Merge branch 'master' into benjamin-1

LICENSE.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 **Copyright © 2021 by unfoldingWord**
 
-This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
+This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
 
 unfoldingWord® is a registered trademark of unfoldingWord. Use of the unfoldingWord name or logo requires the written permission of unfoldingWord. Under the terms of the CC BY-SA license, you may copy and redistribute this unmodified work as long as you keep the unfoldingWord® trademark intact. If you modify a copy or translate this work, thereby creating a derivative work, you must remove the unfoldingWord® trademark.
 

README.md

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 ## Description
 
-[unfoldingWord® Translation Academy](https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta) (UTA) is a modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global Church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.
+[unfoldingWord® Translation Academy](https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta) (UTA) is a modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.
 
 ## Downloading
 
-If you want to download unfoldingWord® Translation Academy to use, go here: [https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta](https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta). UTA is also included in [tS](http://ufw.io/ts) and [tC](http://ufw.io/tc).
+If you want to download unfoldingWord® Translation Academy to use, go here: [https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta](https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta). UTA is also included in [tS](https://ufw.io/ts) and [tC](https://ufw.io/tc).
 
 ## Improving UTA
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ There are also YAML formatted files in each manual’s directory. The `toc.yaml`
 
 ### UTA Translation Philosophy
 
-To learn the philosophy of how to translate the UTA please see the [Translate unfoldingWord® Translation Academy](http://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gl_translation.html#translating-translationacademy) article in the [Gateway Language Manual](http://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/).
+To learn the philosophy of how to translate the UTA please see the [Translate unfoldingWord® Translation Academy](https://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gl_translation.html#translating-translationacademy) article in the [Gateway Language Manual](https://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/).
 
 NOTE: The Bible was originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. In these languages, masculine pronouns and terms can apply to both men and women. The same is true in English, and in this manual we often use masculine terms to refer to both men and women. For example, in this manual we often use masculine pronouns to refer to people like you (and other translators) who will use this manual. But we do not intend to say that only men can use this manual or to say that only men can translate the Bible. We are simply using masculine terms to refer to both men and women.
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ If you are translating online, please fork the [Door43-Catalog/en_ta](https://gi
 * *Do not* rename any files or directories. Only translate what is inside the files.
 * The `config.yaml` and `toc.yaml` files do not need to be changed unless you add a new module. When you are finished translating, you may want to update the `title` fields in the `toc.yaml` file, but you shouldn’t make any other changes in those files.
 * Images that are included in UTA should be no more than 600px wide. NOTE: If you use the images already in UTA, you do not need to translate the names of the image files. They will work in their current format.
-* Hyperlinks (links to other articles or to other pages on the internet) follow this pattern: `[text to display](http://www.example.com)`. You can translate the “text to display” inside the square brackets but not the web address that follows inside the parentheses.
+* Hyperlinks (links to other articles or to other pages on the internet) follow this pattern: `[text to display](https://www.example.com)`. You can translate the “text to display” inside the square brackets but not the web address that follows inside the parentheses.
 
 You are free to add additional modules. In order for the new modules to be included, all of the following conditions need to be satisfied:
 

checking/accuracy-check/01.md

@@ -39,6 +39,6 @@ These questions can also be helpful for finding anything that might be inaccurat
 * Were the people introduced in each story doing the same things as those mentioned in the source language translation? (Was it easy to see who was doing the events of the new translation when it was compared to the source language?)
 * Are there any unfoldingWord® Translation Words used in the new translation that do not match your understanding of the words in the source version? Think about things like this: How do your people talk about a priest (one who sacrifices to God) or a temple (the sacrifice place of the Jews) without using a word borrowed from the source language?
 * Are the phrases used in the new translation helpful in understanding the more difficult phrases of the source translation? (Are the phrases of the new translation put together in a way that brings better understanding yet still fits with the meaning of the source language translation?)
-* Another way to determine if the text is accurate is to ask comprehension questions about the translation, such as, “who did what, when, where, how, and why?” There are questions that have already been prepared to help with this. (To view the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions go to http://ufw.io/tq/.) The answers to those questions should be the same as the answers to those questions about the source language translation. If they are not, there is a problem in the translation.
+* Another way to determine if the text is accurate is to ask comprehension questions about the translation, such as, “who did what, when, where, how, and why?” There are questions that have already been prepared to help with this. (To view the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions go to https://ufw.io/tq/.) The answers to those questions should be the same as the answers to those questions about the source language translation. If they are not, there is a problem in the translation.
 
 For more general types of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).

checking/community-evaluation/01.md

@@ -28,3 +28,6 @@ Please also answer the following questions. The answers to these questions will
 <br>
 
 The community leaders might want to add their own information to this or make a summary statement about how acceptable this translation is to the local community. The wider church leadership will have access to this information, and it will help them to understand and to have confidence in the checking process that has been done so far. This will help them to validate the translation as approved by the local Christian community both when they do the Accuracy Check and when they do the final Validation Check.
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>

checking/language-community-check/01.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ To check a translation for naturalness and clarity, it is not helpful to compare
 
 To check for naturalness, you will read or play a recording of a section of the translation to members of the language community. Before you read or play the translation, tell the people listening that you want them to stop you if they hear something that is not natural in their language. (For more information on how to check a translation for naturalness, see [Natural Translation](../natural/01.md).) When they stop you, ask what was not natural, and ask how they would say it in a more natural way. Write down or record their answer, along with the chapter and verse where this phrase was, so that the translation team can consider using this way of saying the phrase in the translation.
 
-To check the translation for clarity, there is a set of questions and answers for each *Open Bible Story* and for each chapter of the Bible that you can use. When members of the language community can answer the questions easily, you will know that the translation is clear. (See http://ufw.io/tq/ for the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions.)
+To check the translation for clarity, there is a set of questions and answers for each *Open Bible Story* and for each chapter of the Bible that you can use. When members of the language community can answer the questions easily, you will know that the translation is clear. (See https://ufw.io/tq/ for the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions.)
 
 To use these questions, follow these steps:
 

checking/publishing/01.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 * Throughout the translation and checking process, the translation draft will be uploaded to and maintained in a repository under the username that you have chosen on the Door43 website. This is where translationStudio and translationCore send the drafts when you tell them to upload.
 * When checking has been completed and all appropriate edits have been made to the translation on door43, the checkers or church leaders will inform unfoldingWord of their desire to publish. They will provide unfoldingWord with the documents affirming that the [Pastors](../good/01.md), the [Community](../community-evaluation/01.md), and the [Church Network Leaders](../level3-approval/01.md) affirm that the translation is trustworthy. The documents also contain an affirmation of the unfoldingWord [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md) and the unfoldingWord [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md). All translated content is expected to be in accordance with the theology of the Statement of Faith. We also expect that the translators have followed the procedures and methodologies of the Translation Guidelines. unfoldingWord has no way to verify the accuracy of the translations or the affirmations, and so we rely on the integrity of the leadership of the church networks.
-* After obtaining these affirmations, unfoldingWord will then make a copy of the translation that is on Door43, digitally publish a static copy of it on the unfoldingWord website (see http://www.unfoldingword.org), and make it available on the unfoldingWord mobile app. A print-ready PDF will also be produced and made available for download. It will continue to be possible to change the checked version on Door43, allowing for future checking and editing.
+* After obtaining these affirmations, unfoldingWord will then make a copy of the translation that is on Door43, digitally publish a static copy of it on the unfoldingWord website (see https://www.unfoldingword.org), and make it available on the unfoldingWord mobile app. A print-ready PDF will also be produced and made available for download. It will continue to be possible to change the checked version on Door43, allowing for future checking and editing.
 * unfoldingWord will also need to know the version number of the source that was used for the translation. This number will be incorporated into the version number for the translation so that it will be easy to keep track of the state of the source and the translation as they both improve and change over time. For information about version numbers, see [Source Texts and Version Numbers](../../translate/translate-source-version/01.md).
 
 ### Ongoing Checking
 
-The process and checking framework described in this document depends on an ongoing process of checking and revising content, as determined by the Church that uses the content. We encourage each translation team to continue to accept feedback from the language and church community. By doing so, they can continue to improve the translation by incorporating corrections and including better ways of saying things as people discover them. For that reason, the translations of the content continue to be made available on the translation platform (see http://door43.org) indefinitely so that users can continue to improve it. We recommend that the translation committee invite input from the language community to Door43, and appoint one or more people to monitor the issues that people submit there for the translation. These people can make corrections to the translation and discuss other suggested changes with the translation committee. Over time, the committee may decide to adjust the style of the translation as well, such as to add or remove implied information or to use newer words or phrases. By maximizing input in this way from the greatest number of users of the content, the Church can work together to create biblical content that increases in quality and usability over time.
+The process and checking framework described in this document depends on an ongoing process of checking and revising content, as determined by the Church that uses the content. We encourage each translation team to continue to accept feedback from the language and church community. By doing so, they can continue to improve the translation by incorporating corrections and including better ways of saying things as people discover them. For that reason, the translations of the content continue to be made available on the translation platform (see https://door43.org) indefinitely so that users can continue to improve it. We recommend that the translation committee invite input from the language community to Door43, and appoint one or more people to monitor the issues that people submit there for the translation. These people can make corrections to the translation and discuss other suggested changes with the translation committee. Over time, the committee may decide to adjust the style of the translation as well, such as to add or remove implied information or to use newer words or phrases. By maximizing input in this way from the greatest number of users of the content, the Church can work together to create biblical content that increases in quality and usability over time.

intro/finding-answers/01.md

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 There are several resources available for finding answers to questions:
 
-* **unfoldingWord® Translation Academy** – This training manual is available at http://ufw.io/ta and has much information including:
-    * [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) – introduces this resource, the Gateway Languages strategy, and translation
-    * [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) – answers the question “what next?”
-    * [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) – explains the basics of translation theory and provides practical translation helps
-    * [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) – explains the basics of checking theory and best practices
-* **Door43 Slack** – Join the Door43 community, post your questions to the “#helpdesk” channel, and get real-time answers to your questions (sign up at http://ufw.io/door43)
+* **unfoldingWord® Translation Academy** – This training manual is available at https://ufw.io/ta and has much information including:
+  * [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) – introduces this resource, the Gateway Languages strategy, and translation
+  * [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) – answers the question “what next?”
+  * [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) – explains the basics of translation theory and provides practical translation helps
+  * [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) – explains the basics of checking theory and best practices
+* **Door43 Slack** – Join the Door43 community, post your questions to the “#helpdesk” channel, and get real-time answers to your questions (sign up at https://ufw.io/door43)
 * **Door43 Forum** – A place to ask questions and get answers to technical, strategic, translation, and checking issues, https://forum.door43.org/
 * **Helpdesk** – email <help@door43.org> with your questions

intro/gl-strategy/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-**The official version of this document is found at http://ufw.io/gl/.**
+**The official version of this document is found at https://ufw.io/gl/.**
 
 ### Explanation
 

intro/open-license/01.md

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 ### A License for Freedom
 
-To achieve our vision of **the church in every people group and the Bible in every language**, a license is needed that gives the global church “unrestricted” access. We believe this movement will become unstoppable when the Church has unrestricted access. The [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) provides all the needed rights for translation and distribution of biblical content and ensures that the content remains unrestricted. Except where otherwise noted, all our content is licensed CC BY-SA.
+To achieve our vision of **the church in every people group and the Bible in every language**, a license is needed that gives the global church “unrestricted” access. We believe this movement will become unstoppable when the Church has unrestricted access. The [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) provides all the needed rights for translation and distribution of biblical content and ensures that the content remains unrestricted. Except where otherwise noted, all our content is licensed CC BY-SA.
 
