V11.final.edits (#243)

intro/statement-of-faith/01.md

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Essential beliefs are the beliefs that define a follower of Jesus Christ and can
 
 * We believe the Bible to be the only inspired, inerrant, sufficient, authoritative Word of God (1 Thessalonians 2:13; 2 Timothy 3:16-17).
 
-* We believe that there is one God, eternally existent in three persons: God the Father, Jesus Christ the Son, and the Holy Spirit (Matthew 28:19; John 10:30).
+* We believe that there is one God, eternally existent in three persons: God the Father, Jesus Christ the Son, and the Holy Spirit (Matthew 3:16-17; Matthew 28:19; John 10:30).
 
 * We believe in the deity of Jesus Christ (John 1:1-4; Philippians 2:5-11; 2 Peter 1:1).
 

intro/translate-why/01.md

@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ God has spoken to us in the Bible. He inspired the writers of the Bible to write
 
 Today, people in your country do not understand Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek. But translating God’s Word into their language will enable them to understand it!
 
-Someone’s “mother tongue” or “heart language” means the language they first spoke as a child and the one which they use at home. This is the language in which they are most comfortable and which they use to express their deepest thoughts. We want everyone to be able to read God’s Word in their heart language.
+Someone’s “mother tongue” or “heart language” means the language they first spoke as a child and the one which they use at home. This is the language in which they are most comfortable and which they use to express their deepest thoughts. We want everyone to be able to read God’s Word in their heart language, even if you speak a language that has not been written down yet!
 
 Every language is important and valuable. Small languages are just as important as the national languages spoken in your country, and they can express meaning just as well. No one should be ashamed to speak their dialect. Sometimes, those in minority groups feel ashamed of their language and try not to use it around the people who are in the majority in their nation. But there is nothing inherently more important, more prestigious, or more educated about a national language than there is about local languages. Each language has nuances and shades of meaning that are unique.  We should use the language we are most comfortable with and with which we best communicate with others.
-
-*Credits: Taken from “Bible Translation Theory & Practice” by Todd Price, Ph.D. CC BY-SA 4.0*

manifest.yaml

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ dublin_core:
     - 'James N. Pohlig, M.Div., MA in Linguistics, D. Litt. in Biblical Languages'
     - 'Ben Jore, BA Biblical Studies, M.Div.'
     - 'Joel D. Ruark, PhD in Old Testament, MA in Theology'
+    - 'Todd L. Price, PhD in New Testament/Linguistics'
     - 'Bev Staley'
     - 'Carol Brinneman'
     - 'Jody Garcia'

translate/choose-team/01.md

@@ -1,11 +1,26 @@
 
 ### Importance of a Translation Team
 
-Translating the Bible is a very large and difficult task that may take many people to accomplish. This module will discuss the skills that will be needed by members of the Bible translation team, and the responsibilities that these people will have. Some people will have many skills and responsibilities, and other people will have only a few. But it is important that every Bible translation team includes enough people to make sure that all of these skills are represented on the team.
+Translating the Bible is a very large and difficult task that may take many people to
+accomplish. This module will discuss the skills that will be needed by members of the
+Bible translation team, and the responsibilities that these people will have. Some
+people will have many skills and responsibilities, and other people will have only a few.
+But it is important that every Bible translation team includes enough people to make
+sure that all of these skills are represented on the team.
 
 #### Church Leaders
 
-Before starting a translation project, as many church networks as possible should be contacted and encouraged to become a part of the translation and even to send some of their people to be a part of the translation team. They should be consulted and asked for their input into the translation project, its goals, and its process.
+Before starting a translation project, as many church networks as possible should be
+contacted and encouraged to become a part of the translation and even to send some
+of their people to be a part of the translation team. They should be consulted and
+asked for their input into the translation project, its goals, and its process.
+
+In most successful projects, a strategic leader (or team of leaders) with a desire to
+serve and equip the church that speaks the language is a catalyzing and motivating
+force to unite the churches, inaugurate the project, and move the project forward.
+These leaders are often the drivers that form the translation committee and help to
+oversee from the beginning the efforts of the larger translation effort and its integration
+into the formation and growth of the church in the people group.
 
 #### Translation Committee
 
@@ -33,8 +48,32 @@ Some people need to test the translation with members of the language community
 
 #### Accuracy Checkers
 
-The people who are selected to [check the translation for accuracy](../../checking/accuracy-check/01.md) should be people who already know the Bible well in the source language. They should be able to read well in the source language. They should be respected leaders in their church, usually pastors. They will be comparing the translation to the source Bible, to make sure that the translation communicates everything that is in the source Bible. They should be people who are interested in the translation work and who have time to do a good job of checking. It is good if these people can include members of the different church groups who speak the target language and who will use the translation. 
+The people who are selected to [check the translation for accuracy](../../checking/accuracy-check/01.md) should be people who already know the Bible well in the source language. They should be able to read well in the source language. They will be comparing the translation to the source Bible, to make sure that the translation communicates everything that is in the source Bible. They should be people who are interested in the translation work and who have time to do a good job of checking. It is good if these people can include members of the different church groups who speak the target language and who will use the translation.
 
 #### Validation Checkers
 
-Those who do [Validation Checking](../../checking/level3/01.md) should be leaders of groups of churches, or respected very widely in the language area. It is important that these people approve of the translation so that it will be accepted and used in the churches. Since many of these people are very busy, they may choose to appoint others whom they trust to check the translation for them. Also, it may work best to send different books or chapters to different people, and not burden one or two people with checking the whole translation.
+Those who do [Validation Checking](../../checking/level3/01.md) should be leaders of groups of churches, or respected very widely in the language area. It is important that these people approve of the translation so that it will be accepted and used in the churches. Since many of these people are very busy, they may choose to appoint others whom they trust to check the translation for them. Also, it may work best to send different books or chapters to different people, and not burden one or two people with checking the whole translation.
+
+#### Tech Support 
+
+These people must have experience (or aptitude) with technology and computers for all things pertaining to file management, as well as training and use of software and hardware.
+
+#### Project Management
+
+These people must have skills in organization, planning, and management of the translation team’s time, effort and workload.
+
+#### Process Management
+
+These people have skills in teaching, leading, and coaching in workshops, as well as ongoing assessment and improvement of team methodology and application of translation principles.
+
+#### Mapping Skills to Roles
+
+The combined skills that are needed in a Church-Centric Bible Translation team can
+be configured into a team of many different roles. The best composition of any
+given team cannot be prescribed in advance. It might even change over time, but the team must account for all the essential skills. We accomplish this as follows:
+
+1. We work with the leaders of the church networks to ensure that they understand the skills and functions needed on their translation team, as described in unfoldingWord® Translation Academy.
+
+1. We help them to identify an initial team composition, based on the skills and contextual reality of their team (e.g., size of the team, theological ability, translation experience, language skill, geographic distribution, relationship dynamics, etc.). Their team may be small, with several skills being accomplished by the same person. Or the team may be large (in some cases as many as 25 full-time translators and hundreds of volunteers), with many people providing the same skill in an overlapping and intentionally redundant manner. Regardless of the structure and size of the team that is needed in a given context, the combined roles on any team must provide the combination of skills needed to achieve excellence in Bible translation.
+
+1. The team begins working together on an initial translation project (we recommend Open Bible Stories) and observes the effectiveness of their team’s configuration. As needed, adjustments to the team structure are made to improve efficiency and training is provided to increase skill and effectiveness.

translate/figs-imperative/01.md

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Sometimes imperative sentences in the Bible have other uses.
 
 #### Imperatives that make things happen
 
-God can make things happen by commanding that they happen. Jesus healed a man by commanding that the man be healed. The man could not do anything to obey the command, but Jesus caused him to be healed by commanding it. (“Be clean” means “Be healed”.)
+God can make things happen by commanding that they happen. Jesus healed a man by commanding that the man be healed. The man could not do anything to obey the command, but Jesus caused him to be healed by commanding it. (In this context, the command “Be clean” means to “be healed” so that others around would know that it was safe to touch the man again.)
 
 > “I am willing. <u>Be clean</u>.” Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULT)
 

translate/figs-infostructure/01.md

@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@
 
 Different languages arrange the parts of the sentence in different ways. In English, a sentence normally has the subject first, then the verb, then the object, then other modifiers, like this:
 
-**Peter painted his house yesterday.**
+* **Peter painted his house yesterday.**
 
 Many other languages normally put these things in a different order, such as:
 
-**Painted yesterday Peter his house.**
+* **Painted yesterday Peter his house.**
 
 Although all languages have a normal order for parts of a sentence, this order can change depending on what information the speaker or writer considers to be the most important. Suppose that someone is answering the question, “What did Peter paint yesterday?” The person asking the question already knows all of the information in our sentence above except for the object: “his house.” Therefore, that becomes the most important part of the information, and a person answering in English might say:
 
-**His house is what Peter painted (yesterday).**
+* **His house is what Peter painted (yesterday).**
 
 This puts the most important information first, which is normal for English. Many other languages would normally put the most important information last. In the flow of a text, the most important information is usually what the writer considers to be new information for the reader. In some languages the new information comes first, and in others it comes last.
 

translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ A fourth layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined
 Here are some ways you may be able to help readers see where each quote starts and ends so they can more easily know who said what.
 
 1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation. English alternates double quote marks and single quote marks.
-1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))
+1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. (See [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md).)
 1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall  quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it.
 
 ### Examples of Quote Marking Strategies Applied

translate/figs-rquestion/01.md

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
 1. Add the answer after the question.
 1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
 1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
-1. Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your langauge what the orignal speaker communicated in his.
+1. Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your language what the orignal speaker communicated in his.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
 > **<u>Do you not still rule</u> the kingdom of Israel?** (1 Kings 21:7 ULT)
 >> You still rule the kingdom of Israel, <u>do you not?</u> 
 
-(4) Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your langauge what the orignal speaker communicated in his.
+(4) Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your language what the orignal speaker communicated in his.
 
 > **Or <u>what man among you is there who</u>, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, <u>will give him a stone?</u>** (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
 >> If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, <u>would you give him a stone</u>?

translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 
 ### Church-Approved Translations
 
-The first three qualities of a good translation are **Clear** (see [Create Clear Translations](../guidelines-clear/01.md)), **Natural** (see [Create Natural Translations](../guidelines-natural/01.md)), and **Accurate** (see [Create Accurate Translations](../guidelines-accurate/01.md)). All three of these directly affect the words and phrases that are used in the translation. If a translation is not one of these three, simply changing or reordering the words that were used can often fix the problem. The fourth quality, church-approved, has less to do with the words used and more to do with the process that is used.
+The first three qualities of a good translation are **Clear** (see [Create Clear Translations](../guidelines-clear/01.md)), **Natural** (see [Create Natural Translations](../guidelines-natural/01.md)), and **Accurate** (see [Create Accurate Translations](../guidelines-accurate/01.md)). All three of these directly affect the words and phrases that are used in the translation. If a translation lacks one of these three qualities, simply changing or reordering the words that were used can often fix the problem. The fourth quality, church-approved, has less to do with the words used and more to do with the process that is used.
 
 ### The Goal of Translation
 

translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md

@@ -29,6 +29,6 @@ Always translating faithfully can be difficult for several reasons:
 
     * Example: When you are translating Mark 10:11, “Whoever divorces his wife and marries another woman commits adultery against her,” you might know that in Matthew 19:9 there is also the phrase, “…except for sexual immorality….” Even so, do not add this phrase into Mark 10:11, because that would not be translating faithfully. Also, do not add any of your own ideas or teachings from your church. Only translate the meaning that is there in the Bible passage.
 
-In order to avoid these biases, especially the ones that you might not be aware of, you must study the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes (see http://ufw.io/tn/), unfoldingWord® Translation Words (see http://ufw.io/tw/) and the *unfoldingWord® Simplified Text* (see http://ufw.io/udb/), as well as any other translation helps that you have. That way you will know what the meaning of the Bible passage is, and you will be less likely to translate in a biased, unfaithful way.
+In order to avoid these biases, especially the ones that you might not be aware of, you must study the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes (see http://ufw.io/tn/), unfoldingWord® Translation Words (see http://ufw.io/tw/) and the *unfoldingWord® Simplified Text* (see http://ufw.io/ust/), as well as any other translation helps that you have. That way you will know what the meaning of the Bible passage is, and you will be less likely to translate in a biased, unfaithful way.
 
 (You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/guidelines_faithful.)

translate/guidelines-historical/01.md

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 
-(see the video “Translating the Scriptures - Culture” at http://ufw.io/trans_culture.)
+(See the video “Translating the Scriptures - Culture” at http://ufw.io/trans_culture.)
 
 A **historical definition** translation communicates historical events and facts accurately. Providing additional information as needed in order to accurately communicate the intended message to people who do not share the same context and culture as the original recipients of the original content.
 
 To communicate well with historical accuracy, you need to remember two things:
 
 1. The Bible is a historical document. The events of the Bible happened in the way that the Bible describes at different times in history. Therefore, when you translate the Bible, you need to communicate that these events happened, and do not change any of the details of what happened.
-1. The books of the Bible were written down at specific times in history for people of a certain culture. This means that some things in the Bible that were very clear to the original hearers and readers will not be clear to those who read the Bible in different times and in different cultures. This is because both the writer and the readers were familiar with many of the practices that the writer wrote about, so the writer did not need to explain them. We, from other times and cultures, are not familiar with these things, so we need someone to explain them to us. This kind of information is called “implicit (or implied) information.” (see [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information”](../figs-explicit/01.md))
+1. The books of the Bible were written down at specific times in history for people of a certain culture. This means that some things in the Bible that were very clear to the original hearers and readers will not be clear to those who read the Bible in different times and in different cultures. This is because both the writer and the readers were familiar with many of the practices that the writer wrote about, so the writer did not need to explain them. We, from other times and cultures, are not familiar with these things, so we need someone to explain them to us. This kind of information is called “implicit (or implied) information.” (See [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information”](../figs-explicit/01.md).)
 
 As translators, we need to translate the historical details accurately, but also provide some explanation when we think that our readers will need it so that they can understand what the translation is about.
 

translate/toc.yaml

@@ -72,8 +72,6 @@ sections:
             link: translate-tform
   - title: "Before Translating"
     sections:
-      - title: "First Draft"
-        link: first-draft
       - title: "Choosing a Translation Team"
         link: choose-team
         sections:
@@ -99,6 +97,8 @@ sections:
         link: file-formats
   - title: "How to Start Translating"
     sections:
+      - title: "First Draft"
+        link: first-draft
       - title: "Help with Translating"
         link: translate-help
   - title: "Unlocked Bible Text"

translate/translate-discover/01.md

@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ There are many different things that we can do to help us to discover the meanin
     * One meaning-based version, such as the *unfoldingWord® Simplified Text* (UST).
 
 1. Use the unfoldingWord® Translation Words resource to learn about terms that you are not familiar with. Words sometimes have more than one meaning. Make sure that you have understood the right meaning of the word in the passage.
-1. Also use the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes that are with the ULT Bible. These are available in the translationStudio program and the Door43 website. These will explain things about the passage that may not be clear. If possible, also use other reference books, such as other versions of the Bible, a Bible dictionary, or Bible commentaries.
+1. Also use the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes that are with the ULT. These are available in the translationStudio program and the Door43 website. These will explain things about the passage that may not be clear. If possible, also use other reference books, such as other versions of the Bible, a Bible dictionary, or Bible commentaries.
 

translate/translate-useultust/01.md

@@ -118,4 +118,4 @@ Here the ULT expressions “all speech” and “all knowledge” are abstract n
 
 ### Conclusion
 
-In summary, the ULT will help you translate because it can help you understand to a great degree what form the original biblical texts have. The UST can help you translate because it can help make the ULT text’s meaning clear, and also because it can give you various possible ways to make the ideas in the biblical text clear in your own translation.
+In summary, the ULT will help you translate because it can help you understand to a great degree what form the original biblical texts have. The UST can help you translate because it can help make the ULT text’s meaning clear, and also because it can give you various possible ways to make the ideas in the biblical text clear in your own translation and cultural setting.

translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Some of these things happened after the prophets told about them, and some of th
 
 ### Examples from the Bible
 
-The following passages describe powerful beings that Ezekiel, Daniel, and John saw. Images that come up in these visions include hair that is white as wool, a voice like many waters, a golden belt, and legs or feet like polished bronze. Though the prophets saw various details, it would be good to translate the details that are the same in the same way. The underlined phrases in the passage from Revelation also occur in the passages from Daniel and Ezekiel
+The following passages describe powerful beings that Ezekiel, Daniel, and John saw. Images that come up in these visions include hair that is white as wool, a voice like many waters, a golden belt, and legs or feet like polished bronze. Though the prophets saw various details, it would be good to translate the details that are the same in the same way. The underlined phrases in the passage from Revelation also occur in the passages from Daniel and Ezekiel.
 
 > In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, wearing a long robe that reached down to his feet, and a golden belt around his chest.  <u>His head and hair were as white as wool</u>— as white as snow, and his eyes were like a flame of fire. <u>His feet were like burnished bronze</u>, like bronze that had been refined in a furnace, and <u>his voice was like the sound of many rushing waters</u>. He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword. His face was shining like the sun at its strongest shining. (Revelation 1:13-16 ULT)