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replace ellipse characters (#192)
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Larry Sallee
Gogs
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@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel’s enemies who would come and attack them were c
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<blockquote> and their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULT) </blockquote>
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>An eagle is coming over the house of Yahweh.
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> ... Israel has rejected what is good,
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>…Israel has rejected what is good,
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>and the enemy will pursue him. (Hosea 8:1,3 ULT)
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In Isaiah, God called a certain foreign king a bird of prey because he would come quickly and attack Israel’s enemies.
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@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all
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> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: ‘Plow your own ground,
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> and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULT)
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<blockquote>When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it.... This is the seed that was sown beside the road. What was sown on rocky ground is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy....What was sown among the thorn plants, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word.... What was sown on the good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)</blockquote>
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<blockquote>When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it.…This is the seed that was sown beside the road. What was sown on rocky ground is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy….What was sown among the thorn plants, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word.…What was sown on the good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)</blockquote>
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> Break up your unplowed ground,
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> for it is time to seek Yahweh.... (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
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> for it is time to seek Yahweh.…(Hosea 10:12 ULT)
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#### SOWING represents actions or attitudes, and REAPING represents judgment or reward
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@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _thre
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#### RAIN represents God’s gifts to his people
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> ...he comes and rains righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
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>…he comes and rains righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
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<blockquote>For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULT)</blockquote>
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@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ This is because he actually is the God of the whole earth.
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This is because he actually is discerning.
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>He will...be called the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32 ULT)
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>He will…be called the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32 ULT)
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This is because he actually is the Son of the Most High.
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@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord.
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#### CLEANLINESS represents being acceptable for God’s purposes
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Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some of the <u>clean</u> birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma... (Genesis 8:20 ULT)
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Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some of the <u>clean</u> birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma…(Genesis 8:20 ULT)
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>The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him <u>clean</u>. It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is <u>clean</u>. (Leviticus 13:6 ULT)
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@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the e
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God’s Son will receive all things as a permanent possession.
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>It was by faith that Noah...condemned the world and became an <u>heir</u> of the righteousness that comes through faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULT)
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>It was by faith that Noah…condemned the world and became an <u>heir</u> of the righteousness that comes through faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULT)
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Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
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@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary l
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<blockquote>The cups, <u>lamp</u> trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULT)</blockquote>
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>Ishbibenob...intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp</u> of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
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>Ishbibenob…intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp</u> of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
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1. Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md))
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@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ He is willing to die in order to save his sheep.
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#### A leader is modeled as a SHEPHERD and those he leads are modeled as SHEEP
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>Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look...when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will <u>shepherd</u> my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’ “ (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
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>Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look…when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will <u>shepherd</u> my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’ “ (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
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<blockquote> “Woe to the <u>shepherds</u> who destroy and scatter the <u>sheep</u> of my <u>pasture</u>—this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)</blockquote>
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@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ A person who is envious might put a curse or enchantment on someone by looking a
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A person with a good eye can put a blessing on someone by looking at him.
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> If I have found <u>favor in your eyes</u>... (1 Samuel 27:5 ULT)
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> If I have found <u>favor in your eyes</u>…(1 Samuel 27:5 ULT)
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#### Life is modeled as BLOOD
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@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ This is especially true of things that move in the air or the sky.
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The sun is modeled as a disc with wings, which allow it to “fly” through the air from east to west during the daytime. In Psalm 139, “the wings of the morning” refers to the sun. In Malachi 4 God called himself the “sun of righteousness” and he spoke of the sun as having wings.
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>If I fly away on <u>the wings of the morning</u> and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea... (Psalm 139:9 ULT)
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>If I fly away on <u>the wings of the morning</u> and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea…(Psalm 139:9 ULT)
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<blockquote>But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing <u>in its wings</u>. (Malachi 4:2 ULT)</blockquote>
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@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ When there was a war between nations, people believed that the gods of those nat
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>This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for <u>he also inflicted punishment on their gods</u>. (Numbers 33:4 ULT)
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<blockquote>And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?...You drove out nations <u>and their gods</u> from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT)</blockquote>
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<blockquote>And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?…You drove out nations <u>and their gods</u> from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT)</blockquote>
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>The servants of the king of Aram said to him, “<u>Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were</u>. But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they.” (1 Kings 20:23 ULT)
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain idea
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### Examples from the Bible
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> ..._from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings ..._ (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
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>…_from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings…_ (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
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The abstract noun “childhood” refers to when someone is a child.
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@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
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1. Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun.
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* **... from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings ...** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
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* **…from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings…** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
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* Ever since <u>you were a child</u> you have known the sacred writings.
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* **But <u>godliness with contentment</u> is great <u>gain</u>.** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
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@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ A statement can also be used to make a **request**. The man with leprosy was not
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A statement can also be used to **perform** something. By telling Adam that the ground was cursed because of him, God actually cursed it.
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>... cursed is the ground because of you; (Genesis 3:17 ULT)
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>…cursed is the ground because of you; (Genesis 3:17 ULT)
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By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man’s sins.
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@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ The phrase “who bore him” distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to
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**Examples of words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item**: These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these.
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>... for <u>your righteous judgments</u> are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
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>…for <u>your righteous judgments</u> are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
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The word “righteous” simply reminds us that God’s judgments are righteous. It does not distinguish his righteous judgements from his unrighteous judgements, because all of his judgments are righteous.
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@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
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* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
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* <u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.
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* **... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
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* ... for your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
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* **…for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
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*…for your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
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* **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase “who is ninety years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
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* Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?
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@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meani
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Negative words are words that have in them the meaning “not.” Examples are “no,” “not,” “none,” “no one,” “nothing,” “nowhere,” “never,” “nor,” “neither,” and “without.” Also, some words have prefixes or suffixes that mean “not” such as the underlined parts of these words: “<u>un</u>happy,” “<u>im</u>possible,” and “use<u>less</u>.”
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A double negative occurs when a sentence has two words that each express the meaning of “not.”
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>It is <u>not</u> that we do <u>not</u> have authority... (2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULT)
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>It is <u>not</u> that we do <u>not</u> have authority…(2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULT)
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<blockquote>And this better confidence did <u>not</u> happen <u>without</u> the taking of an oath, ... (Hebrews 7:20 ULT.) </blockquote>
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<blockquote>And this better confidence did <u>not</u> happen <u>without</u> the taking of an oath,…(Hebrews 7:20 ULT.) </blockquote>
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>Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u>punished (Proverbs 11:21 ULT)
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@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ To translate sentences with double negatives accurately and clearly in your lang
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### Examples from the Bible
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>... so that they may <u>not</u> be <u>un</u>fruitful. (Titus 3:14 ULT)
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>…so that they may <u>not</u> be <u>un</u>fruitful. (Titus 3:14 ULT)
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This means “so that they will be fruitful.”
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>All things were made through him and <u>without</u> him there was <u>not</u> one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULT)
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@ -46,13 +46,13 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan
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* **For we do <u>not</u> have a high priest who can<u>not</u> feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULT)
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* “For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses.”