 **The official license for Door43 is found at https://door43.org/en/legal/license.**
 
 ### Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
 
-This is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the [license](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
+This is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the [license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
 
 #### You are free to:
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ This principle applies to trademarks from other organizations as well. The CC BY
 
 On the derivative work, you must indicate what changes you have made and attribute the work as follows: “The original work by unfoldingWord is available from unfoldingword.org/uta.” You must also make your derivative work available under the same license (CC BY-SA).
 
-Suggested attribution statement for Door43 works: “Original work created by the Door43 World Missions Community, available at http://door43.org/, and released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). This work has been changed from the original, and the original authors have not endorsed this work.”
+Suggested attribution statement for Door43 works: “Original work created by the Door43 World Missions Community, available at https://door43.org/, and released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). This work has been changed from the original, and the original authors have not endorsed this work.”
 
 Other works on Door43 may have different suggestions for attribution, please check the LICENSE files that are distributed with the content.
 
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ Contributors to projects on Door43 agree that **the attribution that occurs auto
 
 Source texts may only be used if they have one of the following licenses:
 
-* **[CC0 Public Domain Dedication (CC0)](http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)**
-* **[CC Attribution (CC BY)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)**
-* **[CC Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**
-* **[Free Translate License](http://ufw.io/freetranslate/)**
+* **[CC0 Public Domain Dedication (CC0)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)**
+* **[CC Attribution (CC BY)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)**
+* **[CC Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**
+* **[Free Translate License](https://ufw.io/freetranslate/)**
 
 See [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../../translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md) for more information.

intro/statement-of-faith/01.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-**The official version of this document is found at http://ufw.io/faith.**
+**The official version of this document is found at https://ufw.io/faith.**
 
-The following statement of faith is in agreement with these historical creeds: [Apostles’ Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/apostles.md), [Nicene Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/nicene.md), and [Athanasian Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/athanasian.md); and also the [Lausanne Covenant](http://www.lausanne.org/en/documents/lausanne-covenant.html).
+The following statement of faith is in agreement with these historical creeds: [Apostles’ Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/apostles.md), [Nicene Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/nicene.md), and [Athanasian Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/athanasian.md); and also the [Lausanne Covenant](https://www.lausanne.org/en/documents/lausanne-covenant.html).
 
 We believe that Christian belief can and should be divided into **essential beliefs** and **peripheral beliefs** (Romans 14).
 

intro/translation-guidelines/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-**The official version of this document is found at http://ufw.io/guidelines/.**
+**The official version of this document is found at https://ufw.io/guidelines/.**
 
 The following statement on the principles and procedures used in translation is subscribed to by unfoldingWord and its contributors. All translation activities are carried out according to these common guidelines.
 

intro/uw-intro/01.md

@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ We create and make available for translation free and unrestricted biblical cont
 We create translation, checking, and distribution tools that are free and open-licensed. See https://www.unfoldingword.org/tools for a complete list of tools. Here are a few samples:
 
 * **Door43** – an online translation platform where people can collaborate on translation and checking, also the content and translation management system (see https://door43.org/).
-* **translationStudio** – a mobile app and a desktop app where translators can do offline translating (see http://ufw.io/ts/).
-* **unfoldingWord app** – a mobile app where Open Bible Stories and Bible translations can be distributed (see http://ufw.io/uw/).
+* **translationStudio** – a mobile app and a desktop app where translators can do offline translating (see https://ufw.io/ts/).
+* **unfoldingWord app** – a mobile app where Open Bible Stories and Bible translations can be distributed (see https://ufw.io/uw/).
 * **translationCore** – a program that enables comprehensive checking of Bible translations (see https://translationcore.com).
 
 #### Training

manifest.yaml

@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ dublin_core:
   description: 'A modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global Church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.'
   format: 'text/markdown'
   identifier: 'ta'
-  issued: '2021-02-22'
+  issued: '2021-04-27'
   language:
     identifier: 'en'
     title: 'English'
     direction: 'ltr'
-  modified: '2021-02-22'
+  modified: '2021-04-27'
   publisher: 'unfoldingWord®'
   relation:
     - 'en/ust'
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ dublin_core:
     -
       identifier: 'ta'
       language: 'en'
-      version: '18'
+      version: '20'
   subject: 'Translation Academy'
   title: 'unfoldingWord® Translation Academy'
   type: 'man'
-  version: '19'
+  version: '21'
 
 checking:
   checking_entity:

process/intro-publishing/01.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ### Publishing Overview
 
-Once a work has been uploaded to Door43, it is automatically available online under your user account. This is referred to as self-publishing. You will have access to a web version of your project at http://door43.org/u/user_name/project_name (where user_name is your username and project_name is your translation project). Both translationStudio and translationCore will give you the correct link when you upload. You can also browse all works on http://door43.org.
+Once a work has been uploaded to Door43, it is automatically available online under your user account. This is referred to as self-publishing. You will have access to a web version of your project at https://door43.org/u/user_name/project_name (where user_name is your username and project_name is your translation project). Both translationStudio and translationCore will give you the correct link when you upload. You can also browse all works on https://door43.org.
 
 From your Door43 project page you can:
 

process/platforms/01.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ### Recommended Platform
 
-The recommended platform for drafting Bible translations in the Door43 online community is translationStudio (http://ufw.io/ts/). The recommended platform for checking Bible translations is translationCore (http://ufw.io/tc/). You may set up translationStudio on Android, Windows, Mac, or Linux devices (see [Setting up translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md) for more information). You may set up translationCore on Windows, Mac, or Linux devices. These platforms are free to download and use. They import and export Bible books in USFM format.
+The recommended platform for drafting Bible translations in the Door43 online community is translationStudio (https://ufw.io/ts/). The recommended platform for checking Bible translations is translationCore (https://ufw.io/tc/). You may set up translationStudio on Android, Windows, Mac, or Linux devices (see [Setting up translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md) for more information). You may set up translationCore on Windows, Mac, or Linux devices. These platforms are free to download and use. They import and export Bible books in USFM format.
 
 ### Other Options
 

process/setup-team/01.md

@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ As you begin selecting a translation and checking team, there are many different
 
 * [Choosing a Translation Team](../../translate/choose-team/01.md) – Describes many of the roles that are needed
 * [Translator Qualifications](../../translate/qualifications/01.md) – Describes some of the skills needed by the translators
-* Remember that everyone on the team needs to sign a statement that they agree with (forms are available at http://ufw.io/forms)
-    * [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md)
-    * [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md)
-    * [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md)
+* Remember that everyone on the team needs to sign a statement that they agree with (forms are available at https://ufw.io/forms)
+  * [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md)
+  * [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md)
+  * [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md)
 * Everyone on the team also needs to know the qualities of a good translation (see [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../../translate/guidelines-intro/01.md)).
 * The team also needs to know where they can find answers (see [Finding Answers](../../intro/finding-answers/01.md)).
 
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ As you begin selecting a translation and checking team, there are many different
 There are many decisions the translation team will need to make, many of them right at the beginning of the project. Included are the following:
 
 * [Choosing a Source Text](../../translate/translate-source-text/01.md) – Choosing a good source text is very important
-    * [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../../translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md) – Copyright issues must be considered when choosing a source text
-    * [Source Texts and Version Numbers](../../translate/translate-source-version/01.md) – Translating from the latest version of a source text is best
+  * [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../../translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md) – Copyright issues must be considered when choosing a source text
+  * [Source Texts and Version Numbers](../../translate/translate-source-version/01.md) – Translating from the latest version of a source text is best
 * [Alphabet/Orthography](../../translate/translate-alphabet/01.md) – Many languages have alphabet decisions that need to be made
 * [Decisions for Writing Your Language](../../translate/writing-decisions/01.md) – Writing style, punctuation, translating names, spelling, and other decisions have to be made
 * [Translation Style](../../translate/choose-style/01.md) – The translation committee needs to agree on the style of the translation in the sense of how much they want it to imitate the form of the source, how much borrowing of words is allowed, and other topics. See also this section on making the translation [Acceptable](../../checking/acceptable/01.md).

process/setup-ts/01.md

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 ### Installing tS for Mobile
 
-The mobile (Android) edition of translationStudio is available from the [Google Play Store](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.translationstudio.androidapp ) or via direct download from http://ufw.io/ts/. If you install from the Play Store, then you will be notified by the Play Store when a new version is available. Note that you may also copy the installation file (apk) to other devices to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
+The mobile (Android) edition of translationStudio is available from the [Google Play Store](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.translationstudio.androidapp ) or via direct download from https://ufw.io/ts/. If you install from the Play Store, then you will be notified by the Play Store when a new version is available. Note that you may also copy the installation file (apk) to other devices to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
 
 ### Installing tS for Desktop
 
-The latest version of translationStudio for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from http://ufw.io/ts/. To install the program, navigate to the “Desktop” section and download the latest release. Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
+The latest version of translationStudio for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from https://ufw.io/ts/. To install the program, navigate to the “Desktop” section and download the latest release. Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
 
 ### Using tS
 

process/translation-overview/01.md

@@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ After finishing Open Bible Stories, you will have gained enough skill and experi
 
 Repeat these steps with each Bible book.
 
-Plan to have someone from the translation team continue to maintain the translation on [Door43](http://git.door43.org), editing it to correct errors and improve it according to suggestions from the church community. The translation can easily be downloaded and reprinted as often as desired.
+Plan to have someone from the translation team continue to maintain the translation on [Door43](https://git.door43.org), editing it to correct errors and improve it according to suggestions from the church community. The translation can easily be downloaded and reprinted as often as desired.

translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ A **complex metaphor** is an implicit metaphor that uses multiple images and mul
 
 In our translation helps, we use the term **cultural model** to refer to either an extended metaphor or a complex metaphor that is widely used within a specific culture but which may or may not be used within a different culture. See [Biblical Imagery – Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md) for a list of some cultural models found in the Bible.
 
-
 ### Cultural Models
 
 Cultural models are complex metaphors that people use to help them imagine and talk about various aspects of life and behavior. For example, Americans often think of many things, including marriage and friendship, as if they were machines. Americans might say, “His marriage is breaking up,” or “Their friendship is going full speed ahead.” Often, cultural models that are used in the Bible are not explicitly stated, but must be learned by reading large amounts of text and looking for images and metaphors that are repeated in many different contexts.

translate/bita-animals/01.md

@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau
 
 > For Yahweh says this, “See, the enemy will come flying like an **eagle**, spreading out his wings over Moab.” (Jeremiah 48:40 ULT)
 
-
 #### SHEEP or a FLOCK OF SHEEP represents people who need to be led or are in danger
 
 > My people have been a lost **flock**. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains. (Jeremiah 50:6 ULT)

translate/bita-farming/01.md

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
 
 #### THRESHING and WINNOWING represent the separation of evil people from good people
 
-After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **threshing floor**, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to **thresh** it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and **winnow** the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff (waste) while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (See “thresh” and “winnow” pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](http://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating thresh and winnow.)
+After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **threshing floor**, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to **thresh** it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and **winnow** the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff (waste) while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (See “thresh” and “winnow” pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](https://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating thresh and winnow.)
 
