup> one cubit and a half
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

39
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@ -39,28 +39,55 @@ The strategies below are for translating the value of money in the New Testament
The translations strategies are all applied to Luke 7:41 below.
* **The one owed five hundred denarii, and the other owed fifty denarii.** (Luke 7:41 ULT)
> **The one owed five hundred denarii, and the other owed fifty denarii.** (Luke 7:41 ULT)
1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
(1) Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “The one owed <u>five hundred denali</u>, and the other owed <u>fifty denali</u>.” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
=======
>> “The one owed <u>five hundred denali</u> , and the other owed <u>fifty denali</u> .” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many pieces or coins were used.
(2) Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many pieces or coins were used.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “The one owed <u>five hundred silver coins</u>, and the other owed <u>fifty silver coins</u>.” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
=======
>> “The one owed <u>five hundred silver coins</u> , and the other owed <u>fifty silver coins</u> .” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work.
(3) Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work.
>> “The one owed <u>five hundred days’ wages</u> , and the other owed <u>fifty days’ wages</u> .”
(4) Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “The one owed <u>five hundred days’ wages</u>, and the other owed <u>fifty days’ wages</u>.”
=======
>> “The one owed <u>five hundred denarii</u> <sup> 1</sup> , and the other owed <u>fifty denarii</u> .<sup> 2</sup> “ (Luke 7:41 ULT)
The footnotes would look like:
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote.
>> <sup> [1]</sup> five hundred days’s wages
>> <sup> [2]</sup> fifty day’s wages
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “The one owed <u>five hundred denarii</u> <sup> 1</sup> , and the other owed <u>fifty denarii</u>.<sup> 2</sup> “ (Luke 7:41 ULT) The footnotes would look like:
* <sup> [1]</sup> five hundred days’s wages
* <sup> [2]</sup> fifty day’s wages
=======
(5) Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote.
>> “The one owed <u>five hundred denarii</u> <sup> 1</sup> , and the other owed <u>fifty denarii</u> .” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “The one owed <u>five hundred denarii</u> <sup> 1</sup> , and the other owed <u>fifty denarii</u>.” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
* <sup> [1]</sup> A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work.
=======
>> <sup> [1]</sup> A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

72
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@ -39,37 +39,61 @@ The following terms are the most common units of volume used in the Bible to sta
The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below.
* **For four hectares of vineyard will yield only one bath, and one homer of seed will yield only an ephah.** (Isaiah 5:10 ULT)
> **For four hectares of vineyard will yield only one bath, and one homer of seed will yield only an ephah.** (Isaiah 5:10 ULT)
1. Use the measurements from the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
(1) Use the measurements from the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “For four hektares of vineyard will yield only one <u>bat</u>, and one <u>homer</u> of seed will yield only an <u>efa</u>.”
=======
>> “For four hektares of vineyard will yield only one <u>bat</u> , and one <u>homer</u> of seed will yield only an <u>efa</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use the measurements given in the UST. Usually they are metric measurements. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
(2) Use the measurements given in the UST. Usually they are metric measurements. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u>, and <u>ten baskets</u> of seed will yield only <u>one basket</u>.”
* “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u> and <u>220 liters</u> of seed will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u>.”
=======
>> “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u> , and <u>ten baskets</u> of seed will yield only <u>one basket</u> .”
>> “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u> and <u>220 liters</u> of seed will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
(3) Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
>> “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only six gallons, and <u>six and a half bushels</u> of seed will yield only twenty quarts.”
(4) Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only six gallons, and <u>six and a half bushels</u> of seed will yield only twenty quarts.”
=======
>> “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only <u>one bath (six gallons)</u> , and <u>one homer (six and a half bushels)</u> of seed will yield only <u>an ephah (twenty quarts)</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text.
(5) Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULT measurements in footnotes.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only <u>one bath (six gallons)</u>, and <u>one homer (six and a half bushels)</u> of seed will yield only <u>an ephah (twenty quarts)</u>.”
=======
>> “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters<sup> 1</sup> , and 220 liters<sup> 2</sup> of seed will yield only twenty-two liters<sup> 3</sup> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULT measurements in footnotes.
The footnotes would look like:
* “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters<sup> 1</sup> , and 220 liters<sup> 2</sup> of seed will yield only twenty-two liters<sup> 3</sup> .” The footnotes would look like:
* <sup> [1]</sup> one bath
* <sup> [2]</sup> one homer
* <sup> [3]</sup> one ephah
>> <sup> [1]</sup> one bath
>> <sup> [2]</sup> one homer
>> <sup> [3]</sup> one ephah
### When the unit of measure is implied
Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses a number. In these cases, many English versions, including the ULT and UST, add the word “measure.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty measures</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty measures</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>.** (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
=======
> **whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty measures</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u> , and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty measures</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u> .** (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### Translation Strategies
@ -82,21 +106,41 @@ Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses
The strategies are all applied to Haggai 2:16 below.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty measures</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty measures</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>.** (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
=======
> **whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty measures</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u> , and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty measures</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u> .** (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Translate literally by using the number without a unit.
(1) Translate literally by using the number without a unit.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>.
=======
>> whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u> , and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use a generic word like “measure” or “quantity” or “amount.”
(2) Use a generic word like “measure” or “quantity” or “amount.”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty amounts</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty amounts</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>.
=======
>> whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty amounts</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u> , and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty amounts</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use the name of an appropriate container, such as “basket” for grain or “jar” for wine.
(3) Use the name of an appropriate container, such as “basket” for grain or “jar” for wine.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty baskets</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty jars</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>.
=======
>> whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty baskets</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u> , and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty jars</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation.
(4) Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty liters</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten liters</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty liters</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty liters</u>.
=======
* whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty liters</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten liters</u> , and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty liters</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty liters</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