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* **... so that they may <u>not</u> be <u>un</u>fruitful.** (Titus 3:14 ULT)
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* “... so that they may be fruitful.”
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* **…so that they may <u>not</u> be <u>un</u>fruitful.** (Titus 3:14 ULT)
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* “…so that they may be fruitful.”
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1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as “very” or “surely.”
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* **Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u>punished ...** (Proverbs 11:21 ULT)
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* “Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>certainly</u> be punished ...”
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* **Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u>punished…** (Proverbs 11:21 ULT)
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* “Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>certainly</u> be punished…”
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* **All things were made through him and <u>without</u> him there was <u>not</u> one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULT)
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* “All things were made through him. He made <u>absolutely</u> everything that has been made.”
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The underlined words mean the same thing. Together they mean that he was “very old.”
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>... he attacked two men <u>more righteous</u> and <u>better</u> than himself ... (1 Kings 2:32 ULT)
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>…he attacked two men <u>more righteous</u> and <u>better</u> than himself…(1 Kings 2:32 ULT)
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This means that they were “much more righteous” than he was.
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@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ This means that they were “much more righteous” than he was.
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This means that they had prepared “many false things to say.”
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>... as of a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>. (1 Peter 1:19 ULT)
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>…as of a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>. (1 Peter 1:19 ULT)
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This means that he was like a lamb that did not have any blemish--not even one.
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1. If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language’s ways of doing that.
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* **... a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>...** (1 Peter 1:19 ULT) - English can emphasize this with “any” and “at all.”
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* “ ... a lamb <u>without any blemish at all</u> ...”
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* **…a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>…** (1 Peter 1:19 ULT) - English can emphasize this with “any” and “at all.”
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* “…a lamb <u>without any blemish at all</u>…”
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Ellipsis is what happens when a speaker or writer leaves one or more words out of a sentence because he knows that the hearer or reader will understand the meaning of the sentence and fill in the words in his mind when he hears or reads the words that are there. The information that is omitted has usually already been stated in a preceding sentence or phrase.
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>... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5)
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>…the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5)
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This is ellipsis because “sinners in the assembly of the righteous” is not a complete sentence. The speaker assumes that the hearer will understand what it is that sinners will not do in the assembly of the righteous by filling in the action from the previous clause.
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know what the missing in
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### Examples from the Bible
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> ... when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>.” (Luke 18:40-41 ULT)
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>…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>.” (Luke 18:40-41 ULT)
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The man answered in an incomplete sentence because he wanted to be polite and not directly ask Jesus for healing. He knew that Jesus would understand that the only way he could receive his sight would be for Jesus to heal him.
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1. Add the missing words to the incomplete phrase or sentence.
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* **... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor <u>sinners in the assembly</u> of the righteous.** (Psalm 1:5)
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* ... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and <u>sinners will not stand in the assembly</u> of the righteous
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* **…the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor <u>sinners in the assembly</u> of the righteous.** (Psalm 1:5)
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*…the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and <u>sinners will not stand in the assembly</u> of the righteous
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* **... when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>.”** (Luke 18:40-41)
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* ... when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>I want you to heal me</u> that I might receive my sight.”
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* **…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>.”** (Luke 18:40-41)
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*…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>I want you to heal me</u> that I might receive my sight.”
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* **He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u>and Sirion like a young ox</u>.** (Psalm 29:6)
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* He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and <u>he makes</u> Sirion <u>skip</u> like a young ox.
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ A euphemism is a mild or polite way of referring to something that is unpleasant
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### Definition
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>... they found Saul and his sons <u>fallen</u> on Mount Gilboa. (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULT)
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>…they found Saul and his sons <u>fallen</u> on Mount Gilboa. (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULT)
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This means that Saul and his sons “were dead”. It is a euphemism because the important thing was not that Saul and his sons had fallen but that they were dead. Sometimes people do not like to speak directly about death because it is unpleasant.
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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Different languages use different euphemisms. If the target language does not us
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### Examples from the Bible
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>... where there was a cave. Saul went inside to relieve himself ... (1 Samuel 24:3 ULT)
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>…where there was a cave. Saul went inside to relieve himself…(1 Samuel 24:3 ULT)
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The original hearers would have understood that Saul went into the cave to use it as a toilet, but the writer wanted to avoid offending or distracting them, so **he did not say specifically** what Saul did or what he left in the cave.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
|
|||
|
||||
1. Use a euphemism from your own culture.
|
||||
|
||||
* **... where there was a cave. Saul went inside to <u>relieve himself</u>.** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULT) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these:
|
||||
* “...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to dig a hole</u>“
|
||||
* “...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to have some time alone</u>“
|
||||
* **…where there was a cave. Saul went inside to <u>relieve himself</u>.** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULT) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these:
|
||||
* “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to dig a hole</u>“
|
||||
* “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to have some time alone</u>“
|
||||
|
||||
* **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not <u>slept with any man</u>?”** (Luke 1:34 ULT)
|
||||
* Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since <u>I do not know a man</u>?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ In the Bible, events are not always told in the order in which they occurred. So
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
> But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
|
||||
> But then Herod…had John locked up in prison. Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This could sound like John baptized Jesus after John was locked up in prison, but John baptized Jesus before John was locked up in prison.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -30,21 +30,21 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
|
|||
|
||||
1. If your language uses phrases, time words or tenses to show that an event happened before the one just mentioned, consider using one of them.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<sup>20</sup> But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. <sup>21</sup> Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized.** (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
|
||||
* <sup>20</sup> But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. <sup>21</sup> <u>Before John was put in prison,</u> while all the people were being baptized by John, Jesus also was baptized.
|
||||
* **<sup>20</sup> But then Herod…had John locked up in prison. <sup>21</sup> Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized.** (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
|
||||
* <sup>20</sup> But then Herod…had John locked up in prison. <sup>21</sup> <u>Before John was put in prison,</u> while all the people were being baptized by John, Jesus also was baptized.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULT)
|
||||
* Who is worthy to open the scroll <u>after</u> breaking its seals?
|
||||
|
||||
1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
|
||||
* <sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup> But Joshua <u>had commanded</u> the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.
|
||||
* **<sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup>10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
|
||||
* <sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup>10</sup> But Joshua <u>had commanded</u> the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6).
|
||||
|
||||
* **<sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
|
||||
* <sup>8-10</sup> Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.” Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ...
|
||||
* **<sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup>10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
|
||||
* <sup>8-10</sup> Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.” Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…
|
||||
|
||||
* **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULT)
|
||||
* Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ In Psalm 23:1-4, the writer says that God’s concern and care for his people ca
|
|||
|
||||
In Isaiah 5:1-7, Isaiah presents God’s disappointment with his people as the disappointment that a farmer would feel if his vineyard only produced bad fruit. Farmers care for their gardens, but if they only produce bad fruit, farmers eventually stop caring for them. Verses 1 through 6 appear to be simply about a farmer and his vineyard, but verse 7 makes it clear that it is about God and his people.
|
||||
|
||||
><sup>1</sup>...My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill.
|
||||
><sup>1</sup>…My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill.