 > So I will **winnow** them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULT)
 >

translate/bita-part1/01.md

@@ -26,17 +26,14 @@ In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary l
 
 > Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50a ULT)
 
-
 > Ishbibenob … intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp** of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
 
-
 (3) Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with (and in some cases are based on) common metonymies and cultural models. (See [Biblical Imagery – Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) and [Biblical Imagery – Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).)
 
 For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, “the burning coal” is an image for the life of the son, who represents what will cause people to remember his father. So there are two patterns of pairings here: the pairing of the burning coal with the life of the son, and the pairing of the son with the memory of his father.
 
 > They say, ‘Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out **the burning coal** that I have left, and they will leave for **my husband neither name nor descendant** on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
 
-
 #### Links to Lists of Images in the Bible
 
 The following pages have lists of some of the Images that represent Ideas in the Bible, together with examples from the Bible. They are organized according to the kinds of image:

translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, or situations. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as happiness, weight, unity, friendship, health, and reason. This is a translation issue because some languages may express a certain idea with an abstract noun, while others would need a different way to express it.
-
-
 ### Description
 
+Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, or situations. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as happiness, weight, unity, friendship, health, and reason. This is a translation issue because some languages may express a certain idea with an abstract noun, while others would need a different way to express it.
+
 Remember that nouns are words that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea. Abstract nouns are the nouns that refer to ideas. These can be attitudes, qualities, events, situations, or even relationships between those ideas. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as joy, peace, creation, goodness, contentment, justice, truth, freedom, vengeance, slowness, length, weight, and many, many more.
 
 Some languages, such as Biblical Greek and English, use abstract nouns a lot.They provide a way of giving names to actions or qualities. With names, people who speak these languages can talk about the concepts as though they were things. For example, in languages that use abstract nouns, people can say, “I believe in the forgiveness of sin.”

translate/figs-activepassive/01.md

@@ -51,26 +51,26 @@ This describes a situation in which a person ends up in the sea with a millstone
 
 If your language would use a passive form for the same purpose as in the passage that you are translating, then use a passive form. If you decide that it is better to translate without a passive form, here are some strategies that you might consider.
 
-(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who or what did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.<br>
-(2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell who or what did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or “people” or “someone.”<br>
+(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who or what did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
+(2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell who or what did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or “people” or “someone.”
 (3) Use a different verb.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
+(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.<br>
 
 > A loaf of bread **was given** him every day from the street of the bakers. (Jeremiah 37:21b ULT)
 >
 > > **The king’s servants gave** Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
 
-(2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or “people” or “someone.”
+(2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or “people” or “someone.”<br>
 
 > It would be better for him if a millstone **were put** around his neck and he **were thrown** into the sea. (Luke 17:2a ULT)
 >
 > > It would be better for him if **they were to put** a millstone around his neck and **throw** him into the sea.
 > > It would be better for him if **someone were to put** a heavy stone around his neck and **throw** him into the sea.
 
-(3) Use a different verb in an active sentence.
+(3) Use a different verb in an active sentence.<br>
 
 > A loaf of bread **was given** him every day from the street of the bakers. (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
 >

translate/figs-aside/01.md

@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ Many languages do not use asides, and readers could be confused by them. They ma
 
 ### Examples From the Bible
 
-> All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border. The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you. They of your bread will set a trap under you. **There is no understanding in him.** (Obadiah 1:7 ULT)
+> All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border.
+> The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you.
+> They of your bread will set a trap under you.
+> **There is no understanding in him.** (Obadiah 1:7 ULT)
 
 In the first three lines, Yahweh is telling the people of Edom what will happen to them because they did not help the people of Judah. In the fourth line, Yahweh says something about Edom to himself.
 
@@ -23,10 +26,19 @@ Nehemiah is speaking to the readers of his account and describing some of the ma
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-> All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border. The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you. They of your bread will set a trap under you. **There is no understanding in him.** (Obadiah 1:7 ULT)
+(1)
 
-(1) All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border. The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you. They of your bread will set a trap under you. **You do not understand any of this.**
+> All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border.
+The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you.
+They of your bread will set a trap under you.
+**There is no understanding in him.** (Obadiah 1:7 ULT)
 
+All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border.
+The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you.
+They of your bread will set a trap under you.
+**You do not understand any of this.**
+
+(2)
 > And I purified them from everything foreign. And I caused the service watches to stand: for the priests and for the Levites, a man in his work; 31 and for the offering of pieces of wood at the appointed times; and for the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30-31 ULT)
 
-(2) And I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I made assignments for the priests and for the Levites, a man to his own work. And the wood offering at the stated time, and the firstfruits. **“Remember me, my God, for good.”**
+And I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I made assignments for the priests and for the Levites, a man to his own work. And the wood offering at the stated time, and the firstfruits. **“Remember me, my God, for good.”**

translate/figs-distinguish/01.md

@@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ The phrase “whom I have created” is a reminder of the relationship between G
 
 If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider keeping the phrase and the noun together. For languages that use words or phrases with a noun only to distinguish one item from another, here are some strategies for translating phrases that are used to inform or remind.
 
-(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.<br>
+(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
 (2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information. It may be by adding a small word, or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks, such as parentheses or commas.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
+(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.<br>
 
-> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT)  
+> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT)
 
 By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
 >
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving
 >
 > > … for your judgments are good **because they are righteous**.
 >
-> Can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)  
+> Can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
 
 The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
 >
@@ -82,6 +82,6 @@ The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells wh
 
 > You are my Son, **whom I love**. I am pleased with you. (Luke 3:22 ULT)
 >
-> > You are my Son. **I love you** and I am pleased with you.  
+> > You are my Son. **I love you** and I am pleased with you.
 
 > > **Receiving my love**, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.

translate/figs-euphemism/01.md

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
 >
 > But Mary said to the angel, “How will this be, since I have not **known a man**?” (Luke 1:34 ULT)
 >
-> > But Mary said to the angel, “How will this be, since I have not **slept with a man**?” 
+> > But Mary said to the angel, “How will this be, since I have not **slept with a man**?”
 
 (2) State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.
 

translate/figs-events/01.md

@@ -54,4 +54,4 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
 >
 > > Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?
 
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs\_events.
+You may also want to watch the video at https://ufw.io/figs\_events.

translate/figs-exclamations/01.md

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ Exclamations are words or sentences that show strong feeling such as surprise, j
 
 > Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25b ULT)
 
-
 > When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, “This has never been seen before in Israel!” (Matthew 9:33 ULT)
 
 ### Reason This Is a Translation Issue

translate/figs-exclusive/01.md

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like En
 
 > They said, “There are not more than five loaves of bread and two fish with us—unless **we** go and buy food for all these people.” (Luke 9:13 ULT)
 
-In the second clause, the disciples are talking about some of them going to buy food. They were speaking to Jesus, but Jesus was not going to buy food. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive forms of “we” would use the **exclusive** form there. 
+In the second clause, the disciples are talking about some of them going to buy food. They were speaking to Jesus, but Jesus was not going to buy food. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive forms of “we” would use the **exclusive** form there.
 
 > **We** have seen it, and **we** bear witness to it. **We** are announcing to you the eternal life, which was with the Father, and which has been made known to **us**. (1 John 1:2 ULT)
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ John is telling people who have not seen Jesus what he and the other apostles ha
 
 > The shepherds said one to each other, “Let **us** now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to **us**.” (Luke 2:15b ULT)
 
-The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were including the people they were speaking to, so languages that have inclusive and exclusive forms of “we” and “us” would use the **inclusive** form in this verse. 
+The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were including the people they were speaking to, so languages that have inclusive and exclusive forms of “we” and “us” would use the **inclusive** form in this verse.
 
 > Now it happened that on one of those days, he indeed got into a boat with his disciples, and he said to them, “Let **us** go over to the other side of the lake.” So they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
 

translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md

@@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ In Psalm 23, the psalmist uses the physical **Image** of a shepherd to describe
 
 Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in the same way the original readers would have understood it. If not, here are some other strategies:
 
-(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate the metaphor as a simile by using words such as “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two.<br>
-(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.<br>
+(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate the metaphor as a simile by using words such as “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two.
+(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
 (3) If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate the metaphor as a simile by using words such as “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. See Psalm 23:1-2 as an example:
+(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate the metaphor as a simile by using words such as “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. See Psalm 23:1-2 as an example:<br>
 
 > Yahweh is **my shepherd**; I will lack nothing.
 > He makes **me** to lie down in green pastures;
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Can be translated as:
 > “Yahweh is **like** a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing.
 > **Like** a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully.”
 
-(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
+(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.<br>
 
 > My well beloved had a **vineyard** on a very fertile hill.
 > He **spaded** it, removed the stones, and planted it with **an excellent kind of vine**.

translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md

@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ Jesus was not speaking only of men, but of **men and women**.
 
 > Moses said, ‘If **someone** dies, not having children, **his** **brother** must marry **his** wife and have children for **his** **brother**.’ (Matthew 22:24 ULT)
 
-
 ### Translation Strategies
 
 If people would understand that that masculine words like “man,” “brother,” and “he” can include women, then consider using them. Otherwise, here are some ways for translating those words when they include women.

translate/figs-go/01.md

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ In some languages, it might make more sense to ask what did you come out to see.
 If the word used in the ULT would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other strategies.
 
 (1) Use the word “go,” “come,” “take,” or “bring” that would be natural in your language.<br>
-(2) Use another word that expresses the right meaning.
+(2) Use another word that expresses the right meaning.<br>
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 

translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md

@@ -82,9 +82,8 @@ This is generally true, and it reflects the experience of most people. It is pos
 
 This is not hyperbole. Jesus really walked on the water. It is a literal statement.
 
-* Do not assume that the word “all” is always a generalization that means “most.”
-
-> Yahweh is righteous in **all** his ways<br>
+* Do not assume that the word “all” is always a generalization that means “most.”<br>
+> Yahweh is righteous in **all** his ways
 > and gracious in **all** he does. (Psalms 145:17 ULT)
 
 Yahweh is always righteous. This is a completely true statement.

translate/figs-hypo/01.md

@@ -79,4 +79,4 @@ Find out how people speaking your language show:
 
 Use your language’s ways of showing these kinds of things.
 