38
translate/translate-bweight/01.md
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@ -33,27 +33,53 @@ The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term
The strategies are all applied to Exodus 38:29 below.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **The bronze from the offering weighed <u>seventy talents and 2,400 shekels</u>.** (Exodus 38:29 ULT)
=======
> **The bronze from the offering weighed <u>seventy talents and 2,400 shekels</u> .** (Exodus 38:29 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use the measurements from the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
(1) Use the measurements from the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “The bronze from the offering weighed <u>seventy talentes and 2,400 sekeles</u>.”
=======
>> “The bronze from the offering weighed <u>seventy talentes and 2,400 sekeles</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
(2) Use the metric measurements given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “The bronze from the offering weighed <u>2,400 kilograms</u>.”
=======
>> “The bronze from the offering weighed <u>2,400 kilograms</u> .”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
(3) Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
>> “The bronze from the offering weighed <u>5,300 pounds</u> .”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “The bronze from the offering weighed <u>5,300 pounds</u>.”
=======
(4) Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a footnote. The following shows both measurements in the text.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a footnote. The following shows both measurements in the text.
>> “The bronze from the offering weighed <u>seventy talents (2,380 kilograms)</u> and <u>2,400 shekels (26.4 kilograms)</u> .”
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “The bronze from the offering weighed <u>seventy talents (2,380 kilograms)</u> and <u>2,400 shekels (26.4 kilograms)</u>.”
=======
(5) Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a footnote. The following shows the ULT measurements in notes.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a footnote. The following shows the ULT measurements in notes.
>> “The bronze from the offering weighed <u>seventy talents and 2,400 shekels</u> .<sup> 1</sup> “
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “The bronze from the offering weighed <u>seventy talents and 2,400 shekels</u>.<sup> 1</sup> “
* The footnote would look like:
=======
The footnote would look like:
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
<sup> [1]</sup> This was a total of about 2,400 kilograms.
>> <sup> [1]</sup> This was a total of about 2,400 kilograms.

7
translate/translate-decimal/01.md
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@ -32,10 +32,17 @@ In the unfoldingWord® Simplified Text (UST) parts of a number are written as de
### Examples from the Bible
For telling about parts of a number, the unfoldingWord® Literal Text (ULT) uses fractions, and the unfoldingWord® Simplified Text (UST) uses mostly decimals when the number is used with a measurement. Another difference between the ULT and the UST is that when measuring [Biblical Distance](../translate-bdistance/01.md), [Biblical Weight](../translate-bweight/01.md), and [Biblical Volume](../translate-bvolume/01.md), they use different systems, so the numbers in the ULT and the UST are not the same for these measures.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half cubits</u>; its width will be <u>one cubit and a half</u>; and its height will be <u>one cubit and a half</u>. (Exodus 25:10 ULT)
The ULT uses the fraction “half.” This can also be written as a decimal: .5.
> Tell the people to make a sacred chest from acacia wood. It is to be <u>one meter</u> long, <u>0.7 meter wide</u>, and <u>0.7 meter</u> high. (Exodus 25:10 UST)
=======
> They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half cubits</u> ; its width will be <u>one cubit and a half</u> ; and its height will be <u>one cubit and a half</u> . (Exodus 25:10 ULT)
The ULT uses the fraction “half.” This can also be written as a decimal: .5.
> Tell the people to make a sacred chest from acacia wood. It is to be <u>one meter</u> long, <u>0.7 meter wide</u> , and <u>0.7 meter</u> high. (Exodus 25:10 UST)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The UST uses the decimal 0.7. This equals seven tenths.

8
translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md
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@ -31,11 +31,19 @@ It is background information that the writer put in that place to help the reade
In John 6:6, John interrupted the story he was writing to explain that Jesus already knew what he was going to do. This is put in parentheses.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <sup> 5</sup> When Jesus looked up and saw a great crowd coming to him, he said to Philip, “Where are we going to buy bread so that these may eat?” <sup> 6</sup> **(**<u>Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do</u>.**)** <sup> 7</sup> Philip answered him, “Two hundred denarii worth of bread would not be sufficient for each one to have even a little.” (John 6:5-7 ULT)
The words in the parentheses below are not what Jesus was saying, but what Matthew was saying to the reader, to alert the reader that Jesus was using words that they would need to think about and interpret.
> “Therefore, when you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place” **(<u>let the reader understand</u>)**, “let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, let him who is on the housetop not go down to take out anything that is in his house, 18and let him who is in the field not return to take his cloak.” (Matthew 24:15-18 ULT)
=======
> <sup> 5</sup> When Jesus looked up and saw a great crowd coming to him, he said to Philip, “Where are we going to buy bread so that these may eat?” <sup> 6</sup> **(**<u>Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do</u> .**)** <sup> 7</sup> Philip answered him, “Two hundred denarii worth of bread would not be sufficient for each one to have even a little.” (John 6:5-7 ULT)
The words in the parentheses below are not what Jesus was saying, but what Matthew was saying to the reader, to alert the reader that Jesus was using words that they would need to think about and interpret.
> “Therefore, when you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place” **(**<u>let the reader understand</u> **)**, “let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, let him who is on the housetop not go down to take out anything that is in his house, 18and let him who is in the field not return to take his cloak.” (Matthew 24:15-18 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### Indentation