|
||||
><sup>2</sup>He spaded it and removed the stones, and planted it with the choicest vine.
|
||||
>He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress.
|
||||
>He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a
|
|||
|
||||
* **it will be more tolerable for <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
|
||||
|
||||
* ... it will be more tolerable for <u>those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked</u>, at the day of judgment than for you
|
||||
*…it will be more tolerable for <u>those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked</u>, at the day of judgment than for you
|
||||
* Or:
|
||||
* ... it will be more tolerable for those <u>wicked cities Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you
|
||||
*…it will be more tolerable for those <u>wicked cities Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you
|
||||
|
||||
* **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands</u> when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ In some languages, this would lead people to think that Yahweh was in the ark.
|
|||
|
||||
Abraham was speaking to his servant. Abraham’s relatives lived far away, from where he and his servant were standing and he wanted his servant to <u>go</u> to them, not <u>come</u> toward Abraham.
|
||||
|
||||
>When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it ... (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
|
||||
>When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…(Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Moses is speaking to the people in the wilderness. They had not yet gone into the land that God was giving them. In some languages, it would make more sense to say, “When you have <u>gone</u> into the land...”
|
||||
Moses is speaking to the people in the wilderness. They had not yet gone into the land that God was giving them. In some languages, it would make more sense to say, “When you have <u>gone</u> into the land…”
|
||||
|
||||
>Joseph and Mary <u>brought</u> him up to the temple in Jerusalem to present him to the Lord. (Luke 1:22 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ If the word used in the ULT would be natural and give the right meaning in your
|
|||
|
||||
1. Use another word that expresses the right meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
* **When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it ...** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
|
||||
* “When you have <u>arrived</u> in the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it ...”
|
||||
* **When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
|
||||
* “When you have <u>arrived</u> in the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…”
|
||||
|
||||
* **Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Come</u>, you and all your household, into the ark ...** (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
|
||||
* “Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Enter</u>, you and all your household, into the ark ...”
|
||||
* **Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Come</u>, you and all your household, into the ark…** (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
|
||||
* “Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Enter</u>, you and all your household, into the ark…”
|
||||
|
||||
* **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>go</u> out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UST)
|
||||
* Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>appear</u> in public for five months.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
When a speaker expresses a single idea by using two words that are connected with “and,” it is called “hendiadys.” In hendiadys, the two words work together. Usually one of the words is the primary idea and the other word further describes the primary one.
|
||||
|
||||
>... his own <u>kingdom and glory.</u> (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
|
||||
>…his own <u>kingdom and glory.</u> (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Though “kingdom” and “glory” are both nouns, “glory” actually tells what kind of kingdom it is: it is a **kingdom of glory** or **a glorious kingdom**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ Though “kingdom” and “glory” are both nouns, “glory” actually tells
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
>... for I will give you <u>words and wisdom ...</u> (Luke 21:15 ULT)
|
||||
>…for I will give you <u>words and wisdom…</u> (Luke 21:15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
“Words” and “wisdom” are nouns, but in this figure of speech “wisdom” describes “words.”
|
||||
|
||||
>... if you are willing and obedient ... (Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
|
||||
>…if you are willing and obedient…(Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
“Willing” and “obedient” are adjectives, but “willing” describes “obedient.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa
|
|||
|
||||
1. For a generalization, show that it is a generalization by using a phrase like “in general” or “in most cases.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ...** (Proverbs 13:18 ULT)
|
||||
* **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame…** (Proverbs 13:18 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>In general,</u> the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame
|
||||
* **And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.** (Matthew 6:7)
|
||||
* “And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles <u>generally</u> do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.”
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If
|
|||
1. Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look, we are your <u>flesh and bone</u>.”** ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
|
||||
* ...Look, we all <u>belong to the same nation</u>.
|
||||
*…Look, we all <u>belong to the same nation</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
* **he <u>resolutely set his face</u> to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULT)
|
||||
* He started to travel to Jerusalem, <u>determined to reach it</u>.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ In the Bible, God blesses people by using imperatives. This indicates what his w
|
|||
|
||||
An imperative sentence can also be used to tell the **condition** under which something will happen. The proverbs mainly tell about life and things that often happen. The purpose of Proverbs 4:6 below is not primarily to give a command, but to teach what people can expect to happen **if** they love wisdom.
|
||||
|
||||
>... <u>do not abandon</u> wisdom and she will watch over you;
|
||||
>…<u>do not abandon</u> wisdom and she will watch over you;
|
||||
><u>love</u> her and she will keep you safe. (Proverbs 4:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if they teach their children the way they should go.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The phrase “whom I have created” is a reminder of the relationship between G
|
|||
|
||||
All idols are worthless. This is why God said he would destroy them.
|
||||
|
||||
>... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
|
||||
>…for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
All of God’s judgments are righteous. This is why the person who wrote this psalm said that they are good.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
|
|||
* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
|
||||
* “<u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
|
||||
* ... for your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
|
||||
* **…for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
|
||||
*…for your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase “who is ninety years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
|
||||
* “Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?”
|
||||
|
||||
* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u> ...** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
|
||||
* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u>…** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
|
||||
* “I will call on Yahweh, <u>because</u> he is worthy to be praised”
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use one of your language’s ways for expressing information in a weak way.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking o
|
|||
> I am the <u>Alpha and the Omega</u>, <u>the First and the Last</u>, <u>the Beginning and the End</u>. (Revelation 22:13, ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<u>Alpha and Omega</u> are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This is a merism that includes everything from the beginning to the end. It means eternal.
|
||||
>I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth ...</u>, (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
|
||||
>I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth…</u>, (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<u>Heaven and earth</u> is a merism that includes everything that exists.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
|
|||
|
||||
1. Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts.
|
||||
|
||||
* **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u> ...** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
|
||||
* I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>everything</u> ...
|
||||
* **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u>…** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
|
||||
* I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>everything</u>…
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>From the rising of the sun to its setting</u>, Yahweh’s name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>In all places</u>, people should praise Yahweh’s name.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ These are metaphors that people recognize as one concept standing for another co
|
|||
|
||||
Here God speaks about his salvation as if it were the sun rising in order to shine its rays on the people whom he loves. He also speaks of the sun’s rays as if they were wings. Also, he speaks of these wings as if they were bringing medicine that would heal his people. Here is another example:
|
||||
|
||||
> Jesus said, “Go and tell that fox...,” (Luke 13:32 ULT)
|
||||
> Jesus said, “Go and tell that fox…,” (Luke 13:32 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Here, “that fox” refers to King Herod. The people listening to Jesus certainly understood that Jesus was intending for them to apply certain characteristics of a fox to Herod. They probably understood that Jesus intended to communicate that Herod was evil, either in a cunning way or as someone who was destructive, murderous, or who took things that did not belong to him, or all of these.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ A throne represents the authority of a king. “Throne” is a metonym for “ki
|
|||
>Immediately his <u>mouth</u> was opened (Luke 1:64 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The mouth here represents the power to speak. This means that he was able to talk again.