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_hypo.
+You may also want to watch the video at https://ufw.io/figs_hypo.

translate/figs-imperative/01.md

@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ In the Bible, God blesses people by using imperatives. This indicates what his w
 
 > God blessed them and said to them, “**Be fruitful**, and **multiply**. **Fill** the earth, and **subdue** it. **Have dominion** over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.” (Genesis 1:28 ULT)
 
-
 #### Imperatives that function as conditions
 
 An imperative sentence can also be used to tell the **condition** under which something will happen. The proverbs mainly tell about life and things that often happen. The purpose of Proverbs 4:6 below is not primarily to give a command, but to teach what people can expect to happen **if** they love wisdom.

translate/figs-inclusive/01.md

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-### Description
-
-Some languages have more than one form of “we”: an inclusive form that means “I and you” and an exclusive form that means “I and someone else but not you.” The inclusive form includes the person being spoken to and possibly others. This is also true for “us,” “our,” “ours,” and “ourselves.” Some languages have inclusive forms and exclusive forms for each of these.
-
-See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is talking to. The yellow highlight shows who the inclusive “we” and the exclusive “we” refer to.
-
-![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_inclusive.jpg)
-
-![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg)
-
-#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
-
-The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for “we.” Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of “we” will need to understand what the speaker meant so they can decide which form of “we” to use.
-
-### Examples From the Bible
-
-#### Inclusive
-
-> The shepherds said one to each other, “Let **us** indeed go over as far as Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to **us**.” (Luke 2:15b ULT)
-
-The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were including the people they were speaking to, one another.
-
-> And it happened that on one of those days, both he and his disciples got into a boat, and he said to them, “Let **us** go over to the other side of the lake.” Then they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
-
-When Jesus said “us,” he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to, so this would be the inclusive form.
-
-#### Exclusive
-
-> **We** have seen it, and **we** bear witness to it. **We** are announcing to you the eternal life, which was with the Father, and which has been made known to **us**.
- (1 John 1:2b ULT)
-
-John is telling people who have not seen Jesus what he and the other apostles have seen. So languages that have exclusive forms of “we” and “us” would use the exclusive forms in this verse.
-
-> They said, “There are not more than five loaves of bread and two fish with **us**—unless **we** go and buy food for all these people.” (Luke 9:13 ULT)
-
-In the first clause, the disciples are telling Jesus how much food they have among them, so this “us” could be the inclusive form or the exclusive form. In the second clause, the disciples are talking about some of them going to buy food, so that “we” would be the exclusive form, since Jesus would not go to buy food.

translate/figs-inclusive/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-What are the inclusive and exclusive forms of “we”?

translate/figs-inclusive/title.md

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Inclusive and Exclusive “We”

translate/figs-informremind/01.md

@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-Some languages can use a word or phrase with a noun to give information about that noun or to remind people of something about it.
-
-* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, **who was very thankful**.
-
-The phrase “who was very thankful” immediately follows the word “sister” and informs us about how Mary’s sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish this sister from another sister that Mary might have. It simply gives added information about that sister.
-
-### Description
-
-Some languages can use a word or phrase with a noun to give information about that noun or to remind people of something about it.
-
-Mary gave some of the food to her sister, **who was very thankful**.
-
-The phrase “who was very thankful” immediately follows the word “sister” and informs us about how Mary’s sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish this sister from another sister that Mary might have.
-
-**Reason people use these phrases**: People often present either reminders or new information in a weak way. They do this when they want their listener to give most of his attention to something else they are saying. In the example above, the speaker wants most attention to be given to what Mary did, NOT to how her sister responded.
-
-#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
-
-Languages have different ways of signaling the parts of communication that the listener should pay most attention to.
-
-### Translation Principles
-
-* If your language does not use phrases with a noun for new information or a reminder, you may need to put that information or reminder in a different part of the sentence.
-* Try to present it in a weak way.
-* Ask yourself: In our language, how do we express information in a strong way, and how do we express it in a weaker way?
-
-### Examples From the Bible
-
-> The name of the third river is Tigris, **which flows east of Asshur**. (Genesis 2:14a ULT)
-
-There is only one Tigris River. The phrase “which flows east of Asshur” gives more information about where the Tigris River was. This would have been helpful to the original audience because they knew were Asshur was.
-
-> So Yahweh said, “I will wipe away mankind **whom I have created** from the surface of the earth.” (Genesis 6:7a ULT)
-
-The phrase “whom I have created” is a reminder of the relationship between God and mankind. It is the reason God had the right to wipe away mankind.
-
-> I will bring an end to the **worthless** idols of Memphis. (Ezekiel 30:13b ULT)
-
-All idols are worthless. This is why God said he would destroy them.
-
-> … for your **righteous** judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39b ULT)
-
-All of God’s judgments are righteous. This is why the person who wrote this psalm said that they are good.
-
-### Translation Strategies
-
-If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider keeping the phrase and the noun together. Otherwise, here are other strategies of showing that the phrase is used to inform or remind.
-
-(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.<br>
-(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing information in a weak way. It may be by adding a small word or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks such as parentheses or commas.
-
-### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
-
-(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
-
-> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols. (Psalm 31:6a ULT)
->
->
->
-> By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
->
-> > “**Because** idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.”
->
-> … for your **righteous** judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39b ULT)
->
-> > … for your judgments are good **because** they are righteous.
->
-> How can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
->
-> The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
->
-> > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** she is 90 years old?
->
-> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised.** (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT)
-
-There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
-
-> > “I will call on Yahweh **because** he is worthy to be praised.”
-
-(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing information in a weak way.
-
-> The name of the third river is Tigris, **which flows east of Asshur**. (Genesis 2:14a ULT)
->
-> > The name of the third river is Tigris. **It flows east of Asshur**.

translate/figs-informremind/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-When phrases are used with nouns, what are phrases that inform or remind, and how can I translate them?

translate/figs-informremind/title.md

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Phrases that Inform or Remind

translate/figs-merism/01.md

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ This bolded phrase is a merism because it speaks of the east and the west and ev
 
 The bolded phrase is merism because it speaks of old people and young people and everyone in between. It means “everyone.”
 
-
 ### Translation Strategies
 
 If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other options:

translate/figs-metaphor/01.md

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ Every metaphor has three parts:
 
 * The **Idea**, the abstract concept or quality that the physical **Image** brings to the mind of the hearer when he thinks of how the **Image** and the **Topic** are similar. Often, the **Idea** of a metaphor is not explicitly stated in the Bible, but it is only implied from the context. The hearer or reader usually needs to think of the **Idea** himself.
 
-
 Using these terms, we can say that a metaphor is a figure of speech that uses a physical **Image** to apply an abstract **Idea** to the speaker’s **Topic**.
 
 Usually, a writer or speaker uses a metaphor in order to express something about a **Topic**, with at least one **Point of Comparison** (**Idea**) between the **Topic** and the **Image**. Often in metaphors, the **Topic** and the **Image** are explicitly stated, but the **Idea** is only implied. The writer/speaker often uses a metaphor in order to invite the readers/listeners to think about the similarity between the **Topic** and the **Image** and to figure out for themselves the **Idea** that is being communicated.

translate/figs-order/01.md

@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ The **object** is often the thing that the subject does something to.
 * Peter sang **the song** well.
 * Peter ate **good food**.
 
-
 #### Verb
 
 The verb shows an action or a state of being.
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ In some languages the order is Verb-Subject-Object. This is normal word order fo
 
 * Hit Peter the ball.
 
-In some languages the order is not important for the meaning of the sentence because the language uses other ways to indicate whether a word is the subject, the verb, or the object. Both [Biblical Aramaic](../figs-orderHeb/01.md) and [Koiné Greek](,,/figs-orderGrk/01.md) are languages like this.
+In some languages the order is not important for the meaning of the sentence because the language uses other ways to indicate whether a word is the subject, the verb, or the object. Both [Biblical Aramaic](../figs-orderHeb/01.md) and [Koiné Greek](../figs-orderGrk/01.md) are languages like this.
 
 #### Changes in Word Order
 
@@ -80,5 +79,4 @@ Word order can also change
 * Use your language’s preferred word order unless there is some reason in your language to change it.
 * Translate the sentence so that the meaning is accurate and clear and so that it sounds natural.
 
-
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_order.
+You may also want to watch the video at https://ufw.io/figs_order.

translate/figs-orderHeb/01.md

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ A temporal phrase is made of words that tell when something happens, how long it
 
 When another part of speech (other than a temporal phrase or negative particle) appears before the verb, usually (but not always) it is because the writer/speaker is emphasizing that particular item as the most important information in the sentence.
 
-
 ### Word Order in Biblical Aramaic
 
 Most scholars agree that word order is so free in Biblical Aramaic that no distinct patterns of standard word order can be observed. Therefore, it is best to assume that word order has no affect on the meaning of a sentence in Aramaic.

translate/figs-parallelism/01.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ### Description
 
-In parallelism, two phrases or clauses that are similar in structure or idea are used together. The following are some of the different kinds of parallelism.
+Parallelism is a poetic device in which two phrases or clauses that are similar in structure or idea are used together. The following are some of the different kinds of parallelism.
 
 * The second clause or phrase means the same as the first. This is called synonymous parallelism.
 * The second clarifies or strengthens the meaning of the first.
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ In parallelism, two phrases or clauses that are similar in structure or idea are
 
 Parallelism is most commonly found in Old Testament poetry, such as in the books of Psalms and Proverbs. It also occurs in Greek in the New Testament, both in the four gospels and in the apostles’ letters.
 
-Synonymous parallelism (the kind in which the two phrases mean the same thing) in the poetry of the original languages has several effects:
+This article will only discuss synonymous parallelism, the kind in which the two parallel phrases mean the same thing, because that is the kind that presents a problem for translation. Note that we use the term “synonymous parallelism” for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [“doublet”](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
+
+In the poetry of the original languages, synonymous parallelism has several effects:
 
 * It shows that something is very important by saying it more than once and in more than one way.
 * It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways.
@@ -17,81 +19,78 @@ Synonymous parallelism (the kind in which the two phrases mean the same thing) i
 
 #### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
 
-Some languages would not use synonymous parallelism. They would either think it odd that someone said the same thing twice, or they would think that the two phrases must have some difference in meaning. For them it would be confusing, rather than beautiful.
-
-Note: We use the term “synonymous parallelism” for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
+Some languages would not use synonymous parallelism. They would either think it odd that someone said the same thing twice, or, since it is in the Bible, they would think that the two phrases must have some difference in meaning. For them it would be confusing, rather than beautiful. They would not understand that the repetition of the idea in different words serves to emphasize the idea.
 
 ### Examples From the Bible
 
-**(1) The second clause or phrase means the same as the first.**
-
-> Your word is a lamp to my feet
+> Your word is a lamp to my feet<br>
 > and a light for my path. (Psalm 119:105 ULT)
 
-Both parts of the sentence are metaphors saying that God’s word teaches people how to live.
+Both parts of the sentence are metaphors saying that God’s word teaches people how to live. That is the single idea. The words “lamp” and “light” are similar in meaning because they refer to light. The words “my feet” and “my path” are related because they refer to a person walking. Walking is a metaphor for living.
 
-> You make him to rule over the works of your hands;
+> You make him to rule over the works of your hands;<br>
 > you have put all things under his feet (Psalm 8:6 ULT)
 
-Both lines say that God made man the ruler of everything.
+Both lines say that God made man the ruler of everything. “To rule over” is the same idea as putting things “under his feet,” and “the works of your [God's] hands” is the same idea as “all things.”
 
-**(2) The second clarifies or strengthens the meaning of the first.**
+> Yahweh sees everything a person does<br>
+> and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
 
-> The eyes of Yahweh are everywhere,
-> keeping watch over the evil and the good. (Proverbs 15:3 ULT)
+The first phrase and the second phrase mean the same thing. There are three ideas that are the same between these two phrases. “Sees” corresponds to “watches,” “everything…does” corresponds to “all the paths…takes,” and “a person” corresponds to “he.”
 
-The second line tells more specifically what Yahweh watches.
+> Praise Yahweh, all you nations;<br>
+> exalt him, all you peoples! (Psalm 117:1 ULT)
 
-**(3) The second completes what is said in the first.**
+Both parts of this verse tell people everywhere to praise Yahweh. The words ‘Praise’ and ‘exalt’ mean the same thing. The words ‘Yahweh’ and ‘him’ refer to the same person. The terms ‘all you nations’ and ‘all you peoples’ refer to the same people.
 
-> I lift up my voice to Yahweh,
-> and he answers me from his holy hill. (Psalm 3:4 ULT)
+> For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people,<br>
+> and he will fight in court against Israel. (Micah 6:2b ULT)
 
-The second line tells what Yahweh does in response to what the person does in the first clause.
-
-**(4) The second says something that contrasts with the first, but adds to the same idea.**
-
-> For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous,
-> but the way of the wicked will perish. (Psalm 1:6 ULT)
-
-This contrasts what happens to righteous people with what happens to wicked people.
-
-> A gentle answer turns away wrath,
-> but a harsh word stirs up anger. (Proverbs 15:1 ULT)
-
-This contrasts what happens when someone gives a gentle answer with what happens when someone says something harsh.
+The two parts of this verse say that Yahweh has a serious disagreement with his people, Israel. These are not two different disagreements or two different groups of people.
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
 For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or phrases. For synonymous parallelism, it is good to translate both clauses if people in your language understand that the purpose of saying something twice is to strengthen a single idea. But if your language does not use parallelism in this way, then consider using one of the following translation strategies.
 
 (1) Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.<br>
-(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”<br>
-(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely,” or “all.”
+(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could combine the ideas of both clauses into one and include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”<br>
+(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could combine the ideas of both clauses into one and use words like “very,” “completely,” or “all.”<br>
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
 (1) Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
 
-> Until now you have dealt deceitfully with me and you have spoken lies to me. (Judges 16:13, ULT) – Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
-> > Until now you have deceived me with your lies.
->
-> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) – The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
->
-> > “Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does.”
->
-> For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULT) – This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
-> > “For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel.”
+> Until now you have dealt deceitfully with me and you have spoken lies to me. (Judges 16:13, ULT)<br>
 
-(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
+Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
+
+> > Until now you have deceived me with your lies.
+
+> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)<br>
+
+The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
+
+> > Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does.
+
+> For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULT)<br>
+
+This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
+
+> > For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel.
+
+(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could combine the ideas of both clauses into one and include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
 
 > Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
-> > “Yahweh truly sees everything a person does.”
+> > Yahweh truly sees everything a person does.
 
-(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
+> You make him to rule over the works of your hands; you have put all things under his feet (Psalm 8:6 ULT)
+
+>> You have certainly made him to rule over everything that you have created.
+
+(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could combine the ideas of both clauses into one and use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
 
 > Until now you have dealt deceitfully with me and you have spoken lies to me. (Judges 16:13, ULT)
-> > “All you have done is lie to me.”
+> > All you have done is lie to me.
 
 > Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
-> > “Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does.”
+> > Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does.

translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md

@@ -18,15 +18,12 @@ Readers who are not aware of the past tense being used in prophecy to refer to f
 > For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given;
 > and the rule will be on his shoulder. (Isaiah 9:6a ULT)
 
-
 In the examples above, God spoke of things that would happen in the future as if they had already happened.
 
 > But even Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied about them, saying, “Look! The Lord came with thousands and thousands of his holy ones.” (Jude 1:14 ULT)
 
-
 Enoch was speaking of something that would happen in the future, but he used the past tense when he said “the Lord came.”
 
-
 ### Translation Strategies
 
 If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other options.

translate/figs-personification/01.md

@@ -56,5 +56,4 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou
 > Even the **winds and the sea obey him**. (Matthew 8:27b ULT) – The men speak of the “wind and the sea” as if they are able to hear and obey Jesus, just as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
 > > He even **controls the winds and the sea**.
 
-
 **NOTE**: We have broadened our definition of “personification” to include “zoomorphism” (speaking of other things as if they had animal characteristics) and “anthropomorphism” (speaking of non-human things as if they had human characteristics) because the translation strategies for them are the same.

translate/figs-possession/01.md

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He
     * my head – the head that is part of my body
     * the roof of a house – the roof that is part of a house
 
+In some languages there is a special form of possession, termed **inalienable possession.** This form of possession is used for things that cannot be removed from you, as opposed to things you could lose. In the examples above, *my head* and *my mother* are examples of inalienable possession (at least in some languages), while *my clothes* or *my teacher* would be alienably possessed. What may be considered alienable vs. inalienable may differ by language.
+
 #### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
 
 * You (the translator) need to understand the relationship between two ideas represented by the two nouns when one is in the grammatical relationship of possessing the other.
@@ -81,7 +83,6 @@ In the example below, **Christ loves us**.
 
 > John came, baptizing in the wilderness and preaching **a baptism of repentance** for the forgiveness of sins. (Mark 1:4 ULT)
 
-
 ### Strategies for learning what the relationship is between the two nouns
 
 (1) Read the surrounding verses to see if they help you to understand the relationship between the two nouns.<br>

translate/figs-pronouns/01.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ### Description
 
-Pronouns are words that people might use instead of using a noun when referring to someone or something. Some examples are “I,” “you,” “he,” “it,” “this,” “that,” “himself,” “someone,” and others. The personal pronouns is the most common type of pronoun.
+Pronouns are words that people might use instead of using a noun when referring to someone or something. Some examples are “I,” “you,” “he,” “it,” “this,” “that,” “himself,” “someone,” and others. The personal pronoun is the most common type of pronoun.
 
 ### Personal Pronouns
 

translate/figs-quotations/01.md

@@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ If the kind of quote used in the source text would work well in your language, c
 >
 > > He commanded him, “**Tell no one**. But go and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”
 
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs\_quotations.
+You may also want to watch the video at https://ufw.io/figs\_quotations.

translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ Reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize a person or thing in the sentence.
 
 > So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, just as he was, in the boat. There also were other boats with him. Then a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full of water. But **Jesus himself** was in the stern, asleep on the cushion. (Mark 4:36-38a ULT)
 
-
 Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone did something alone.
 
 > When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain **by himself**. (John 6:15 ULT)
@@ -35,20 +34,19 @@ Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone did something alone.
 Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone or something was alone.
 > He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. **It** was not lying with the linen cloths but was folded up in a place **by itself**. (John 20:6b-7 ULT)
 
-
 ### Translation Strategies
 
 If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other strategies.
 
-(1) In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject.<br>
-(2) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.<br>
-(3) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it.<br>
-(4) In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like “alone.”<br>
+(1) In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject.
+(2) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
+(3) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it.
+(4) In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like “alone.”
 (5) In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-(1) In some languages people modify the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject.
+(1) In some languages people modify the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject.<br>
 
 > If I should testify about **myself** alone, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31)
 > > “If I should **self-testify** alone, my testimony would not be true.”
@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
 > Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem from the country before the Passover in order to **purify themselves**. (John 11:55)
 > > “Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out from country before the Passover in order to **self-purify**.”
 
-(2) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
+(2) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.<br>
 
 > **He himself** took our sickness and bore our diseases. (Matthew 8:17 ULT)
 > > “**It was he who** took our sickness and bore our diseases.”
@@ -64,11 +62,11 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
 > **Jesus himself** was not baptizing, but his disciples were. (John 4:2)
 > > “**It was not Jesus who** was baptizing, but his disciples were.”
 
-(3) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. English adds the reflexive pronoun.
+(3) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. English adds the reflexive pronoun.<br>
 
 > But Jesus said this to test Philip, for he **himself** knew what he was going to do. (John 6:6)
 
-(4) In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like “alone.”
+(4) In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like “alone.”<br>
 
 > When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain **by himself**. (John 6:15)
 > > “When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again **alone** up the mountain.”

translate/figs-rquestion/01.md

@@ -28,33 +28,26 @@ God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew:
 
 > Why did I not die when I came out from the womb? (Job 3:11a ULT)
 
-
 Job used the question above to show deep emotion. This rhetorical question expresses how sad he was that he did not die as soon as he was born. He wished that he had not lived.
 
 > And how has this happened to me that the mother of my Lord would come to me? (Luke 1:43 ULT)
 
-
 Elizabeth used the question above to show how surprised and happy she was that the mother of her Lord came to her.
 
 > Or what man is there among you, of whom his son will ask for a loaf of bread, but he will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
 
-
 Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already knew: a good father would never give his son something bad to eat. By introducing this point, Jesus could go on to teach them about God with his next rhetorical question:
 
 > Therefore, if you who are evil know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father who is in heaven give good things to those who ask him? (Matthew 7:11 ULT)
 
-
 Jesus used this question to teach the people in an emphatic way that God gives good things to those who ask him.
 
 > **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?** It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden … (Luke 13:18b-19a ULT)
 
-
 Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was about to compare the kingdom of God to something. In this case, he compared the kingdom of God to a mustard seed.
 
-
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-
 In order to translate a rhetorical question accurately, first be sure that the question you are translating truly is a rhetorical question and is not an information question. Ask yourself, “Does the person asking the question already know the answer to the question?” If so, it is a rhetorical question. Or, if no one answers the question, did the person who asked it expect to receive an answer? If not, it is a rhetorical question.
 
 When you are sure that the question is rhetorical, then be sure that you understand the purpose for the rhetorical question. Is it to encourage or rebuke or shame the hearer? Is it to bring up a new topic? Is it to do something else?
@@ -63,9 +56,9 @@ When you know the purpose of the rhetorical question, then think of the most nat
 
 If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider doing so. If not, here are other options:
 
-(1) Add the answer after the question.<br>
-(2) Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.<br>
-(3) Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.<br>
+(1) Add the answer after the question.
+(2) Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
+(3) Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
 (4) Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your language what the original speaker communicated in his.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied

translate/figs-sentences/01.md

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject.
 * He worked **hard**.
 * He made **a garden**.
 
-
 #### Compound Sentences
 
 A sentence can be made up of more than one sentence. Each of the two lines below has a subject and a predicate and is a full sentence.
@@ -69,8 +68,7 @@ In the sentence below “her mother, who was very annoyed” is part of the pred
 
 * She did not give any maize to **her mother**, **who was very annoyed**.
 
-
 #### Translation Issues
 
-* Languages have different orders for the parts of a sentence. (See [Information Structure](../figs-infostructure).)
+* Languages have different orders for the parts of a sentence. (See [Information Structure](../figs-infostructure/01.md).)
 * Some languages do not have relative clauses, or they use them in a limited way. (See [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](../figs-distinguish/01.md).)

translate/figs-simetaphor/01.md

@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ The example above has two related metaphors. The Topic(s) are “we” and “yo
 
 Jesus used a metaphor here, but his disciples did not realize it. When he said “yeast,” they thought he was talking about bread, but yeast was the Image in his metaphor, and the Topic was the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. Since the disciples (the original audience) did not understand what Jesus meant, it would not be good to state clearly here what Jesus meant.
 
-
 ### Translation Strategies
 
 * Simple metaphors in the Bible should be translated like active metaphors.

translate/figs-simile/01.md

@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ This verse does not tell how the Son of Man will be like the lightning. But in c
 
 If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. If they would not, here are some strategies you can use:
 
-(1) If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience.<br>
-(2) If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible. If you use this strategy, you may want to put the original item in a footnote.<br>
+(1) If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience.
+(2) If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible. If you use this strategy, you may want to put the original item in a footnote.
 (3) Simply describe the item without comparing it to another.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-(1) If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience.
+(1) If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience.<br>
 
 > See, I send you out **as sheep in the midst of wolves.** (Matthew 10:16a ULT) – This compares the danger that Jesus’ disciples would be in with the danger that sheep are in when they are surrounded by wolves.
 >
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I
 >
 > > For the word of God is living and active and **more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword**.
 
-(2) If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible. If you use this strategy, you may want to put the original item in a footnote.
+(2) If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible. If you use this strategy, you may want to put the original item in a footnote.<br>
 
 > See, I send you out **as sheep in the midst of wolves**, (Matthew 10:16a ULT) – If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another.
 >

translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-### Description
-
-Parallelism with the same meaning is a poetic device in which one complex idea is expressed in two (or more) different ways. Speakers may do this in order to emphasize the idea that is the same in the two phrases. This is also called “synonymous parallelism.”
-
-NOTE: We use the term “parallelism with the same meaning” for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
-
-> Yahweh **sees everything a person does** and **watches all the paths he takes**. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
-
-The first bold phrase and the second bold phrase mean the same thing. There are three ideas that are the same between these two phrases. “Sees” corresponds to “watches,” “everything … does” corresponds to “all the paths … takes,” and “a person” corresponds to “he.”
-
-Synonymous parallelism in poetry has several effects:
-
-* It shows that something is very important by saying it more than once and in more than one way.
-* It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways.
-* It makes the language more beautiful than the ordinary way of speaking.
-
-#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
-
-In some languages people do not expect someone to say the same thing twice, even in different ways. They expect that if there are two similar phrases or two sentences, they must have different meanings. So they do not understand that the repetition of ideas serves to emphasize the idea.
-
-### Examples From the Bible
-
-> Your word is **a lamp to my feet** and **a light for my path**. (Psalm 119:105 ULT)
-
-Both parts of the sentence are metaphors saying that God’s word teaches people how to live. The words “lamp” and “light” are similar in meaning because they refer to light. The words “my feet” and “my path” are related because they refer to a person walking.
-
-> **Praise Yahweh**, **all you nations; exalt him, all you peoples**! (Psalm 117:1 ULT)
-
-Both parts of this verse tell people everywhere to praise Yahweh. The words ‘Praise’ and ‘exalt’ mean the same thing. The words ‘Yahweh’ and ‘him’ refer to the same person. The terms ‘all you nations’ and ‘all you peoples’ refer to the same people.
-
-> For Yahweh **has a lawsuit with his people**, and he will **fight in court against Israel**. (Micah 6:2b ULT)
-
-The two parts of this verse say that Yahweh has a serious disagreement with his people, Israel. These are not two different disagreements or two different groups of people.
-
-### Translation Strategies
-
-If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages (that is, to strengthen a single idea), then it would be appropriate to use it in your translation. But if your language does not use parallelism in this way, then consider using one of the following translation strategies.
-
-(1) Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.<br>
-(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”<br>
-(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
-
-### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
-
-(1) Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
-
-> Until now you have **dealt deceitfully with me** and you have **spoken lies to me**. (Judges 16:13b ULT) – Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
->
-> > Until now you have **deceived me with your lies**.
->
-> Yahweh **sees everything a person does** and **watches all** **the paths he takes**. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) – The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
->
-> > Yahweh **pays attention to everything** a person does.
->
-> For Yahweh **has a lawsuit with his people**, and he **will fight in court against Israel**. (Micah 6:2 ULT) – This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
->
-> > For Yahweh has a **lawsuit with his people, Israel**.
-
-(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
-
-> Yahweh **sees everything** a person does and **watches all** the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
->
-> > Yahweh **truly sees** everything a person does.
-
-(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
-
-> Until now you have **dealt deceitfully with me** and you have **spoken lies to me**. (Judges 16:13b ULT)
->
-> > **All** you have done is **lie to me**.
->
-> Yahweh sees **everything a person does** and **watches all the paths he takes**. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
->
-> > Yahweh sees **absolutely everything** that a person does.

translate/figs-synonparallelism/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-What is parallelism with the same meaning?

translate/figs-synonparallelism/title.md

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Parallelism with the Same Meaning

translate/figs-you/01.md

@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 
 Some languages have more than one word for “you” based on how many people the word “you” refers to. The **singular** form refers to one person, and the **plural** form refers to more than one person. Some languages also have a **dual** form which refers to two people, and some languages have other forms that refer to three or four people.
 
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_younum.
-
+You may also want to watch the video at https://ufw.io/figs_younum.
 
 Sometimes in the Bible a speaker uses a singular form of “you” even though he is speaking to a crowd.
 
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ Sometimes in the Bible a speaker uses a singular form of “you” even though h
 
 Some languages have more than one form of “you” based on the relationship between the speaker and the person he is talking to. People use the **formal** form of “you” when speaking to someone who is older, or has higher authority, or is someone they do not know very well. People use the **informal** form when speaking to someone who is not older, or does not have higher authority, or is a family member or close friend.
 
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_youform.
+You may also want to watch the video at https://ufw.io/figs_youform.
 
 For help with translating these, we suggest you read:
 

translate/figs-youdual/01.md

@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ James wrote this letter to many people, so the word “you” refers to many peo
 (3) If you have a Bible that is written in a language that distinguishes “you” singular from “you” plural, see which form of “you” that Bible has in that sentence.<br>
 (4) Look at the context to see who the speaker was talking to and who responded.
 
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_youdual.
+You may also want to watch the video at https://ufw.io/figs_youdual.

translate/figs-youformal/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-(You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_youform.)
+(You may also want to watch the video at https://ufw.io/figs_youform.)
 
 ### Description
 
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ In some cultures people use the formal “you” when speaking to someone who is
 * English and many other source languages do not have formal and informal forms of “you.”
 * Translators who use a source text in a language that does have formal and informal forms of “you” will need to understand how those forms are used in that language. The rules in that language may not be exactly the same as the rules in the translator’s language.
 * Translators will need to understand the relationship between two speakers in order to choose the appropriate form in their language.
+* Use of “you” by people speaking to Jesus is sometimes particularly difficult for translators. Because Jesus is God, some will want to always use the formal form when people are speaking to him, but it is important to recognize the actual relationship and feelings towards Jesus. Pharisees and Sadduces became Jesus’ enemies early on and would have been unlikely to have spoken with particular respect to him. Also, when Jesus was with Pilate, he was treated as a criminal, not with respect.
 
 #### Translation Principles
 

translate/figs-yousingular/01.md

@@ -33,5 +33,4 @@ Paul wrote this letter to one person, Titus. Most of the time the word “you”
 (3) If you have a Bible that is written in a language that distinguishes “you” singular from “you” plural, see which form of “you” that Bible has in that sentence.<br>
 (4) Look at the context to see how many people the speaker was talking to and who responded.
 
-
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_younum.
+You may also want to watch the video at https://ufw.io/figs_younum.

translate/file-formats/01.md

@@ -19,17 +19,16 @@ When a computer program that can read USFM sees this, it is able to format all o
 
 **Bible translations must be in USFM for us to be able to use it!**
 
-To read more about USFM notation, please read http://paratext.org/about/usfm .
+To read more about USFM notation, please read https://paratext.org/about/usfm .
 
 #### How To Do a Bible Translation in USFM
 
-Most people do not know how to write in USFM. This is one of the reasons why we created translationStudio (http://ufw.io/ts/). When you do a translation in translationStudio, what you see looks very similar to a normal word processor document without any markup language. However, translationStudio is formatting the Bible translation in USFM underneath what you see. This way, when you upload your translation from translationStudio, what is being uploaded is already formatted in USFM and can be immediately published in a variety of formats.
+Most people do not know how to write in USFM. This is one of the reasons why we created translationStudio (https://ufw.io/ts/). When you do a translation in translationStudio, what you see looks very similar to a normal word processor document without any markup language. However, translationStudio is formatting the Bible translation in USFM underneath what you see. This way, when you upload your translation from translationStudio, what is being uploaded is already formatted in USFM and can be immediately published in a variety of formats.
 
 #### Converting a Translation to USFM
 
 Though it is strongly encouraged to only do a translation using USFM notation, sometimes a translation is done without using USFM markup. This type of translation still can be used, but first the USFM markers must be added. One way to do this is to copy and paste it into translationStudio, then place the verse markers in the correct place. When this is done, the translation will be able to be exported as USFM. This is a very arduous task, so we strongly recommend doing your Bible translation work from the beginning in translationStudio or some other program that uses USFM.
 
-
 ### Markdown for Other Content
 
 Markdown is a very common markup language that is used in many places on the Internet. Using Markdown makes it very easy for the same text to be used in a variety of formats (such as webpage, mobile app, PDF, etc).
@@ -46,15 +45,15 @@ Markdown also supports headings like this:
 
             ### Heading 3
 
-Markdown also supports links. Links display like this http://www.unfoldingword.org/ and are written like this:
+Markdown also supports links. Links display like this https://www.unfoldingword.org/ and are written like this:
 
-            http://www.unfoldingword.org
+            https://www.unfoldingword.org
 
 Customized wording for links is also supported, like this:
 
-            [uW Website](http://www.unfoldingword.org)
+            [uW Website](https://www.unfoldingword.org)
 
-Note that HTML is also valid Markdown. For a complete listing of Markdown syntax, please visit http://ufw.io/md.
+Note that HTML is also valid Markdown. For a complete listing of Markdown syntax, please visit https://ufw.io/md.
 
 ### Conclusion
 

translate/first-draft/01.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Follow these steps in order to get started:
 1. **Organize.** Talk with the pastors and other believers from your language group and form a committee of people who can oversee the translation work. The Translation Committee finds and oversees the translators, to whom the rest of this list applies.
 2. **Contact.** Make contact with at least one person in the unfoldingWord network, notifying unfoldingWord that you intend to begin translation. To obtain information about how to do that, see [Finding Answers](../../intro/finding-answers/01.md)
 3. **Review.** Review the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md).
-4. **Agree.** Agree that the Statement of Faith is an accurate reflection of your own beliefs and that you intend to translate the content in harmony with it and also in accordance with the Translation Guidelines. Do this by signing the form that is provided. (see http://ufw.io/forms/)
+4. **Agree.** Agree that the Statement of Faith is an accurate reflection of your own beliefs and that you intend to translate the content in harmony with it and also in accordance with the Translation Guidelines. Do this by signing the form that is provided. (see https://ufw.io/forms/)
 5. **Pray.** Pray that God would help the translators to understand the passage that you are translating and that he would help you to find the best way to communicate that passage in your language.
 6. **Read.**
     * If you are translating Open Bible Stories, read each individual story entirely before starting to translate it. If you are translating the Bible, read each entire chapter before you start to translate any part of it. That way you will understand how the part you are translating fits into the larger context, and you will translate it better.

translate/guidelines-collaborative/01.md

@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ Make changes to the translation before you distribute it to a wider audience.
 
 Remember: if possible, work together with other believers who speak your language to translate, check, and distribute the translated content, ensuring that it is of the highest quality and that as many people as possible can read and understand it.
 
-(You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/guidelines_collab.)
+(You may also want to watch the video at https://ufw.io/guidelines_collab.)

translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md

@@ -28,6 +28,6 @@ Always translating faithfully can be difficult for several reasons:
 
     * Example: When you are translating Mark 10:11, “Whoever divorces his wife and marries another woman commits adultery against her,” you might know that in Matthew 19:9 there is also the phrase, “… except for sexual immorality ….” Even so, do not add this phrase into Mark 10:11 because that would not be translating faithfully. Also, do not add any of your own ideas or any teachings from your church. Only translate the meaning that is there in the Bible passage.
 
-In order to avoid these biases, especially the ones that you might not be aware of, you must study the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes (see http://ufw.io/tn/), unfoldingWord® Translation Words (see http://ufw.io/tw/) and the *unfoldingWord® Simplified Text* (see http://ufw.io/ust/), as well as any other translation helps that you have. That way you will know what the meaning of the Bible passage is, and you will be less likely to translate in a biased, unfaithful way.
+In order to avoid these biases, especially the ones that you might not be aware of, you must study the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes (see https://ufw.io/tn/), unfoldingWord® Translation Words (see https://ufw.io/tw/) and the *unfoldingWord® Simplified Text* (see https://ufw.io/ust/), as well as any other translation helps that you have. That way you will know what the meaning of the Bible passage is, and you will be less likely to translate in a biased, unfaithful way.
 
-(You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/guidelines_faithful.)
+(You may also want to watch the video at https://ufw.io/guidelines_faithful.)

translate/guidelines-historical/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-(See the video “Translating the Scriptures – Culture” at http://ufw.io/trans_culture.)
+(See the video “Translating the Scriptures – Culture” at https://ufw.io/trans_culture.)
 
  A historical translation communicates historical events and facts accurately. It provides additional information as needed to accurately communicate the intended message to people who do not share the context and culture of the original recipients of the original content.
 

translate/guidelines-ongoing/01.md

@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ Bible translations should be ongoing. Share the translation with others to see i
 
 Remember: encourage people to review the translation and give you ideas for making it better. Talk to other people about these ideas. When several people agree that these are good ideas, then make these changes in the translation. In this way, the translation will get better and better.
 
-(You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/guidelines_ongoing.)
+(You may also want to watch the video at https://ufw.io/guidelines_ongoing.)

translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md

@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ Just as today, human father-son relationships during Bible times were never as l
 (2) If your language has more than one word for “son,” use the word that has the closest meaning to “only son” (or “first son” if necessary).<br>
 (3) If your language has more than one word for “father,” use the word that has the closest meaning to “birth father,” rather than “adoptive father.”
 
-(See *God the Father* and *Son of God* pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](http://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating “Father” and “Son.”)
+(See *God the Father* and *Son of God* pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](https://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating “Father” and “Son.”)

translate/qualifications/01.md

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ The leaders of the church networks that will be involved in the translation shou
     * Do people respect the way this person speaks their own language?
     * What is the age and local language background of each translator? It is usually good to have people from different places in the language area and of different ages, because people of different places and ages might use the language differently. The various translators must agree on how to say things in a way that everyone can understand clearly.
 
-
 2. Does the person have a very good understanding of the source language?
 
     * What level of education have they received, and how have they obtained skills in the source language?

translate/resources-def/01.md

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ Simple definitions of words or phrases are added without quotes or sentence form
 
 > Behold, those in expensive clothing and living in luxury are in **kings’ palaces.** (Luke 7:25b ULT)
 
-
 * **kings’ palaces** – the large, expensive houses that kings live in
 
 ### Translation Principles

translate/resources-links/01.md

@@ -30,6 +30,6 @@ These links will only take you back to Notes in the same book that you are worki
 
 #### Examples
 
-* **be fruitful and multiply** – See how you translated these commands in [Genesis 1:28](http://).
-* **everything that creeps along the ground** – This includes all types of small animals. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:25](http://).
-* **will be blessed in him** – Alternate Translation: “will be blessed because of Abraham” or “will be blessed because I have blessed Abraham.” For translating “in him,” see how you translated “through you” in [Genesis 12:3](http://).
+* **be fruitful and multiply** – See how you translated these commands in [Genesis 1:28](https://).
+* **everything that creeps along the ground** – This includes all types of small animals. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:25](https://).
+* **will be blessed in him** – Alternate Translation: “will be blessed because of Abraham” or “will be blessed because I have blessed Abraham.” For translating “in him,” see how you translated “through you” in [Genesis 12:3](https://).

translate/translate-bdistance/01.md

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ The metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the bibl
 | “long” cubit    | 54 centimeters    |
 | stadia     | 185 meters    |
 
-
 #### Translation Principles
 
 1. The people in the Bible did not use modern measures such as meters, liters, and kilograms. Using the original measures can help readers know that the Bible really was written long ago in a time when people used those measures.

translate/translate-bmoney/01.md

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ The two tables below show some of the most well-known units of money found in th
 | shekel | various metals |  11 grams |
 | talent | various metals |  33 kilograms|
 
-
 | Unit in NT |  Metal |  Day’s Wage  |
 | -------- | -------- | -------- |
 | denarius/denarii | silver coin |  1 day |

translate/translate-chapverse/01.md

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ In some versions this is the last verse of Daniel 5. In other versions this is t
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-If the people who speak your language have another Bible that they use, number the chapters and verses the way that Bible does. Read the instructions on how to mark verses in [translationStudio](http://help.door43.org/en/knowledgebase/13-translationstudio-android/docs/24-marking-verses-in-translationstudio).
+If the people who speak your language have another Bible that they use, number the chapters and verses the way that Bible does. Read the instructions on how to mark verses in [translationStudio](https://help.door43.org/en/knowledgebase/13-translationstudio-android/docs/24-marking-verses-in-translationstudio).
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 

translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ In Mark 11:31-33, the ellipsis mark shows that either the religious leaders did
 
 > They discussed between themselves, saying, “What should we say? If we say, ‘From heaven,’ he will say, ‘Why then did you not believe him?’ But if we say, ‘From men,’ **…**” They were afraid of the people, for everyone considered that John really was a prophet. Then they answered Jesus and said, “We do not know.” Then Jesus said to them, “Neither will I tell you by what authority I do these things.” (ULT)
 
-
 #### Long Dashes
 
 Long dashes (—) introduce information that is immediately relevant to what came before it. For example:
@@ -33,7 +32,6 @@ The words in the parentheses below are not what Jesus was saying, but what Matth
 
 > “Therefore, when you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place” **(**let the reader understand**)**, “then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, let him who is on the housetop not go down to take anything out of his house, and let him who is in the field not return to take his cloak.” (Matthew 24:15-18 ULT)
 
-
 #### Indentation
 
 When text is indented, it means that the line of text starts further to the right than the lines of text above and below it that are not indented.

translate/translate-fraction/01.md

@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@ The tribe of Manasseh divided into two groups. The phrase “the half-tribe of M
 
 > So the four angels who had been prepared for that hour, that day, that month, and that year, were released so that they would kill **a third** of mankind. (Revelation 9:15 ULT)
 
-
-
 If all the people in the world were to be divided into three equal groups, then the number of people in one group would be killed.
 
 > You must also prepare **a fourth** of a hin of wine as the drink offering. (Numbers 15:5 ULT)

translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md

@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be help
 
 > You must eat unleavened bread from evening of the fourteenth day **in the first month of the year**, until evening of the twenty-first day of the month. (Exodus 12:18 ULT)
 
-
 ### Translation Strategies
 
 You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (See [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](../figs-explicit/01.md).)

translate/translate-help/01.md

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 To help translators make the best translation possible, **unfoldingWord® Translation Notes**, **unfoldingWord® Translation Words**, and **unfoldingWord® Translation Questions** have been created.
 
-**unfoldingWord® Translation Notes** are cultural, linguistic, and exegetical notes that help to describe and explain some of the Bible background that the translator needs to know to translate accurately. The unfoldingWord® Translation Notes also inform translators about different ways that they might express the same meaning. See http://ufw.io/tn/.
+**unfoldingWord® Translation Notes** are cultural, linguistic, and exegetical notes that help to describe and explain some of the Bible background that the translator needs to know to translate accurately. The unfoldingWord® Translation Notes also inform translators about different ways that they might express the same meaning. See https://ufw.io/tn/.
 
-The **unfoldingWord® Translation Words** are key terms found in Open Bible Stories and the Bible. It is very important to translate key terms correctly. Each of these words or phrases has a small article written about it as well as cross-references to other places where that term is used in either Open Bible Stories or the Bible. This is to show the translator other ways that the unfoldingWord® Translation Words term is used and to ensure that it has been translated correctly in those places, too. See http://ufw.io/tw/.
+The **unfoldingWord® Translation Words** are key terms found in Open Bible Stories and the Bible. It is very important to translate key terms correctly. Each of these words or phrases has a small article written about it as well as cross-references to other places where that term is used in either Open Bible Stories or the Bible. This is to show the translator other ways that the unfoldingWord® Translation Words term is used and to ensure that it has been translated correctly in those places, too. See https://ufw.io/tw/.
 
-The **unfoldingWord® Translation Questions** are comprehension questions that can be used to self-check your translation. If you can correctly answer the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions using only the Target Language translation, then it is an accurate translation. The unfoldingWord® Translation Questions are also a good tool to use for checking with the target language community. See http://ufw.io/tq/.
+The **unfoldingWord® Translation Questions** are comprehension questions that can be used to self-check your translation. If you can correctly answer the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions using only the Target Language translation, then it is an accurate translation. The unfoldingWord® Translation Questions are also a good tool to use for checking with the target language community. See https://ufw.io/tq/.
 