31
translate/translate-fraction/01.md
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@ -34,7 +34,11 @@ Some fractions in English do not follow that pattern.
### Examples From the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Now to <u>one half</u> of the tribe of Manasseh, Moses had given an inheritance in Bashan, but to the other <u>half</u>, Joshua gave an inheritance beside their brothers in the land west of the Jordan. (Joshua 22:7 ULT)
=======
> Now to <u>one half</u> of the tribe of Manasseh, Moses had given an inheritance in Bashan, but to the other <u>half</u> , Joshua gave an inheritance beside their brothers in the land west of the Jordan. (Joshua 22:7 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The tribe of Manasseh divided into two groups. The phrase “one half of the tribe of Manasseh” refers one of those groups. The phrase “the other half” refers to the other group.
> The four angels who had been prepared for that very hour, that day, that month, and that year, were released to kill <u>a third</u> of humanity. (Revelation 9:15 ULT)
@ -54,24 +58,45 @@ If a fraction in your language would give the right meaning, consider using it.
### Examples of These Translation Strategies Applied
1. Tell the number of parts or groups that the item would be divided into, and then tell the number of parts or groups that is being referred to.
(1) Tell the number of parts or groups that the item would be divided into, and then tell the number of parts or groups that is being referred to.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **<u>A third</u> of the ocean became red like blood** (Revelation 8:8 ULT)
* It was like they <u>divided</u> the ocean <u>into three parts</u>, and <u>one part</u> of the ocean became blood.
* **then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of <u>three tenths</u> of an ephah of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULT)
*…then you must <u>divide</u> an ephah of fine flour <u>into ten parts</u> and <u>divide</u> a hin of oil <u>into two parts</u>. Then mix <u>three of those parts</u> of the flour with <u>one of the parts</u> of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull.
=======
> **<u>A third</u> of the ocean became red like blood** (Revelation 8:8 ULT)
>> It was like they <u>divided</u> the ocean <u>into three parts</u> , and <u>one part</u> of the ocean became blood.
1. For measurements, use the measurements that are given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
> **then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of <u>three tenths</u> of an ephah of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULT)
>> …then you must <u>divide</u> an ephah of fine flour <u>into ten parts</u> and <u>divide</u> a hin of oil <u>into two parts</u> . Then mix <u>three of those parts</u> of the flour with <u>one of the parts</u> of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(2) For measurements, use the measurements that are given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **<u>two thirds of a shekel</u>** (1 Samuel 13:21 ULT)
* <u>eight grams</u> of silver (1 Samuel 13:21 UST)
* **<u>three tenths of an ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULT)
* <u>six and one-half liters</u> of finely ground flour mixed with <u>two liters</u> of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9 UST)
=======
> **<u>two thirds of a shekel</u> ** (1 Samuel 13:21 ULT)
>> <u>eight grams</u> of silver (1 Samuel 13:21 UST)
1. For measurements, use ones that are used in your language. In order to do that you would need to know how your measurements relates to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
> **<u>three tenths of an ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULT)
>> <u>six and one-half liters</u> of finely ground flour mixed with <u>two liters</u> of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9 UST)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(3) For measurements, use ones that are used in your language. In order to do that you would need to know how your measurements relates to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* **<u>three tenths of an ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9, ULT)
* <u>six quarts</u> of fine flour mixed with <u>two quarts</u> of oil.
=======
> **<u>three tenths of an ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9, ULT)
>> <u>six quarts</u> of fine flour mixed with <u>two quarts</u> of oil.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

18
translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md
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@ -41,9 +41,15 @@ This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be help
#### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> You are going out of Egypt on this day, in <u>the month of Abib</u>. (Exodus 13:4 ULT) </blockquote>
> You must eat unleavened bread from twilight of the fourteenth day <u>in the first month of the year</u>, until twilight of the twenty-first day of the month. (Exodus 12:18 ULT)
=======
<blockquote> You are going out of Egypt on this day, in <u>the month of Abib</u> . (Exodus 13:4 ULT) </blockquote>
> You must eat unleavened bread from twilight of the fourteenth day <u>in the first month of the year</u> , until twilight of the twenty-first day of the month. (Exodus 12:18 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
### Translation Strategies
@ -58,17 +64,29 @@ You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (see [Assumed K
The examples below use these two verses.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the month of Abib</u>, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULT)
=======
> **At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the month of Abib</u> , which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> **It will always be a statute for you that in <u>the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month,</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work.** (Leviticus 16:29 ULT)
(1) Tell the number of the Hebrew month.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the first month of the year</u>, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
(2) Use the months that people know.
>> At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the month of March</u>, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
=======
>> At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the first month of the year</u> , which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
(2) Use the months that people know.
>> At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the month of March</u> , which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> It will always be a statute for you that <u>on the day I choose in late September</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work.”

31
translate/translate-names/01.md
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@ -7,7 +7,11 @@ The Bible has names of many people, groups of people, and places. Some of these
Most names in the Bible have meaning. Most of the time, names in the Bible are used simply to identify the people and places they refer to. But sometimes the meaning of a name is especially important.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> It was this <u>Melchizedek</u>, king of Salem, priest of God Most High, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings and blessed him. (Hebrews 7:1 ULT)
=======
> It was this <u>Melchizedek</u> , king of Salem, priest of God Most High, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings and blessed him. (Hebrews 7:1 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Here the writer uses the name “Melchizedek” primarily to refer to a man who had that name, and the title “king of Salem” tells us that he ruled over a certain city.
@ -24,11 +28,19 @@ Here the writer explains the meanings of Melchizedek’s name and title, because
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> You went over the <u>Jordan</u> and came to <u>Jericho</u>. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the <u>Amorites</u> (Joshua 24:11 ULT)
Readers might not know that “Jordan” is the name of a river, “Jericho” is the name of a city, and “Amorites” is the name of a group of people.
> she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called <u>Beerlahairoi</u>; (Genesis 16:13-14 ULT)
=======
> You went over the <u>Jordan</u> and came to <u>Jericho</u> . The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the <u>Amorites</u> (Joshua 24:11 ULT)
Readers might not know that “Jordan” is the name of a river, “Jericho” is the name of a city, and “Amorites” is the name of a group of people.
> she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called <u>Beerlahairoi</u> ; (Genesis 16:13-14 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Readers may not understand the second sentence if they do not know that “Beerlahairoi” means “Well of the Living One who sees me.”
@ -55,7 +67,11 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person.
(1) If readers cannot easily understand from the context what kind of a thing a name refers to, you can add a word to clarify it.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **You went over the <u>Jordan</u> and came to <u>Jericho</u>. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the <u>Amorites</u>** (Joshua 24:11 ULT)
=======
> **You went over the <u>Jordan</u> and came to <u>Jericho</u> . The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the <u>Amorites</u>** (Joshua 24:11 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> You went over the <u>Jordan River</u> and came to the <u>city of Jericho</u>. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with <u>the tribe of the Amorites</u>
> **Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, “Go and leave here because <u>Herod</u> wants to kill you.”** (Luke 13:31 ULT)
@ -68,8 +84,13 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person.
(3) Or if readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, and that name is used only once, translate the meaning of the name instead of copying the name.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **…she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called <u>Beerlahairoi</u>;** (Genesis 16:13-14 ULT)
>> …she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called <u>Well of the Living One who sees me</u>;
=======
> **…she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called <u>Beerlahairoi</u> ;** (Genesis 16:13-14 ULT)
>> …she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called <u>Well of the Living One who sees me</u> ;
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(4) If a person or place has two different names, use one name most of the time and the other name only when the text tells about the person or place having more than one name or when it says something about why the person or place was given that name. Write a footnote when the source text uses the name that is used less frequently. For example, Paul is called “Saul” before Acts 13 and “Paul” after Acts 13. You could translate his name as “Paul” all of the time, except in Acts 13:9 where it talks about him having both names.
@ -80,8 +101,13 @@ The footnote would look like:
>> <sup> [1]</sup> Most versions say Saul here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called Paul.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **But <u>Saul</u>, who is also called <u>Paul</u>, was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9)
>> But <u>Saul</u>, who is also called <u>Paul</u>, was filled with the Holy Spirit;
=======
> **But <u>Saul</u>, who is also called <u>Paul</u> , was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9)
>> But <u>Saul</u> , who is also called <u>Paul</u> , was filled with the Holy Spirit;
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
(5) Or if a person or place has two names, use whatever name is given in the source text, and add a footnote that gives the other name. For example, you could write “Saul” where the source text has “Saul” and “Paul” where the source text has “Paul.”
@ -92,8 +118,13 @@ The footnote would look like:
>> <sup> [1]</sup> This is the same man who is called Paul beginning in Acts 13.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **But <u>Saul</u>, who is also called <u>Paul</u>, was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9)
>> But <u>Saul</u>, who is also called <u>Paul</u>, was filled with the Holy Spirit;
=======
> **But <u>Saul</u> , who is also called <u>Paul</u> , was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9)
>> But <u>Saul</u> , who is also called <u>Paul</u> , was filled with the Holy Spirit;
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> **It came about in Iconium that <u>Paul</u> and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue** (Acts 14:1 ULT)
>> It came about in Iconium that <u>Paul</u> <sup> 1</sup> and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue

4
translate/translate-numbers/01.md
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@ -59,7 +59,11 @@ We will use the following verse in our examples:
(5) Use a very general expression for very large rounded numbers and write the numeral in parentheses afterward.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house <u>a great amount of gold (100,000 talents)</u>, <u>ten times that amount of silver (1,000,000 talents)</u>, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
=======
> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house <u>a great amount of gold (100,000 talents)</u> , <u>ten times that amount of silver (1,000,000 talents)</u> , and bronze and iron in large quantities.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
#### Consistency

4
translate/translate-ordinal/01.md
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@ -55,7 +55,11 @@ If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning
(1) Tell the total number of items, and use “one” with the first item and “another” or “the next” with the rest.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
=======
> **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> There were <u>twenty-four</u> lots. <u>One lot</u> went to Jehoiarib, <u>another</u> to Jedaiah,  <u>another</u>  to Harim, … <u>another</u> to Delaiah, <u>and the last</u> went to  Maaziah.
>> There were <u>twenty-four</u> lots. <u>One lot</u> went to Jehoiarib, <u>the next</u> to Jedaiah,  <u>the next</u>  to Harim, … <u>the next</u> to Delaiah, <u>and the last</u> went to  Maaziah.

4
translate/translate-symaction/01.md
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@ -22,7 +22,11 @@ Translators need to understand what people in the Bible meant when they used sym
> Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet. (Luke 8:41 ULT)
Meaning of symbolic action: He did this to show great respect to Jesus.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Look, I stand at the door and <u>knock</u>. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in to his home, and have a meal with him, and he with me. (Revelation 3:20 ULT)
=======
> Look, I stand at the door and <u>knock</u> . If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in to his home, and have a meal with him, and he with me. (Revelation 3:20 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Meaning of symbolic action: When people wanted someone to welcome them into their home, they stood at the door and knocked on it.

6
translate/translate-terms/01.md
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@ -53,4 +53,8 @@
**End-user Bible** - This is a Bible that people have translated so that it speaks in a natural way in the target language. It is meant to be used in churches and homes. In contrast, the ULT and UST are Bibles that are translation tools. They do not speak naturally in any language, because the ULT is a literal translation and the UST avoids using idioms and figures of speech, which a natural translation would use. Using these translation tools, a translator can produce an end-user Bible.
**Participant** - A participant is one of the actors in a sentence. This could be the person doing the action, or the person that is receiving the action, or mentioned as participating in some way. A participant could even be an object that is stated as participating in the action of the sentence. For example, in the following sentence, the participants are underlined: <u>John</u> and <u>Mary</u> sent <u>a letter</u> to <u>Andrew</u>. Sometimes participants are left unstated, but they are still part of the action. In this case, the participant is *implied*. For example, in the following sentence, there are only two participants stated: <u>Andrew</u> received <u>a letter</u>. The senders, John and Mary, are implied. In some languages, the implied participants must be stated.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
**Participant** - A participant is one of the actors in a sentence. This could be the person doing the action, or the person that is receiving the action, or mentioned as participating in some way. A participant could even be an object that is stated as participating in the action of the sentence. For example, in the following sentence, the participants are underlined: <u>John</u> and <u>Mary</u> sent <u>a letter</u> to <u>Andrew</u>. Sometimes participants are left unstated, but they are still part of the action. In this case, the participant is *implied*. For example, in the following sentence, there are only two participants stated: <u>Andrew</u> received <u>a letter</u>. The senders, John and Mary, are implied. In some languages, the implied participants must be stated.
=======
**Participant** - A participant is one of the actors in a sentence. This could be the person doing the action, or the person that is receiving the action, or mentioned as participating in some way. A participant could even be an object that is stated as participating in the action of the sentence. For example, in the following sentence, the participants are underlined: <u>John</u> and <u>Mary</u> sent <u>a letter</u> to <u>Andrew</u> . Sometimes participants are left unstated, but they are still part of the action. In this case, the participant is *implied*. For example, in the following sentence, there are only two participants stated: <u>Andrew</u> received <u>a letter</u> . The senders, John and Mary, are implied. In some languages, the implied participants must be stated.
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@ -12,11 +12,19 @@ When that happens you can “borrow” the word from the Bible into your own la
If there are no fig trees where your language is spoken, there might not be a name for this kind of tree in your language.
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> Above him were the <u>seraphim</u>; each one had six wings; with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew. (Isaiah 6:2 ULT)
Your language might not have a name for this kind of creature.
> The declaration of the word of Yahweh to Israel by the hand of <u>Malachi</u>. (Malachi 1:1 ULT)
=======
> Above him were the <u>seraphim</u> ; each one had six wings; with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew. (Isaiah 6:2 ULT)
Your language might not have a name for this kind of creature.
> The declaration of the word of Yahweh to Israel by the hand of <u>Malachi</u> . (Malachi 1:1 ULT)
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Malachi might not be a name that people who speak your language use.

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@ -24,10 +24,17 @@ Bread is a particular food made by mixing finely crushed grains with oil, and th
> I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for <u>jackals</u> (Jeremiah 9:11 ULT)
Jackals are wild animals like dogs that live in only a few parts of the world. So they are not known in many places.
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> Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but are truly ravenous <u>wolves</u>. (Matthew 7:15 ULT)
If wolves do not live where the translation will be read, the readers may not understand that they are fierce, wild animals like dogs that attack and eat sheep.
> Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with <u>myrrh</u>. But he refused to drink it. (Mark 15:23 ULT)
=======
> Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but are truly ravenous <u>wolves</u> . (Matthew 7:15 ULT)
If wolves do not live where the translation will be read, the readers may not understand that they are fierce, wild animals like dogs that attack and eat sheep.
> Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with <u>myrrh</u> . But he refused to drink it. (Mark 15:23 ULT)
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People may not know what myrrh is and that it was used as a medicine.
> to him who made <u>great lights</u> (Psalm 136:7 ULT)
@ -51,8 +58,13 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language:
(1) Use a phrase that describes what the unknown item is, or what is important about the unknown item for the verse being translated.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but are truly <u>ravenous wolves</u>.** (Matthew 7:15 ULT)
>> Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but <u>are truly hungry and dangerous animals</u>.
=======
> **Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but are truly <u>ravenous wolves</u> .** (Matthew 7:15 ULT)
>> Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but <u>are truly hungry and dangerous animals</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
“Ravenous wolves” is part of a metaphor here, so the reader needs to know that they are very dangerous to sheep in order to understand this metaphor. (If sheep are also unknown, then you will need to also use one of the translation strategies to translate sheep, or change the metaphor to something else, using a translation strategy for metaphors. See [Translating Metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md).)
@ -61,14 +73,23 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language:
(2) Substitute something similar from your language if doing so does not falsely represent a historical fact.
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> **your sins…will be white like <u>snow</u>** (Isaiah 1:18 ULT) This verse is not about snow. It uses snow in a figure of speech to help people understand how white something will be.
=======
> **your sins…will be white like <u>snow</u> ** (Isaiah 1:18 ULT) This verse is not about snow. It uses snow in a figure of speech to help people understand how white something will be.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> your sins…will be white like <u>milk</u>
>> your sins…will be white like <u>the moon</u>
(3) Copy the word from another language, and add a general word or descriptive phrase to help people understand it.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with <u>myrrh</u>. But he refused to drink it.** (Mark 15:23 ULT) - People may understand better what myrrh is if it is used with the general word “medicine.”
>> Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with <u>a medicine called myrrh</u>. But he refused to drink it.
=======
> **Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with <u>myrrh</u> . But he refused to drink it.** (Mark 15:23 ULT) - People may understand better what myrrh is if it is used with the general word “medicine.”
>> Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with <u>a medicine called myrrh</u> . But he refused to drink it.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> **We have here only five loaves of <u>bread</u> and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULT) - People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked).
>> We have here only five loaves of <u>baked crushed seed bread</u> and two fish

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@ -25,15 +25,25 @@ The UST often makes those other ideas explicit. The UST does this in order to re
When you translate, you should decide which of these implied ideas would be understood by your audience without being included. If your audience understands these ideas without including them in the text, then you do not need to make those ideas explicit. Remember also that you might even offend your audience if you needlessly present implied ideas that they would understand anyway. (see [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](../figs-explicit/01.md))
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> And Jesus said to Simon, “Do not be afraid, because <u>from now on you will catch men</u>.” (Luke 5:10 ULT)
=======
> And Jesus said to Simon, “Do not be afraid, because <u>from now on you will catch men</u> .” (Luke 5:10 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
<blockquote> But Jesus said to Simon, “Do not be afraid! Until now you gathered in fish, but from now on you will gather in people to become my disciples.” (Luke 5:10 UST)</blockquote>
Here the UST reminds the reader that Simon was a fisherman by trade. It also makes clear the similarity that Jesus was drawing between Simon’s previous work and his future work. In addition, the UST makes it clear why Jesus wanted Simon to “catch men” (ULT), that is, to lead them “to become my disciples” (UST).
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> When he saw Jesus, he <u>fell on his face</u> and begged him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, you can <u>make me clean</u>.” (Luke 5:12 ULT)
<blockquote> When he saw Jesus, he <u>bowed down to the ground</u> in front of him and pleaded with him, “Lord, <u>please heal me</u>, because you are able to heal me if you are willing!” (Luke 5:12 UST)</blockquote>
=======
> When he saw Jesus, he <u>fell on his face</u> and begged him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, you can <u>make me clean</u> .” (Luke 5:12 ULT)
<blockquote> When he saw Jesus, he <u>bowed down to the ground</u> in front of him and pleaded with him, “Lord, <u>please heal me</u> , because you are able to heal me if you are willing!” (Luke 5:12 UST)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Here the UST makes it clear that the man who had leprosy did not fall to the ground by accident. Instead, he deliberately bowed down to the ground. Also, the UST makes it clear that he is asking Jesus to heal him. In the ULT, he only implies this request.
@ -52,9 +62,15 @@ Here the UST makes it clear that it was not by accident that the high priest tor
Because the high priest actually tore his garment, the UST must, of course, say that he did. However, if a symbolic action never actually took place, you do not have to state that action. Here is such an example:
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Present that to your governor; will he accept you or will he <u>lift up your face</u>?” (Malachi 1:8 ULT)
<blockquote> You would not dare to offer such gifts to your own governor! You know that he would not take them. You know that he would be <u>displeased with you and would not welcome you</u>! (Malachi 1:8 UST) </blockquote>
=======
> Present that to your governor; will he accept you or will he <u>lift up your face</u> ?” (Malachi 1:8 ULT)
<blockquote> You would not dare to offer such gifts to your own governor! You know that he would not take them. You know that he would be <u>displeased with you and would not welcome you</u> ! (Malachi 1:8 UST) </blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Here the symbolic action “lift up someone’s face,” represented in this way in the ULT, is presented only as its meaning in the UST: “he would be displeased with you and would not welcome you.” It can be presented in this way because Malachi is not actually referring to a particular event that actually took place. He is only referring to the idea represented by that event.
@ -66,7 +82,11 @@ When you translate, you must decide whether the target language can present even
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> For <u>he was amazed</u>, and all who were with him, at the catch of fish which they had taken. (Luke 5:9 ULT)
=======
> For <u>he was amazed</u> , and all who were with him, at the catch of fish which they had taken. (Luke 5:9 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
<blockquote> He said this because <u>he marveled</u> at the huge number of fish that they had caught. All the men who were with him also marveled. (Luke 5:9 UST)</blockquote>
@ -74,7 +94,11 @@ Here the UST uses a verb in the active voice “he marveled” instead of the UL
> Large crowds of people came together to hear him teach and to be healed of their sicknesses. (Luke 5:15 ULT)
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<blockquote> The result was that large crowds came to Jesus to hear him teach and <u>to have him heal them from their sicknesses</u>. (Luke 5:15 UST)</blockquote>
=======
<blockquote> The result was that large crowds came to Jesus to hear him teach and <u>to have him heal them from their sicknesses</u> . (Luke 5:15 UST)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Here the UST avoids the ULT’s passive verb form “to be healed.” It does this by restructuring the phrase. It says who the healer is: “to have him [Jesus] heal them.”
@ -86,6 +110,7 @@ The UST often presents the meaning of these ideas in other ways.
When you translate, you will have to decide whether the target language readers will understand a figure of speech with little effort, with some effort, or not at all. If they have to make a great effort to understand, or if they do not understand at all, you will have to present the essential meaning of the figure of speech using other words.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> He has <u>made you rich in every way</u>, in all speech and with all knowledge. (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULT)
<blockquote> Christ has <u>given you so many things</u>. He helped you to speak his truth and to know God. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UST)</blockquote>
@ -101,6 +126,23 @@ Jesus uses a simile that compares his apostles going to others as sheep going ou
> You are separated from Christ, all <u>you who are “justified” by the law</u>. You have fallen away from grace. (Galatians 5:4 ULT)
<blockquote> <u>If you expect God to declare you good in his sight because you try to keep the law</u>, you have separated yourself from Christ; God will no longer act kindly toward you. (Galatians 5:4 UST)</blockquote>
=======
> He has <u>made you rich in every way</u> , in all speech and with all knowledge. (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULT)
<blockquote> Christ has <u>given you so many things</u> . He helped you to speak his truth and to know God. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UST)</blockquote>
Paul uses a metaphor of material wealth, expressed in the word “rich.” Even though he immediately explains what he means “in all speech and with all knowledge,” some readers might not understand. The UST presents the idea in a different way, without using the metaphor of material wealth. (see [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md))
> I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u> , (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
<blockquote> When I send you out, you will be <u>as defenseless as sheep, among people who are as dangerous as wolves</u> . (Matthew 10:16 UST)</blockquote>
Jesus uses a simile that compares his apostles going to others as sheep going out among wolves. Some readers might not understand how the apostles would be like sheep while the other people would be like wolves. The UST clarifies that the apostles would be defenseless, and that their enemies would be dangerous. (see [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md))
> You are separated from Christ, all <u>you who are “justified” by the law</u> . You have fallen away from grace. (Galatians 5:4 ULT)
<blockquote> <u>If you expect God to declare you good in his sight because you try to keep the law</u> , you have separated yourself from Christ; God will no longer act kindly toward you. (Galatians 5:4 UST)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Paul uses irony when he refers to them as being justified by the law. He had already taught them that no one can be justified by the law. The ULT uses quote marks around “justified” to show that Paul did not really believe that they were justified by the law. The UST translates the same idea by making it clear that it was what the other people believed. (see [Irony](../figs-irony/01.md))
@ -111,9 +153,15 @@ The UST tries not to use such abstract expressions, because many languages do no
When you translate, you will have to decide how the target language prefers to present these ideas. (see [Abstract Nouns](../figs-abstractnouns/01.md))
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> He has made you rich in every way, in <u>all speech</u> and with <u>all knowledge</u>. (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULT)
<blockquote> Christ has given you so many things. He <u>helped you to speak his truth</u> and <u>to know God</u>. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UST)</blockquote>
=======
> He has made you rich in every way, in <u>all speech</u> and with <u>all knowledge</u> . (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULT)
<blockquote> Christ has given you so many things. He <u>helped you to speak his truth</u> and <u>to know God</u> . (1 Corinthians 1:5 UST)</blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Here the ULT expressions “all speech” and “all knowledge” are abstract noun expressions. One problem with them is that readers might not know who is supposed to do the speaking and what they are to speak, or who is doing the knowing and what it is that they know. The UST answers these questions.

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@ -37,13 +37,18 @@ Some of these things happened after the prophets told about them, and some of th
The following passages describe powerful beings that Ezekiel, Daniel, and John saw. Images that come up in these visions include hair that is white as wool, a voice like many waters, a golden belt, and legs or feet like polished bronze. Though the prophets saw various details, it would be good to translate the details that are the same in the same way. The underlined phrases in the passage from Revelation also occur in the passages from Daniel and Ezekiel
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
<blockquote> In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, wearing a long robe that reached down to his feet, and a golden belt around his chest. <u>His head and hair were as white as wool</u>— as white as snow, and his eyes were like a flame of fire. <u>His feet were like burnished bronze</u>, like bronze that had been refined in a furnace, and <u>his voice was like the sound of many rushing waters</u>. He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword. His face was shining like the sun at its strongest shining. (Revelation 1:13-16 ULT) </blockquote>
=======
<blockquote> In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, wearing a long robe that reached down to his feet, and a golden belt around his chest. <u>His head and hair were as white as wool</u> — as white as snow, and his eyes were like a flame of fire. <u>His feet were like burnished bronze</u> , like bronze that had been refined in a furnace, and <u>his voice was like the sound of many rushing waters</u> . He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword. His face was shining like the sun at its strongest shining. (Revelation 1:13-16 ULT) </blockquote>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> As I looked,
> thrones were set in place,
> and the Ancient of Days took his seat.
> His clothing was as white as snow,
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> and <u>the hair of his head was like pure wool</u>. (Daniel 7:9 ULT)
@ -51,12 +56,25 @@ The following passages describe powerful beings that Ezekiel, Daniel, and John s
> Behold! The glory of the God of Israel came from the east; <u>his voice was like the sound of many waters</u>, and the earth shone with his glory! (Ezekiel 43:2 ULT)
=======
> and <u>the hair of his head was like pure wool</u> . (Daniel 7:9 ULT)
<blockquote> I looked up and saw a man dressed in linen, with a belt around his waist made of pure gold from Uphaz. His body was like topaz, his face was like lightning, his eyes were like flaming torches, his arms and <u>his feet were like polished bronze</u> , and the sound of his words was like the sound of a great crowd. (Daniel 10:5-6 ULT)</blockquote>
> Behold! The glory of the God of Israel came from the east; <u>his voice was like the sound of many waters</u> , and the earth shone with his glory! (Ezekiel 43:2 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The following passage shows the use of the past tense to refer to past events. The underlined verbs refer to past events.
> The vision of Isaiah son of Amoz, that he <u>saw</u> concerning Judah and Jerusalem, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Hear, heavens, and give ear, earth; for Yahweh <u>has spoken</u>:
=======
> Hear, heavens, and give ear, earth; for Yahweh <u>has spoken</u> :
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> “I <u>have nourished</u> and <u>brought up</u> children, but they <u>have rebelled</u> against me. (Isaiah 1:1-2 ULT)
The following passage shows the future tense and different uses of the past tense. The underlined verbs are examples of the predictive past, where the past tense is used to show that the events certainly will happen.

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@ -6,7 +6,11 @@ When people tell a story, they normally tell the events in the order that they h
**Example** - The underlined sentences in the story below are all background information.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
Peter and John went on a hunting trip because <u>their village was going to have a a feast the next day</u>. <u>Peter was the best hunter in the village.</u> <u>He once killed three wild pigs in one day!</u> They walked for hours through low bushes until they heard a wild pig. The pig ran, but they managed to shoot the pig and kill it. Then they tied up its legs with some rope <u>they had brought with them</u>, and carried it home on a pole. When they brought it to the village, Peter’s cousin saw the pig and realized that <u>it was his own pig</u>. <u>Peter had mistakenly killed his cousin’s pig</u>.
=======
Peter and John went on a hunting trip because <u>their village was going to have a a feast the next day</u> . <u>Peter was the best hunter in the village.</u> <u>He once killed three wild pigs in one day!</u> They walked for hours through low bushes until they heard a wild pig. The pig ran, but they managed to shoot the pig and kill it. Then they tied up its legs with some rope <u>they had brought with them</u> , and carried it home on a pole. When they brought it to the village, Peter’s cousin saw the pig and realized that <u>it was his own pig</u> . <u>Peter had mistakenly killed his cousin’s pig</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
Background information often tells about something that had happened earlier or something that would happen much later. Examples of these are “their village was going to have a feast the next day” and “He once killed three wild pigs in one day,” “that they had brought with them,” and “Peter had mistakenly killed his cousins’ pig.
@ -38,11 +42,19 @@ Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that t
The first sentence tells about two events. Hagar gave birth and Abraham named his son. The second sentence is background information about how old Abram was when those things happened.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, <u>was about thirty years of age</u>. He <u>was the son</u> (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULT)
The verses before this tell about when Jesus was baptized. This sentence introduces background information about Jesus’ age and ancestors. The story starts up again in chapter 4 where it tells about Jesus going to the wilderness.
> Now <u>it happened on a Sabbath</u> that Jesus <u>was going through the grain fields</u> and his disciples <u>were picking the heads of grain</u>, rubbing them between their hands, and eating the grain. But some of the Pharisees said…(Luke 6:1-2a ULT)
=======
> Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, <u>was about thirty years of age</u> . He <u>was the son</u> (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULT)
The verses before this tell about when Jesus was baptized. This sentence introduces background information about Jesus’ age and ancestors. The story starts up again in chapter 4 where it tells about Jesus going to the wilderness.
> Now <u>it happened on a Sabbath</u> that Jesus <u>was going through the grain fields</u> and his disciples <u>were picking the heads of grain</u> , rubbing them between their hands, and eating the grain. But some of the Pharisees said…(Luke 6:1-2a ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
These verses give the setting of the story. The events took place in a grain field on the Sabbath day. Jesus, his disciples, and some Pharisees were there, and Jesus’ disciples were picking heads of grain and eating them. The main action in the story starts with the sentence, “But some of the Pharisees said.”
@ -61,16 +73,27 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st
English uses the word “now” to show that there is some kind of change in the story. The verb “was” shows that it is background information.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u>for marrying his brother’s wife, Herodias</u>, and <u>for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u>. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULT)
=======
> **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u>for marrying his brother’s wife, Herodias</u> , and <u>for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u> . But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb “had” in “had done” shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him.
(2) Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Hagar gave birth to Abram’s son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. <u>Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram</u>.** (Genesis 16:16 ULT)
>> “<u>When Abram was eighty-six years old</u>, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael.”
> **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u>for marrying his brother’s wife, Herodias</u>, and <u>for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u>. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20)
=======
> **Hagar gave birth to Abram’s son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. <u>Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram</u> .** (Genesis 16:16 ULT)
>> “<u>When Abram was eighty-six years old</u>, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael.”
> **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u>for marrying his brother’s wife, Herodias</u> , and <u>for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u> . But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The translation below reorders John’s rebuke and Herod’s actions.

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@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ When your people tell about events, what information do they give at the beginni
### Examples from the Bible
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <u>In the days of Herod</u>, king of Judea, <u>there was a certain priest named Zechariah</u>, from the division of Abijah. <u>His wife was</u> from the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. (Luke 1:5 ULT)
=======
> <u>In the days of Herod</u> , king of Judea, <u>there was a certain priest named Zechariah</u> , from the division of Abijah. <u>His wife was</u> from the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. (Luke 1:5 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The verses above introduce a story about Zechariah. The first underlined phrase tells when it happened, and the next two underlined phrases introduce the main people. The next two verses go on to explain that Zechariah and Elizabeth were old and did not have any children. All of this is the setting. Then the phrase “One day” in Luke 1:8 helps to introduce the first event in this story:
@ -18,7 +22,11 @@ The verses above introduce a story about Zechariah. The first underlined phrase
The underlined sentence above makes it explicit that a story about Jesus is being introduced. The story will tell about how the birth of Jesus happened.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> <u>After Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king</u>, learned men from the east arrived in Jerusalem saying,…(Matthew 2:1 ULT)
=======
> <u>After Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king</u> , learned men from the east arrived in Jerusalem saying,…(Matthew 2:1 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The underlined phrase above shows that the events concerning the learned men happened <u>after</u> Jesus was born.
> <u>In those days</u> John the Baptist came preaching in the wilderness of Judea saying, … (Matthew 3:1-22 ULT)
@ -28,7 +36,11 @@ The underlined phrase above shows that John the Baptist came preaching around th
The word “then” shows that Jesus came to the Jordan River some time after the events in the previous verses.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Now there was a <u>Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. This man came to Jesus at night time (John 3:1-2 ULT)
=======
> Now there was a <u>Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u> . This man came to Jesus at night time (John 3:1-2 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The author first introduced the new person and then told about what he did and when he did it. In some languages it might be more natural to tell about the time first.
@ -49,11 +61,19 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to
(1) Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **Now there was a <u>Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him…** (John 3:1,2)
>> There was a <u>man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u>. One night he came to Jesus and said…
>> One night <u>a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u>, came to Jesus and said…
> **As he passed by, <u>he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place, and he said to him…** (Mark 2:14 ULT)
=======
> **Now there was a <u>Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u> . This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him…** (John 3:1,2)
>> There was a <u>man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u> . One night he came to Jesus and said…
>> One night <u>a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u> , came to Jesus and said…
> **As he passed by, <u>he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place, and he said to him…** (Mark 2:14 ULT)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> As he passed by, <u>Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place. Jesus saw him and and said to him…
>> As he passed by, <u>there was a man sitting</u> at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him…
>> As he passed by, <u>there was a tax collector</u> sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him…
@ -61,7 +81,11 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to
(2) If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as: another time, someone.
> **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULT) - If people expect to be told something about when the new event happened, the phrase “after that” can help them see that it happened after the events already mentioned.
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>> <u>After that</u>, when Noah was six hundred years old, the flood came upon the earth.
=======
>> <u>After that</u> , when Noah was six hundred years old, the flood came upon the earth.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> **<u>Again he began</u> to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULT) - In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone’s house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake.
>> <u>Another time</u> Jesus began to teach people again beside the lake.
@ -76,5 +100,9 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to
(4) If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event would actually happen later in the story.
> **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6-7 ULT)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> <u>Now this is what happened when</u> Noah was six hundred years old. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because <u>God had said that the waters of the flood would come</u>.
=======
>> <u>Now this is what happened when</u> Noah was six hundred years old. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because <u>God had said that the waters of the flood would come</u> .
>>>>>>> Stashed changes

5
translate/writing-participants/01.md
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@ -2,8 +2,13 @@
### Description
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
The first time that people or things are mentioned in a story, they are <u>new participants</u>. After that, whenever they are mentioned, they are <u>old participants</u>.
> Now <u>there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus</u>…<u>This man</u> came to Jesus at night time…Jesus replied to <u>him</u> (John 3:1)
=======
The first time that people or things are mentioned in a story, they are <u>new participants</u> . After that, whenever they are mentioned, they are <u>old participants</u> .
> Now <u>there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus</u> …<u>This man</u> came to Jesus at night time…Jesus replied to <u>him</u> (John 3:1)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
The first underlined phrase introduces Nicodemus as a new participant. He is then referred to as “This man” and “him” when he is an old participant.

9
translate/writing-poetry/01.md
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@ -13,7 +13,11 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language
* Lines of similar length.
> **Love is patient and kind; love does not envy or boast; it is not arrogant or rude.** (1 Corinthians 13:4 ULT)
* The same sound used at the end or at the beginning of two or more lines
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
* “Twinkle, twinkle little <u>star</u>. How I wonder what you <u>are</u>.” (from an English rhyme)
=======
* “Twinkle, twinkle little <u>star</u> . How I wonder what you <u>are</u> .” (from an English rhyme)
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
* The same sound repeated many times
* “Peter, Peter, pumpkin eater” (from an English rhyme)
* Old words and expressions
@ -83,8 +87,13 @@ The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1,2.
(1) Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example has words that sound similar at the end of each line.)
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
>> “Happy is the person not encouraged <u>to sin</u>
>> Disrespect for God he will not <u>begin</u>
=======
>> “Happy is the person not encouraged <u>to sin</u>
>> Disrespect for God he will not <u>begin</u>
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
>> To those who laugh at God, he is <u>no kin.</u>
>> God is his constant <u>delight</u>
>> He does what God says <u>is right</u>

20
translate/writing-pronouns/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,11 @@
When we talk or write, we use pronouns to refer to people or things without always having to repeat the noun or name. Usually the first time we refer to someone in a story, we use a descriptive phrase or a name. The next time we might refer to that person with a simple noun or by name. After that we might refer to him simply with a pronoun, as long as we think that our listeners will be able to understand easily to whom the pronoun refers.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Now there was <u>a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. <u>This man</u> came to Jesus…Jesus replied to <u>him</u> (John 3:1-3 ULT)
=======
> Now there was <u>a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u> . <u>This man</u> came to Jesus…Jesus replied to <u>him</u> (John 3:1-3 ULT)
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In John 3, Nicodemus is first referred to with noun phrases and his name. Then he is referred to with the noun phrase “this man.” Then he is referred to with the pronoun “him.”
@ -27,12 +31,20 @@ The example below occurs at the beginning of a chapter. In some languages it mig
In the example below, two men are named in the first sentence. It might not be clear whom “he” in the second sentence refers to.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> Now after some days, <u>King Agrippa</u> and Bernice arrived at Caesarea to pay an official visit to <u>Festus</u>. After <u>he</u> had been there for many days, Festus presented Paul’s case to the king… (Acts 25:13-14 ULT)
=======
> Now after some days, <u>King Agrippa</u> and Bernice arrived at Caesarea to pay an official visit to <u>Festus</u> . After <u>he</u> had been there for many days, Festus presented Paul’s case to the king… (Acts 25:13-14 ULT)
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Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he is referred to four times by name. This may lead speakers of some languages to think that Jesus is not the main character. Or it might lead them to think that there is more than one person named Jesus in this story. Or it might lead them to think that there is some kind of emphasis on him, even though there is no emphasis.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>Jesus</u>, “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.”
=======
> At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>Jesus</u> , “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.”
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> But <u>Jesus</u> said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?…”
> Then <u>Jesus</u> left from there and went into their synagogue. (Matthew 12:1-9 ULT)
@ -51,12 +63,20 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i
(2) If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead.
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> **At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>Jesus</u>, “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.”**
=======
> **At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>Jesus</u> , “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.”**
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> **But <u>Jesus</u> said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?…**
> **Then <u>Jesus</u> left from there and went into their synagogue.** (Matthew 12:1-9 ULT)
May be translated as:
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
> At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>him</u>, “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.
=======
> At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>him</u> , “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
> But <u>he</u> said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?…
> Then <u>he</u> left from there and went into their synagogue.

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