|
||||
> ... who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULT)
|
||||
>…who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The word “wrath” or “anger” is a metonym for “punishment.” God was extremely angry with the people, and as a result, he would punish them.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
|
|||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
In some languages an adjective can be used to refer to a class of things that the adjective describes. When it does, it acts like a noun. For example, the word “rich” is an adjective. Here are two sentences that show that “rich” is an adjective.
|
||||
> ... <u> The rich man</u> had huge numbers of flocks and herds ... (2 Samuel 12:2 ULT)
|
||||
>…<u> The rich man</u> had huge numbers of flocks and herds…(2 Samuel 12:2 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The adjective “rich” comes before the word “man” and describes “man.”
|
||||
><u>He will not be rich</u>; his wealth will not last ... (Job 15:29 ULT)
|
||||
><u>He will not be rich</u>; his wealth will not last…(Job 15:29 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The adjective “rich” comes after the verb “be” and describes “He.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -44,6 +44,6 @@ If your language uses adjectives as nouns to refer to a class of people, conside
|
|||
* **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>.** (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
|
||||
* The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>righteous people</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Blessed are <u>the meek</u> ...** (Matthew 5:5 ULT)
|
||||
* Blessed are <u>people who are meek</u> ...
|
||||
* **Blessed are <u>the meek</u>…** (Matthew 5:5 ULT)
|
||||
* Blessed are <u>people who are meek</u>…
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -42,17 +42,17 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou
|
|||
|
||||
1. Add words or phrases to make it clear.
|
||||
|
||||
* ** ... <u>sin crouches</u> at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear.
|
||||
* ... <u>sin</u> is at your door, <u>waiting to attack you</u>
|
||||
* **…<u>sin crouches</u> at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear.
|
||||
*…<u>sin</u> is at your door, <u>waiting to attack you</u>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use words such as “like” or “as” to show that the sentences is not to be understood literally.
|
||||
|
||||
* ** ... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - This can be translated with the word “as.”
|
||||
* ... sin is crouching at the door, just <u>as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person</u>.
|
||||
* **…sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - This can be translated with the word “as.”
|
||||
*…sin is crouching at the door, just <u>as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Find a way to translate it without the personification.
|
||||
|
||||
* ** ... even the <u>winds and the sea obey him</u>** (Matthew 8:27 ULT) - The men speak of the “wind and the sea as if they are able to hear” and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
|
||||
* **…even the <u>winds and the sea obey him</u>** (Matthew 8:27 ULT) - The men speak of the “wind and the sea as if they are able to hear” and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
|
||||
* He even <u>controls the winds and the sea</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t
|
|||
|
||||
1. Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold.
|
||||
|
||||
* ** ... Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULT)
|
||||
* ... Whoever gives you <u>a cup that **has** water in it</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward.
|
||||
* **…Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink…will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULT)
|
||||
*…Whoever gives you <u>a cup that **has** water in it</u> to drink…will not lose his reward.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Wealth is worthless on <u>the day of wrath</u>** (Proverbs 11:4 ULT)
|
||||
* Wealth is worthless on <u>the day when God **shows** his wrath.</u>
|
||||
|
|
@ -102,6 +102,6 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t
|
|||
* **You will only observe and see the <u>punishment of the wicked</u>.** (Psalms 91:8 ULT)
|
||||
* You will only observe and see <u>how Yahweh **punishes** the wicked</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
* **... you will receive the gift <u>of the Holy Spirit</u>.** (Acts 2:38 ULT)
|
||||
* ... you will receive <u>the Holy Spirit, whom God will **give** to you</u>.
|
||||
* **…you will receive the gift <u>of the Holy Spirit</u>.** (Acts 2:38 ULT)
|
||||
*…you will receive <u>the Holy Spirit, whom God will **give** to you</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ The outermost layer is what Jesus said to Pilate. The second layer is what Pilat
|
|||
|
||||
#### A quotation with three layers
|
||||
|
||||
> Abraham said, “... I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, <u>“He is my brother.”</u> ‘ “ (Genesis 20:10-13 ULT)
|
||||
> Abraham said, “…I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, <u>“He is my brother.”</u> ‘ “ (Genesis 20:10-13 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The outermost layer is what Abraham said to Abimelech. The second layer is what Abraham had told his wife. The third layer is what he wanted his wife to say. (We have underlined the third layer.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of dire
|
|||
|
||||
1. Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have underlined the indirect quotes in the ULT and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ...I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him <u>if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things</u>. But when Paul called <u>to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision</u>, I ordered him <u>to be kept until I send him to Caesar</u>.”** (Acts 25:14-21 ULT)
|
||||
* Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ...I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, <u>‘Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?’</u> But when Paul said, <u>‘I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision,’</u> I told the guard, <u>‘Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.’</u>“
|
||||
* **Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner.…I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him <u>if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things</u>. But when Paul called <u>to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision</u>, I ordered him <u>to be kept until I send him to Caesar</u>.”** (Acts 25:14-21 ULT)
|
||||
* Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner.…I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, <u>‘Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?’</u> But when Paul said, <u>‘I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision,’</u> I told the guard, <u>‘Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.’</u>“
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word “that” can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already kne
|
|||
|
||||
Jesus used this question to teach the people in an emphatic way that God gives good things to those who ask him.
|
||||
|
||||
><u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden... (Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
|
||||
><u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden…(Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was going to compare the kingdom of God to something.
|
||||
|
|
@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
|
|||
|
||||
1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>This is what the kingdom of God is like.</u> It is like a mustard seed...”
|
||||
* **<u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed…** (Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>This is what the kingdom of God is like.</u> It is like a mustard seed…”
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Is this how you insult God’s high priest?</u>** (Acts 23:4 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>You should not insult God’s high priest!</u>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ The speakers below used these questions to get information, and the people they
|
|||
|
||||
<blockquote>Jesus said to them, “<u>Do you believe that I can do this?</u>“ They said to him, “Yes, Lord.” (Matthew 9:28 ULT) </blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote>The jailer...said, “Sirs, <u>what must I do to be saved?</u>“ They said, “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your house.” (Acts 16:29-31 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
<blockquote>The jailer…said, “Sirs, <u>what must I do to be saved?</u>“ They said, “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your house.” (Acts 16:29-31 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
Questions can also have other functions. (see [Rhetorical Question](../figs-rquestion/01.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ With a **command**, the speaker uses his authority and tells someone to do somet
|
|||
><u>Rise up</u>, Balak, and <u>hear</u>. <u>Listen</u> to me, you son of Zippor. (Numbers 23:18 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
With an **instruction**, the speaker tells someone how to do something.
|
||||
>...but if you want to enter into life, <u>keep the commandments</u>. ... If you wish to be perfect, <u>go</u>, <u>sell</u> what you have, and <u>give</u> it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. (Matthew 19:17, 21 ULT)
|
||||
>…but if you want to enter into life, <u>keep the commandments</u>.…If you wish to be perfect, <u>go</u>, <u>sell</u> what you have, and <u>give</u> it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. (Matthew 19:17, 21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
With a **suggestion**, the speaker tells someone something to do or not do that he thinks might help that person. In the example below, it is best for both blind men if they do not try to lead each other.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Synecdoche is when a speaker uses a part of something to refer to the whole or u
|
|||
> <u>My soul</u> exalts the Lord. (Luke 1:46 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Mary was was very happy about what the Lord was doing, so she said “my soul,” which means the inner, emotional part of herself, to refer to her whole self.