 Once you have consulted the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes, unfoldingWord® Translation Words and unfoldingWord® Translation Questions, then you are ready to make the best translation.
 

translate/translate-kinship/01.md

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+### Description
+
+Kinship terms refer to those words used to describe people related to one another in familial relationships. These terms vary widely in their specificity from language to language. They range from the (Western) nuclear or immediate family (father-son, husband-wife) out to broad clan relationships in other cultures.
+
+#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
+
+Depending on the language translators may need to use specific terms to designate the accurate kinship relationship. In some languages a different term may be used based on siblings’ birth order. In others, the side of the family (father’s or mother’s), age, marital status, etc. may determine the term used. Different terms may be used based on the gender of the speaker and/or addressee. Translators may need to make sure they know the exact relationship between two related people in the Bible to find the correct term. Sometimes these terms are difficult even for native speakers to remember and translators may need to seek community help in finding the correct term. Another complicating issue is that the Bible may not give enough information about the relationship for translators to determine the correct term in the language being translated into. In this case, translators will have to use a more general term or simply pick a satisfactory term based on the limited information available.
+
+Sometimes terms that seem like kinship terms are used for people who are not necessarily related. For instance, an older person may refer to a younger man or woman as “my son” or “my daughter.”
+
+### Examples from the Bible
+> Then Yahweh said to Cain, “Where is Abel **your brother**?” He said, “I do not know. Am I **my brother’s** keeper?” (Genesis 4:9 ULT)
+
+Abel was Cain’s younger brother.
+
+> Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah to the field to his flock and said to them, “I see **your father’s** attitude toward me has changed, but the God of my father has been with me.” (Genesis 31:4-5 ULT)
+
+Jacob is referring here to his father-in-law. In some languages there may be a specific term for a man’s father-in-law, however, in this case it is better to retain the form **your father** as Jacob may be using it to distance himself from Laban.
+
+> And Moses was shepherding the flock of Jethro **his father-in-law**, the priest of Midian. (Exodus3:1a ULT)
+
+Unlike the previous instance, if your language has a term for a man’s father-in-law this is a good place to use it.
+
+> And **his sister** stationed herself at a distance to know what would be done to him. (Exodus 2:4 ULT)
+
+From context we know that this was Miriam, Moses’s older sister. In some languages this may require a specific term. In others, the term for older sister may be only used when the younger sibling is addressing and/or referring to his or her sister.
+
+> Then she and **her daughters-in-law** arose to return from the fields of Moab (Ruth 1:6a ULT)
+
+Ruth & Orpah are Naomi’s daughters-in-law.
+
+> Then she said, “Look, your sister-in-law has turned back to her people and to her gods.” (Ruth 1:15 ULT)
+
+Orpah had been the wife of Ruth’s husband’s brother. This may be a different term in your language than if she had been Ruth’s husband’s sister.
+
+> Then Boaz said to Ruth, “Will you not listen to me, **my daughter**?” (Ruth 2:8a ULT)
+
+Boaz is not Ruth’s father; he is simply using the term to address a younger woman.
+
+> And behold, **your relative** Elizabeth—she also has conceived a son in her old age, and this is the sixth month for her who was called barren. (Luke 1:36 ULT)
+
+While the KJV translated this as **cousin**, the term simply means a related woman.
+
+### Translation Strategies
+
+(1) Find out the exact relationship specified and translate using the term your language uses.
+
+(2)  If the text does not specify the relationship as clearly as your language would, either:
+
+   (a) settle on a more general term.
+
+   (b) use a specific term if required by your language, choosing the one that is most likely to be correct.
+
+### Translation Strategies Applied
+
+This is not an issue in English, so the following illustrations draw on other languages.
+
+In Korean, there are several terms for brother and sister, the use of them depends on the speaker’s (or referent’s) sex and birth order. Examples are from the Korean Living Bible, found on biblegateway.com
+
+> Genesis 30:1 Rachel is jealous of her “eonni,” which is the term a woman uses for her older sister.
+>
+> Genesis 34:31 Simeon and Levi refer to Dinah as “nui,” a general term for sister.
+>
+> Genesis 37:16 Joseph refers to his brothers as “hyeong,” which is the term a man uses for his older brother(s).
+>
+> Genesis 45:12 Joseph refers to Benjamin as “dongsaeng,” which roughly means sibling, usually younger.
+
+In Russian, in-law terms are complex. For instance, “nevéstka” is the term for a brother’s (or brother-in-law’s) wife; a woman uses the same term for her daughter-in-law but her husband would call the same daughter-in-law “snoxá.”
+Examples from the Russian Synodal Version.
+
+> Genesis 38:25 Tamar sends a message to her father-in-law, Judah. The term used is “svekor.” This is used for a woman’s husband’s father.
+>
+> Exodus 3:1 Moses is watching his father-in-law’s herd. The term used is “test’.” This is used for a man’s wife’s father.
+

translate/translate-kinship/sub-title.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+What are kinship terms and how can I translate them?

translate/translate-kinship/title.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Kinship

translate/translate-manual/01.md

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 This manual teaches translation theory and how to make a good translation for Other Languages (OLs). Some of the principles of translation in this manual also apply to Gateway Language translation. For specific instruction on how to translate the set of translation tools for Gateway Languages, however, please see the [Gateway Language Manual](https://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/). It will be very helpful to study many of these modules before starting any type of translation project. Other modules, such as the ones about grammar, are only needed for “just-in-time” learning.
 
-
 Some highlights in the Translation Manual:
 
 * [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../guidelines-intro/01.md) – defining a good translation

translate/translate-numbers/01.md

@@ -63,7 +63,6 @@ We will use the following verse in our examples:
 
 > I have prepared for Yahweh’s house **a great amount of gold (100,000 talents)**, **ten times that amount of silver (1,000,000 talents)**, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
 
-
 #### Consistency
 
 Be consistent in your translations. Decide how the numbers will be translated, using numbers or numerals. There are different ways of being consistent.

translate/translate-ordinal/01.md

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ Most ordinal numbers in English simply have “-th” added to the end.
 | 100 | one hundred |  one hundredth |
 | 1,000| one thousand |  one thousandth |
 
-
 Some ordinal numbers in English do not follow that pattern.
 
 | Numeral | Number  | Ordinal Number  |

translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md

@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@ When choosing a source text from which to do a translation, there are two reason
 
 ### What License Do We Use?
 
-Content created by unfoldingWord® is released under a **Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License (CC BY-SA)** (see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). We believe this license is the greatest help to the church because it is permissive enough to allow translation and other derivatives to be made from it, but not so permissive that those derivatives can be locked up under restrictive licenses. For a complete discussion on this issue, read The Christian Commons (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/tcc/) or Letting Go (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/letting-go).
+Content created by unfoldingWord® is released under a **Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License (CC BY-SA)** (see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). We believe this license is the greatest help to the church because it is permissive enough to allow translation and other derivatives to be made from it, but not so permissive that those derivatives can be locked up under restrictive licenses. For a complete discussion on this issue, read The Christian Commons (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/tcc/) or Letting Go (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/letting-go).
 
 ### What Source Texts Can Be Used?
 
 Source texts can be used if they are in the public domain or are available under one of the following licenses, which permit translated work to be released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License:
 
-* **CC0 Public Domain Dedication (CC0)** (see http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)
-* **CC Attribution (CC BY)** (see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
-* **CC Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)** (see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
+* **CC0 Public Domain Dedication (CC0)** (see https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)
+* **CC Attribution (CC BY)** (see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
+* **CC Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)** (see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
 * Works released under the **Free Translate License** (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/freetranslate/)
 
 For all other works in question, please contact <help@door43.org> .

translate/translate-source-text/01.md

@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ When choosing a source text, there are a number of factors that must be consider
 * **[The Original and Source Languages](../translate-original/01.md)** – Does the translation team understand the difference between source languages and original languages?
 * **[Original Manuscripts](../translate-manuscripts/01.md)** – Does the translation team understand about Original Manuscripts and [Textual Variants](../translate-textvariants/01.md)?
 
-It is important that the leaders of the churches in the language group agree that the source text is a good one. The Open Bible Stories are available in many source languages on http://ufw.io/stories/. There are also translations of the Bible there to be used as sources for translation in English, and soon, Other Languages, as well.
+It is important that the leaders of the churches in the language group agree that the source text is a good one. The Open Bible Stories are available in many source languages on https://ufw.io/stories/. There are also translations of the Bible there to be used as sources for translation in English, and soon, Other Languages, as well.

translate/translate-source-version/01.md

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ Version numbers are only given when a work is released, not when they are edited
 
 Each source text is given a whole number for each release (version 1, 2, 3, etc). Any translations based on that source text will take the version number of the source text and add .1 (thus, a translation from English OBS version 4 would become version 4.1). Any further translation based on the intermediate translation would add another .1 to the version number it was created from (for example 4.1.1). New releases of any of these texts increment their “decimal place” by 1.
 
-Please see http://ufw.io/versioning for more details.
+Please see https://ufw.io/versioning for more details.
 
 ### Where to Find the Latest Version
 
-The latest published versions of resources in the Door43 Catalog may be seen online at https://door43.org/en/?user=Door43-Catalog. The unfoldingWord® English source content is also available in various formats from http://www.unfoldingword.org/content/.
+The latest published versions of resources in the Door43 Catalog may be seen online at https://door43.org/en/?user=Door43-Catalog. The unfoldingWord® English source content is also available in various formats from https://www.unfoldingword.org/content/.
 
 **Note:** translationCore, translationStudio and the unfoldingWord® app do not always have the latest versions since updating content does not happen automatically (you may use the source content update feature in each of these apps to get the latest versions).

translate/translate-transliterate/01.md

@@ -22,17 +22,16 @@ Malachi might not be a name that people who speak your language use.
 
 There are several things to be aware of when borrowing words from another language.
 
-* Different languages use different scripts, such as the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Cyrillic, Devanagari, and Korean scripts. These scripts use different shapes to represent the letters in their alphabets.
-* Languages that use the same script might pronounce the letters in that script differently. For example, when speaking German, people pronounce the letter “j” the same way that people pronounce the letter “y” when speaking English.
+* Different languages use different scripts, such as the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Cyrillic, Devanagari, and Korean scripts. These scripts use different shapes to represent the letters in their alphabets.<br>
+* Languages that use the same script might pronounce the letters in that script differently. For example, when speaking German, people pronounce the letter “j” the same way that people pronounce the letter “y” when speaking English.<br>
 * Languages do not all have the same sounds or combinations of sounds. For example, many languages do not have the soft “th” sound in the English word “think,” and some languages cannot start a word with a combination of sounds like “st” as in “stop.”
 
 There are several ways to borrow a word.
 
-(1) If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language.<br>
-(2) You can spell the word as the Other Language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters.<br>
+(1) If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language.
+(2) You can spell the word as the Other Language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters.
 (3) You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the Other Language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language.
 
-
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
 (1) If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language.

translate/translate-unknown/01.md

@@ -25,12 +25,10 @@ Bread is a particular food made by mixing finely crushed grains with oil, and th
 
 Jackals are wild animals like dogs that live in only a few parts of the world. So they are not known in many places.
 
-
 > Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are ravenous **wolves**. (Matthew 7:15 ULT)
 
 If wolves do not live where the translation will be read, the readers may not understand that they are fierce, wild animals like dogs that attack and eat sheep.
 
-
 > They offered him wine mixed with **myrrh**, but he did not drink it. (Mark 15:23 ULT)
 
 People may not know what myrrh is and that it was used as a medicine.

translate/translate-versebridge/01.md

@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ Order the information in a way that will be clear to your readers. If the order
 
 (1) If you put information from one verse before information from an earlier verse, then combine the verses and put a hyphen between the two verse numbers.
 
-
-See how to mark verses in [translationStudio](http://help.door43.org/en/knowledgebase/13-translationstudio-android/docs/24-marking-verses-in-translationstudio).
+See how to mark verses in [translationStudio](https://help.door43.org/en/knowledgebase/13-translationstudio-android/docs/24-marking-verses-in-translationstudio).
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 

translate/writing-endofstory/01.md

@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information
 
 > And Mary said, “My soul magnifies the Lord, and my spirit rejoiced in God my savior.” **And Mary stayed with her about three months and then returned to her house.** (Luke 1:46-47, 56 ULT)
 
-
 * To tell on-going action that continues after the main part of the story ends
 
 > All who those who heard it were amazed concerning the things that were spoken to them by the shepherds. **But Mary kept all the things, pondering them in her heart.** (Luke 2:18-19 ULT)

translate/writing-quotations/01.md

@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
 
 > For look, days are coming—**this is Yahweh’s declaration**—when I will restore the fortunes of my people, Israel and Judah. (Jeremiah 30:3a ULT)
 
-
 ### Translation Strategies
 
 (1) Decide where to put the quote margin.<br>