|
||||
><u>the Pharisees</u> said to him, “Look, why are they doing something that is not lawful ...?” (Mark 2:24 ULT)
|
||||
><u>the Pharisees</u> said to him, “Look, why are they doing something that is not lawful…?” (Mark 2:24 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The Pharisees who were standing there did not all say the same words at the same time. Instead, it is more likely that one man representing the group said those words.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ If the synecdoche would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
|
|||
* **”<u>My soul</u> exalts the Lord.”** (Luke 1:46 ULT)
|
||||
* “<u>I</u> exalt the Lord.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **...<u>the Pharisees</u> said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULT)
|
||||
* ...<u>a representative of the Pharisees</u> said to him ...
|
||||
* **…<u>the Pharisees</u> said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULT)
|
||||
*…<u>a representative of the Pharisees</u> said to him…
|
||||
|
||||
* **... I looked on all the deeds that <u>my hands</u> had accomplished ...** (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULT)
|
||||
* **…I looked on all the deeds that <u>my hands</u> had accomplished…** (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULT)
|
||||
* I looked on all the deeds that <u>I</u> had accomplished
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
|
|||
Note: We use the term “parallelism with the same meaning” for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
|
||||
>Yahweh <u>sees everything a person does</u> and <u>watches all the paths he takes</u>. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The first underlined phrase and the second underlined phrase mean the same thing. There are three ideas that are the same between these two phrases. “Sees” corresponds to “watches,” “everything ... does” corresponds to “all the paths ... takes,” and “a person” corresponds to “he.”
|
||||
The first underlined phrase and the second underlined phrase mean the same thing. There are three ideas that are the same between these two phrases. “Sees” corresponds to “watches,” “everything…does” corresponds to “all the paths…takes,” and “a person” corresponds to “he.”
|
||||
|
||||
Synonymous parallelism in poetry has several effects:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages, tha
|
|||
|
||||
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **... you have deceived me <u>and</u> told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULT)
|
||||
* **…you have deceived me <u>and</u> told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>All</u> you have done is lie to me.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Yahweh sees everything a person does <u>and</u> watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The ruler was speaking about just himself when he said “I.” This shows us th
|
|||
>The angel said to him, “Dress <u>yourself</u> and put on <u>your</u> sandals.” Peter did so. The angel said to him, “Put on <u>your</u> outer garment and follow me.” So Peter followed the angel and went out. (Acts 12:8, ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The context makes it clear that the angel was speaking to one person and that only one person did what the the angel commanded. So languages that have singular and plural forms of “you” would have the singular form here for “yourself” and “your”. Also, if verbs have different forms for singular and plural subjects, the verbs “dress” and “put on” will need the form for “you” singular.
|
||||
>To Titus, a true son in our common faith. ... For this purpose I left <u>you</u> in Crete, that <u>you</u> might set in order things not yet complete, and ordain elders in every city as I directed <u>you</u>. … But <u>you</u>, say what agrees with healthy doctrine. (Titus 1:4,5; 2:1 ULT)
|
||||
>To Titus, a true son in our common faith.…For this purpose I left <u>you</u> in Crete, that <u>you</u> might set in order things not yet complete, and ordain elders in every city as I directed <u>you</u>. … But <u>you</u>, say what agrees with healthy doctrine. (Titus 1:4,5; 2:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Paul wrote this letter to one person, Titus. Most of the time the word “you” in this letter refers only to Titus.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Always translating faithfully can be difficult for several reasons:
|
|||
|
||||
1. You might want to translate a Bible passage in a way that accords with your culture, rather than according to what it meant when it was written.
|
||||
|
||||
* Example: It is common in North American culture for women to speak and preach in churches. A translator from that culture might be tempted to translate the words of 1 Corinthians 14:34 in a way that is not as strict as the Apostle Paul wrote them: “... the women should keep silent in the churches.” But a faithful translator will translate the meaning of the Bible passage just the way it is.
|
||||
* Example: It is common in North American culture for women to speak and preach in churches. A translator from that culture might be tempted to translate the words of 1 Corinthians 14:34 in a way that is not as strict as the Apostle Paul wrote them: “…the women should keep silent in the churches.” But a faithful translator will translate the meaning of the Bible passage just the way it is.
|
||||
|
||||
1. You might not like something that the Bible says, and be tempted to change it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Always translating faithfully can be difficult for several reasons:
|
|||
|
||||
1. You might know something extra about the Bible passage that you are translating and want to add that to your translation.
|
||||
|
||||
* Example: When you are translating Mark 10:11, “Whoever divorces his wife and marries another woman commits adultery against her,” you might know that in Matthew 19:9 there is also the phrase, “...except for sexual immorality....” Even so, do not add this phrase into Mark 10:11, because that would not be translating faithfully. Also, do not add any of your own ideas or teachings from your church. Only translate the meaning that is there in the Bible passage.
|
||||
* Example: When you are translating Mark 10:11, “Whoever divorces his wife and marries another woman commits adultery against her,” you might know that in Matthew 19:9 there is also the phrase, “…except for sexual immorality….” Even so, do not add this phrase into Mark 10:11, because that would not be translating faithfully. Also, do not add any of your own ideas or teachings from your church. Only translate the meaning that is there in the Bible passage.
|
||||
|
||||
In order to avoid these biases, especially the ones that you might not be aware of, you must study the translationNotes (see http://ufw.io/tn/), translationWords (see http://ufw.io/tw/) and the *unfoldingWord Simplified Text* (see http://ufw.io/udb/), as well as any other translation helps that you have. That way you will know what the meaning of the Bible passage is, and you will be less likely to translate in a biased, unfaithful way.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -7,31 +7,31 @@ In the Old Testament:
|
|||
>Yahweh, he is God; there is <u>no other God</u>! (I Kings 8:60 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
In the New Testament:
|
||||
>Jesus said,... “This is everlasting life: that they should know you, <u>the only true God”</u>. (John 17:3 ULT)
|
||||
>Jesus said,…“This is everlasting life: that they should know you, <u>the only true God”</u>. (John 17:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: Deuteronomy 4:35, Ephesians 4:5-6, 1 Timothy 2:5, James 2:19)
|
||||
|
||||
#### The Old Testament begins to reveal God’s three persons.
|
||||
|
||||
><u>God</u> created the heavens... <u>The Spirit of God</u> was moving... “Let <u>us</u> make man in <u>our</u> image.” (Genesis 1:1-2 ULT)
|
||||
><u>God</u> created the heavens…<u>The Spirit of God</u> was moving…“Let <u>us</u> make man in <u>our</u> image.” (Genesis 1:1-2 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote>God has spoken to us by a <u>Son</u>... through whom he also made the universe. His <u>Son</u> is the radiance of his glory, the very character of his essence... about the <u>Son</u> he says,... “In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth’s foundation; the heavens are the work of your hands.” (Hebrews 1:2-3, and 8-10 ULT quoting Psalm 102:25)</blockquote>
|
||||
<blockquote>God has spoken to us by a <u>Son</u>…through whom he also made the universe. His <u>Son</u> is the radiance of his glory, the very character of his essence…about the <u>Son</u> he says,…“In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth’s foundation; the heavens are the work of your hands.” (Hebrews 1:2-3, and 8-10 ULT quoting Psalm 102:25)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
#### The Church has always found it necessary to state what the New Testament says about God by affirming that he exists in three distinct persons: The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
|
||||
|
||||
>Jesus said, “...Baptize them into the name of <u>the Father</u>, of <u>the Son</u>, and of <u>the Holy Spirit</u>.” (Matthew 28:19 ULT)
|
||||
>Jesus said, “…Baptize them into the name of <u>the Father</u>, of <u>the Son</u>, and of <u>the Holy Spirit</u>.” (Matthew 28:19 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote>God sent his <u>Son</u>, born of a woman,... God sent the <u>Spirit</u> of his <u>Son</u> into our hearts, who calls, “Abba, <u>Father</u>.” (Galatians 4:4-6 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
<blockquote>God sent his <u>Son</u>, born of a woman,…God sent the <u>Spirit</u> of his <u>Son</u> into our hearts, who calls, “Abba, <u>Father</u>.” (Galatians 4:4-6 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
See also: John 14:16-17, 1 Peter 1:2
|
||||
|
||||
Each person of God is fully God and is called “God” in the Bible.
|
||||
>Yet for us there is only one <u>God the Father ... </u> (1 Corinthians 8:6 ULT)
|
||||
>Yet for us there is only one <u>God the Father…</u> (1 Corinthians 8:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote>Thomas answered and said to him, “My Lord and <u>my God</u>.” <u>Jesus</u> said to him, “Because you have seen me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen, and yet have believed.” (John 20:28-29 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote>But Peter said, “Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to <u>the Holy Spirit</u> and to keep back part of the price of the land?... You have not lied to men, but to <u>God</u>.” (Acts 5:3-4 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
<blockquote>But Peter said, “Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to <u>the Holy Spirit</u> and to keep back part of the price of the land?…You have not lied to men, but to <u>God</u>.” (Acts 5:3-4 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
Each person is also distinct from the other two persons. All three persons can appear separately at the same time. In the verses below, God the Son is baptized while God the Spirit comes down and God the Father speaks from heaven.
|
||||
>After he was baptized, <u>Jesus</u> came up... from the water... He saw the <u>Spirit</u> of God coming down..., and a <u>voice</u> [the Father’s] came out of the heavens saying, “This is my Beloved <u>Son</u>...” (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
|
||||
>After he was baptized, <u>Jesus</u> came up…from the water…He saw the <u>Spirit</u> of God coming down…, and a <u>voice</u> [the Father’s] came out of the heavens saying, “This is my Beloved <u>Son</u>…” (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
|
||||
|
|
@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Door43 supports Bible translations that represent these concepts when they refer
|
|||
**”Father” and “Son” are names that God calls himself in the Bible.**
|
||||
The Bible shows that God called Jesus his Son:
|
||||
|
||||
>After he was baptized, Jesus came up immediately from the water, and... a voice came out of the heavens saying, “<u>This is my beloved Son</u>. I am very pleased with him.” (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
|
||||
>After he was baptized, Jesus came up immediately from the water, and…a voice came out of the heavens saying, “<u>This is my beloved Son</u>. I am very pleased with him.” (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The Bible shows that Jesus called God his Father:
|
||||
|
||||
>Jesus said, “I praise you <u>Father</u>, Lord of heaven and earth,... no one knows the <u>Son</u> except the <u>Father</u>, and no one knows the <u>Father</u> except the <u>Son</u>“ (Matthew 11:25-27 ULT) (See also: John 6:26-57)
|
||||
>Jesus said, “I praise you <u>Father</u>, Lord of heaven and earth,…no one knows the <u>Son</u> except the <u>Father</u>, and no one knows the <u>Father</u> except the <u>Son</u>“ (Matthew 11:25-27 ULT) (See also: John 6:26-57)
|
||||
|
||||
Christians have found that “Father” and “Son” are the ideas that most essentially describe the eternal relationship of the First and Second Persons of the Trinity to each other. The Bible indeed refers to them in various ways, but no other terms reflect the eternal love and intimacy between these Persons, nor the interdependent eternal relationship between them.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ The intimate, loving relationship between the Father and the Son is eternal, jus
|
|||
|
||||
<blockquote>I <u>love</u> the Father, I do what the Father commands me, just as he gave me the commandment. (John 14:31 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote><u> ... no one knows who the Son is except the Father, and no one knows who the Father is except the Son</u>. (Luke 10:22 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
<blockquote><u>…no one knows who the Son is except the Father, and no one knows who the Father is except the Son</u>. (Luke 10:22 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
The terms “Father” and “Son” also communicate that the Father and the Son are of the same essence; they are both eternal God.
|
||||
|
||||
>Jesus said, “Father, glorify your Son so that the Son may glorify you... I glorified you on the earth,... Now Father, glorify me... with the glory that <u>I had with you before the world was created</u>.” (John 17:1-5 ULT)
|
||||
>Jesus said, “Father, glorify your Son so that the Son may glorify you…I glorified you on the earth,…Now Father, glorify me…with the glory that <u>I had with you before the world was created</u>.” (John 17:1-5 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote>But in these last days, he [God the Father] has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. It is through him that God also made the universe. He is the brightness of God’s glory, <u>the very character of his essence</u>. He even holds everything together by the word of his power. (Hebrews 1:2-3 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ The “AT:” indicates that this is an alternate translation. Some examples are
|
|||
>it is the law of the Medes and Persians, that <u>no decree or statute that the king issues can be changed</u>. (Daniel 6:15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* **no decree...can be changed** - An additional sentence may be added here to aid in understanding. AT: “no decree...can be changed. So they must throw Daniel into the pit of lions.” (See: *Explicit*)
|
||||
* **no decree…can be changed** - An additional sentence may be added here to aid in understanding. AT: “no decree…can be changed. So they must throw Daniel into the pit of lions.” (See: *Explicit*)
|
||||
|
||||
The additional sentence shows what the speaker wanted the king to understand from his reminder that the king’s decrees and statues cannot be changed. Translators may need to state some things clearly in the translation that the original speaker or writer left unstated or implicit.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ When we refer to verses that are not next to each other, we use commas to separa
|
|||
After the chapter and verse numbers, we put the abbreviation for the translation of the Bible that we used. In the example below, “ULT” stands for the *unfoldingWord Literal Text*.
|
||||
|
||||
In translationAcademy we use this system to tell where portions of scripture come from. However, this does not mean that the whole verse or set of verses is shown. The text below comes from Judges, chapter 6, verse 28, but it is not the whole verse. The verse has more at the end. In translationAcademy, we only show the part of the verse that we want to talk about.
|
||||
>In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal was broken down ... (Judges 6:28 ULT)
|
||||
>In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal was broken down…(Judges 6:28 ULT)
|
||||
|
|
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Since 3 John has only one chapter, some versions do not mark the chapter number.
|
|||
|
||||
Some of the psalms have an explanation before them. In some versions the explanation is not given a verse number, as in the ULT and UST. In other versions the explanation is verse 1, and the actual psalm starts with verse 2.
|
||||
|
||||
>... and Darius the Mede received the kingdom when he was about sixty-two years old. (Daniel 5:31 ULT)
|
||||
>…and Darius the Mede received the kingdom when he was about sixty-two years old. (Daniel 5:31 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
In some versions this is the last verse of Daniel 5. In other versions this is the first verse of Daniel 6.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ The *unfoldingWord Literal Text* (ULT) and *unfoldingWord Simplified Text* (UST)
|
|||
|
||||
#### Ellipsis marks
|
||||
|
||||
**Definition** - Ellipsis marks (...) are used to show that either someone did not finish a sentence he started, or that the author did not quote all of what someone said.
|
||||
**Definition** - Ellipsis marks (…) are used to show that either someone did not finish a sentence he started, or that the author did not quote all of what someone said.
|
||||
|
||||
In Matthew 9:4-6, the ellipsis mark shows that Jesus did not finish his sentence to the scribes when he turned his attention to the paralyzed man and spoke to him:
|
||||
|
||||
>Behold, some of the scribes said among themselves, “This man is blaspheming.”Jesus knew their thoughts and said, “Why are you thinking evil in your hearts? For which is easier to say, ‘Your sins are forgiven,’ or to say, ‘Get up and walk’? But that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins,**...**” he said to the paralytic, “Get up, pick up your mat, and go to your house.” (ULT)
|
||||
>Behold, some of the scribes said among themselves, “This man is blaspheming.”Jesus knew their thoughts and said, “Why are you thinking evil in your hearts? For which is easier to say, ‘Your sins are forgiven,’ or to say, ‘Get up and walk’? But that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins,**…**” he said to the paralytic, “Get up, pick up your mat, and go to your house.” (ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
In Mark 11:31-33, the ellipsis mark shows that either the religious leaders did not finish their sentence, or Mark did not finish writing what they said.
|
||||
|
||||
>They discussed between themselves and argued and said, “If we say, ‘From heaven,’ he will say, ‘Why then did you not believe him?’ But if we say, ‘From men,’ **...**” They feared the people, for they all held that John was a prophet. Then they answered Jesus and said, “We do not know.” Then Jesus said to them, “Neither will I tell you by what authority I do these things.” (ULT)
|
||||
>They discussed between themselves and argued and said, “If we say, ‘From heaven,’ he will say, ‘Why then did you not believe him?’ But if we say, ‘From men,’ **…**” They feared the people, for they all held that John was a prophet. Then they answered Jesus and said, “We do not know.” Then Jesus said to them, “Neither will I tell you by what authority I do these things.” (ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Long Dashes
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ If a fraction in your language would give the right meaning, consider using it.
|
|||
* It was like they <u>divided</u> the ocean <u>into three parts</u>, and <u>one part</u> of the ocean became blood.
|
||||
|
||||
* **then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of <u>three tenths</u> of an ephah of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULT)
|
||||
* ... then you must <u>divide</u> an ephah of fine flour <u>into ten parts</u> and <u>divide</u> a hin of oil <u>into two parts</u>. Then mix <u>three of those parts</u> of the flour with <u>one of the parts</u> of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull.
|
||||
*…then you must <u>divide</u> an ephah of fine flour <u>into ten parts</u> and <u>divide</u> a hin of oil <u>into two parts</u>. Then mix <u>three of those parts</u> of the flour with <u>one of the parts</u> of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull.
|
||||
|
||||
1. For measurements, use the measurements that are given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -68,13 +68,13 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person.
|
|||
|
||||
1. Or if readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, and that name is used only once, translate the meaning of the name instead of copying the name.
|
||||
|
||||
* **... she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called <u>Beerlahairoi</u>;** (Genesis 16:13-14 ULT)
|
||||
* ... she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called <u>Well of the Living One who sees me</u>;
|
||||
* **…she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called <u>Beerlahairoi</u>;** (Genesis 16:13-14 ULT)
|
||||
*…she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called <u>Well of the Living One who sees me</u>;
|
||||
|
||||
1. If a person or place has two different names, use one name most of the time and the other name only when the text tells about the person or place having more than one name or when it says something about why the person or place was given that name. Write a footnote when the source text uses the name that is used less frequently. For example, Paul is called “Saul” before Acts 13 and “Paul” after Acts 13. You could translate his name as “Paul” all of the time, except in Acts 13:9 where it talks about him having both names.
|
||||
|
||||
* **... a young man named <u>Saul</u>** (Acts 7:58 ULT)
|
||||
* ... a young man named <u>Paul</u><sup>1</sup>
|
||||
* **…a young man named <u>Saul</u>** (Acts 7:58 ULT)
|
||||
*…a young man named <u>Paul</u><sup>1</sup>
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
* <sup>[1]</sup>Most versions say Saul here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called Paul.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ People may not know what myrrh is and that it was used as a medicine.
|
|||
>to him who made <u>great lights</u> (Psalm 136:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Some languages have terms for things that give light, like the sun and fire, but they have no general term for lights.
|
||||
>your sins ... will be white like <u>snow</u> (Isaiah 1:18 ULT)
|
||||
>your sins…will be white like <u>snow</u> (Isaiah 1:18 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
People in many parts of the world have not seen snow, but they may have seen it in pictures.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language:
|
|||
|
||||
1. Substitute something similar from your language if doing so does not falsely represent a historical fact.
|
||||
|
||||
* **your sins ... will be white like <u>snow</u>** (Isaiah 1:18 ULT) This verse is not about snow. It uses snow in a figure of speech to help people understand how white something will be.
|
||||
* your sins ... will be white like <u>milk</u>
|
||||
* your sins ... will be white like <u>the moon</u>
|
||||
* **your sins…will be white like <u>snow</u>** (Isaiah 1:18 ULT) This verse is not about snow. It uses snow in a figure of speech to help people understand how white something will be.
|
||||
* your sins…will be white like <u>milk</u>
|
||||
* your sins…will be white like <u>the moon</u>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Copy the word from another language, and add a general word or descriptive phrase to help people understand it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ The UST tries to present ideas in an order that is more natural in English, or t
|
|||
|
||||
When you translate, you should put ideas into an order that is natural in the target language. (see [Order of Events](../figs-events/01.md))
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote><sup>1</sup> Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, and set apart for the gospel of God...<sup>7</sup> This letter is to all who are in Rome, the beloved of God. (Romans 1:1,7 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
<blockquote><sup>1</sup> Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, and set apart for the gospel of God…<sup>7</sup> This letter is to all who are in Rome, the beloved of God. (Romans 1:1,7 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ The first sentence tells about two events. Hagar gave birth and Abraham named hi
|
|||
|
||||
The verses before this tell about when Jesus was baptized. This sentence introduces background information about Jesus’ age and ancestors. The story starts up again in chapter 4 where it tells about Jesus going to the wilderness.
|
||||
|
||||
>Now <u>it happened on a Sabbath</u> that Jesus <u>was going through the grain fields</u> and his disciples <u>were picking the heads of grain</u>, rubbing them between their hands, and eating the grain. But some of the Pharisees said... (Luke 6:1-2a ULT)
|
||||
>Now <u>it happened on a Sabbath</u> that Jesus <u>was going through the grain fields</u> and his disciples <u>were picking the heads of grain</u>, rubbing them between their hands, and eating the grain. But some of the Pharisees said…(Luke 6:1-2a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
These verses give the setting of the story. The events took place in a grain field on the Sabbath day. Jesus, his disciples, and some Pharisees were there, and Jesus’ disciples were picking heads of grain and eating them. The main action in the story starts with the sentence, “But some of the Pharisees said.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information
|
|||
|
||||
1. To tell the reader what happens to a specific character after the main part of the story ends
|
||||
|
||||
> Mary said,”My soul praises the Lord, and my spirit has rejoiced in God my savior...” <u>Mary stayed with Elizabeth about three months and then returned to her house.</u> (Luke 1:46-47, 56 ULT)
|
||||
> Mary said,”My soul praises the Lord, and my spirit has rejoiced in God my savior…” <u>Mary stayed with Elizabeth about three months and then returned to her house.</u> (Luke 1:46-47, 56 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
1. To tell on-going action that continues after the main part of the story ends
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ The verses above introduce a story about Zechariah. The first underlined phrase
|
|||
|
||||
The underlined sentence above makes it explicit that a story about Jesus is being introduced. The story will tell about how the birth of Jesus happened.
|
||||
|
||||
><u>After Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king</u>, learned men from the east arrived in Jerusalem saying,... (Matthew 2:1 ULT)
|
||||
><u>After Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king</u>, learned men from the east arrived in Jerusalem saying,…(Matthew 2:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The underlined phrase above shows that the events concerning the learned men happened <u>after</u> Jesus was born.
|
||||
><u>In those days</u> John the Baptist came preaching in the wilderness of Judea saying, … (Matthew 3:1-22 ULT)
|
||||
|
|
@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to
|
|||
|
||||
1. Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Now there was a <u>Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him ...** (John 3:1,2)
|
||||
* **Now there was a <u>Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him…** (John 3:1,2)
|
||||
* There was a <u>man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u>. One night he came to Jesus and said…
|
||||
* One night <u>a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u>, came to Jesus and said ...
|
||||
* One night <u>a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u>, came to Jesus and said…
|
||||
|
||||
* **As he passed by, <u>he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place, and he said to him ...** (Mark 2:14 ULT)
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place. Jesus saw him and and said to him ...
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>there was a man sitting</u> at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him ...
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>there was a tax collector</u> sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him ...
|
||||
* **As he passed by, <u>he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place, and he said to him…** (Mark 2:14 ULT)
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place. Jesus saw him and and said to him…
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>there was a man sitting</u> at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him…
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>there was a tax collector</u> sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him…
|
||||
|
||||
1. If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as: another time, someone.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
|
|||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
The first time that people or things are mentioned in a story, they are <u>new participants</u>. After that, whenever they are mentioned, they are <u>old participants</u>.
|
||||
>Now <u>there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus</u>... <u>This man</u> came to Jesus at night time... Jesus replied to <u>him</u> (John 3:1)
|
||||
>Now <u>there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus</u>…<u>This man</u> came to Jesus at night time…Jesus replied to <u>him</u> (John 3:1)
|
||||
|
||||
The first underlined phrase introduces Nicodemus as a new participant. He is then referred to as “This man” and “him” when he is an old participant.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Old participants can also be referred to in other ways, depending on what is hap
|
|||
> The angel of Yahweh appeared to <u>the woman</u> and said to her, (Judges 13:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
If the old participant has not been mentioned for a while, or if there could be confusion between participants, the author may use the participant’s name again. In the example below, Manoah is referred to with his name, which the author has not used since verse 2.
|
||||
> Then <u>Manoah</u> prayed to Yahweh... (Judges 13:8 ULT)
|
||||
> Then <u>Manoah</u> prayed to Yahweh…(Judges 13:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject. In some of those languages people do not always use noun phrases or pronouns for old participants when they are the subject of the sentence. The marker on the verb gives enough information for the listener to understand who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
When we talk or write, we use pronouns to refer to people or things without always having to repeat the noun or name. Usually the first time we refer to someone in a story, we use a descriptive phrase or a name. The next time we might refer to that person with a simple noun or by name. After that we might refer to him simply with a pronoun, as long as we think that our listeners will be able to understand easily to whom the pronoun refers.
|
||||
|
||||
> Now there was <u>a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. <u>This man</u> came to Jesus ... Jesus replied to <u>him</u> (John 3:1-3 ULT)
|
||||
> Now there was <u>a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. <u>This man</u> came to Jesus…Jesus replied to <u>him</u> (John 3:1-3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
In John 3, Nicodemus is first referred to with noun phrases and his name. Then he is referred to with the noun phrase “this man.” Then he is referred to with the pronoun “him.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ The example below occurs at the beginning of a chapter. In some languages it mig
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
In the example below, two men are named in the first sentence. It might not be clear whom “he” in the second sentence refers to.
|
||||
>Now after some days, <u>King Agrippa</u> and Bernice arrived at Caesarea to pay an official visit to <u>Festus</u>. After <u>he</u> had been there for many days, Festus presented Paul’s case to the king... (Acts 25:13-14 ULT)
|
||||
>Now after some days, <u>King Agrippa</u> and Bernice arrived at Caesarea to pay an official visit to <u>Festus</u>. After <u>he</u> had been there for many days, Festus presented Paul’s case to the king… (Acts 25:13-14 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he is referred to four times by name. This may lead speakers of some languages to think that Jesus is not the main character. Or it might lead them to think that there is more than one person named Jesus in this story. Or it might lead them to think that there is some kind of emphasis on him, even though there is no emphasis.
|
||||
|
||||
> At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>Jesus</u>, “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.”
|
||||
>But <u>Jesus</u> said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ...”
|
||||
>But <u>Jesus</u> said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?…”
|
||||
>Then <u>Jesus</u> left from there and went into their synagogue. (Matthew 12:1-9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i
|
|||
1. If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead.
|
||||
|
||||
> **At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>Jesus</u> , “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.”**
|
||||
>**But <u>Jesus</u> said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ...**
|
||||
>**But <u>Jesus</u> said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?…**
|
||||
>**Then <u>Jesus</u> left from there and went into their synagogue.** (Matthew 12:1-9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
May be translated as:
|
||||
|
||||
>At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>him</u>, “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.
|
||||
>But <u>he</u> said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ...
|
||||
>But <u>he</u> said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?…
|
||||
>Then <u>he</u> left from there and went into their synagogue.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue