diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 04fc16d..e2b292e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ You are free to add additional modules. In order for the new modules to be inclu
## License
-See the [LICENSE](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/LICENSE.md) file for licensing information.
\ No newline at end of file
+See the [LICENSE](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/LICENSE.md) file for licensing information.
diff --git a/checking/acceptable/01.md b/checking/acceptable/01.md
index 87b9cf5..8d3a27c 100644
--- a/checking/acceptable/01.md
+++ b/checking/acceptable/01.md
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ As you read the new translation, ask yourself these questions. These are questio
1. Does the translation use too many words that were borrowed from another language, or are these words acceptable to the language community?
1. Did the writer use an appropriate form of the language acceptable to the wider language community? (Is the writer familiar with the dialects of your language found throughout the area? Did the writer use a form of the language that all of the language community understands well, or did he use a form that is used in only a small area?)
-If there is a place where the translation uses language in the wrong style, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
\ No newline at end of file
+If there is a place where the translation uses language in the wrong style, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
diff --git a/checking/accuracy-check/01.md b/checking/accuracy-check/01.md
index 8181b8b..0a191b1 100644
--- a/checking/accuracy-check/01.md
+++ b/checking/accuracy-check/01.md
@@ -43,4 +43,3 @@ These questions can also be helpful for finding anything that might be inaccurat
* Another way to determine if the text is accurate is to ask comprehension questions about the translation, such as, “who did what, when, where, how, and why?” There are questions that have already been prepared to help with this. (To view the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions go to http://ufw.io/tq/.) The answers to those questions should be the same as the answers to those questions about the source language translation. If they are not, there is a problem in the translation.
For more general types of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
-
diff --git a/checking/alignment-tool/01.md b/checking/alignment-tool/01.md
index 8e83eb4..c0d5a19 100644
--- a/checking/alignment-tool/01.md
+++ b/checking/alignment-tool/01.md
@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ Because each target language will have different requirements for sentence struc
If you are a Quality Checker, after you have finished aligning a Bible book and making questions and comments about the translation, it is time to either send the questions to the translation team or plan to meet together with the translation team and discuss them. For the steps to complete this process, return to where you left off on the [Steps for Quality Checkers](../vol2-steps/01.md) page.
-To learn more about the kinds of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
\ No newline at end of file
+To learn more about the kinds of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
diff --git a/checking/alphabet/01.md b/checking/alphabet/01.md
index 123d6e8..63c8f65 100644
--- a/checking/alphabet/01.md
+++ b/checking/alphabet/01.md
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ As you read the translation, ask yourself these questions about the way words ar
1. Is the spelling used in the book consistent? (Are there rules that the writer should follow to show how words change in different situations? Can they be described so others will know how to read and write the language easily?)
1. Has the translator used expressions, phrases, connectors, and spellings that will be recognized by most of the language community?
-If there is something about the alphabet or spelling that is not right, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
\ No newline at end of file
+If there is something about the alphabet or spelling that is not right, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
diff --git a/checking/church-leader-check/01.md b/checking/church-leader-check/01.md
index 5354bd0..6dca85a 100644
--- a/checking/church-leader-check/01.md
+++ b/checking/church-leader-check/01.md
@@ -13,4 +13,3 @@ These reviewers should follow these steps:
1. After you (the accuracy checker) have reviewed several chapters or one book of the Bible, meet with the translation team and ask about each problem that you have discovered. Discuss with the translation team how they might adjust the translation in order to fix each problem. Make plans to meet again with the translation team at a later time, after they have had time to adjust the translation and test it with the community.
1. Meet again with the translation team to verify that they have fixed the problems.
1. Affirm that the translation is good on the [Accuracy Affirmation](../good/01.md) page.
-
diff --git a/checking/clear/01.md b/checking/clear/01.md
index 46de112..870f65a 100644
--- a/checking/clear/01.md
+++ b/checking/clear/01.md
@@ -12,4 +12,3 @@ Additional help:
* One way to determine if the text is clear is to read a few verses at a time out loud and ask someone listening to retell the story after each section. If the person can easily restate your message, then the writing is clear. For other methods of testing the translation, see [Other Methods](../other-methods/01.md).
* If there is a place where the translation is not clear, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
-
diff --git a/checking/community-evaluation/01.md b/checking/community-evaluation/01.md
index 779c1e6..f403960 100644
--- a/checking/community-evaluation/01.md
+++ b/checking/community-evaluation/01.md
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ Please also answer the following questions. The answers to these questions will
-The community leaders might want to add their own information to this or make a summary statement about how acceptable this translation is to the local community. The wider church leadership will have access to this information, and it will help them to understand and to have confidence in the checking process that has been done so far. This will help them to validate the translation as approved by the local Christian community both when they do the Accuracy Check and when they do the final Validation Check.
\ No newline at end of file
+The community leaders might want to add their own information to this or make a summary statement about how acceptable this translation is to the local community. The wider church leadership will have access to this information, and it will help them to understand and to have confidence in the checking process that has been done so far. This will help them to validate the translation as approved by the local Christian community both when they do the Accuracy Check and when they do the final Validation Check.
diff --git a/checking/complete/01.md b/checking/complete/01.md
index 534a910..692d6f1 100644
--- a/checking/complete/01.md
+++ b/checking/complete/01.md
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ The purpose of this section is to make sure that the translation is complete. In
1. Does the translation include all the verses of the book that was translated? (When you look at the verse numbering of the source language translation, are all of the verses included in the target language translation?) Sometimes there are differences in verse numbering between translations. For example, in some translations some verses are grouped together or sometimes certain verses are put in footnotes. Even though there may be these kinds of differences between the source translation and the target translation, the target translation is still considered to be complete. For more information, see [Complete Versification](../verses/01.md).
1. Are there places in the translation where something seems to be left out, or there seems to be a different message than is found in the source language translation? (The wording and the order can be different, but the language that the translator used should give the same message as the source language translation.)
-If there is a place where the translation is not complete, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
\ No newline at end of file
+If there is a place where the translation is not complete, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
diff --git a/checking/formatting/01.md b/checking/formatting/01.md
index 9471dd7..d963468 100644
--- a/checking/formatting/01.md
+++ b/checking/formatting/01.md
@@ -19,4 +19,3 @@ After finishing a book, you can check to make sure that all the verses are there
1. Versification (see [Complete Versification](../verses/01.md))
1. Section Headings (see [Section Headings](../headings/01.md))
-
diff --git a/checking/goal-checking/01.md b/checking/goal-checking/01.md
index e422beb..e5d6237 100644
--- a/checking/goal-checking/01.md
+++ b/checking/goal-checking/01.md
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ The checkers who are members of the language community will also help the transl
#### Church-approved
-The checkers who are members of a church in the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is approved and accepted by the church in that community. They will do this by working together with members and leaders of other churches from the language community. When members and leaders that represent the churches of a language community work together and agree that the translation is good, then it will be accepted and used by the churches in that community. (For more information about translations that are approved by the church, see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md).)
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+The checkers who are members of a church in the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is approved and accepted by the church in that community. They will do this by working together with members and leaders of other churches from the language community. When members and leaders that represent the churches of a language community work together and agree that the translation is good, then it will be accepted and used by the churches in that community. (For more information about translations that are approved by the church, see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md).)
diff --git a/checking/good/01.md b/checking/good/01.md
index 728fdb4..1429852 100644
--- a/checking/good/01.md
+++ b/checking/good/01.md
@@ -26,4 +26,3 @@ Names and positions of the Accuracy checkers:
* Position:
* Name:
* Position:
-
diff --git a/checking/headings/01.md b/checking/headings/01.md
index af6da07..4924049 100644
--- a/checking/headings/01.md
+++ b/checking/headings/01.md
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ There are many different kinds of section headings. Here are some different kind
* Question: “Does Jesus have authority to heal and forgive sins?” This one creates a question that the information in the section answers. People who have a lot of questions about the Bible may find this especially helpful.
* “About” comment: “About Jesus healing a paralyzed man.” This kind of heading explicitly tells the reader what the section is about. This may be the one that makes it easiest to see that the heading is not a part of the words of the Bible.
-As you can see, it is possible to make many different kinds of section headings, but they all have the same purpose. They all give the reader information about the main topic of the section of the Bible that follows. Some headings are shorter, and some headings are longer. Some give only a little information, and some give more information. You may want to experiment with the different kinds, and ask people which kind they think is most helpful for them.
\ No newline at end of file
+As you can see, it is possible to make many different kinds of section headings, but they all have the same purpose. They all give the reader information about the main topic of the section of the Bible that follows. Some headings are shorter, and some headings are longer. Some give only a little information, and some give more information. You may want to experiment with the different kinds, and ask people which kind they think is most helpful for them.
diff --git a/checking/intro-check/01.md b/checking/intro-check/01.md
index 0c3cf70..f10e006 100644
--- a/checking/intro-check/01.md
+++ b/checking/intro-check/01.md
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ The manual begins with instructions for checking the translation that the transl
After this, the translation team will need to check the translation with the [Language Community](../language-community-check/01.md) for clarity and naturalness. This is necessary because other speakers of the language can often suggest better ways of saying things that the translation team may not have thought of. Sometimes the translation team makes the translation sound strange because they are following the words of the source language too closely. Other speakers of the language can help them fix that.
Another check that the translation team can do at this point is [Church Leader Check](../accuracy-check/01.md) (or OL pastor check). Since the OL pastors are familiar with the Bible in the Gateway Language (GL), they can check the translation for accuracy to the GL Bible. They can also catch mistakes that the translation team did not see because the translation team is so close to and involved in their work. Also, the translation team may lack some of the expertise or knowledge of the Bible that other OL pastors might have who are not part of the translation team. In this way, the whole language community can work together to make sure that the Bible translation is accurate, clear, and natural in the target language.
-A further check for the accuracy of the Bible translation is to align it to the original languages of the Bible using the [Word Alignment](../alignment-tool/01.md) tool in Translation Core. After all of these checks have been performed and the translation has been aligned, the leaders of the OL church networks will want to [Review](../vol2-steps/01.md) the translation and give their [Endorsement](../level3-approval/01.md). Because many leaders of church networks do not speak the language of the translation, there are also instructions for creating a [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md), which allows people to check a translation in a language that they do not speak.
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+A further check for the accuracy of the Bible translation is to align it to the original languages of the Bible using the [Word Alignment](../alignment-tool/01.md) tool in Translation Core. After all of these checks have been performed and the translation has been aligned, the leaders of the OL church networks will want to [Review](../vol2-steps/01.md) the translation and give their [Endorsement](../level3-approval/01.md). Because many leaders of church networks do not speak the language of the translation, there are also instructions for creating a [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md), which allows people to check a translation in a language that they do not speak.
diff --git a/checking/language-community-check/01.md b/checking/language-community-check/01.md
index b8e7b3a..1625aea 100644
--- a/checking/language-community-check/01.md
+++ b/checking/language-community-check/01.md
@@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ To use these questions, follow these steps:
9. Go to the Community Evaluation page and answer the questions there. (See [Language Community Evaluation Questions](../community-evaluation/01.md).)
-For more information about making a clear translation, see [Clear](../clear/01.md). There are also methods other than the Translation Questions that you can use to check a translation with the community. For these other methods, see [Other Methods](../other-methods/01.md).
\ No newline at end of file
+For more information about making a clear translation, see [Clear](../clear/01.md). There are also methods other than the Translation Questions that you can use to check a translation with the community. For these other methods, see [Other Methods](../other-methods/01.md).
diff --git a/checking/level3-approval/01.md b/checking/level3-approval/01.md
index 1fdce6a..b86b9db 100644
--- a/checking/level3-approval/01.md
+++ b/checking/level3-approval/01.md
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Signed: sign here
Position: fill in your position here
-For Gateway Languages, you will need to follow the [Source Text Process](../../process/source-text-process/01.md) so that your translation can become a source text.
\ No newline at end of file
+For Gateway Languages, you will need to follow the [Source Text Process](../../process/source-text-process/01.md) so that your translation can become a source text.
diff --git a/checking/level3-questions/01.md b/checking/level3-questions/01.md
index 41d0d71..5a34c1f 100644
--- a/checking/level3-questions/01.md
+++ b/checking/level3-questions/01.md
@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ If there were problems with the translation, make plans to meet with the transla
For questions to guide you as you check individual passages of Scripture, go to: [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
-If the Church Network leadership or the Translation Committee want you to give a report of the results of your checking, you can use this form: [Translation Evaluation Form](../level3-approval/01.md).
\ No newline at end of file
+If the Church Network leadership or the Translation Committee want you to give a report of the results of your checking, you can use this form: [Translation Evaluation Form](../level3-approval/01.md).
diff --git a/checking/natural/01.md b/checking/natural/01.md
index 8083b56..e9b4f81 100644
--- a/checking/natural/01.md
+++ b/checking/natural/01.md
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ You can read it out loud to one other person who speaks the target language or t
It is helpful to think about a situation in your village in which people would talk about the same kind of thing that the translation is talking about. Imagine people that you know talking about that thing, and then say it out loud in that way. If others agree that that is a good and natural way to say it, then write it that way in the translation.
-It can also be helpful to read or play a passage of the translation several times. People might notice different things each time that they hear it, that is, things that could be said in a more natural way.
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+It can also be helpful to read or play a passage of the translation several times. People might notice different things each time that they hear it, that is, things that could be said in a more natural way.
diff --git a/checking/other-methods/01.md b/checking/other-methods/01.md
index 18a2b08..ed7552a 100644
--- a/checking/other-methods/01.md
+++ b/checking/other-methods/01.md
@@ -12,4 +12,3 @@ As well as asking questions, there are other checking methods that you may also
* **Reviewer Input**: Let others whom you respect read your translation. Ask them to take notes and tell you where it might be improved. Look for better word choices, more natural expressions, and also spelling adjustments.
* **Discussion Groups**: Ask people to read the translation out loud in a group of people and allow the people to ask questions for clarification. Pay attention to the words they use, since alternate words and expressions come up when someone is trying to make sense of a difficult point. These alternate words and expressions might be better than the ones in the translation. Write them down, along with the chapter and verse that they are about. The translation team can use these to improve the translation. Also make note of the places where people do not understand the translation so that the translation team can make those places clearer.
-
diff --git a/checking/punctuation/01.md b/checking/punctuation/01.md
index f595bee..97c120e 100644
--- a/checking/punctuation/01.md
+++ b/checking/punctuation/01.md
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
Before translating, the translation team will need to decide on the methods of punctuation that you will use in the translation. It may be easiest to adopt the method of punctuation that the national language uses, or that a national language Bible or related language Bible uses. Once the team decides on a method, make sure that everyone follows it. It may be helpful to distribute a guide sheet to each of the team members with examples on it of the correct use of different punctuation marks.
-Even with the guide sheet, it is common for translators to make mistakes in punctuation. Because of this, after a book has been translated, we recommend importing it into ParaText. You can enter the rules for punctuation in the target language into ParaText, and then run the different punctuation checks that ParaText can perform. ParaText will list all of the places where it finds punctuation errors and show them to you. You can then review these places to see if there is an error there or not. If there is an error, you can fix the error. After running these punctuation checks, you can be confident that your translation is using punctuation correctly.
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+Even with the guide sheet, it is common for translators to make mistakes in punctuation. Because of this, after a book has been translated, we recommend importing it into ParaText. You can enter the rules for punctuation in the target language into ParaText, and then run the different punctuation checks that ParaText can perform. ParaText will list all of the places where it finds punctuation errors and show them to you. You can then review these places to see if there is an error there or not. If there is an error, you can fix the error. After running these punctuation checks, you can be confident that your translation is using punctuation correctly.
diff --git a/checking/spelling/01.md b/checking/spelling/01.md
index b6f6b82..f04efe8 100644
--- a/checking/spelling/01.md
+++ b/checking/spelling/01.md
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ As a team, discuss the words that are difficult to spell. If the words have soun
The names of people and places in the Bible can be difficult to spell because many of them are unknown in target languages. Be sure to include these in your spelling list.
-Computers can be a great help for checking spelling. If you are working on a Gateway Language, a word processor may have a dictionary already available. If you are translating into an Other Language, you can use the find-and-replace feature of a word processor to fix misspelled words. ParaText also has a spell check feature which will find all variant spellings of words. It will present these to you, and then you can choose which spellings you have decided to use.
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+Computers can be a great help for checking spelling. If you are working on a Gateway Language, a word processor may have a dictionary already available. If you are translating into an Other Language, you can use the find-and-replace feature of a word processor to fix misspelled words. ParaText also has a spell check feature which will find all variant spellings of words. It will present these to you, and then you can choose which spellings you have decided to use.
diff --git a/checking/team-oral-chunk-check/01.md b/checking/team-oral-chunk-check/01.md
index 4e96463..4e43f1d 100644
--- a/checking/team-oral-chunk-check/01.md
+++ b/checking/team-oral-chunk-check/01.md
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ At this point, the translation is considered a first draft, and the team needs t
1. Someone on the translation team needs to enter the text into translationStudio. If the team has been using translationStudio from the beginning of drafting, then all that needs to be entered at this point are the changes that the team has made.
1. A new audio recording should be made of the translation, incorporating all of the changes and improvements that the team has made.
-1. The translationStudio files and the audio recording should be uploaded to the team repository on Door43.
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+1. The translationStudio files and the audio recording should be uploaded to the team repository on Door43.
diff --git a/checking/trans-note-check/sub-title.md b/checking/trans-note-check/sub-title.md
index 6e7e2fd..1b9f909 100644
--- a/checking/trans-note-check/sub-title.md
+++ b/checking/trans-note-check/sub-title.md
@@ -1 +1 @@
-How do I do a translationNotes check?
+How do I do a translationNotes check?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/checking/verses/01.md b/checking/verses/01.md
index a7e9a34..603203c 100644
--- a/checking/verses/01.md
+++ b/checking/verses/01.md
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ It is important that your target language translation include all of the verses
### Checking for Missing Verses
-Here is one way to check your translation for missing verses. After a book has been translated, import the translation into ParaText, and then run the check for “chapter/verse numbers.” ParaText will give you a list of all the places in that book where verses are missing. You can then look at each of those places and decide if the verse is missing because of one of the three reasons above, or if it is missing by mistake and you need to go back and translate that verse.
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+Here is one way to check your translation for missing verses. After a book has been translated, import the translation into ParaText, and then run the check for “chapter/verse numbers.” ParaText will give you a list of all the places in that book where verses are missing. You can then look at each of those places and decide if the verse is missing because of one of the three reasons above, or if it is missing by mistake and you need to go back and translate that verse.
diff --git a/checking/vol2-backtranslation-guidelines/01.md b/checking/vol2-backtranslation-guidelines/01.md
index 2980cfb..31a0d7b 100644
--- a/checking/vol2-backtranslation-guidelines/01.md
+++ b/checking/vol2-backtranslation-guidelines/01.md
@@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ Sometimes words in the target language will be more complex than words in the la
### 2. Use the Language of Wider Communication Style for Sentence and Logical Structure
-The back translation should use the sentence structure that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the structure that is used in the target language. This means that the back translation should use the word order that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the word order that is used in the target language. The back translation should also use the way of relating phrases to each other and the way of indicating logical relations (such as cause or purpose) that are natural for the language of wider communication. This will make it easier for the checker to read and to understand the back translation. This will also speed up the process of checking the back translation.
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+The back translation should use the sentence structure that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the structure that is used in the target language. This means that the back translation should use the word order that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the word order that is used in the target language. The back translation should also use the way of relating phrases to each other and the way of indicating logical relations (such as cause or purpose) that are natural for the language of wider communication. This will make it easier for the checker to read and to understand the back translation. This will also speed up the process of checking the back translation.
diff --git a/checking/vol2-backtranslation-kinds/01.md b/checking/vol2-backtranslation-kinds/01.md
index 719309f..075dd66 100644
--- a/checking/vol2-backtranslation-kinds/01.md
+++ b/checking/vol2-backtranslation-kinds/01.md
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ Third, when the back translation is written, the translation checker can also pr
Even if there is not time for the checker to send his questions to the translation team before their meeting, they will still be able to review more material at the meeting than they would have been able to review otherwise because the checker has already read the back translation and has already prepared his questions. Because he has had this previous preparation time, he and the translation team can use their meeting time to discuss only the problem areas of the translation rather than reading through the entire translation at a slow pace (as is required when making an oral back translation).
-Fourth, the written back translation relieves the strain on the checker from having to concentrate for many hours at a time on hearing and understanding an oral translation as it is spoken to him. If the checker and translation team are meeting in a noisy environment, the difficulty of making sure that he hears every word correctly can be quite exhausting for the checker. The mental strain of concentration increases the likelihood that the checker will miss some problems with the result that they remain uncorrected in the biblical text. For these reasons, we recommend the use of a written back translation whenever possible.
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+Fourth, the written back translation relieves the strain on the checker from having to concentrate for many hours at a time on hearing and understanding an oral translation as it is spoken to him. If the checker and translation team are meeting in a noisy environment, the difficulty of making sure that he hears every word correctly can be quite exhausting for the checker. The mental strain of concentration increases the likelihood that the checker will miss some problems with the result that they remain uncorrected in the biblical text. For these reasons, we recommend the use of a written back translation whenever possible.
diff --git a/checking/vol2-backtranslation-purpose/01.md b/checking/vol2-backtranslation-purpose/01.md
index 844600e..cc0bad1 100644
--- a/checking/vol2-backtranslation-purpose/01.md
+++ b/checking/vol2-backtranslation-purpose/01.md
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ The purpose of a back translation is to allow a consultant or checker of biblica
Some people might consider this to be unnecessary, since the biblical text already exists in the source language. But remember that the purpose of the back translation is to allow the checker to see what is in the target language translation. The checker cannot see what is in the target language translation by reading the original source language text. In order to see what is in the target language translation, the back translator must make a new translation back into the language of wider communication that is based only on the target language translation. For this reason, the back translator *must not* look at the source language text when doing his back translation, but *must look only* at the target language text. In this way, the checker can identify any problems that might exist in the target language translation and work with the translator to fix those problems.
-A back translation can also be very useful in improving the target language translation even before the checker uses it to check the translation. When the translation team reads the back translation, they can see how the back translator has understood their translation. Sometimes, the back translator has understood their translation in a different way than they intended to communicate. In those cases, they can change their translation so that it communicates more clearly the meaning that they intended. When the translation team is able to use the back translation in this way before they give it to the checker, they can make many improvements to their translation. When they do this, the checker can do his checking much more rapidly, because the translation team was able to correct many of the problems in the translation before meeting with the checker.
\ No newline at end of file
+A back translation can also be very useful in improving the target language translation even before the checker uses it to check the translation. When the translation team reads the back translation, they can see how the back translator has understood their translation. Sometimes, the back translator has understood their translation in a different way than they intended to communicate. In those cases, they can change their translation so that it communicates more clearly the meaning that they intended. When the translation team is able to use the back translation in this way before they give it to the checker, they can make many improvements to their translation. When they do this, the checker can do his checking much more rapidly, because the translation team was able to correct many of the problems in the translation before meeting with the checker.
diff --git a/checking/vol2-backtranslation-who/01.md b/checking/vol2-backtranslation-who/01.md
index d90b976..17ab976 100644
--- a/checking/vol2-backtranslation-who/01.md
+++ b/checking/vol2-backtranslation-who/01.md
@@ -6,4 +6,3 @@ To do a good back translation, the person must have three qualifications.
1. The back translator should be someone who is a mother-tongue speaker of the local target language and who also speaks the language of wider communication well. In order to make a written back translation, he must also be able to read and write both languages well.
1. The back translator must be someone who was not involved in making the local target language translation that he is back translating. This is because someone who made the local target language translation already knows what he intended the translation to mean, and will put that meaning in the back translation with the result that it looks the same as the source translation. But it is possible that a speaker of the local target language who did not work on the local target language translation will understand the translation differently, or will not understand parts of it at all. The checker wants to know what these other meanings are that other speakers of the local target language will understand from the translation so that he can work with the translation team to make those places communicate the right meaning more clearly.
1. The back translator should be someone who does not know the Bible well. This is because the back translator must give only the meaning that he understands from looking at the target language translation, not from knowledge that he might have from reading the Bible in another language.
-
diff --git a/checking/vol2-backtranslation-written/01.md b/checking/vol2-backtranslation-written/01.md
index 129133b..fe25f40 100644
--- a/checking/vol2-backtranslation-written/01.md
+++ b/checking/vol2-backtranslation-written/01.md
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ In an interlinear back translation, the back translator puts a translation for e
### Free Back Translation
-A free back translation is one in which the back translator makes a translation in the language of wider communication in a separate space from the target language translation. The disadvantage of this method is that the back translation is not related as closely to the target language translation. However, the back translator can help to overcome this disadvantage when back translating the Bible by including the verse numbers and punctuation with the back translation. By referring to the verse numbers in both translations and carefully reproducing the punctuation marks in their proper places, the translation checker can keep track of which part of the back translation represents which part of the target language translation. The advantage of this method is that the back translation can use the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, and so it is much easier for the translation checker to read and understand. Even while using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, however, the back translator should remember to translate the words in a literal way. This provides the most beneficial combination of literalness and readability for the checker. We recommend that the back translator use this method of free back translation.
\ No newline at end of file
+A free back translation is one in which the back translator makes a translation in the language of wider communication in a separate space from the target language translation. The disadvantage of this method is that the back translation is not related as closely to the target language translation. However, the back translator can help to overcome this disadvantage when back translating the Bible by including the verse numbers and punctuation with the back translation. By referring to the verse numbers in both translations and carefully reproducing the punctuation marks in their proper places, the translation checker can keep track of which part of the back translation represents which part of the target language translation. The advantage of this method is that the back translation can use the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, and so it is much easier for the translation checker to read and understand. Even while using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, however, the back translator should remember to translate the words in a literal way. This provides the most beneficial combination of literalness and readability for the checker. We recommend that the back translator use this method of free back translation.
diff --git a/checking/vol2-backtranslation/01.md b/checking/vol2-backtranslation/01.md
index da5369c..85b5ef4 100644
--- a/checking/vol2-backtranslation/01.md
+++ b/checking/vol2-backtranslation/01.md
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
A back translation is a translation of the biblical text from the local target language (the OL) back into the language of wider communication (the GL). It is called a “back translation” because it is a translation in the opposite direction than what was done to create the local target language translation. The purpose of a back translation is to allow someone who does not speak the target language to know what the target language translation says.
-However, a back translation is not done in a completely normal style, because it does not have naturalness as a goal in the language of the translation (which is in this case, the language of wider communication). Instead, the goal of the back translation is to represent the words and expressions of the local language translation in a literal way, while also using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication. In this way, the translation checker can most clearly see the meaning of the words in the target language text, but can also understand the back translation well and read it more quickly and easily.
\ No newline at end of file
+However, a back translation is not done in a completely normal style, because it does not have naturalness as a goal in the language of the translation (which is in this case, the language of wider communication). Instead, the goal of the back translation is to represent the words and expressions of the local language translation in a literal way, while also using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication. In this way, the translation checker can most clearly see the meaning of the words in the target language text, but can also understand the back translation well and read it more quickly and easily.
diff --git a/checking/vol2-steps/01.md b/checking/vol2-steps/01.md
index cf06c15..d14c8f7 100644
--- a/checking/vol2-steps/01.md
+++ b/checking/vol2-steps/01.md
@@ -47,4 +47,4 @@ Some questions will need to be set aside for later, after the checking session.
Make sure that the translation team is keeping a [list of the Key Words](../../translate/translate-key-terms/01.md) (important terms) from the Bible passages that they are translating, along with the term in the target language that they have decided to use for each of these important terms. You and the translation team will probably need to add to this list and modify the terms from the target language as you progress through the translation of the Bible. Use the list of Key Words to alert you when there are Key Words in the passage that you are translating. Whenever there is a Key Word in the Bible, make sure that the translation uses the term or phrase that has been chosen for that Key Word, and also make sure that it makes sense each time. If it does not make sense, then you will need to discuss why it makes sense in some places but not in others. Then you may need to modify or change the chosen term, or decide to use more than one term in the target language to fit different ways that the Key Word is used. One useful way to do this is to keep track of each important term on a spreadsheet, with columns for the source language term, the target language term, alternative terms and the Bible passages where you are using each term. We hope that this feature will be in future versions of translationStudio.
-For ideas of what kinds of things to check, see: [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
\ No newline at end of file
+For ideas of what kinds of things to check, see: [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
diff --git a/intro/gl-strategy/01.md b/intro/gl-strategy/01.md
index bef30d6..4f25bdf 100644
--- a/intro/gl-strategy/01.md
+++ b/intro/gl-strategy/01.md
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ At the country level, the gateway languages of a given country are the fewest la
### Effects
-This model has two basic effects: First, it empowers all languages to “pull” content to their language once the content and helps have been “pushed” into a Gateway Language, thereby making that content accessible to every language of the world. Second, it limits the amount of translation that needs to be done as the translation helps only have to be translated into the Gateway Language. All Other Languages can translate only the biblical content, since no language will be dependent upon them for understanding the translation helps.
\ No newline at end of file
+This model has two basic effects: First, it empowers all languages to “pull” content to their language once the content and helps have been “pushed” into a Gateway Language, thereby making that content accessible to every language of the world. Second, it limits the amount of translation that needs to be done as the translation helps only have to be translated into the Gateway Language. All Other Languages can translate only the biblical content, since no language will be dependent upon them for understanding the translation helps.
diff --git a/intro/open-license/sub-title.md b/intro/open-license/sub-title.md
index f8e7ab7..159675a 100644
--- a/intro/open-license/sub-title.md
+++ b/intro/open-license/sub-title.md
@@ -1 +1 @@
-What freedoms do users have with unfoldingWord® content?
+What freedoms do users have with unfoldingWord® content?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/intro/toc.yaml b/intro/toc.yaml
index 2f6989d..45e1be6 100644
--- a/intro/toc.yaml
+++ b/intro/toc.yaml
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ sections:
link: gl-strategy
- title: "Finding Answers"
- link: finding-answers
\ No newline at end of file
+ link: finding-answers
diff --git a/intro/translation-guidelines/01.md b/intro/translation-guidelines/01.md
index ddf893b..c499c38 100644
--- a/intro/translation-guidelines/01.md
+++ b/intro/translation-guidelines/01.md
@@ -24,4 +24,3 @@ We also recommend that the translation work be:
1. **Collaborative** — Where possible, work together with other believers who speak your language to translate, check, and distribute the translated content, ensuring that it is of the highest quality and available to as many people as possible. (see [Create Collaborative Translations](../../translate/guidelines-collaborative/01.md))
1. **Ongoing** — Translation work is never completely finished. Encourage those who are skilled with the language to suggest better ways to say things when they notice that improvements can be made. Any errors in the translation should also be corrected as soon as they are discovered. Also encourage the periodic review of translations to ascertain when revision or a new translation is needed. We recommend that each language community form a translation committee to oversee this ongoing work. Using the unfoldingWord® online tools, these changes to the translation can be made quickly and easily. (see [Create Ongoing Translations](../../translate/guidelines-ongoing/01.md))
-
diff --git a/intro/uw-intro/01.md b/intro/uw-intro/01.md
index 8cea262..a8c50c7 100644
--- a/intro/uw-intro/01.md
+++ b/intro/uw-intro/01.md
@@ -47,4 +47,4 @@ We create translation, checking, and distribution tools that are free and open-l
#### Training
-We create resources to train mother tongue translation teams. unfoldingWord® Translation Academy (this resource) is our primary training tool. We also have audio recording and training resources. See https://www.unfoldingword.org/training for a complete list of training materials.
\ No newline at end of file
+We create resources to train mother tongue translation teams. unfoldingWord® Translation Academy (this resource) is our primary training tool. We also have audio recording and training resources. See https://www.unfoldingword.org/training for a complete list of training materials.
diff --git a/manifest.yaml b/manifest.yaml
index 65416e4..e7cce44 100644
--- a/manifest.yaml
+++ b/manifest.yaml
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ dublin_core:
description: 'A modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global Church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.'
format: 'text/markdown'
identifier: 'ta'
- issued: '2020-10-29'
+ issued: '2020-12-10'
language:
identifier: 'en'
title: 'English'
direction: 'ltr'
- modified: '2020-10-29'
+ modified: '2020-12-10'
publisher: 'unfoldingWord®'
relation:
- 'en/ust'
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ dublin_core:
-
identifier: 'ta'
language: 'en'
- version: '14'
+ version: '15'
subject: 'Translation Academy'
title: 'unfoldingWord® Translation Academy'
type: 'man'
- version: '15'
+ version: '16'
checking:
checking_entity:
diff --git a/process/config.yaml b/process/config.yaml
index 608cc6f..e4d6b30 100644
--- a/process/config.yaml
+++ b/process/config.yaml
@@ -64,4 +64,4 @@ translation-overview:
recommended:
- intro-publishing
dependencies:
- - pretranslation-training
\ No newline at end of file
+ - pretranslation-training
diff --git a/process/intro-publishing/01.md b/process/intro-publishing/01.md
index d4ca1fc..65c2739 100644
--- a/process/intro-publishing/01.md
+++ b/process/intro-publishing/01.md
@@ -12,4 +12,3 @@ From your Door43 project page you can:
* Continue to edit and improve your project and keep track of all changes
For more about distributing your project to others, see [Distribution](../intro-share/01.md).
-
diff --git a/process/intro-share/01.md b/process/intro-share/01.md
index 656b2c8..56e11c3 100644
--- a/process/intro-share/01.md
+++ b/process/intro-share/01.md
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ The biggest factor that enables distribution of content is the [Open License](..
for any purpose, even commercial, without cost. “Freely you have received; freely give.” (Matthew 10:8b)
-For ways to share your translations both online and offline, see [Sharing Content](../share-content/01.md).
\ No newline at end of file
+For ways to share your translations both online and offline, see [Sharing Content](../share-content/01.md).
diff --git a/process/platforms/01.md b/process/platforms/01.md
index 1ce2a03..d398be0 100644
--- a/process/platforms/01.md
+++ b/process/platforms/01.md
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ The recommended platform for drafting Bible translations in the Door43 online co
### Other Options
-If using translationStudio is not an option for your team, then you may consider using other online or offline tools. Please note: if you do not use translationStudio but do want to use other Bible translation software, then it will be your responsibility to ensure that your translated content is in USFM format (see [File Formats](../../translate/file-formats/01.md) for more information).
\ No newline at end of file
+If using translationStudio is not an option for your team, then you may consider using other online or offline tools. Please note: if you do not use translationStudio but do want to use other Bible translation software, then it will be your responsibility to ensure that your translated content is in USFM format (see [File Formats](../../translate/file-formats/01.md) for more information).
diff --git a/process/pretranslation-training/01.md b/process/pretranslation-training/01.md
index 429e135..2821237 100644
--- a/process/pretranslation-training/01.md
+++ b/process/pretranslation-training/01.md
@@ -18,4 +18,3 @@ Some other important topics as you get started also include:
* [Help with Translating](../../translate/translate-help/01.md) – Using translation helps
When you have [Set Up a Translation Team](../setup-team/01.md) and want to make a [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md) of your translation, use [translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md). We recommend that you follow this [Translation Process](../translation-overview/01.md).
-
diff --git a/process/process-manual/01.md b/process/process-manual/01.md
index 9dfc524..96692c5 100644
--- a/process/process-manual/01.md
+++ b/process/process-manual/01.md
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ Welcome to Bible translation! We are pleased that you desire to translate God’
Translation is a very complex task that takes commitment, organization, and planning. There are many required steps to take a translation from an idea to a completed, checked, distributed, and in-use translation. The information in this Process Manual will help you to know all of the necessary steps in the translation process.
-Translating the Bible requires many skills, so one of the first things that you need to think about is how to [choose a team](../setup-team/01.md) that can do this work.
\ No newline at end of file
+Translating the Bible requires many skills, so one of the first things that you need to think about is how to [choose a team](../setup-team/01.md) that can do this work.
diff --git a/process/setup-tc/01.md b/process/setup-tc/01.md
index 2205982..2a85afe 100644
--- a/process/setup-tc/01.md
+++ b/process/setup-tc/01.md
@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ Instructions for using each tool can be found by clicking on the name of the too
### After Using translationCore®
-At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by returning to the project list and clicking on the three-dot menu next to the project that you want to upload and choosing “Upload to Door43.” You can also save your project to a file on your computer. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).
\ No newline at end of file
+At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by returning to the project list and clicking on the three-dot menu next to the project that you want to upload and choosing “Upload to Door43.” You can also save your project to a file on your computer. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).
diff --git a/process/setup-team/01.md b/process/setup-team/01.md
index 9150e46..d927b1c 100644
--- a/process/setup-team/01.md
+++ b/process/setup-team/01.md
@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ There are many decisions the translation team will need to make, many of them ri
After the translation committee makes these decisions, it is good to write them down in a document that everyone involved in the translation can read. This will help everyone to make similar translation decisions and will avoid further arguments about these things.
-After choosing the translation team, it will be time to start giving them [Translation Training](../pretranslation-training/01.md).
\ No newline at end of file
+After choosing the translation team, it will be time to start giving them [Translation Training](../pretranslation-training/01.md).
diff --git a/process/setup-ts/01.md b/process/setup-ts/01.md
index 6484560..798e438 100644
--- a/process/setup-ts/01.md
+++ b/process/setup-ts/01.md
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ For more information on how to use translationStudio, please see the documentati
1. Make sure that you have a translation team that can help you check your work (see [Training Before Checking Begins](../prechecking-training/01.md)).
1. At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by clicking on the three-dot menu and choosing Upload/Export. You will need to create a user name on Door43.
-1. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).
\ No newline at end of file
+1. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).
diff --git a/process/share-content/01.md b/process/share-content/01.md
index 556b8b0..d922f27 100644
--- a/process/share-content/01.md
+++ b/process/share-content/01.md
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ If you upload your work from translationStudio or translationCore, then it will
### Sharing Content Offline
-You can also generate and download documents from your project pages on Door43. Once you have downloaded these, you can transfer them to others however you would like, including printing and distributing paper copies.
\ No newline at end of file
+You can also generate and download documents from your project pages on Door43. Once you have downloaded these, you can transfer them to others however you would like, including printing and distributing paper copies.
diff --git a/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md b/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md
index d28addc..562c58f 100644
--- a/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md
+++ b/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md
@@ -50,5 +50,3 @@ Another cultural model is found in Psalm 24, where the psalmist describes God as
> Out of his mouth goes a sharp sword, so that with it he might strike the nations, and he will shepherd them with an iron rod. He tramples in the winepress of the fury of the wrath of **God Almighty**. He has a name written on his robe and on his thigh: “**King of kings and Lord of lords**.” (Revelation 19:15-16 ULT)
This cultural model was very common in ancient Near Eastern cultures, and the ancient Israelites who read the Bible would have understood it easily because their nation was ruled by a king. However, many modern nations are not ruled by kings, so this specific cultural model is not as easily understood in many modern cultures.
-
-
diff --git a/translate/bita-animals/01.md b/translate/bita-animals/01.md
index 9aebb7a..58e2a7b 100644
--- a/translate/bita-animals/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-animals/01.md
@@ -91,4 +91,4 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau
> Israel is a **sheep** scattered and driven away by lions. First the king of Assyria devoured him;
> then after this, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon broke his bones. (Jeremiah 50:17 ULT)
-> See, I send you out as **sheep** in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+> See, I send you out as **sheep** in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/bita-farming/01.md b/translate/bita-farming/01.md
index 6b4002d..a3f91d4 100644
--- a/translate/bita-farming/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-farming/01.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: ‘Plow your own **ground**, and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULT)
>
-> When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it … This is the seed that was sown **beside the road**. That which was sown on **rocky ground** is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy … That which was sown **among the thorn plants**, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word…That which was sown on the **good soil**, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)
+> When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it … This is the seed that was sown **beside the road**. That which was sown on **rocky ground** is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy … That which was sown **among the thorn plants**, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word… That which was sown on the **good soil**, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)
>
> Break up your **unplowed ground**,
> for it is time to seek Yahweh. Hosea 10:12 ULT)
@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **thr
>
> For the land that drinks in the **rain** that often comes on it, and that produces plants useful to those for whom the land was also cultivated, receives a blessing from God. But land that bears thorns and thistles is worthless and is about to be cursed. Its end is to be burned. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULT)
>
-> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord’s coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late **rains**. (James 5:7 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord’s coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late **rains**. (James 5:7 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/bita-hq/01.md b/translate/bita-hq/01.md
index 24462cb..1c43af0 100644
--- a/translate/bita-hq/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-hq/01.md
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ In this context, having a full heart means to be proud or arrogant.
#### The EYES represent someone’s attitude
-> …but you bring down those with **proud, uplifted eyes**! (Psalm 18:27b ULT)
+> … but you bring down those with **proud, uplifted eyes**! (Psalm 18:27b ULT)
Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud.
@@ -153,11 +153,11 @@ The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that “becaus
#### The NOSE represents anger
> Then … the foundations of the world were laid bare at your rebuke, Yahweh, at the blast of the breath of **your nostrils**. (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
->
+>
> By the blast of **your nostrils** the waters were piled up. (Exodus 15:8a ULT)
->
+>
> Smoke went up from out of **his nostrils**, and blazing fire came out of his mouth. (2 Samuel 22:9a ULT)
->
+>
> Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious, \*\*slow to anger \*\* … (Exodus 34:6a ULT)
In Hebrew, a hot nose represents anger, including such images as a blast of air or smoke coming from someone’s nostrils. The opposite of a “hot nose” is a “long nose.” The phrase “slow to anger” in Hebrew literally means “long of nose.” A long nose represents patience, meaning that it takes a long time for that person’s nose to get hot.
@@ -187,4 +187,4 @@ Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry.
### Translation Strategies
-See the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery – Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).
\ No newline at end of file
+See the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery – Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).
diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md
index 5c563f9..cd35e1a 100644
--- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession.
Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, that is, as the people permanently belonging to him.
-> …the richness of the glory of his **inheritance** in the saints … (Ephesians 1:18b ULT) The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him are viewed as their permanent possessions.
+> … the richness of the glory of his **inheritance** in the saints … (Ephesians 1:18b ULT) The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him are viewed as their permanent possessions.
>
> For the promise to Abraham and to his descendants that he would be **heir** of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. (Romans 4:13 ULT)
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
#### SEEING means knowledge, perception, notice, attention, or judgment
-> Why have I found favor **in your eyes** that you should take notice of me…(Ruth 2:10b ULT)
+> Why have I found favor **in your eyes** that you should take notice of me … (Ruth 2:10b ULT)
>
> And the young woman was pleasing **in his eyes**, and she lifted kindness before his face. (Esther 2:9a ULT)
>
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
#### STANDING means defending or successfully resisting
> So the wicked will not **stand** in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5 ULT)
->
+>
> … that the king gave to the Jews who were in every city by city: to gather and to **stand** for their life, to annihilate, and to slaughter, and to destroy any strength of a people or province that would attack them, children and women, and plunder their spoil; (Esther 8:11 ULT)
#### TURNING or TURNING OVER means changing
@@ -247,4 +247,4 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
>
> Turn from me the **path** of deceit. (Psalm 119:29a ULT)
>
-> I will run in the **path** of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32a ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+> I will run in the **path** of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32a ULT)
diff --git a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md
index 157afc0..256b0d2 100644
--- a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md
@@ -66,4 +66,4 @@ In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death.
>
> The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the **tent** of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULT)
>
-> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s **tent** will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5a ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s **tent** will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5a ULT)
diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md
index 90e42f4..7e0c91c 100644
--- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary l
> Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50a ULT)
-> Ishbibenob…intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp** of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
+> Ishbibenob … intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp** of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
(3) Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with (and in some cases are based on) common metonymies and cultural models. (See [Biblical Imagery – Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) and [Biblical Imagery – Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).)
diff --git a/translate/bita-part2/01.md b/translate/bita-part2/01.md
index a0a58e2..089ff0f 100644
--- a/translate/bita-part2/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-part2/01.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
#### A LOCATION (city, nation, etc.) represents the people who live in or near that place
> Then Mordecai went out from before the face of the king in a garment of royalty of blue and white, with a great crown of gold and a robe of fine linen and purple, and **the city of Susa** cheered and rejoiced. (Esther 8:15 ULT)
->
+>
> So as for me, should I not feel troubled about \*\*Nineveh, the great city \*\* … (Jonah 4:11a ULT)
#### The MEMORY OF A PERSON means \[his descendants\]
@@ -66,4 +66,4 @@ This means that he killed the serpent.
> Yahweh has placed on him the **iniquity** of us all (Isaiah 53:6b ULT)
-This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us.
\ No newline at end of file
+This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us.
diff --git a/translate/bita-part3/01.md b/translate/bita-part3/01.md
index 065d378..fcf6fc8 100644
--- a/translate/bita-part3/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-part3/01.md
@@ -27,18 +27,18 @@ Some common cultural models found in the Bible are listed below. First there are
#### God is modeled as a WARRIOR
> Yahweh is a **warrior**. (Exodus 15:3a ULT)
->
+>
> Yahweh will go out as a **warrior**; as a \*\*man of war\*\* he will stir up his zeal.. He will shout, yes, he will roar his **battle cries**; he will **show his enemies his power**. (Isaiah 42:13 ULT)
->
+>
> Your right hand, Yahweh, is **glorious in power**; your right hand, Yahweh, **has shattered the enemy**. (Exodus 15:6 ULT)
->
+>
> But **God will shoot them**; suddenly they will be **wounded with his arrows**. (Psalm 64:7 ULT)
->
+>
> For you will turn them back; **you will draw your bow** before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULT)
#### A leader is modeled as a SHEPHERD and those he leads are modeled as SHEEP
-> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look…when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will **shepherd** my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’” (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
+> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look … when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will **shepherd** my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’” (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
>
> “Woe to the **shepherds** who destroy and scatter the **sheep** of my **pasture**—this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)
>
@@ -166,4 +166,4 @@ Leprosy is a disease. If a person had it, he was said to be unclean.
An “unclean spirit” is an evil spirit.
-> When an **unclean spirit** has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+> When an **unclean spirit** has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md
index 698057c..7827270 100644
--- a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md
@@ -126,4 +126,4 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
> Who is a **rock** except our God? (Psalm 18:31b ULT)
>
-> Yahweh, **my rock**, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14b ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+> Yahweh, **my rock**, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14b ULT)
diff --git a/translate/bita-plants/01.md b/translate/bita-plants/01.md
index 1f1e07e..6edc9cc 100644
--- a/translate/bita-plants/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-plants/01.md
@@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ The action or behavior in the verses is marked in bold below.
> Then the matter was sought out and was found out, and the two of them were hung on a **tree**. (Esther 2:23a ULT)
-This probably means that they were killed by either by being impaled on a wooden pole or by being hung from a gallows by a rope.
\ No newline at end of file
+This probably means that they were killed by either by being impaled on a wooden pole or by being hung from a gallows by a rope.
diff --git a/translate/choose-style/01.md b/translate/choose-style/01.md
index 02300f0..7163baa 100644
--- a/translate/choose-style/01.md
+++ b/translate/choose-style/01.md
@@ -19,5 +19,3 @@ Before beginning a translation of the Bible, the translation committee needs to
8. **Pictures** – Will pictures be used in the Bible translation? If so, how many? Pictures can be very useful for showing things that are unknown in the target culture, such as certain animals or tools or clothing. Using pictures for these things can reduce the need to explain them in footnotes.
9. **Headings** – Should the translation use section headings that summarize what each section is talking about? If so, what style of headings should be used? These can be very helpful for finding different topics. See [Headings](../../checking/headings/01.md) for examples.
-
-
diff --git a/translate/choose-team/01.md b/translate/choose-team/01.md
index 95378bd..15b41f5 100644
--- a/translate/choose-team/01.md
+++ b/translate/choose-team/01.md
@@ -76,4 +76,4 @@ given team cannot be prescribed in advance. It might even change over time, but
2. We help them to identify an initial team composition based on the skills and contextual reality of their team (e.g., size of the team, theological ability, translation experience, language skill, geographic distribution, relationship dynamics, etc.). Their team may be small, with several skills being provided by the same person. Or the team may be large (in some cases as many as 25 full-time translators and hundreds of volunteers), with many people providing the same skill in an overlapping and intentionally redundant manner. Regardless of the structure and size of the team that is needed in a given context, the combined roles on any team must provide the combination of skills needed to achieve excellence in Bible translation.
-3. The team begins working together on an initial translation project (we recommend Open Bible Stories) and observes the effectiveness of their team’s configuration. As needed, adjustments to the team structure are made to improve efficiency, and training is provided to increase skill and effectiveness.
\ No newline at end of file
+3. The team begins working together on an initial translation project (we recommend Open Bible Stories) and observes the effectiveness of their team’s configuration. As needed, adjustments to the team structure are made to improve efficiency, and training is provided to increase skill and effectiveness.
diff --git a/translate/figs-123person/01.md b/translate/figs-123person/01.md
index cb6c55f..86ee981 100644
--- a/translate/figs-123person/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-123person/01.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ After saying “each of you,” Jesus used the third person “his” instead of
If using the third person to mean “I” or “you” would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other options.
-(1) Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.”
+(1) Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.”
(2) Simply use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you”) instead of the third person.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ If using the third person to mean “I” or “you” would be natural and give
> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like **God’s**? Can you thunder with a voice like **his**? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
>
-> > Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “…Do you have an arm like **mine**? Can you thunder with a voice like **mine**?”
+> > Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like **mine**? Can you thunder with a voice like **mine**?”
>
> So also my heavenly Father will do to you if **each of you** does not forgive **his** brother from your heart. (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
>
-> > So also my heavenly Father will do to you if **each of you** does not forgive **your** brother from your heart.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > So also my heavenly Father will do to you if **each of you** does not forgive **your** brother from your heart.
diff --git a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md
index 6bd5b13..f06b3b2 100644
--- a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md
@@ -46,21 +46,21 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
(1) Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun. Alternative translations are indented below the Scripture example.
> … from **childhood** you have known the sacred writings … (2 Timothy 3:15a ULT)
->
+>
> > Ever since **you were a child** you have known the sacred writings.
->
+>
> But **godliness** with **contentment** is great **gain**. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
->
+>
> > But **being godly** and **content** is very **beneficial**. But we **benefit** greatly when we **are godly** and **content**. But we **benefit** greatly when we **honor and obey God** and when we are **happy with what we have**.
->
+>
> Today **salvation** has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham. (Luke 19:9 ULT)
->
+>
> > Today the people in this house **have been saved** … Today God **has saved** the people in this house …
->
+>
> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider **slowness** to be. (2 Peter 3:9a ULT)
->
+>
> > The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider **moving slowly** to be.
->
+>
> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the **purposes** of the heart. (1 Corinthians 4:5b ULT)
->
-> > He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal **the things that people want to do and the reasons that they want to do them**.
\ No newline at end of file
+>
+> > He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal **the things that people want to do and the reasons that they want to do them**.
diff --git a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md
index 455cf6e..e2a5372 100644
--- a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md
@@ -74,4 +74,4 @@ If your language would use a passive form for the same purpose as in the passage
> A loaf of bread **was given** him every day from the street of the bakers. (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
>
-> > He **received** a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > He **received** a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
diff --git a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md
index a95eb8e..7ce3870 100644
--- a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md
@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
>
> **Mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **you.** (2 Samuel 1:21a ULT)
>
-> > **As for these mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **them**.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > **As for these mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **them**.
diff --git a/translate/figs-aside/01.md b/translate/figs-aside/01.md
index 4606665..fbaea13 100644
--- a/translate/figs-aside/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-aside/01.md
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Nehemiah is speaking to the readers of his account and describing some of the ma
### Translation Strategies
-(1) If an aside would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. But if this way of speaking would be confusing, let the speaker continue speaking to the people who are listening to him, but make clear that he is now expressing his thoughts and feelings about them.
+(1) If an aside would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. But if this way of speaking would be confusing, let the speaker continue speaking to the people who are listening to him, but make clear that he is now expressing his thoughts and feelings about them.
(2) If a person speaks a prayer to God as an aside, you can put the prayer in quotation marks to indicate that.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ Nehemiah is speaking to the readers of his account and describing some of the ma
> And I purified them from everything foreign. And I caused the service watches to stand: for the priests and for the Levites, a man in his work; 31 and for the offering of pieces of wood at the appointed times; and for the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30-31 ULT)
-(2) And I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I made assignments for the priests and for the Levites, a man to his own work. And the wood offering at the stated time, and the firstfruits. **“Remember me, my God, for good.”**
\ No newline at end of file
+(2) And I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I made assignments for the priests and for the Levites, a man to his own work. And the wood offering at the stated time, and the firstfruits. **“Remember me, my God, for good.”**
diff --git a/translate/figs-cometaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-cometaphor/01.md
index cb4551a..358aa3a 100644
--- a/translate/figs-cometaphor/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-cometaphor/01.md
@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ The Bible often speaks of God as doing things that people do, such as speaking,
* For strategies regarding translating metaphors, see [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md).
-* To learn more about biblical imagery, complex metaphors, and cultural models in the Bible, see [Biblical Imagery](../biblicalimageryta/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery – Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery – Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).
\ No newline at end of file
+* To learn more about biblical imagery, complex metaphors, and cultural models in the Bible, see [Biblical Imagery](../biblicalimageryta/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery – Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery – Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).
diff --git a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md
index 3d72e0b..cdeb9a8 100644
--- a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, **Jesus forgave** the man’s sins
### Translation Strategies
-(1) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **use a sentence type** that would express that function.
-(2) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **add a sentence type** that would express that function.
+(1) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **use a sentence type** that would express that function.
+(2) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **add a sentence type** that would express that function.
(3) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **use a verb form** that would express that function.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -69,4 +69,4 @@ The function of “I know you can” is to make a request. In addition to the st
>
> > Son, I forgive your sins.
> >
-> > Son, God has forgiven your sins.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > Son, God has forgiven your sins.
diff --git a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md
index 6da0a1a..d362e9d 100644
--- a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ The phrase “whom I have created” is a reminder of the relationship between G
If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider keeping the phrase and the noun together. For languages that use words or phrases with a noun only to distinguish one item from another, here are some strategies for translating phrases that are used to inform or remind.
-(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
+(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information. It may be by adding a small word, or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks, such as parentheses or commas.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -59,19 +59,19 @@ If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider k
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT) By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
->
+>
> > **Because** **idols are worthless**, I hate those who serve them.
->
+>
> … for your **righteous** judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39b ULT)
->
+>
> > … for your judgments are good **because they are righteous**.
->
+>
> Can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT) The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
->
+>
> > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** **she is 90 years old**?
->
+>
> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised**. (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT) There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
->
+>
> > I will call on Yahweh, because **he is worthy to be praised**
(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information.
@@ -79,4 +79,4 @@ If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider k
> You are my Son, **whom I love**. I am pleased with you. (Luke 3:22 ULT)
>
> > You are my Son. **I love you** and I am pleased with you.
-> > **Receiving my love**, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > **Receiving my love**, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.
diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md
index 478e439..41e1be9 100644
--- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md
@@ -58,4 +58,4 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan
>
> All things were made through him and **without** him there was **not** one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULT)
>
-> > “All things were made through him. He made **absolutely** everything that has been made.”
\ No newline at end of file
+> > “All things were made through him. He made **absolutely** everything that has been made.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md
index a4d2e3a..301d08d 100644
--- a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ This means that he was like a lamb that did not have any defect—not even one.
If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, consider these strategies.
-(1) Translate only one of the words or phrases.
-(2) If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words or phrases and add a word that intensifies it such as “very” or “great” or “many.”
+(1) Translate only one of the words or phrases.
+(2) If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words or phrases and add a word that intensifies it such as “very” or “great” or “many.”
(3) If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language’s ways of doing that.
### Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
>
> * English can emphasize this with “any” and “at all.”
>
-> > “… like a lamb **without any blemish at all**.”
\ No newline at end of file
+> > “… like a lamb **without any blemish at all**.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md
index 41a905a..42ff20c 100644
--- a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know that there is infor
The writer wants his words to be few and to make good poetry. The full sentence with the information filled in would be:
> > He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and **he makes** Sirion **skip** like a young ox.
->
+>
> Watch carefully, therefore, how you walk—**not as unwise but as wise**. (Ephesians 5:15b ULT)
The information that the reader must understand in the second parts of these sentences can be filled in from the first parts:
@@ -67,4 +67,4 @@ If ellipsis would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consid
> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf **and Sirion like a young ox**. (Psalm 29:6 ULT)
-> > He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and **he makes** Sirion **skip** like a young ox.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and **he makes** Sirion **skip** like a young ox.
diff --git a/translate/figs-ellipsis/sub-title.md b/translate/figs-ellipsis/sub-title.md
index e25d1b8..ecfb55d 100755
--- a/translate/figs-ellipsis/sub-title.md
+++ b/translate/figs-ellipsis/sub-title.md
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-
What is ellipsis ? ([^1])
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md
index 990e674..92c7539 100755
--- a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ In order **to be polite**, Mary uses a euphemism to say that she has never had s
If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other options:
-(1) Use a euphemism from your own culture.
+(1) Use a euphemism from your own culture.
(2) State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
> They found Saul and his sons **fallen** on Mount Gilboa. (1 Chronicles 10:8b ULT)
>
-> > “They found Saul and his sons **dead** on Mount Gilboa.”
\ No newline at end of file
+> > “They found Saul and his sons **dead** on Mount Gilboa.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-events/01.md b/translate/figs-events/01.md
index ee948c9..5fdc62e 100644
--- a/translate/figs-events/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-events/01.md
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
### Translation Strategies
-(1) If your language uses phrases or time words to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using one of them.
-(2) If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. (See the section on “Aspect” of [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md).)
+(1) If your language uses phrases or time words to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using one of them.
+(2) If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. (See the section on “Aspect” of [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md).)
(3) If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occurred, consider reordering the events so they they are in that order. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6). (See [Verse Bridges](../translate-versebridge/01.md).)
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
diff --git a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md
index 13376ec..bd09770 100644
--- a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
### Translation Strategies
-(1) If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are.”
-(2) Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling.
-(3) Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
-(4) Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
+(1) If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are.”
+(2) Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling.
+(3) Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
+(4) Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
(5) If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -77,4 +77,4 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
> When Gideon saw that he was the angel of Yahweh, Gideon lamented, “**Alas,** O my Lord Yahweh, for because of this I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>
-> > “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. **He was terrified** and said, “**Alas**, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
\ No newline at end of file
+> > “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. **He was terrified** and said, “**Alas**, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
diff --git a/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md b/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md
index e6c8737..57af4d7 100644
--- a/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were *
> Now it happened that on one of those days, he indeed got into a boat with his disciples, and he said to them, “Let **us** go over to the other side of the lake.” So they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
-When Jesus said “us,” he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to, so this would be the inclusive form.
\ No newline at end of file
+When Jesus said “us,” he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to, so this would be the inclusive form.
diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md
index 3f2aa7a..f8a1db2 100644
--- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ In Psalm 23, the psalmist uses the physical **Image** of a shepherd to describe
Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in the same way the original readers would have understood it. If not, here are some other strategies:
-(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate the metaphor as a simile by using words such as “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two.
-(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
+(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate the metaphor as a simile by using words such as “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two.
+(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
(3) If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -94,4 +94,4 @@ or as:
> > **Yahweh will stop protecting** Israel and Judah,
> > **because they do not do what is right.**
> > He waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
-> > for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
diff --git a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md
index 948898d..264f2f7 100644
--- a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ One of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash th
If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, along with any important implicit information that goes with the explicit information, then it is good to leave that knowledge unstated and leave the implicit information implicit. If the readers do not understand the message because one of these is missing for them, then follow these strategies:
-(1) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.
+(1) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.
(2) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not know certain implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -81,4 +81,4 @@ The implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would p
> > or:
> > At the day of judgment, God will **punish you more severely** than Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked.
-Modern readers may not know some of the things that the people in the Bible and the people who first read it knew. This can make it hard for them to understand what a speaker or writer says, and to learn things that the speaker left implicit. Translators may need to state some things explicitly in the translation that the original speaker or writer left unstated or implicit.
\ No newline at end of file
+Modern readers may not know some of the things that the people in the Bible and the people who first read it knew. This can make it hard for them to understand what a speaker or writer says, and to learn things that the speaker left implicit. Translators may need to state some things explicitly in the translation that the original speaker or writer left unstated or implicit.
diff --git a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md
index a9479d7..fc7d791 100644
--- a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver
### Translation Strategies
-(1) If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target language, then translate it as explicit information.
+(1) If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target language, then translate it as explicit information.
(2) If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -47,4 +47,4 @@ In English, the information that the centurion responded by speaking is included
>
> > **He began to** teach them, saying, (Or) He taught them, saying,
-In English, it would be very strange to include the information that Jesus opened his mouth when he spoke. That information is included in the verbs “taught” and “saying,” so that phrase can be omitted and that information left implicit. However, “he opened his mouth” is an idiom that indicates the beginning of a speech, so that information may be included, or it may also be left implicit.
\ No newline at end of file
+In English, it would be very strange to include the information that Jesus opened his mouth when he spoke. That information is included in the verbs “taught” and “saying,” so that phrase can be omitted and that information left implicit. However, “he opened his mouth” is an idiom that indicates the beginning of a speech, so that information may be included, or it may also be left implicit.
diff --git a/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md b/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md
index 651c0c8..455ef08 100644
--- a/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md
@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ This page does not have any translation strategies.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
-This page does not have any translation strategies applied.
\ No newline at end of file
+This page does not have any translation strategies applied.
diff --git a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md
index c8aef92..27de193 100644
--- a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ Jesus was not speaking only of men, but of **men and women**.
If people would understand that that masculine words like “man,” “brother,” and “he” can include women, then consider using them. Otherwise, here are some ways for translating those words when they include women.
-(1) Use a noun that can be used for both men and women.
-(2) Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women.
+(1) Use a noun that can be used for both men and women.
+(2) Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women.
(3) Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -60,5 +60,3 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like “man,” “brother,
English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, “he,” “himself,” and “his” to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, “they,” “themselves,” and “their” in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.
>
> > “If **people** want to follow me, **they** must deny **themselves**, take up **their** cross, and follow me.”
-
-
diff --git a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md
index 1e6036e..aa4880e 100644
--- a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ The phrase “a good man” does not refer to a particular man, but to any perso
If your language can use the same wording as in the ULT to refer to people or things in general rather than to specific individuals or things, consider using the same wording. If not, here are some strategies you might use.
-(1) Use the word “the” in the noun phrase.
-(2) Use the word “a” in the noun phrase.
-(3) Use the word “any,” as in “any person” or “anyone.”
-(4) Use the plural form, as in “people.”
+(1) Use the word “the” in the noun phrase.
+(2) Use the word “a” in the noun phrase.
+(3) Use the word “any,” as in “any person” or “anyone.”
+(4) Use the plural form, as in “people.”
(5) Use any other way that is natural in your language.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -61,5 +61,3 @@ If your language can use the same wording as in the ULT to refer to people or th
> People curse **the man** who refuses to sell grain. (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
> > “People curse **whoever** refuses to sell grain.”
-
-
diff --git a/translate/figs-go/01.md b/translate/figs-go/01.md
index a4c9c0c..60d3d12 100644
--- a/translate/figs-go/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-go/01.md
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ In some languages, it might make more sense to ask what did you come out to see.
If the word used in the ULT would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other strategies.
-(1) Use the word “go,” “come,” “take,” or “bring” that would be natural in your language.
+(1) Use the word “go,” “come,” “take,” or “bring” that would be natural in your language.
(2) Use another word that expresses the right meaning.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
diff --git a/translate/figs-grammar/01.md b/translate/figs-grammar/01.md
index a5b3cea..916e2df 100644
--- a/translate/figs-grammar/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-grammar/01.md
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put w
* Quotations normally have two parts: Information about who said something and what the person said. (See [Quotations and Quote Margins](../writing-quotations/01.md).)
* Quotations can be either direct quotes or indirect quotes. (See [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md).)
* Quotes can have quotes within them. (See [Quotes within Quotes](../figs-quotesinquotes/01.md).)
-* Quotes can be marked to make it easy for readers to understand who said what. (See [Quote Markings](../figs-quotemarks/01.md).)
\ No newline at end of file
+* Quotes can be marked to make it easy for readers to understand who said what. (See [Quote Markings](../figs-quotemarks/01.md).)
diff --git a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md
index 6302ed0..6d5c014 100644
--- a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ Titus 2:13 contains two hendiadyses. “The blessed hope” and “appearing of
If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other options:
-(1) Substitute the describing noun with an adjective that means the same thing.
-(2) Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing.
-(3) Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing.
-(4) Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word or phrase describes the other.
+(1) Substitute the describing noun with an adjective that means the same thing.
+(2) Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing.
+(3) Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing.
+(4) Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word or phrase describes the other.
(5) If it is unclear that only one thing is meant, change the phrase so that this is clear.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
diff --git a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md
index 727fe4e..e35f9ec 100644
--- a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ If the hyperbole or generalization would be natural and people would understand
(1) Express the meaning without the exaggeration.
> The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: 3,000 chariots, 6,000 men to drive the chariots, and troops **as numerous as the sand on the seashore**. (1 Samuel 13:5a ULT)
->
+>
> > The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: 3,000 chariots, 6,000 men to drive the chariots, and **a great number of troops**.
(2) For a generalization, show that it is a generalization by using a phrase like “in general” or “in most cases.”
@@ -128,4 +128,4 @@ If the hyperbole or generalization would be natural and people would understand
> The **whole** country of Judea and **all** the people of Jerusalem went out to him. (Mark 1:5a ULT)
>
-> > The country of Judea and the people of Jerusalem went out to him.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > The country of Judea and the people of Jerusalem went out to him.
diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md
index 963dfe5..cfa7a59 100644
--- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md
@@ -79,4 +79,4 @@ Find out how people speaking your language show:
Use your language’s ways of showing these kinds of things.
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_hypo.
\ No newline at end of file
+You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_hypo.
diff --git a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md
index a432d1d..12ec4b6 100644
--- a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ This means, “the one who helps me.”
If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other options.
-(1) Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom.
+(1) Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom.
(2) Use a different idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If
(2) Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning.
> Put these words **into your ears.** (Luke 9:44a ULT)
->
+>
> > **Be all ears** when I say these words to you.
> My **eyes grow dim** from grief. (Psalm 6:7a ULT)
->
-> > I am crying my **eyes out**
\ No newline at end of file
+>
+> > I am crying my **eyes out**
diff --git a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md
index b3df6e1..2ff36cc 100644
--- a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6, below, is to teach what people can expect to happe
### Translation Strategies
-(1) If people would not use an imperative sentence for one of the functions in the Bible, try using a statement instead.
-(2) If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like “so” to show that what happened was a result of what was said.
+(1) If people would not use an imperative sentence for one of the functions in the Bible, try using a statement instead.
+(2) If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like “so” to show that what happened was a result of what was said.
(3) If people would not use a command as a condition, translate it as a statement with the words “if” and “then.”
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -82,4 +82,4 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6, below, is to teach what people can expect to happe
Translated as:
> “**If** you teach a child the way he should go,
-> **then** when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.”
\ No newline at end of file
+> **then** when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md
index efeddee..d775b7c 100755
--- a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ All of God’s judgments are righteous. This is why the person who wrote this ps
If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider keeping the phrase and the noun together. Otherwise, here are other strategies of showing that the phrase is used to inform or remind.
-(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
- (2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing information in a weak way. It may be by adding a small word or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks such as parentheses or commas.
+(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
+(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing information in a weak way. It may be by adding a small word or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks such as parentheses or commas.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -81,4 +81,4 @@ There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a r
> The name of the third river is Tigris, **which flows east of Asshur**. (Genesis 2:14a ULT)
>
-> > “The name of the third river is Tigris. **It flows east of Asshur**.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > “The name of the third river is Tigris. **It flows east of Asshur**.
diff --git a/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md b/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md
index 1416d0d..b4f5d32 100644
--- a/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ In this verse, the most important part of the information is first, that “woe
### Translation Strategies
-(1) Study how your language arranges the parts of a sentence, and use that order in your translation.
+(1) Study how your language arranges the parts of a sentence, and use that order in your translation.
(2) Study where your language puts the new or important information, and rearrange the order of information so that it follows the way it is done in your language.
### Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ If your language puts the important information last, you can change the order o
If your language puts the important information last, you can change the order of the verse.
-> > When all men speak well of you, which is just as people’s ancestors treated the false prophets, then woe to you!
\ No newline at end of file
+> > When all men speak well of you, which is just as people’s ancestors treated the false prophets, then woe to you!
diff --git a/translate/figs-intro/01.md b/translate/figs-intro/01.md
index 5298288..41c0c22 100644
--- a/translate/figs-intro/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-intro/01.md
@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ Listed below are different types of Figures of Speech. If you would like additio
* **[Simile](../figs-simile/01.md)** – A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be similar. It focuses on a particular trait that the two items have in common, and it includes words such as “like,” “as,” or “than” to make the comparison explicit.
-* **[Synecdoche](../figs-synecdoche/01.md)** – Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which (1) the name of a part of something is used to refer to the whole thing, or (2) the name of a whole thing is used to refer to just one part of it.
\ No newline at end of file
+* **[Synecdoche](../figs-synecdoche/01.md)** – Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which (1) the name of a part of something is used to refer to the whole thing, or (2) the name of a whole thing is used to refer to just one part of it.
diff --git a/translate/figs-irony/01.md b/translate/figs-irony/01.md
index cde810e..c4c8255 100755
--- a/translate/figs-irony/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-irony/01.md
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The Corinthians considered themselves to be very wise, self-sufficient, and not
If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it is stated. If not, here are some other strategies.
-(1) Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes.
+(1) Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes.
(2) The irony is **not** found in the literal words of the speaker, but instead the true meaning is found in the opposite of the literal meaning of the speaker’s words.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -66,4 +66,4 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it
> **Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;**
> **the number of your days is so large!**” (Job 38:20-21 ULT)
>
-> > Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? **You act like you know how light and darkness were created, as if you were there; as if you are as old as creation, but you are not**!
\ No newline at end of file
+> > Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? **You act like you know how light and darkness were created, as if you were there; as if you are as old as creation, but you are not**!
diff --git a/translate/figs-litany/01.md b/translate/figs-litany/01.md
index c6156b4..b408ca1 100644
--- a/translate/figs-litany/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-litany/01.md
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ In this passage Yahweh is telling the people of Edom all the things they should
### Translation Strategies
-(1). A good strategy for showing how a litany conveys its meaning may be to format it on the page in a certain way. Often in the Bible there will be a general statement at the beginning or end of a litany that sums up its overall meaning. You can format that statement and the litany in a way appropriate to your language that will show that by listing all of the components of a thing, the litany is making a comprehensive statement equivalent to this general statement.
-(2) Also in terms of formatting, if each sentence in the litany has two parts, you can decide whether it would be clearer to put both of these parts on the same line or to put them on separate lines.
+(1). A good strategy for showing how a litany conveys its meaning may be to format it on the page in a certain way. Often in the Bible there will be a general statement at the beginning or end of a litany that sums up its overall meaning. You can format that statement and the litany in a way appropriate to your language that will show that by listing all of the components of a thing, the litany is making a comprehensive statement equivalent to this general statement.
+(2) Also in terms of formatting, if each sentence in the litany has two parts, you can decide whether it would be clearer to put both of these parts on the same line or to put them on separate lines.
(3) You can eliminate words like “and,” “but,” and “or” at the beginning of sentences so that it will be clearer that the component parts of a thing are all being listed in a row.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ In this passage Yahweh is telling the people of Edom all the things they should
> Not one of them will get away, not one of them will escape:
>
-> Though they dig into Sheol, there my hand will take them. Though they climb up to heaven, there I will bring them down. Though they hide on the top of Carmel, there I will search and take them. Though they are hidden from my sight in the bottom of the sea, there will I give orders to the serpent, and it will bite them. Though they go into captivity, driven by their enemies before them, there will I give orders to the sword, and it will kill them. (Amos 9:1b–4 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+> Though they dig into Sheol, there my hand will take them. Though they climb up to heaven, there I will bring them down. Though they hide on the top of Carmel, there I will search and take them. Though they are hidden from my sight in the bottom of the sea, there will I give orders to the serpent, and it will bite them. Though they go into captivity, driven by their enemies before them, there will I give orders to the sword, and it will kill them. (Amos 9:1b–4 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md
index 01d6cb8..f636fa0 100644
--- a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md
@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ If the litotes would be understood correctly, consider using it.
> Now when it became day, there was **no small disturbance** among the soldiers over what therefore had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULT)
> > “Now when it became day, there was **great excitement** among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.”
-> > “Now when it became day, the soldiers were **very concerned** because of what had happened to Peter.”
\ No newline at end of file
+> > “Now when it became day, the soldiers were **very concerned** because of what had happened to Peter.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-merism/01.md b/translate/figs-merism/01.md
index bb17c30..4f2cc75 100644
--- a/translate/figs-merism/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-merism/01.md
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ The bolded phrase is merism because it speaks of old people and young people and
If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other options:
-(1) Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts.
+(1) Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts.
(2) Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -51,5 +51,3 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
> He will bless those who honor him, both **young and old**. (Psalm 115:13 ULT)
> > He will bless **all those** who honor him, regardless of whether they are **young or old**.
-
-
diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md
index c1e8e03..4fda0ff 100644
--- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md
@@ -108,19 +108,14 @@ If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original reader
If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
-(1) If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (that is, it is a passive metaphor), then express the **Idea** in the simplest way preferred by your language.
-
-(2) If the metaphor seems to be an active metaphor, you can translate it literally **if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible**. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
-
-(3) If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.” See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md).
-
-(4) If the target audience would not know the **Image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
-
-(5) If the target audience would not use that **Image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
-
-(6) If the target audience would not know what the **Topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the Topic was.)
-
-(7) If the target audience would not know the intended similarity (the **Idea**) between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. (8) If none of these strategies is satisfactory, then simply state the **Idea** plainly without using a metaphor.
+(1) If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (that is, it is a passive metaphor), then express the **Idea** in the simplest way preferred by your language.
+(2) If the metaphor seems to be an active metaphor, you can translate it literally **if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible**. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
+(3) If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.” See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md).
+(4) If the target audience would not know the **Image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
+(5) If the target audience would not use that **Image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
+(6) If the target audience would not know what the **Topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the Topic was.)
+(7) If the target audience would not know the intended similarity (the **Idea**) between the topic and the image, then state it clearly.
+(8) If none of these strategies is satisfactory, then simply state the **Idea** plainly without using a metaphor.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -180,4 +175,4 @@ We made no change to this one, but it must be tested to make sure that the targe
> > I will make you to become **people who gather men**.
> > Now you gather fish. I will make you **gather people**.
-To learn more about specific metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery – Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).
\ No newline at end of file
+To learn more about specific metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery – Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).
diff --git a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md
index 14c4d52..6e805b8 100644
--- a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The word “wrath” or “anger” is a metonym for “punishment.” God was e
If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, here are some options.
-(1) Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.
+(1) Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.
(2) Use only the name of the thing the metonym represents.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -62,4 +62,4 @@ This verse also contains a second metonym: The cup, (representing the wine it co
>
> > “Who warned you to flee from God’s coming **punishment**?”
-To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery – Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md).
\ No newline at end of file
+To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery – Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md).
diff --git a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md
index 04f307a..336baac 100644
--- a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md
@@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ If your language uses adjectives as nouns to refer to a class of people, conside
> > The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of **righteous people**.
> Blessed are **the meek**. (Matthew 5:5a ULT)
-> > Blessed are **people who are meek**.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > Blessed are **people who are meek**.
diff --git a/translate/figs-order/01.md b/translate/figs-order/01.md
index 0f497fd..707cace 100644
--- a/translate/figs-order/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-order/01.md
@@ -82,4 +82,4 @@ Word order can also change
* Translate the sentence so that the meaning is accurate and clear and so that it sounds natural.
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_order.
\ No newline at end of file
+You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_order.
diff --git a/translate/figs-orderGrk/01.md b/translate/figs-orderGrk/01.md
index e368832..be9b43f 100644
--- a/translate/figs-orderGrk/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-orderGrk/01.md
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ In other words, a writer/speaker does not emphasize words in Greek by moving the
#### A word moved to the first position of a sentence is emphasized as the most important.
-In other words, a writer/speaker shows that one particular word is the most important information in the sentence by positioning it first in the sentence.
\ No newline at end of file
+In other words, a writer/speaker shows that one particular word is the most important information in the sentence by positioning it first in the sentence.
diff --git a/translate/figs-orderHeb/01.md b/translate/figs-orderHeb/01.md
index 19a90f7..13e3c86 100644
--- a/translate/figs-orderHeb/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-orderHeb/01.md
@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ When another part of speech (other than a temporal phrase or negative particle)
### Word Order in Biblical Aramaic
-Most scholars agree that word order is so free in Biblical Aramaic that no distinct patterns of standard word order can be observed. Therefore, it is best to assume that word order has no affect on the meaning of a sentence in Aramaic.
\ No newline at end of file
+Most scholars agree that word order is so free in Biblical Aramaic that no distinct patterns of standard word order can be observed. Therefore, it is best to assume that word order has no affect on the meaning of a sentence in Aramaic.
diff --git a/translate/figs-parables/01.md b/translate/figs-parables/01.md
index cafbe23..9098bb9 100644
--- a/translate/figs-parables/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-parables/01.md
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people ar
(2) If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as “Jesus told this story about being generous.”
> **Jesus also said to them**, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on the lampstand? (Mark 4:21 ULT)
->
+>
> > **Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly.** “Jesus also said to them, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on the lampstand? (Mark 4:21 ULT)
->
+>
> **Then Jesus presented another parable to them.** He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. It is indeed the smallest of all the seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
->
-> > **Then Jesus presented another parable to them about how the kingdom of God grows**. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all the seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
\ No newline at end of file
+>
+> > **Then Jesus presented another parable to them about how the kingdom of God grows**. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all the seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md
index 73a76ac..2378577 100644
--- a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ This contrasts what happens when someone gives a gentle answer with what happens
For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or phrases. For synonymous parallelism, it is good to translate both clauses if people in your language understand that the purpose of saying something twice is to strengthen a single idea. But if your language does not use parallelism in this way, then consider using one of the following translation strategies.
-(1) Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
-(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
+(1) Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
+(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely,” or “all.”
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -95,4 +95,4 @@ For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or ph
> > “All you have done is lie to me.”
> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
-> > “Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does.”
\ No newline at end of file
+> > “Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md
index 8e7ba49..054e3f4 100755
--- a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Enoch was speaking of something that would happen in the future, but he used the
If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other options.
-(1) Use the future tense to refer to future events.
+(1) Use the future tense to refer to future events.
(2) If it refers to something in the immediate future, use a form that would show that.
(3) Some languages may use the present tense to show that something will happen very soon.
@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
> Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I have delivered Jericho, and its king, and its powerful soldiers into your hand.” (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
>
-> > Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I **am delivering** over to you Jericho, its king, and its powerful soldiers.”
\ No newline at end of file
+> > Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I **am delivering** over to you Jericho, its king, and its powerful soldiers.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-personification/01.md b/translate/figs-personification/01.md
index 78a4816..6efd0fa 100644
--- a/translate/figs-personification/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-personification/01.md
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ The author speaks of wisdom and understanding as if they were woman who calls ou
If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it would not be understood, here are some other ways for translating it.
-(1) Add words or phrases to make the human (or animal) characteristic clear.
-(2) In addition to Strategy (1), use words such as “like” or “as” to show that the sentence is not to be understood literally.
+(1) Add words or phrases to make the human (or animal) characteristic clear.
+(2) In addition to Strategy (1), use words such as “like” or “as” to show that the sentence is not to be understood literally.
(3) Find a way to translate it without the personification.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md
index 4617c3a..e60ff8d 100644
--- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md
@@ -78,16 +78,16 @@ In the example below, **Christ loves us**.
### Strategies for learning what the relationship is between the two nouns
-(1) Read the surrounding verses to see if they help you to understand the relationship between the two nouns.
-(2) Read the verse in the UST. Sometimes it shows the relationship clearly.
+(1) Read the surrounding verses to see if they help you to understand the relationship between the two nouns.
+(2) Read the verse in the UST. Sometimes it shows the relationship clearly.
(3) See what the notes say about it.
### Translation Strategies
If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between two nouns, consider using it. If it would be strange or hard to understand, consider these.
-(1) Use an adjective to show that one noun describes the other.
-(2) Use a verb to show how the two are related.
+(1) Use an adjective to show that one noun describes the other.
+(2) Use a verb to show how the two are related.
(3) If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -101,13 +101,13 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t
(2) Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold.
> Whoever gives you **a cup of water** to drink … will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULT)
->
+>
> > Whoever gives you a **cup that has water in it** to drink … will not lose his reward.
->
+>
> Wealth is worthless on **the day of wrath.** (Proverbs 11:4a ULT)
->
+>
> > Wealth is worthless on **the day when God shows his wrath**.
-> >
+> >
> > Wealth is worthless on the **day when God punishes people because of his wrath**.
(3) If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb. In the example below, that verb is in bold.
@@ -122,4 +122,4 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t
>
> You will receive the gift **of the Holy Spirit**. (Acts 2:38b ULT)
>
-> > You will receive the **Holy Spirit, whom God will give to you**.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > You will receive the **Holy Spirit, whom God will give to you**.
diff --git a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md
index 702e031..d196ffa 100644
--- a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The verses in the examples below contain both direct and indirect quotations. In
If the kind of quote used in the source text would work well in your language, consider using it. If the kind of quote used in that context is not natural for your language, follow these strategies.
-(1) If a direct quote would not work well in your language, change it to an indirect quote.
+(1) If a direct quote would not work well in your language, change it to an indirect quote.
(2) If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ If the kind of quote used in the source text would work well in your language, c
>
> > He commanded him, “**Tell no one**. Just go and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs\_quotations.
\ No newline at end of file
+You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs\_quotations.
diff --git a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md
index b425f60..a837b93 100644
--- a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ A fourth layer direct quote has single quotation marks around it. We have printe
Here are some ways you may be able to help readers see where each quote starts and ends so they can more easily know who said what.
-(1) Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation. English alternates double quote marks and single quote marks.
-(2) Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. (See [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md).)
+(1) Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation. English alternates double quote marks and single quote marks.
+(2) Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. (See [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md).)
(3) If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it.
### Examples of Quote Marking Strategies Applied
@@ -70,4 +70,4 @@ Here are some ways you may be able to help readers see where each quote starts a
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’”‘” (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
> > They said to him,
-> > > A man came to meet us who said to us, “Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, ‘Yahweh says this: “Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.”‘”
\ No newline at end of file
+> > > A man came to meet us who said to us, “Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, ‘Yahweh says this: “Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.”‘”
diff --git a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md
index d5db4b5..517383b 100644
--- a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ The outermost layer is what the messengers said to the king. The second layer is
Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of direct quotes and indirect quotes. In those languages it might sound strange and perhaps even be confusing if there are many layers of direct quotes.
-(1) Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes.
+(1) Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes.
(2) Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. (See [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md).)
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -48,15 +48,15 @@ Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of dire
(1) Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have bolded the indirect quotes in the ULT and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it.
> Festus presented to the king the things concerning Paul, saying, “There is a certain man was left here as a prisoner by Felix. So I am uncertain about the things concerning this matter. I asked **if he was willing to go to Jerusalem and there to be judged concerning these things**. But when Paul appealed **to keep him in custody for the decision of the emperor**, I ordered him **to be held in custody until when I could send him to Caesar**.” (Acts 25:14b, 20-21 ULT)
->
+>
> > Festus presented Paul’s case to the king. He said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. I was uncertain about the things concerning this matter. I asked him, **‘Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there concerning these things?’** But when Paul said, **‘I want to be kept in custody for the emperor’s decision,’** I told the guard, **‘Keep him in custody until when I can send him to Caesar.’**”
(2) Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word “that” can come before indirect quotes. It is bolded in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also bolded.
> And Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying, “I have heard the complaints of the sons of Israel. Speak to them and say, ‘During the evenings you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be satisfied with bread. And you will know that I am Yahweh your God.’” (Exodus 16:11-12 ULT)
->
+>
> > And Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying, “I have heard the complaints of the sons of Israel. Tell them **that** during the evenings **they** will eat meat, and in the morning **they** will be satisfied with bread. And **they** will know that I am Yahweh **their** God.’”
->
+>
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’”’” (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
->
-> > They told him **that** a man had come to meet **them** who said to **them**, “Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him **that** Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’”
\ No newline at end of file
+>
+> > They told him **that** a man had come to meet **them** who said to **them**, “Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him **that** Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’”
diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md
index 207f651..daa4da0 100644
--- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone or something was alone.
If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other strategies.
-(1) In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject.
-(2) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
-(3) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it.
-(4) In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like “alone.”
+(1) In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject.
+(2) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
+(3) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it.
+(4) In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like “alone.”
(5) In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -76,4 +76,4 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
(5) In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was.
> He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was folded up in a place **by itself**. (John 20:6b-7 ULT)
-> > “He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was folded up and lying **in it’s own place**.”
\ No newline at end of file
+> > “He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was folded up and lying **in it’s own place**.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md
index 879d1e2..e1431a6 100644
--- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already kne
Jesus used this question to teach the people in an emphatic way that God gives good things to those who ask him.
-> **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?** It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden…(Luke 13:18b-19a ULT)
+> **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?** It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden … (Luke 13:18b-19a ULT)
Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was about to compare the kingdom of God to something. In this case, he compared the kingdom of God to a mustard seed.
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ When you know the purpose of the rhetorical question, then think of the most nat
If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider doing so. If not, here are other options:
-(1) Add the answer after the question.
-(2) Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
-(3) Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
+(1) Add the answer after the question.
+(2) Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
+(3) Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
(4) Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your language what the original speaker communicated in his.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -104,4 +104,4 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
> > If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, **would you give him a stone**?
> **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils**? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
-> > **What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils**? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number
\ No newline at end of file
+> > **What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils**? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number
diff --git a/translate/figs-sentences/01.md b/translate/figs-sentences/01.md
index d5903b9..6d0f39a 100644
--- a/translate/figs-sentences/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-sentences/01.md
@@ -74,4 +74,4 @@ In the sentence below “her mother, who was very annoyed” is part of the pred
#### Translation Issues
* Languages have different orders for the parts of a sentence. (See [Information Structure](../figs-infostructure).)
-* Some languages do not have relative clauses, or they use them in a limited way. (See [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](../figs-distinguish/01.md).)
\ No newline at end of file
+* Some languages do not have relative clauses, or they use them in a limited way. (See [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](../figs-distinguish/01.md).)
diff --git a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md
index 5632a3a..30bcb99 100644
--- a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md
@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@ Exclamations express strong feeling. In the ULT and UST, they usually have an ex
### Translation Strategies
-(1) Use your language’s ways of showing that a sentence has a particular function.
+(1) Use your language’s ways of showing that a sentence has a particular function.
(2) When a sentence in the Bible has a sentence type that your language would not use for the sentence’s function, see the pages below for translation strategies.
* [Statements – Other Uses](../figs-declarative/01.md)
* [Rhetorical Question](../figs-rquestion/01.md)
* [Imperatives – Other Uses](../figs-imperative/01.md)
-* [Exclamations](../figs-exclamations/01.md)
\ No newline at end of file
+* [Exclamations](../figs-exclamations/01.md)
diff --git a/translate/figs-simetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-simetaphor/01.md
index 1c88422..dd64290 100644
--- a/translate/figs-simetaphor/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-simetaphor/01.md
@@ -42,4 +42,4 @@ Jesus used a metaphor here, but his disciples did not realize it. When he said
* For strategies regarding translating metaphors, see [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md).
-* To learn more about simple metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery – Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).
\ No newline at end of file
+* To learn more about simple metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery – Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).
diff --git a/translate/figs-simile/01.md b/translate/figs-simile/01.md
index 83e5e22..8785c4c 100644
--- a/translate/figs-simile/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-simile/01.md
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ This verse does not tell how the Son of Man will be like the lightning. But in c
If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. If they would not, here are some strategies you can use:
(1) If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience.
-(2) If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible. If you use this strategy, you may want to put the original item in a footnote.
+(2) If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible. If you use this strategy, you may want to put the original item in a footnote.
(3) Simply describe the item without comparing it to another.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I
(1) If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience.
> See, I send you out **as sheep in the midst of wolves.** (Matthew 10:16a ULT) – This compares the danger that Jesus’ disciples would be in with the danger that sheep are in when they are surrounded by wolves.
->
+>
> > See, I send **you out among wicked people** and you will be in danger from them **as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves**.
->
+>
> For the word of God is living and active and sharper **than any two-edged sword**. (Hebrews 4:12a ULT)
->
+>
> > For the word of God is living and active and **more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword**.
(2) If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible. If you use this strategy, you may want to put the original item in a footnote.
@@ -77,4 +77,4 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I
>
> How often did I long to gather your children together, just **as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings**, but you were not willing! (Matthew 23:37b ULT)
>
-> > How often I wanted to **protect you**, but you refused!
\ No newline at end of file
+> > How often I wanted to **protect you**, but you refused!
diff --git a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md
index f2b88cb..a96e720 100644
--- a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ If the synecdoche would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
>
> Then I looked on all the deeds that **my hands** had accomplished. (Ecclesiastes 2:11a ULT)
>
-> > I looked on all the deeds that **I** had accomplished
\ No newline at end of file
+> > I looked on all the deeds that **I** had accomplished
diff --git a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md
index 85c0c31..73e581c 100644
--- a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ The two parts of this verse say that Yahweh has a serious disagreement with his
If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages (that is, to strengthen a single idea), then it would be appropriate to use it in your translation. But if your language does not use parallelism in this way, then consider using one of the following translation strategies.
-(1) Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
-(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
+(1) Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
+(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -71,4 +71,4 @@ If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages (tha
>
> Yahweh sees **everything a person does** and **watches all the paths he takes**. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
>
-> > Yahweh sees **absolutely everything** that a person does.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > Yahweh sees **absolutely everything** that a person does.
diff --git a/translate/figs-verbs/01.md b/translate/figs-verbs/01.md
index a402fe7..b96f858 100644
--- a/translate/figs-verbs/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-verbs/01.md
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ A verb usually says something about someone or something. All of the example sen
Sometimes there is another person or thing associated with the verb. In the examples below, the bolded word is the verb, and the quoted phrase is the **object**. In English the object usually comes after the verb.
-* He **ate** "lunch."
-* He **sang** "a song."
-* He **read** "a book."
-* **He saw** "the book."
+* He **ate** “lunch.”
+* He **sang** “a song.”
+* He **read** “a book.”
+* **He saw** “the book.”
Some verbs never have an object.
@@ -73,4 +73,4 @@ When we tell about an event, sometimes we want to show how the event progressed
* Mary **cooked** the meat, and John **came** home. (This simply tells about things that Mary and John did.)
* While Mary **was cooking** the meat, John came home. (This tells about something Mary was in the process of doing when John came home)
* Mary **has cooked** the meat, and she wants us to come eat it. (This tells about something Mary did that is still relevant now.)
-* Mary **had cooked** the meat by the time John came home. (This tells about something that Mary completed in the past before something else happened.)
\ No newline at end of file
+* Mary **had cooked** the meat by the time John came home. (This tells about something that Mary completed in the past before something else happened.)
diff --git a/translate/figs-you/01.md b/translate/figs-you/01.md
index 417cff6..3aa9546 100644
--- a/translate/figs-you/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-you/01.md
@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_youform.
For help with translating these, we suggest you read:
-* [Forms of “You” – Formal or Informal](../figs-youformal/01.md)
\ No newline at end of file
+* [Forms of “You” – Formal or Informal](../figs-youformal/01.md)
diff --git a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md
index 971e2ac..971e26a 100644
--- a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md
@@ -67,4 +67,4 @@ Nehemiah makes clear that he brought other people with him on his inspection tou
> And I arose in the night, myself and a few men with me. And **I** was going up by the wadi at night, and **I** was looking intently at the wall. And **I** turned back, and **I** entered by the gate of the valley, and **I** returned. (Nehemiah 2:12a,15 ULT)
-> > And I arose in the night, myself and a few men with me. … And **we** were going up by the wadi at night and **we** were looking intently at the wall. And **we** turned back and **we** entered by the gate of the valley, and **we** returned.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > And I arose in the night, myself and a few men with me. … And **we** were going up by the wadi at night and **we** were looking intently at the wall. And **we** turned back and **we** entered by the gate of the valley, and **we** returned.
diff --git a/translate/figs-youdual/01.md b/translate/figs-youdual/01.md
index f8cf7c7..dc9ee2b 100755
--- a/translate/figs-youdual/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-youdual/01.md
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ James wrote this letter to many people, so the word “you” refers to many peo
### Strategies for finding out how many people “you” refers to
-(1) Look at the translationNotes to see if they tell whether “you” refers to one person or more than one person.
+(1) Look at the translationNotes to see if they tell whether “you” refers to one person or more than one person.
(2) Look at the UST to see if it says anything that would show you whether the word “you” refers to one person or more than one person.
(3) If you have a Bible that is written in a language that distinguishes “you” singular from “you” plural, see which form of “you” that Bible has in that sentence.
(4) Look at the context to see who the speaker was talking to and who responded.
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_youdual.
\ No newline at end of file
+You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_youdual.
diff --git a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md
index 86017e6..d5d15b1 100644
--- a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ Paul wrote this letter to one person, Titus. Most of the time the word “you”
(1) Look at the notes to see if they tell whether “you” refers to one person or more than one person.
(2) Look at the UST to see if it says anything that would show you whether the word “you” refers to one person or more than one person.
-(3) If you have a Bible that is written in a language that distinguishes “you” singular from “you” plural, see which form of “you” that Bible has in that sentence.
+(3) If you have a Bible that is written in a language that distinguishes “you” singular from “you” plural, see which form of “you” that Bible has in that sentence.
(4) Look at the context to see how many people the speaker was talking to and who responded.
-You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_younum.
\ No newline at end of file
+You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_younum.
diff --git a/translate/first-draft/01.md b/translate/first-draft/01.md
index 9ecffbd..11f7559 100644
--- a/translate/first-draft/01.md
+++ b/translate/first-draft/01.md
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ Follow these steps in order to get started:
* After these steps, read your translation out loud to yourself. Fix anything that does not sound like it is the way that someone from your community would say it. Sometimes parts of sentences need to be put in a different order.
* In translationStudio, exit editing mode by clicking the check mark icon at the top right of your translation. Now it is time to move the verse numbers where they should be in your translation. Drag each number onto the word that will begin that verse. If your translation has reordered the parts of the chunk or combined verses, you can leave some verse numbers together to indicate that what follows includes content from both of those verses.
-When you finish the passage or chapter, it is ready for the [Oral Partner Check](../../checking/peer-check/01.md). To translate the next passage or chapter, start again at step 5.
\ No newline at end of file
+When you finish the passage or chapter, it is ready for the [Oral Partner Check](../../checking/peer-check/01.md). To translate the next passage or chapter, start again at step 5.
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical/01.md
index 3747893..91a7143 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical/01.md
@@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ There are two hypothetical conditions here: (1) If it is true that this plan is
> … **if** this plan or this work is of men, it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, you will not be able to overthrow them; (Acts 5:38b-39a ULT)
-> > … **if** this plan or this work is of men, **then** it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, **then** you will not be able to overthrow them;
\ No newline at end of file
+> > … **if** this plan or this work is of men, **then** it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, **then** you will not be able to overthrow them;
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions/01.md
index 8a83928..5629cb7 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions/01.md
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ English indicates exceptional relationships by first describing a group (Part 1)
#### Examples From OBS and the Bible
> God told Adam that he could eat from **any** tree in the garden **except** from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. (OBS Story 1 Frame 11)
->
+>
> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me so that I may know, for there is **no one** to redeem it **besides** you, and I am after you.” (Ruth 4:4b ULT)
->
+>
> David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. **Not** a man escaped **except for** 400 young men, who rode on camels and fled. (1 Samuel 30:17 ULT)
->
+>
> The man said, “Let me go, for the dawn is breaking.” Jacob said, “I will **not** let you go **unless** you bless me.” (Genesis 32:26 ULT)
#### Translation Strategies
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ If the way that Exceptional Clauses are marked in the source language is also cl
> > David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. **Only** 400 young men escaped; they rode on camels and fled.
> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me so that I may know, for there is **no one** to redeem it **besides** you, and I am after you.” (Ruth 4:4 ULT)
->
+>
> > But if you will not redeem it, then tell me so that I may know, for **you are first in line to redeem it \[only you can redeem it\]**, and I am after you.”
> The man said, “Let me go, for the dawn is breaking.” Jacob said, “I will **not** let you go **unless** you bless me.” (Genesis 32:26 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast/01.md
index 2f3c61c..fff5a9c 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast/01.md
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Joseph’s brothers’ evil plan to sell Joseph is contrasted with God’s good
Jesus contrasts the proud way that human leaders behave with the humble way that he behaves. The contrast is marked by the word “yet.”
-> The hill country will also be yours. **Though** it is a forest, you will clear it and it will become yours to its farthest borders, for you will drive out the Canaanites, even **though** they have chariots of iron, and even **though** they are strong." (Joshua 17:18 ULT)
+> The hill country will also be yours. **Though** it is a forest, you will clear it and it will become yours to its farthest borders, for you will drive out the Canaanites, even **though** they have chariots of iron, and even **though** they are strong.” (Joshua 17:18 ULT)
It was unexpected that the Israelites, who had been slaves in Egypt, would be able to conquer and lay claim to the promised land.
@@ -43,17 +43,17 @@ If your language uses contrast relationships in the same way as in the text, the
(1) If the contrast relationship between the clauses is not clear, then use a connecting word or phrase that is more specific or more clear.
> For who is greater, the one who reclines at table or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? **Yet** I am among you as one who serves. (Luke 22:27 ULT)
->
+>
> > For who is greater, the one who reclines at table or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? **Unlike that person**, I am among you as one who serves.
(2) If it is more clear in your language to mark the other clause of the contrast relationship, then use a connecting word on the other clause.
> The hill country will also be yours. **Though** it is a forest, you will clear it and it will become yours to its farthest borders, for you will drive out the Canaanites, even **though** they have chariots of iron, and even **though** they are strong. (Joshua 17:18 ULT)
->
+>
> > The hill country will also be yours. It is a forest, **but** you will clear it and it will become yours to its farthest borders. They have chariots of iron, and they are strong, **but** you will drive out the Canaanites.
(3) If your language shows a contrast relationship in a different way, then use that way.
> \[David\] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the house of Jacob. **However**, Solomon built the house for him. **But** the Most High does not live in houses made with hands. (Acts 7:46-48a ULT)
->
-> > \[David\] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the house of Jacob. **But** it was, Solomon, **not David**, who built the house for God. **Even though Solomon built him a house**, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands.
\ No newline at end of file
+>
+> > \[David\] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the house of Jacob. **But** it was, Solomon, **not David**, who built the house for God. **Even though Solomon built him a house**, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands.
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal/01.md
index c0f0075..28f9a93 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal/01.md
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The goal or purpose of Boaz instructing the men to pull out the grain from their
The purpose of going to Bethlehem was to see the thing that had happened. Here the purpose is not marked and might be misunderstood.
> “… if you want **to enter into life**, keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17b ULT)
->
+>
>
The goal of keeping the commandments is to enter into life.
@@ -59,19 +59,19 @@ If your language uses Goal or Purpose relationships in the same way as in the te
(1) If the construction of the goal statement is unclear, change it to one that is more clear.
-> "Even be sure to pull some out from the bundles for her and leave it **for her to glean**, and do not rebuke her!” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
->
+> “Even be sure to pull some out from the bundles for her and leave it **for her to glean**, and do not rebuke her!” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
+>
> > “Even be sure to pull some out from the bundles for her and leave it **so that she can glean it**, and do not rebuke her!”
-> The shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go over as far as Bethlehem, **and let us see this thing that has happened**, which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
->
+> The shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go over as far as Bethlehem, **and let us see this thing that has happened**, which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
+>
> > The shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go over as far as Bethlehem **so that we can see this thing that has happened**, which the Lord has made known to us.”
(2) If the order of the statements makes the goal statement unclear or confusing for the reader, then change the order.
> “… if you want **to enter into life**, keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17bULT)
->
-> > “… keep the commandments if you want **to enter into life**.” or: “ …keep the commandments **so that you can enter into life**.”
+>
+> > “… keep the commandments if you want **to enter into life**.” or: “… keep the commandments **so that you can enter into life**.”
> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **and take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
@@ -79,4 +79,4 @@ If your language uses Goal or Purpose relationships in the same way as in the te
> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **and take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
-> > But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **so that we can take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him **so that they could take over his inheritance**.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **so that we can take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him **so that they could take over his inheritance**.
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result/01.md
index 60a19ce..22efe02 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result/01.md
@@ -72,4 +72,4 @@ If your language uses reason-and-result relationships in the same way as in the
(2) **Because** the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.
-(3) The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, **so** he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.
\ No newline at end of file
+(3) The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, **so** he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-time-background/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-time-background/01.md
index d459813..078a8bb 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-time-background/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-time-background/01.md
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ If the way that the Background Clauses are marked is also clear in your language
#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
-> And in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar—**while** Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, **during** the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas—the word of God came to John, the son of Zechariah, in the wilderness. (Luke 3:1-2 ULT)
+> And in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar—**while** Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, **during** the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas—the word of God came to John, the son of Zechariah, in the wilderness. (Luke 3:1-2 ULT)
(1) If the connecting word does not make it clear that what follows is a background clause, use a connecting word that communicates this more clearly.
@@ -53,15 +53,15 @@ If the way that the Background Clauses are marked is also clear in your language
| |
| ------------------------ | -------------------------------------------- |
-Background setting |Yahweh's word was rare **in those days**;|
-|Background repeated | there was no frequent prophetic vision. |
-|Introduction of main event|**At that time**, **when** Eli |
-|Background |**whose** eyesight had begun to grow dim so that he could not see well,|
-|Simultaneous background |was lying down in his own bed.
-|Simultaneous background | The lamp of God **had not yet** gone out, |
-|Simultaneous background |**and** Samuel was lying down to sleep in the temple of Yahweh,|
-| Simultaneous background | where the ark of God was. |
-|Main event |**Yahweh called to Samuel**, |
+Background setting |Yahweh’s word was rare **in those days**;|
+|Background repeated | there was no frequent prophetic vision. |
+|Introduction of main event|**At that time**, **when** Eli |
+|Background |**whose** eyesight had begun to grow dim so that he could not see well,|
+|Simultaneous background |was lying down in his own bed.
+|Simultaneous background | The lamp of God **had not yet** gone out, |
+|Simultaneous background |**and** Samuel was lying down to sleep in the temple of Yahweh,|
+| Simultaneous background | where the ark of God was. |
+|Main event |**Yahweh called to Samuel**, |
|Sequential event |who said, “Here I am.” (1 Sam 3:1-4 ULT) |
-In the above example, the first two lines talk about a condition that was going on for a long time. This is the general, long-term background. We know this from the phrase “in those days.” After the introduction of the main event ("At that time,"), there are several lines of simultaneous background. The first one is introduced by “when,” and then three more follow, with the last connected by “and.” The background clause introduced by “where” explains a little more about the background clause before it. Then the main event happens, followed by more events. Translators will need to think about the best way to show these relationships in their language.
+In the above example, the first two lines talk about a condition that was going on for a long time. This is the general, long-term background. We know this from the phrase “in those days.” After the introduction of the main event (“At that time,”), there are several lines of simultaneous background. The first one is introduced by “when,” and then three more follow, with the last connected by “and.” The background clause introduced by “where” explains a little more about the background clause before it. Then the main event happens, followed by more events. Translators will need to think about the best way to show these relationships in their language.
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential/01.md
index be8383c..21ac846 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential/01.md
@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ Languages indicate sequences of events in different ways; some use ordering, som
> **When** Joseph came to his brothers, they kidnapped him and sold him to some slave traders. (OBS Story 8 Frame 2)
-First Joseph came to his brothers, and then they kidnapped and sold him. We know this because of the connecting word "**when**." The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
+First Joseph came to his brothers, and then they kidnapped and sold him. We know this because of the connecting word “**when**.” The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
> It was as sweet as honey in my mouth, but **after** I ate it, my stomach became bitter. (Revelation 10:10b ULT)
-The event of the first clause occurs first, and the event of the last clause occurs later. We know this because of the connecting word "**after**." The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
+The event of the first clause occurs first, and the event of the last clause occurs later. We know this because of the connecting word “**after**.” The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
> For **before** the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate (Isaiah 7:16 ULT)
-The event of the first clause occurs after the event of the second clause. First the land they dread will be desolate, and then the child will know to refuse evil and choose good. We know this because of the connecting word "**before**." However, stating the clauses in this order may communicate the wrong order of events in your language. The translator may have to change the order so that the clauses come in the order that they happen. Or it may be possible to keep the order of the original language text and mark the ordering of sequence so that it is clear to the readers. You (the translator) need to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
+The event of the first clause occurs after the event of the second clause. First the land they dread will be desolate, and then the child will know to refuse evil and choose good. We know this because of the connecting word “**before**.” However, stating the clauses in this order may communicate the wrong order of events in your language. The translator may have to change the order so that the clauses come in the order that they happen. Or it may be possible to keep the order of the original language text and mark the ordering of sequence so that it is clear to the readers. You (the translator) need to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
> Then Mary arose in those days **and** quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah, **and** she entered into the house of Zechariah **and** greeted Elizabeth. (Luke 1:39-40 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous/01.md
index aa7704d..2088275 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous/01.md
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ Two events happened while Joseph was a slave to a wealthy government official: J
> But in truth I say to you that there were many widows in Israel **during** the days of Elijah. (Luke 4:25b ULT)
-The connecting word "**during**" tells us clearly that two things happened at the same time, but one event did not cause the other.
+The connecting word “**during**” tells us clearly that two things happened at the same time, but one event did not cause the other.
> And the people were waiting for Zechariah, **and** they were wondering at his delaying in the temple. (Luke 1:21 ULT)
-The people were both waiting and wondering at the same time. The general connector "**and**" indicates this.
+The people were both waiting and wondering at the same time. The general connector “**and**” indicates this.
> **While** they were looking intensely into heaven **as** he was going up, suddenly, two men stood by them in white clothing. (Acts 1:10 ULT)
@@ -56,4 +56,4 @@ Below, each Bible verse will be restated in three different ways, according to t
(2) And **while** they were looking intently into heaven **as** he was going up, suddenly, **at that same time** two men stood by them in white clothing.
-(3) They were looking intently into heaven; he was going up **when** they saw two men standing by them in white clothing.
\ No newline at end of file
+(3) They were looking intently into heaven; he was going up **when** they saw two men standing by them in white clothing.
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md
index 45ecdfa..beb3392 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ As humans, we write our thoughts in phrases and sentences. We usually want to co
Connecting words or phrases can connect phrases or clauses within a sentence. They can connect sentences to each other. They can also connect entire chunks to one another in order to show how the chunk before relates to the chunk after the connecting word. Very often, the connecting words that connect entire chunks to one another are either conjunctions or adverbs.
> It was raining, but I did not have an umbrella, so I got very wet.
->
+>
> **Now** I must change my clothes. Then I will drink a cup of hot tea and warm myself by the fire.
In the above example, the word **now** connects the two short chunks of text, showing the relationship between them. The speaker must change his clothes, drink hot tea, and warm himself because of something that happened earlier (that is, he got wet in the rain).
@@ -65,10 +65,8 @@ Here the words “so that” connect what follows as the reason for what came be
If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULT would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, then consider using it. If not, here are some other options.
-(1) Use a connecting word (even if the ULT does not use one).
-
-(2) Do not use a connecting word if it would be strange to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it.
-
+(1) Use a connecting word (even if the ULT does not use one).
+(2) Do not use a connecting word if it would be strange to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it.
(3) Use a different connecting word.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ They followed Jesus because he told them to. Some translators may want to mark t
Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here because the meaning is clear without them and using them would be unnatural. They might translate like this:
> > Therefore, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments, teaching others to do so as well, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. Whoever keeps them and teaches them, that one will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
->
+>
> I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood. I did not go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me. **Instead**, I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. **Then** after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him 15 days. (Galatians 1:16b-18 ULT) (Galatians 1:16-18 ULT)
@@ -102,4 +100,4 @@ Some languages might not need the words “instead” or “then” here. They m
Instead of a word like “therefore,” a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word “but” is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word “but” would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So “and” might be clearer for those languages. They might translate like this:
-> > **Because of that**, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. **And** whoever keeps them and teaches them, that one will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > **Because of that**, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. **And** whoever keeps them and teaches them, that one will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md b/translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md
index b080c88..0a23092 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md
@@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ This is the message to the original audience. Allow the same message to come cle
Look at the passage and think how you would retell it in your own language. Keep this initial translation by writing it down. Use an alphabet that suits your language.
-**Remember:** Translation is re-telling, as exactly as possible, the meaning of the original message in a way that is clear and natural in the target language.
\ No newline at end of file
+**Remember:** Translation is re-telling, as exactly as possible, the meaning of the original message in a way that is clear and natural in the target language.
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-authoritative/01.md b/translate/guidelines-authoritative/01.md
index 650c495..4539984 100755
--- a/translate/guidelines-authoritative/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-authoritative/01.md
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ To help with this problem, the translation team can do three things:
1. They should compare their translation with as many other reliable translations as they can, to make sure that it is communicating the same message as the others.
1. Someone who has studied the biblical languages should review the translation to make sure that it is accurate. This person could be a church leader, pastor, seminary professor, or Bible translation professional.
-Sometimes Bible translations differ because some passages in the Bible are unclear or ambiguous in the original biblical languages. In that case, the translation team must choose between them based on what Bible scholars say in unfoldingWord® Translation Notes, unfoldingWord® Translation Words, the UST, and other translation helps.
\ No newline at end of file
+Sometimes Bible translations differ because some passages in the Bible are unclear or ambiguous in the original biblical languages. In that case, the translation team must choose between them based on what Bible scholars say in unfoldingWord® Translation Notes, unfoldingWord® Translation Words, the UST, and other translation helps.
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md b/translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md
index 7811dac..536e996 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md
@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ The need for church-approval of a translation is clearly reflected in the Checki
* Level 2 states that the pastors and leaders of local churches approve the translation.
* Level 3 states that leaders of multiple church networks approve of the translation.
-At each level, the people leading the translation should encourage participation and input from the church networks. By using this process, we hope to encourage church ownership of the translation among as many church networks as possible. With this approval, there should be nothing hindering the translation from being used to strengthen and encourage the church.
\ No newline at end of file
+At each level, the people leading the translation should encourage participation and input from the church networks. By using this process, we hope to encourage church ownership of the translation among as many church networks as possible. With this approval, there should be nothing hindering the translation from being used to strengthen and encourage the church.
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-clear/01.md b/translate/guidelines-clear/01.md
index 46b8aea..737f990 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-clear/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-clear/01.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Next you need to understand who is doing the action. A clear translation will id
#### Clearly Express Event Ideas
-An event idea is an action most clearly expressed by a verb. Many event ideas may occur as nouns in the Gateway Language. A clear translation may need to express these event ideas as verbs. For example, "the wrath of God appeared" is clearer as "God was angry." Instead of "Jesus is my Savior," translate the event idea as "Jesus is the one who saves me."
+An event idea is an action most clearly expressed by a verb. Many event ideas may occur as nouns in the Gateway Language. A clear translation may need to express these event ideas as verbs. For example, “the wrath of God appeared” is clearer as “God was angry.” Instead of “Jesus is my Savior,” translate the event idea as “Jesus is the one who saves me.”
When preparing to translate, it is helpful to look for any event ideas in the passage, especially those which are expressed by some form other than a verb. See if you can re-express the meaning using a verb to express the event idea. If, however, your language also uses nouns to express event ideas and the event or action sounds more natural as a noun, then use the noun form. See [Abstract Nouns](../figs-abstractnouns/01.md).
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Many languages do not have a passive form; only the active form exists. In this
To make a clear translation, you will also need to look at each “of” phrase to identify the meaning of the relationship between the nouns connected by “of.” In many languages, “of” constructions are not as frequent as they are in the original languages of the Bible. Study the meaning of each one and re-express the “of” phrase in a way which makes the relationship between the parts clear.
-These are genitive phrases such as "the grace of God," "the hope of eternal life," etc. If possible, make the relationship between the two things in these phrases clear. So, for "the grace of God," you could say "the grace that comes from God" or "the grace that God gives." For "the hope of eternal life," you could translate it to say "the expectation that God will give us eternal life."
+These are genitive phrases such as “the grace of God,” “the hope of eternal life,” etc. If possible, make the relationship between the two things in these phrases clear. So, for “the grace of God,” you could say “the grace that comes from God” or “the grace that God gives.” For “the hope of eternal life,” you could translate it to say “the expectation that God will give us eternal life.”
After you have checked these things and made your translation as clear as possible, you will need to read it to other people who speak your language to see if it is clear to them. If there are parts that they do not understand, it may be because that part is not clear. Together, you can think of a clearer way to say that part. Keep checking the translation with many people until all of it is clear.
@@ -48,4 +48,4 @@ Asking yourself these questions can also help you to create a translation that c
* Have I used punctuation to help a reader know when to pause or breathe?
* Have I indicated which parts are direct speech?
* Have I separated paragraphs?
-* Have I considered adding section headings?
\ No newline at end of file
+* Have I considered adding section headings?
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-collaborative/01.md b/translate/guidelines-collaborative/01.md
index ded9933..f9fff08 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-collaborative/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-collaborative/01.md
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ Make changes to the translation before you distribute it to a wider audience.
Remember: if possible, work together with other believers who speak your language to translate, check, and distribute the translated content, ensuring that it is of the highest quality and that as many people as possible can read and understand it.
-(You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/guidelines_collab.)
\ No newline at end of file
+(You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/guidelines_collab.)
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md b/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md
index 8ba9298..80cf02b 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md
@@ -61,4 +61,4 @@ For example, see Psalm 36:5: **5** Your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, reaches
This verse of poetry repeats a similar idea in two lines, which is good Hebrew poetic style. Also, there are no verbs in the Hebrew original, which is a different use of grammar than ordinary speech would use. Poetry in your language may have different things that mark it as poetry. When you are translating poetry, try to use the forms of your language that communicate to the reader that this is poetry, and that communicate the same emotions that the source poem is trying to communicate.
-Remember: Communicate the feelings and attitudes of the original text. Translate them into forms that communicate in a similar way in your language. Consider how that meaning can best be accurately, clearly, equally, and naturally expressed in the target language.
\ No newline at end of file
+Remember: Communicate the feelings and attitudes of the original text. Translate them into forms that communicate in a similar way in your language. Consider how that meaning can best be accurately, clearly, equally, and naturally expressed in the target language.
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md b/translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md
index 4c483b5..44dff70 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Always translating faithfully can be difficult for several reasons:
1. You might want to translate a Bible passage in a way that accords with your culture rather than according with what it meant when it was written.
- * Example: It is common in North American culture for women to speak and preach in churches. A translator from that culture might be tempted to translate the words of 1 Corinthians 14:34a in a way that is not as strict as the Apostle Paul wrote them: "Let the women be silent in the churches.” But a faithful translator will translate the meaning of the Bible passage just the way it is.
+ * Example: It is common in North American culture for women to speak and preach in churches. A translator from that culture might be tempted to translate the words of 1 Corinthians 14:34a in a way that is not as strict as the Apostle Paul wrote them: “Let the women be silent in the churches.” But a faithful translator will translate the meaning of the Bible passage just the way it is.
1. You might not like something that the Bible says, and you might be tempted to change it.
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Always translating faithfully can be difficult for several reasons:
1. You might know something extra about the Bible passage that you are translating, and you might want to add that to your translation.
- * Example: When you are translating Mark 10:11, “Whoever divorces his wife and marries another woman commits adultery against her,” you might know that in Matthew 19:9 there is also the phrase, “…except for sexual immorality….” Even so, do not add this phrase into Mark 10:11 because that would not be translating faithfully. Also, do not add any of your own ideas or any teachings from your church. Only translate the meaning that is there in the Bible passage.
+ * Example: When you are translating Mark 10:11, “Whoever divorces his wife and marries another woman commits adultery against her,” you might know that in Matthew 19:9 there is also the phrase, “… except for sexual immorality ….” Even so, do not add this phrase into Mark 10:11 because that would not be translating faithfully. Also, do not add any of your own ideas or any teachings from your church. Only translate the meaning that is there in the Bible passage.
In order to avoid these biases, especially the ones that you might not be aware of, you must study the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes (see http://ufw.io/tn/), unfoldingWord® Translation Words (see http://ufw.io/tw/) and the *unfoldingWord® Simplified Text* (see http://ufw.io/ust/), as well as any other translation helps that you have. That way you will know what the meaning of the Bible passage is, and you will be less likely to translate in a biased, unfaithful way.
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md b/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md
index 12ed025..a7ca1c5 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ Some explanation can be included in the text, as long as it is brief and does no
Let us compare 1 Corinthians 10:1 from the ULT and UST.
-> "For I do not want you to be ignorant, brothers, that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea." (ULT)
+> “For I do not want you to be ignorant, brothers, that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea.” (ULT)
-> "I want you to remember, brothers and sisters, that our Jewish ancestors were following God, who led them out of Egypt by means of a cloud during the day, and that they passed through the Sea of Reeds on dry land." (UST)
+> “I want you to remember, brothers and sisters, that our Jewish ancestors were following God, who led them out of Egypt by means of a cloud during the day, and that they passed through the Sea of Reeds on dry land.” (UST)
Notice that the UST makes several points explicit: the ‘fathers were all under the cloud’ tells of the time that God led the Jewish ancestors as a cloud. The statement that ‘our fathers passed through the sea’ is also about the ‘passing through the Sea of Reeds on dry land.’ The UST translator decided to explicitly describe the historical events. This is a way to translate historical events that is more meaningful for those who have little knowledge of Old Testament history.
@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ Remember:
* Keep true to the historical text. The original message, historical events, and cultural background information should all be the same as it was written in the source text. For example, the translation must not have the message rewritten so that events happened at a different place or time.
* Communicate clearly by expressing the message in such a way that people in the target language culture will be able to understand the meaning that the original author intended to communicate.
-* Only provide additional information as needed to accurately communicate the intended message to people who do not share the same context and culture as the recipients of the original content.
\ No newline at end of file
+* Only provide additional information as needed to accurately communicate the intended message to people who do not share the same context and culture as the recipients of the original content.
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-intro/01.md b/translate/guidelines-intro/01.md
index 1e49a72..72be7bc 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-intro/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-intro/01.md
@@ -35,4 +35,4 @@ In addition to being clear, natural, accurate, and church-approved, great transl
* historical – see [Create Historical Translations](../guidelines-historical/01.md)
* equal – see [Create Equal Translations](../guidelines-equal/01.md)
* collaborative – see [Create Collaborative Translations](../guidelines-collaborative/01.md)
-* ongoing – see [Create Ongoing Translations](../guidelines-ongoing/01.md)
\ No newline at end of file
+* ongoing – see [Create Ongoing Translations](../guidelines-ongoing/01.md)
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-natural/01.md b/translate/guidelines-natural/01.md
index 4f0ef07..85f4bf1 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-natural/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-natural/01.md
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ A good translation will use the same vocabulary and expressions as the people of
#### Not for Gateway Language Translations
-This section is not for Gateway Language translations of the ULT and UST. These are Bibles that are designed to have characteristics that keep them from being natural in a target language. They are Bible translation tools, not end-user Bibles. For more information about this, see “Translating the ULT” and “Translating the UST” in the Gateway Languages Manual.
\ No newline at end of file
+This section is not for Gateway Language translations of the ULT and UST. These are Bibles that are designed to have characteristics that keep them from being natural in a target language. They are Bible translation tools, not end-user Bibles. For more information about this, see “Translating the ULT” and “Translating the UST” in the Gateway Languages Manual.
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-ongoing/01.md b/translate/guidelines-ongoing/01.md
index 8add0f5..17dec2c 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-ongoing/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-ongoing/01.md
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ Bible translations should be ongoing. Share the translation with others to see i
Remember: encourage people to review the translation and give you ideas for making it better. Talk to other people about these ideas. When several people agree that these are good ideas, then make these changes in the translation. In this way, the translation will get better and better.
-(You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/guidelines_ongoing.)
\ No newline at end of file
+(You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/guidelines_ongoing.)
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md b/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md
index 12ee1e1..e13474f 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md
@@ -16,27 +16,27 @@ In the New Testament:
#### The Old Testament begins to reveal God’s three persons.
> … **God** created the heavens …**The Spirit of God** was moving …“Let **us** make man in **our** image.”(from Genesis 1:1b,2b, 26b ULT)
->
-> God has spoken to us through a **Son** … through him, he also made the universe. He is the brightness of God's glory and the exact representation of his being. But to the Son he says, “Your throne, God, is forever and ever. In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth’s foundation. The heavens are the work of your hands.” (Hebrews 1:2-3a, 8a,10 (ULT) quoting Psalm 102:25)
+>
+> God has spoken to us through a **Son** … through him, he also made the universe. He is the brightness of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being. But to the Son he says, “Your throne, God, is forever and ever. In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth’s foundation. The heavens are the work of your hands.” (Hebrews 1:2-3a, 8a,10 (ULT) quoting Psalm 102:25)
#### The Church has always found it necessary to state what the New Testament says about God by affirming that he exists in three distinct persons: The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
> Jesus came to them and spoke to them, saying, “Baptize them into the name of **the Father**, of **the Son**, and of **the Holy Spirit**.” (Matthew 28:18a,19b ULT)
->
+>
> God sent forth his **Son**, born of a woman … God sent the **Spirit** of his **Son** into our hearts, who calls, “Abba, **Father**.” (Galatians 4:4b, 6b ULT)
->
+>
> See also: John 14:16-17, 1 Peter 1:2
Each person of God is fully God and is called “God” in the Bible.
> Yet for us there is only one **God the Father …** (1 Corinthians 8:6a ULT)
->
+>
> Thomas answered and said to him, “My Lord and **my God**.” **Jesus** said to him, “Because you have seen me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen, and believed.” (John 20:28-29 ULT)
->
-> But Peter said, “Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to **the Holy Spirit** and to keep back from the price of the land?…You have not lied to men, but to **God**.” (Acts 5:3, 4b ULT)
+>
+> But Peter said, “Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to **the Holy Spirit** and to keep back from the price of the land? … You have not lied to men, but to **God**.” (Acts 5:3, 4b ULT)
Each person is also distinct from the other two persons. All three persons can appear separately at the same time. In the verses below, God the Son is baptized while God the Spirit comes down and God the Father speaks from heaven.
> After he was baptized, **Jesus** came up … from the water … He saw the **Spirit** of God coming down … and a **voice** \[the Father’s\] came out of the heavens saying, “This is my beloved **Son** …” (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
->
-> As Christians, we must always remember that, since we are humans and do not have the mind of God, we cannot fully understand how all three persons of the Holy Trinity are fully God, and yet God is only one being. The Holy Trinity is a divine mystery that we confess by faith, based on the witness of God’s inspired Word.
\ No newline at end of file
+>
+> As Christians, we must always remember that, since we are humans and do not have the mind of God, we cannot fully understand how all three persons of the Holy Trinity are fully God, and yet God is only one being. The Holy Trinity is a divine mystery that we confess by faith, based on the witness of God’s inspired Word.
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md b/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md
index 87c349b..2bcf618 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ The Bible shows that God called Jesus his Son:
The Bible shows that Jesus called God his Father:
-> Jesus … said, “I praise you **Father**, Lord of heaven and earth …no one knows the **Son** except the **Father**, and no one knows the **Father** except the **Son**” (Matthew 11:25a, 27b ULT) (See also: John 6:26-57)
+> Jesus … said, “I praise you **Father**, Lord of heaven and earth … no one knows the **Son** except the **Father**, and no one knows the **Father** except the **Son**” (Matthew 11:25a, 27b ULT) (See also: John 6:26-57)
Christians have found that “Father” and “Son” are the ideas that most essentially describe the eternal relationship of the First and Second Persons of the Trinity to each other. The Bible indeed refers to them in various ways, but no other terms reflect the eternal love and intimacy between these Persons, nor the interdependent eternal relationship between them.
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ Jesus referred to God in the following terms:
The intimate, loving relationship between the Father and the Son is eternal, just as they are eternal. The Father **loves** the Son. (See John 3:35-36; 5:19-20 ULT)
> I **love** the Father, and just as the Father commanded me, thus I do. (John 14:31 ULT)
->
+>
> **No one knows who the Son is except the Father, and who the Father is except the Son**. (Luke 10:22b ULT)
The terms “Father” and “Son” also communicate that the Father and the Son are of the same essence; they are both eternal God.
-> Jesus said, “Father, … glorify your Son so that the Son will glorify you … I glorified you on the earth … Now Father, glorify me …with the glory that **I had with you before the world was made**.” (John 17:1, 4a, 5 ULT)
->
+> Jesus said, “Father, … glorify your Son so that the Son will glorify you … I glorified you on the earth … Now Father, glorify me … with the glory that **I had with you before the world was made**.” (John 17:1, 4a, 5 ULT)
+>
> But in these last days, he \[God the Father\] has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. Through him, he also made the universe. He is the brightness of God’s glory and **the very exact representation of his being**. He holds everything together by the word of his power. (Hebrews 1:2-3a ULT)
->
+>
> Jesus said to him, “I have been with you for so long and you still do not know me, Philip? **Whoever has seen me has seen the Father**. How can you say, ‘Show us the Father’? (John 14:9 ULT)
### Human Relationships
@@ -41,10 +41,8 @@ Just as today, human father-son relationships during Bible times were never as l
### Translation Strategies
-(1) Think through all the possibilities within your language to translate the words “son” and “father.” Determine which words in your language best represent the divine “Son” and “Father.”
+(1) Think through all the possibilities within your language to translate the words “son” and “father.” Determine which words in your language best represent the divine “Son” and “Father.”
+(2) If your language has more than one word for “son,” use the word that has the closest meaning to “only son” (or “first son” if necessary).
+(3) If your language has more than one word for “father,” use the word that has the closest meaning to “birth father,” rather than “adoptive father.”
- (2) If your language has more than one word for “son,” use the word that has the closest meaning to “only son” (or “first son” if necessary).
-
- (3) If your language has more than one word for “father,” use the word that has the closest meaning to “birth father,” rather than “adoptive father.”
-
-(See *God the Father* and *Son of God* pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](http://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating “Father” and “Son.”)
\ No newline at end of file
+(See *God the Father* and *Son of God* pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](http://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating “Father” and “Son.”)
diff --git a/translate/resources-alter/01.md b/translate/resources-alter/01.md
index c8f579c..07d1d1e 100644
--- a/translate/resources-alter/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-alter/01.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Some purposes and examples of Alternate translations are:
**Making Implicit Information Clear**
> It is the law of the Medes and Persians, that **no decree or statute that the king issues can be changed**. (Daniel 6:15b ULT)
->
+>
>
* **no decree … can be changed** – An additional sentence may be added here to aid in understanding. Alternate translation: “no decree … can be changed. So they must throw Daniel into the pit of lions.” (See: *Explicit*)
@@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ This Note provides an example of how translators can translate this passive sent
* **why are you persecuting me?** – This rhetorical question communicates a rebuke to Saul. In some languages, a statement would be more natural (Alternate Translation): “You are persecuting me!” or a command might be more natural (Alternate translation): “Stop persecuting me!” (See: *Rhetorical Questions*)
-The translation suggestion here provides an alternate way to translate the rhetorical question if your language does not use that form of rhetorical question to rebuke someone.
\ No newline at end of file
+The translation suggestion here provides an alternate way to translate the rhetorical question if your language does not use that form of rhetorical question to rebuke someone.
diff --git a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md
index 49dc019..6e96022 100644
--- a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ This note has the ULT text followed by three possible meanings. The word transla
* **fell down at Jesus’ knees** – Possible meanings are (1) “knelt down before Jesus” or (2) “bowed down at Jesus’ feet” or (3) “lay down on the ground at Jesus’ feet.” Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus.
-This note explains what “fell down at Jesus’ knees” might mean. The first meaning is most likely correct, but the other meanings are also possible. If your language does not have a general expression that could include various actions like these, you may need to choose one of these possibilities that describe more specifically what Simon Peter did. It is also helpful to think about why Simon Peter did this, and what kind of action would communicate the same attitude of humility and respect in your culture.
\ No newline at end of file
+This note explains what “fell down at Jesus’ knees” might mean. The first meaning is most likely correct, but the other meanings are also possible. If your language does not have a general expression that could include various actions like these, you may need to choose one of these possibilities that describe more specifically what Simon Peter did. It is also helpful to think about why Simon Peter did this, and what kind of action would communicate the same attitude of humility and respect in your culture.
diff --git a/translate/resources-clarify/01.md b/translate/resources-clarify/01.md
index 10db057..4c26dab 100644
--- a/translate/resources-clarify/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-clarify/01.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ The Note for this verse says:
* **sits in the heavens** – Here, **sitting** represents ruling. What he sits on can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “rules in the heavens” or “sits on his throne in heaven” (UST) (See [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md))
-Here there are two suggested translations for the phrase "sits in the heavens." The first expresses clearly what “sits in the heavens” represents. The second gives a hint about the idea of ruling by stated clearly that he sits on his “throne.” This suggestion is from the UST.
+Here there are two suggested translations for the phrase “sits in the heavens.” The first expresses clearly what “sits in the heavens” represents. The second gives a hint about the idea of ruling by stated clearly that he sits on his “throne.” This suggestion is from the UST.
> And he saw Jesus, **fell on his face**, and begged him. (Luke 5:12b **ULT**)
@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ The Note for this verse says:
* **he fell on his face** – “he knelt and touched the ground with his face” or “he bowed down to the ground” (UST)
-Here the words from the UST are provided as another translation suggestion.
\ No newline at end of file
+Here the words from the UST are provided as another translation suggestion.
diff --git a/translate/resources-connect/01.md b/translate/resources-connect/01.md
index 027ed9b..fb8cd1e 100644
--- a/translate/resources-connect/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-connect/01.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
### Description
-Sometimes, at the top of the list of Notes, there are Notes that start with "Connecting Statement" or "General Information."
+Sometimes, at the top of the list of Notes, there are Notes that start with “Connecting Statement” or “General Information.”
A Connecting Statement tells how a chunk of text is related to the chunk(s) that came before it. Here are some of the kinds of information that may be revealed in the connecting statements:
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ This Note alerts you to the beginning of a new part of a story and gives you a l
#### Who is speaking
> 17 For he was numbered with us and received his share of this ministry. 18 (Now indeed this man bought a field with the earnings from his wickedness, and he fell headfirst, and his belly burst open, and all his inward parts poured out. 19 It became known to all those living in Jerusalem, so they called that field in their own language “Akeldama,” that is, “Field of Blood.”) (Acts 1:17-19 ULT)
->
+>
> * **Connecting Statement:** – Peter continues his speech to the believers that he began in Acts 1:16.
This Note tells you that it is still Peter speaking in verse 17 so you can mark that correctly in your language.
@@ -55,4 +55,4 @@ This Note lets you know who the pronouns refer to. You may need to add something
* **General Information:** – This is the beginning of the part of the story about Philip and the man from Ethiopia. Verse 27 gives background information about the man from Ethiopia. (See: _Background_s)
-This Note alerts you to the beginning of a new part of a story and to some background information so you can be aware of these things and use your language’s ways of showing these things. The Note includes a link to the page about background information so you can learn more about how to translate that kind of information.
\ No newline at end of file
+This Note alerts you to the beginning of a new part of a story and to some background information so you can be aware of these things and use your language’s ways of showing these things. The Note includes a link to the page about background information so you can learn more about how to translate that kind of information.
diff --git a/translate/resources-def/01.md b/translate/resources-def/01.md
index f3acde8..cc53cbf 100644
--- a/translate/resources-def/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-def/01.md
@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ Simple definitions of words or phrases are added without quotes or sentence form
### Translation Strategies
-See [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for more information on translating words or phrases that are not known in your language.
\ No newline at end of file
+See [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for more information on translating words or phrases that are not known in your language.
diff --git a/translate/resources-eplain/01.md b/translate/resources-eplain/01.md
index 0a7db2e..cf8a4e6 100644
--- a/translate/resources-eplain/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-eplain/01.md
@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ This Note can help you understand what kind of signal the people made. It was an
* **even from his mother’s womb** – The word “even” here indicates that this is especially surprising news. People had been filled with the Holy Spirit before, but no one had heard of an unborn baby being filled with the Holy Spirit.
-This Note can help you understand what the word “even” means in this sentence so that you can find a way of showing how surprising this was.
\ No newline at end of file
+This Note can help you understand what the word “even” means in this sentence so that you can find a way of showing how surprising this was.
diff --git a/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md b/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md
index 000f325..7ba4482 100644
--- a/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ Here the translationNote shows how to change the indirect quote to a direct quot
* **I will say to the reapers, “First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn”** – You can translate this as an indirect quote: “I will tell the reapers to first gather up the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn.” (See: *Direct and Indirect Quotations*)
-Here the translationNote shows how to change the direct quote to an indirect quote, in case that would be clearer or more natural in the target language. Do not use quotation marks around Indirect quotes. They were used here only to make it clear what you could say as an indirect quote.
\ No newline at end of file
+Here the translationNote shows how to change the direct quote to an indirect quote, in case that would be clearer or more natural in the target language. Do not use quotation marks around Indirect quotes. They were used here only to make it clear what you could say as an indirect quote.
diff --git a/translate/resources-links/01.md b/translate/resources-links/01.md
index e1b9528..426a3a5 100644
--- a/translate/resources-links/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-links/01.md
@@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ These links will only take you back to Notes in the same book that you are worki
* **be fruitful and multiply** – See how you translated these commands in [Genesis 1:28](http://).
* **everything that creeps along the ground** – This includes all types of small animals. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:25](http://).
-* **will be blessed in him** – Alternate Translation: “will be blessed because of Abraham” or “will be blessed because I have blessed Abraham.” For translating “in him,” see how you translated “through you” in [Genesis 12:3](http://).
\ No newline at end of file
+* **will be blessed in him** – Alternate Translation: “will be blessed because of Abraham” or “will be blessed because I have blessed Abraham.” For translating “in him,” see how you translated “through you” in [Genesis 12:3](http://).
diff --git a/translate/resources-long/01.md b/translate/resources-long/01.md
index c87ac38..4d1d87d 100644
--- a/translate/resources-long/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-long/01.md
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Sometimes there are notes for a phrase and separate notes for portions of that p
### Translation Notes Examples
> **But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart** that you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath. (Romans 2:5a ULT)
->
+>
>
* **But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart** – Paul uses a metaphor to compare a person who refuses to obey God to something hard, like a stone. He also uses the metonym “heart” to represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “it is because you refuse to listen and repent” (See: *Metaphor* and *Metonymy*)
* **hardness and unrepentant heart** – The phrase “unrepentant heart” explains the word “hardness” (See: *Doublet*)
-In this example the first note explains the metaphor and the metonym in the longer phrase as a whole, and the second note explains the doublet within the longer phrase.
\ No newline at end of file
+In this example the first note explains the metaphor and the metonym in the longer phrase as a whole, and the second note explains the doublet within the longer phrase.
diff --git a/translate/resources-porp/01.md b/translate/resources-porp/01.md
index 3bcf9b5..ae36a39 100755
--- a/translate/resources-porp/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-porp/01.md
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ When many scholars say that a word or phrase means one thing, and many others sa
### Translation Strategies
-1. Translate it in such a way that the reader could understand either meaning as a possibility.
-1. If it is not possible to do that in your language, then choose a meaning and translate it with that meaning.
-1. If not choosing a meaning would make it hard for the readers to understand the passage in general, then choose a meaning and translate it with that meaning.
\ No newline at end of file
+(1) Translate it in such a way that the reader could understand either meaning as a possibility.
+(2) If it is not possible to do that in your language, then choose a meaning and translate it with that meaning.
+(3) If not choosing a meaning would make it hard for the readers to understand the passage in general, then choose a meaning and translate it with that meaning.
diff --git a/translate/resources-questions/01.md b/translate/resources-questions/01.md
index 0d12459..0db9233 100644
--- a/translate/resources-questions/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-questions/01.md
@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ In order to use tQ for a community check, follow these steps:
1. Read the first question entry for that chapter.
1. Ask the community members to answer the question. Remind them to think of the answer only from the translation.
1. Click on the question to have the answer displayed. If the community member’s answer is very similar to the answer displayed, then the translation is clearly communicating the right thing. If the person cannot answer the question or answers the question incorrectly, that part of the translation may not be communicating well and may need to be changed.
-1. Continue with the rest of the questions for the chapter.
\ No newline at end of file
+1. Continue with the rest of the questions for the chapter.
diff --git a/translate/resources-synequi/01.md b/translate/resources-synequi/01.md
index e3394be..3ba2419 100755
--- a/translate/resources-synequi/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-synequi/01.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
### Description
-Some Notes provide a translation suggestion ("Alternate translation") that can replace the word or phrase that they quote from the ULT. These replacements can fit into the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. These synonyms and equivalent phrases are enclosed in double-quotes. They mean the same as the text in the ULT. This kind of Note can help you to think of other ways to say the same thing in case the word or phrase in the ULT does not seem to have a natural equivalent in your language.
+Some Notes provide a translation suggestion (“Alternate translation”) that can replace the word or phrase that they quote from the ULT. These replacements can fit into the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. These synonyms and equivalent phrases are enclosed in double-quotes. They mean the same as the text in the ULT. This kind of Note can help you to think of other ways to say the same thing in case the word or phrase in the ULT does not seem to have a natural equivalent in your language.
### Translation Notes Examples
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ In this example, the words “the path” or the words “the road” can replac
* **Deacons, likewise** – “In the same way, deacons” or “Deacons, like overseers”
-In this example, the words “In the same way, deacons” or “Deacons, like overseers” can replace the words “Likewise, deacons” in the ULT. You, as the translator, can decide what is natural for your language.
\ No newline at end of file
+In this example, the words “In the same way, deacons” or “Deacons, like overseers” can replace the words “Likewise, deacons” in the ULT. You, as the translator, can decide what is natural for your language.
diff --git a/translate/resources-types/01.md b/translate/resources-types/01.md
index c425367..698f7f4 100644
--- a/translate/resources-types/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-types/01.md
@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@ There are several types of suggested translations.
* **[Notes that Identify Figures of Speech](../resources-fofs/01.md)** – When there is a Figure of Speech in the ULT text, then the notes will provide an explanation of how to translate that Figure of Speech. Sometimes an Alternate Translation is provided. There will also be a link to the unfoldingWord® Translation Academy page for additional information and translation strategies to help the translator accurately translate the meaning of that type of Figure of Speech.
-* **[Notes that Identify Indirect and Direct Quotes](../resources-iordquote/01.md)** – There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. These Notes will alert the translator to the choice that needs to be made.
+* **[Notes that Identify Indirect and Direct Quotes](../resources-iordquote/01.md)** – There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. These Notes will alert the translator to the choice that needs to be made.
* **[Notes for Long ULT Phrases](../resources-long/01.md)** – Sometimes there is a Note which refers to a phrase and then other Notes which refer to portions of that phrase. In that case, the Note for the longer phrase is first, and the Notes for its smaller parts follow afterward. In that way, the Notes can give translation suggestions or explanations for the whole as well as each part.
-
-
diff --git a/translate/resources-words/sub-title.md b/translate/resources-words/sub-title.md
index 8b64342..c587511 100755
--- a/translate/resources-words/sub-title.md
+++ b/translate/resources-words/sub-title.md
@@ -1 +1 @@
-How can unfoldingWord® Translation Words help me make a better translation?
+How can unfoldingWord® Translation Words help me make a better translation?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/translate/translate-alphabet/01.md b/translate/translate-alphabet/01.md
index 39f2c9a..11d0366 100644
--- a/translate/translate-alphabet/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-alphabet/01.md
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Take your list of sounds to other speakers of your language who also read the na
It is good to continue to work on this alphabet together with other speakers of your language who are good readers in the national language. You can discuss the different sounds and decide together on the best way to represent them.
-If the national language uses a writing system other than the Roman alphabet, then think about the different marks that you could use to modify the symbols so that they can represent the sounds of your language. It is best if you can mark the symbols in ways that can be reproduced on a computer. You can experiment with the writing systems in a word processor. If you need help creating a keyboard, send an email request to . When you use symbols that can be typed on a computer keyboard, then your translation can be stored, copied, and distributed electronically. Then people can get it for no cost and read it on tablets or cell phones.
\ No newline at end of file
+If the national language uses a writing system other than the Roman alphabet, then think about the different marks that you could use to modify the symbols so that they can represent the sounds of your language. It is best if you can mark the symbols in ways that can be reproduced on a computer. You can experiment with the writing systems in a word processor. If you need help creating a keyboard, send an email request to . When you use symbols that can be typed on a computer keyboard, then your translation can be stored, copied, and distributed electronically. Then people can get it for no cost and read it on tablets or cell phones.
diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md
index 1506e35..72d2ad9 100644
--- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ The metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the bibl
### Translation Strategies
-(1) Use the measurements from the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (See [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md).)
-(2) Use the metric measurements given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
-(3) Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
-(4) Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note.
-(5) Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a note.
+(1) Use the measurements from the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (See [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md).)
+(2) Use the metric measurements given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
+(3) Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
+(4) Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note.
+(5) Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a note.
### Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -69,5 +69,10 @@ The footnotes would look like:
The footnotes would look like:
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+>> [1] two and a half cubits
+>> [2] one cubit and a half
+=======
> > [1] two and a half cubits
-> > [2] one cubit and a half
\ No newline at end of file
+> > [2] one cubit and a half
+>>>>>>> master
diff --git a/translate/translate-bibleorg/01.md b/translate/translate-bibleorg/01.md
index 7151891..eceb9d7 100644
--- a/translate/translate-bibleorg/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-bibleorg/01.md
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ When we refer to verses that are not next to each other, we use commas to separa
After the chapter and verse numbers, we put the abbreviation for the translation of the Bible that we used. In the example below, “ULT” stands for the *unfoldingWord® Literal Text*.
-In unfoldingWord® Translation Academy, we use this system to tell where portions of Scripture come from. If the whole verse or set of verses is not shown, we indicate that with letter "a" or "b" after the verse number. A letter "a" indicates that the beginning is shown but the ending of the verse is not shown. A letter "b" indicates that the beginning of the verse is not shown. The letter "b" means that the Scripture quotation starts somewhere after the beginning of the verse. It may or may not include all of the rest of the verse.
+In unfoldingWord® Translation Academy, we use this system to tell where portions of Scripture come from. If the whole verse or set of verses is not shown, we indicate that with letter “a” or “b” after the verse number. A letter “a” indicates that the beginning is shown but the ending of the verse is not shown. A letter “b” indicates that the beginning of the verse is not shown. The letter “b” means that the Scripture quotation starts somewhere after the beginning of the verse. It may or may not include all of the rest of the verse.
The text below comes from the book of Judges chapter 6 verse 28, but it is not the entire verse. The verse has more at the end. In unfoldingWord® Translation Academy, we only show the part of the verse that we want to talk about.
-> When the men of the city arose early in the morning, and see, the altar of Baal was torn down. (Judges 6:28a ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+> When the men of the city arose early in the morning, and see, the altar of Baal was torn down. (Judges 6:28a ULT)
diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md
index b4d534e..47778ee 100644
--- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The value of most money in the Old Testament was based on its weight. So when tr
(1) Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (See [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md).)
(2) Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many coins were used.
-(3) Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work.
+(3) Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work.
(4) Use the biblical term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote.
(5) Use the biblical term and explain it in a footnote.
@@ -57,10 +57,14 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Luke 7:41 below.
The footnotes would look like:
-> > \[1\] 500 days’ wages \[2\] 50 days' wages
+> > \[1\] 500 days’ wages \[2\] 50 days’ wages
(5) Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote.
> > “The one owed **500 denarii**,1 and the other, **50**.” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
-> > [1] A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work.
\ No newline at end of file
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+>> [1] A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work.
+=======
+> > [1] A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work.
+>>>>>>> master
diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md
index 99f19d6..5b4cfa2 100644
--- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses
### Translation Strategies
-(1) Translate literally by using the number without a unit.
-(2) Use a generic word like “measure” or “quantity” or “amount.”
-(3) Use the name of an appropriate container, such as “basket” for grain or “jar” for wine.
-(4) Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation.
+(1) Translate literally by using the number without a unit.
+(2) Use a generic word like “measure” or “quantity” or “amount.”
+(3) Use the name of an appropriate container, such as “basket” for grain or “jar” for wine.
+(4) Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation.
### Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -102,4 +102,8 @@ The strategies are all applied to Haggai 2:16 below.
(4) Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation.
-> > When you came to a heap for **20 liters** of grain, there were only **ten liters**, and when you came to the wine vat to draw out **50 liters** of wine, there were only **20 liters**.
\ No newline at end of file
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+>> When you came to a heap for **20 liters** of grain, there were only **ten liters**, and when you came to the wine vat to draw out **50 liters** of wine, there were only **20 liters**.
+=======
+> > When you came to a heap for **20 liters** of grain, there were only **ten liters**, and when you came to the wine vat to draw out **50 liters** of wine, there were only **20 liters**.
+>>>>>>> master
diff --git a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md
index 80d522c..9b41a56 100644
--- a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term
### Translation Strategies
-(1) Use the measurements from the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (See [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md).)
-(2) Use the metric measurements given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
+(1) Use the measurements from the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (See [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md).)
+(2) Use the metric measurements given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
(3) Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this, you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
-(4) Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note.
-(5) Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a note.
+(4) Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note.
+(5) Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a note.
### Translation Strategies Applied
diff --git a/translate/translate-discover/01.md b/translate/translate-discover/01.md
index 8da298f..065d55b 100644
--- a/translate/translate-discover/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-discover/01.md
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ There are many different things that we can do to help us to discover the meanin
* One meaning-based version, such as the unfoldingWord® Simplified Text (UST).
1. Use the unfoldingWord® Translation Words resource to learn about terms that you are not familiar with. Words sometimes have more than one meaning. Make sure that you have understood the right meaning of the word in the passage.
-1. Also use the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes that are with the ULT. These are available in the translationStudio program and the Door43 website. These will explain things about the passage that may not be clear. If possible, also use other reference books, such as other versions of the Bible, a Bible dictionary, or Bible commentaries.
\ No newline at end of file
+1. Also use the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes that are with the ULT. These are available in the translationStudio program and the Door43 website. These will explain things about the passage that may not be clear. If possible, also use other reference books, such as other versions of the Bible, a Bible dictionary, or Bible commentaries.
diff --git a/translate/translate-fandm/01.md b/translate/translate-fandm/01.md
index 9d8ce59..4325bb1 100644
--- a/translate/translate-fandm/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-fandm/01.md
@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ That is the primary **meaning** of the note that the sender wanted to communicat
In this example, the form is the entire text of the note. The meaning is “I would like you to give me money!”
-We use these terms in a similar way. Form will refer to the entire text of the verses that we are translating. Meaning will refer to the idea or ideas that the text is trying to communicate. The best form for communicating a certain meaning will be different in different languages and cultures.
\ No newline at end of file
+We use these terms in a similar way. Form will refer to the entire text of the verses that we are translating. Meaning will refer to the idea or ideas that the text is trying to communicate. The best form for communicating a certain meaning will be different in different languages and cultures.
diff --git a/translate/translate-form/01.md b/translate/translate-form/01.md
index 91e2d16..9064798 100644
--- a/translate/translate-form/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-form/01.md
@@ -39,4 +39,4 @@ When you understand the meaning of the form, then you can choose a form that has
### Culture Affects Meaning
-The meaning of forms is determined by culture. The same form might have different meanings in different cultures. In translation, the meaning must remain the same, including the meaning of the form. To achieve this, sometimes the form of the text must change to fit the culture of the target language. The form includes the language of the text, its arrangement, any repetitions, or any expressions that imitate sounds like “O.” You must examine all of these things, decide what they mean, and then decide which form will express that meaning in the best way for the target language and culture.
\ No newline at end of file
+The meaning of forms is determined by culture. The same form might have different meanings in different cultures. In translation, the meaning must remain the same, including the meaning of the form. To achieve this, sometimes the form of the text must change to fit the culture of the target language. The form includes the language of the text, its arrangement, any repetitions, or any expressions that imitate sounds like “O.” You must examine all of these things, decide what they mean, and then decide which form will express that meaning in the best way for the target language and culture.
diff --git a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md
index ff9113f..ffad102 100644
--- a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ In Matthew 9:3-6, the ellipsis mark shows that Jesus did not finish his sentence
In Mark 11:31-33, the ellipsis mark shows that either the religious leaders did not finish their sentence, or Mark did not finish writing what they said.
-> They discussed between themselves, saying, "What should we say? If we say, ‘From heaven,’ he will say, ‘Why then did you not believe him?’ But if we say, ‘From men,’ **…**” They were afraid of the people, for everyone considered that John really was a prophet. Then they answered Jesus and said, “We do not know.” Then Jesus said to them, “Neither will I tell you by what authority I do these things.” (ULT)
+> They discussed between themselves, saying, “What should we say? If we say, ‘From heaven,’ he will say, ‘Why then did you not believe him?’ But if we say, ‘From men,’ **…**” They were afraid of the people, for everyone considered that John really was a prophet. Then they answered Jesus and said, “We do not know.” Then Jesus said to them, “Neither will I tell you by what authority I do these things.” (ULT)
#### Long Dashes
@@ -41,5 +41,5 @@ When text is indented, it means that the line of text starts further to the righ
This is done for poetry and some lists, to show that the indented lines form a part of the non-indented line above them. For example:
> 5 These are the names of the leaders who must fight with you:
->
-> > From the tribe of Reuben, Elizur son of Shedeur; 6 from the tribe of Simeon, Shelumiel son of Zurishaddai; 7 from the tribe of Judah, Nahshon son of Amminadab; (Numbers 1:5-7 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+>
+> > From the tribe of Reuben, Elizur son of Shedeur; 6 from the tribe of Simeon, Shelumiel son of Zurishaddai; 7 from the tribe of Judah, Nahshon son of Amminadab; (Numbers 1:5-7 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md
index 2a435f8..de2be72 100644
--- a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Some languages do not use fractions. They may simply talk about parts or groups,
### Examples From the Bible
-> Now to the **half-tribe** of Manasseh, Moses had given a possession in Bashan, but to the other **half**, Joshua gave a possession among their brothers across the Jordan on the west. (Joshua 22:7 ULT)
+> Now to the **half-tribe** of Manasseh, Moses had given a possession in Bashan, but to the other **half**, Joshua gave a possession among their brothers across the Jordan on the west. (Joshua 22:7 ULT)
The tribe of Manasseh divided into two groups. The phrase “the half-tribe of Manasseh” refers one of those groups. The phrase “the other half” refers to the other group.
@@ -51,25 +51,25 @@ If a fraction in your language would give the right meaning, consider using it.
(1) Tell the number of parts or groups that the item would be divided into, and then tell the number of parts or groups that is being referred to.
> **A third** of the ocean became red like blood (Revelation 8:8 ULT)
->
+>
> > It was like they **divided** the ocean **into three parts**, and **one part** of the ocean became blood.
->
+>
> Then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of **three-tenths** of an ephah of fine flour mixed with **half a hin** of oil. (Numbers 15:9 ULT)
->
+>
> > … then you must **divide** an ephah of fine flour **into ten parts** and **divide** a hin of oil **into two parts**. Then mix **three of those parts** of the flour with **one of the parts** of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull.
(2) For measurements, use the measurements that are given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
> … **two-thirds of a shekel** … (1 Samuel 13:21b ULT)
->
+>
> … **eight grams** of silver … (1 Samuel 13:21b UST)
->
+>
> … **three-tenths of an ephah** of fine flour mixed with **half a hin** of oil. (Numbers 15:9b ULT)
->
+>
> > … **six and one-half liters** of finely ground flour mixed with **two liters** of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9b UST)
(3) For measurements, use ones that are used in your language. In order to do that you would need to know how your measurements relates to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
> … **three-tenths of an ephah** of fine flour mixed with **half a hin** of oil. (Numbers 15:9b ULT)
->
-> > **six quarts** of fine flour mixed with **two quarts** of oil.
\ No newline at end of file
+>
+> > **six quarts** of fine flour mixed with **two quarts** of oil.
diff --git a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md
index b1e3090..032520f 100644
--- a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be help
You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (See [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](../figs-explicit/01.md).)
(1) Tell the number of the Hebrew month.
-(2) Use the names for months that people know.
-(3) State clearly what season the month occurred in.
+(2) Use the names for months that people know.
+(3) State clearly what season the month occurred in.
(4) Refer to the time in terms of the season rather than in terms of the Hebrew name of the month. (If possible, use a footnote to show the Hebrew month and day.)
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (See [Assumed K
The examples below use these two verses.
> At that time, you will appear before me in **the month of Aviv**, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt. (Exodus 23:15b ULT)
->
+>
>
> It will always be a statute for you that in **the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month,** you must humble yourselves and do no work. (Leviticus 16:29a ULT)
@@ -83,4 +83,8 @@ The examples below use these two verses.
The footnote would look like:
-> > [1] The Hebrew says, “the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month.”
\ No newline at end of file
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+>> [1] The Hebrew says, “the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month.”
+=======
+> > [1] The Hebrew says, “the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month.”
+>>>>>>> master
diff --git a/translate/translate-key-terms/01.md b/translate/translate-key-terms/01.md
index 06925f9..0fb965e 100644
--- a/translate/translate-key-terms/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-key-terms/01.md
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
* Make a list of the key terms in the story or Bible passage that you translate, along with the term that you choose for each of them in the target language. It is best if you can do this on a spreadsheet so that you can list the source word or phrase in one column and the target word or phrase in another column. Further columns could list equivalent terms in other languages and the references where these terms occur in the Bible. Make sure that everyone translating Bible books that use these terms has access to the spreadsheet, or a chart on paper, so that you can all use the same words or phrases in your translation.
* Use the list of words and definitions in the unfoldingWord® translation Words resource to help you to make a list of these words and to understand what they mean. The translationStudio tool will show you these words and their definitions as you encounter them in the source text, and the translationWords tool in translationCore will give you a list of all of the key terms in each book of the Bible.
* Each time the key word occurs in the source text, make sure that the term you have chosen for the translation still makes sense in that context. If it does not, discuss the problem with others on the translation team and try to find a solution together. You may need to use a different term, or you may need to use more than one term for the different contexts, or you may need to find another way to communicate the term that includes all of the meanings, such as using a longer phrase.
-* When you have decided that you need to use different target language words or phrases to translate one source language word in different contexts, then make a new line on the spreadsheet for each different way that you are translating the source word. Repeat the source term in the source column, and put the new translation in the next column, under the first translation. Share this spreadsheet with everyone on the translation team so that they can choose the right translation for the key term in the context that they are translating.
\ No newline at end of file
+* When you have decided that you need to use different target language words or phrases to translate one source language word in different contexts, then make a new line on the spreadsheet for each different way that you are translating the source word. Repeat the source term in the source column, and put the new translation in the next column, under the first translation. Share this spreadsheet with everyone on the translation team so that they can choose the right translation for the key term in the context that they are translating.
diff --git a/translate/translate-levels/01.md b/translate/translate-levels/01.md
index 0ff3cff..d49f219 100644
--- a/translate/translate-levels/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-levels/01.md
@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ We are used to thinking that the meaning of a text is in the words. But this mea
### Building the Larger Meaning
-The translator must determine what each word means in each context, and then reproduce that same meaning in the translated text. This means that words cannot be translated individually, but only with the meaning that they have when they are combined together with the other words in the phrases, sentences, paragraphs, and chapters of which they form a part. That is why the translator must read the whole paragraph, chapter, or book that he is translating before starting to translate it. By reading the larger levels, he will understand how each of the lower levels fits into the whole, and will translate each part so that it communicates the meaning in a way that makes the most sense with the higher levels.
\ No newline at end of file
+The translator must determine what each word means in each context, and then reproduce that same meaning in the translated text. This means that words cannot be translated individually, but only with the meaning that they have when they are combined together with the other words in the phrases, sentences, paragraphs, and chapters of which they form a part. That is why the translator must read the whole paragraph, chapter, or book that he is translating before starting to translate it. By reading the larger levels, he will understand how each of the lower levels fits into the whole, and will translate each part so that it communicates the meaning in a way that makes the most sense with the higher levels.
diff --git a/translate/translate-literal/01.md b/translate/translate-literal/01.md
index bd935ae..32f61a4 100644
--- a/translate/translate-literal/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-literal/01.md
@@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ Literal translations usually contain the following problems:
#### When to Translate Literally
-The only time to translate literally is when translating Gateway Language materials (such as the ULT) that will be used by Other Language translators. The purpose of the ULT is to show the translator what is in the original. Even so, the ULT is not strictly literal. It is a modified literal translation that uses the target language grammar so that readers can understand it (see the lesson [Modified Literal Translation](../translate-modifyliteral/01.md)). For the places where the ULT uses the original expressions in the Bible that may be difficult to understand, we have provided the translationNotes to explain them.
\ No newline at end of file
+The only time to translate literally is when translating Gateway Language materials (such as the ULT) that will be used by Other Language translators. The purpose of the ULT is to show the translator what is in the original. Even so, the ULT is not strictly literal. It is a modified literal translation that uses the target language grammar so that readers can understand it (see the lesson [Modified Literal Translation](../translate-modifyliteral/01.md)). For the places where the ULT uses the original expressions in the Bible that may be difficult to understand, we have provided the translationNotes to explain them.
diff --git a/translate/translate-manual/01.md b/translate/translate-manual/01.md
index 744e2f1..457a4f2 100644
--- a/translate/translate-manual/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-manual/01.md
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ Some highlights in the Translation Manual:
* [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../guidelines-intro/01.md) – defining a good translation
* [The Translation Process](../translate-process/01.md) – how to achieve a good translation
* [Choosing a Translation Team](../choose-team/01.md) – some items to consider before starting a translation project
-* [Choosing What to Translate](../translation-difficulty/01.md) – what to start translating
\ No newline at end of file
+* [Choosing What to Translate](../translation-difficulty/01.md) – what to start translating
diff --git a/translate/translate-manuscripts/01.md b/translate/translate-manuscripts/01.md
index b8170cf..36b511a 100644
--- a/translate/translate-manuscripts/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-manuscripts/01.md
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ About 300 years before Christ was born, Greek became the language of wider commu
Back then there were no printers, so the authors wrote these books by hand. These were the original manuscripts. The scribes who copied these manuscripts also did so by hand. These were also manuscripts. These books are extremely important, so the scribes got special training and were very careful to try to copy them accurately.
-Over hundreds of years, scribes (and other people as well) made thousands of copies of the Bible books. The manuscripts that the authors originally wrote have all been lost or have fallen apart, so we do not have them. But we do have many of the copies that were written by hand long ago. Some of these copies have survived for many hundreds and even thousands of years.
\ No newline at end of file
+Over hundreds of years, scribes (and other people as well) made thousands of copies of the Bible books. The manuscripts that the authors originally wrote have all been lost or have fallen apart, so we do not have them. But we do have many of the copies that were written by hand long ago. Some of these copies have survived for many hundreds and even thousands of years.
diff --git a/translate/translate-more/01.md b/translate/translate-more/01.md
index a71e50e..7fae2d0 100644
--- a/translate/translate-more/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-more/01.md
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ There are various ways in which we can represent the ideas in a source text: we
Examples of tension occur when a reader wonders what will happen next to the participants in a story, or when a reader follows the argument, encouragement, and warnings of an epistle writer or of a conversation that is reported in the text. A reader can feel tension when reading a psalm because the psalmists sometimes express a wide variety of emotions (both positive and negative) when singing praise to God. When reading an Old Testament prophetic book, the reader can feel tension rise as the prophet condemns people for their sin or as he warns them to turn back to God. Tension may also be felt when reading about God’s promises for the future, as one considers when God fulfilled those promises or when he will fulfill them. Good translators study the kinds of tension in the source documents, and they try to recreate those tensions in the target language.
-Another way to talk about recreating the tensions in the source text is to say that the translation should have the same effect on the target audience that the source text had on the original audience. For example, if the source text is a rebuke to the original audience, the target audience should also feel the translation as a rebuke. A translator will need to think about how the target language expresses rebukes and other types of communication so that the translation will have the right kind of effect on the target audience.
\ No newline at end of file
+Another way to talk about recreating the tensions in the source text is to say that the translation should have the same effect on the target audience that the source text had on the original audience. For example, if the source text is a rebuke to the original audience, the target audience should also feel the translation as a rebuke. A translator will need to think about how the target language expresses rebukes and other types of communication so that the translation will have the right kind of effect on the target audience.
diff --git a/translate/translate-names/01.md b/translate/translate-names/01.md
index 87d2550..bdc05df 100644
--- a/translate/translate-names/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-names/01.md
@@ -37,17 +37,17 @@ Readers may not understand the second sentence if they do not know that “Beer
Readers may not understand why she said this if they do not know that the name Moses sounds like the Hebrew words “pull out.”
> **Saul** was in agreement with his execution. (Acts 8:1a ULT)
->
+>
> But when the apostles, Barnabas and **Paul**, heard of it, they tore their clothing. (Acts 14:14a ULT)
Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person.
### Translation Strategies
-(1) If readers cannot easily understand from the context what kind of a thing a name refers to, you can add a word to clarify it.
-(2) If readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, copy the name and tell about its meaning either in the text or in a footnote.
-(3) Or if readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, and that name is used only once, translate the meaning of the name instead of copying the name.
-(4) If a person or place has two different names, use one name most of the time and the other name only when the text tells about the person or place having more than one name or when it says something about why the person or place was given that name. Write a footnote when the source text uses the name that is used less frequently.
+(1) If readers cannot easily understand from the context what kind of a thing a name refers to, you can add a word to clarify it.
+(2) If readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, copy the name and tell about its meaning either in the text or in a footnote.
+(3) Or if readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, and that name is used only once, translate the meaning of the name instead of copying the name.
+(4) If a person or place has two different names, use one name most of the time and the other name only when the text tells about the person or place having more than one name or when it says something about why the person or place was given that name. Write a footnote when the source text uses the name that is used less frequently.
(5) Or if a person or place has two different names, then use whatever name is given in the source text, and add a footnote that gives the other name.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -55,45 +55,45 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person.
(1) If readers cannot easily understand from the context what kind of a thing a name refers to, you can add a word to clarify it.
> Then you crossed over the **Jordan** and came to **Jericho**, and the men of Jericho, and the **Amorites** … fought against you, but I gave them into your hand. (Joshua 24:11 ULT)
->
+>
> > You went over the **Jordan River** and came to the **city of Jericho**. The men of Jericho fought against you, along with **the tribe of the Amorites.**
->
+>
> At that hour, certain Pharisees approached, saying to him, “Leave and go away from here, because **Herod** wants to kill you.” (Luke 13:31 ULT)
->
+>
> > At that hour, certain Pharisees approached, saying to him, “Go and leave here, because **King Herod** wants to kill you.
(2) If readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, copy the name and tell about its meaning either in the text or in a footnote.
> And she called his name **Moses** and she said, “For out of the water I drew him.” (Exodus 2:10b ULT)
->
+>
> > She called his name **Moses (which sounds like ‘drawn out’),** and she said, “For out of the water I drew him.”
(3) Or if readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, and that name is used only once, translate the meaning of the name instead of copying the name.
> She said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore, the well was called **Beer Lahai Roi**. (Genesis 16:13b-14a ULT)
->
+>
> > She said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore, the well was called **Well of the Living One who sees me**.
(4) If a person or place has two different names, use one name most of the time and the other name only when the text tells about the person or place having more than one name or when it says something about why the person or place was given that name. Write a footnote when the source text uses the name that is used less frequently. For example, Paul is called “Saul” before Acts 13 and “Paul” after Acts 13. You could translate his name as “Paul” all of the time, except in Acts 13:9 where it talks about him having both names.
> … a young man named **Saul**. (Acts 7:58b ULT)
->
+>
> > … a young man named **Paul** 1
The footnote would look like:
-> > [1] Most versions say "Saul" here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called "Paul."
+> > [1] Most versions say “Saul” here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called “Paul.”
Then later in the story, you could translate this way:
> But **Saul**, who is also called **Paul**, was filled with the Holy Spirit; (Acts 13:9)
->
+>
> > But **Saul**, who is also called **Paul**, was filled with the Holy Spirit;
(5) Or if a person or place has two names, use whatever name is given in the source text, and add a footnote that gives the other name. For example, you could write “Saul” where the source text has “Saul” and “Paul” where the source text has “Paul.”
> a young man named **Saul** (Acts 7:58 ULT)
->
+>
> > a young man named **Saul**
The footnote would look like:
@@ -103,16 +103,20 @@ The footnote would look like:
Then later in the story, you could translate this way:
> But **Saul**, who is also called **Paul**, was filled with the Holy Spirit; (Acts 13:9)
->
+>
> > But **Saul**, who is also called **Paul**, was filled with the Holy Spirit;
Then after the story has explained the name change, you could translate this way.
> It came about in Iconium that **Paul** and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue (Acts 14:1 ULT)
->
+>
> > It came about in Iconium that **Paul**1 and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue
The footnote would look like:
-> > [1] This is the same man who was called Saul before Acts 13.
\ No newline at end of file
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+>> [1] This is the same man who was called Saul before Acts 13.
+=======
+> > [1] This is the same man who was called Saul before Acts 13.
+>>>>>>> master
diff --git a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md
index c9b4864..d621db8 100644
--- a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ This is a rounded number. It does not say exactly how many descendants she shoul
### Translation Strategies
(1) Write numbers using numerals.
-(2) Write numbers using your language’s words or the Gateway Language words for those numbers.
+(2) Write numbers using your language’s words or the Gateway Language words for those numbers.
(3) Write numbers using words, and put the numerals in parentheses after them.
(4) Combine words for large numbers.
-(5) Use a very general expression for very large rounded numbers and write the numeral in parentheses afterward.
+(5) Use a very general expression for very large rounded numbers and write the numeral in parentheses afterward.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -79,4 +79,4 @@ Be consistent in your translations. Decide how the numbers will be translated, u
The *unfoldingWord® Literal Text* (ULT) and the *unfoldingWord® Simplified Text* (UST) use words for the numbers one through ten and use numerals for all numbers above ten.
-> When Adam had lived **130** years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, after his image, and he called his name Seth. After Adam became the father of Seth, he lived **800** years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Adam lived **930** years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:3-5 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+> When Adam had lived **130** years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, after his image, and he called his name Seth. After Adam became the father of Seth, he lived **800** years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Adam lived **930** years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:3-5 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md
index c298a76..8da0f90 100644
--- a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ This describes four rows of stones. The first row is probably the top row, and t
If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning, consider using them. If not, here are some strategies to consider:
-(1) Use “one” with the first item and “another” or “the next” with the rest.
+(1) Use “one” with the first item and “another” or “the next” with the rest.
(2) Tell the total number of items and then list them or the things associated with them.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning
(1) Tell the total number of items, and use “one” with the first item and “another” or “the next” with the rest.
> The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah. (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
->
+>
> > There were **24** lots. **One lot** went to Jehoiarib, **another** to Jedaiah, **another** to Harim … **another** to Delaiah, **and the last** went to Maaziah.
-> >
+> >
> > There were **24** lots. **One lot** went to Jehoiarib, **the next** to Jedaiah, **the next** to Harim … **the next** to Delaiah, **and the last** went to Maaziah.
> A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became **four** rivers. The name of **the first** is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of **the second** river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of **the third** river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. **The fourth** river is the Euphrates. (Genesis 2:10-14 ULT)
@@ -65,7 +65,5 @@ If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning
(2) Tell the total number of items and then list them or the things associated with them.
> The **first** lot went to Jehoiarib, the **second** to Jedaiah, the **third** to Harim, the **fourth** to Seorim … the **twenty-third** to Delaiah, and the **twenty-fourth** to Maaziah. (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
->
+>
> > They cast **24** lots. The lots went to Jerhoiarib, Jedaiah, Harim, Seorim … Delaiah, and Maaziah.
-
-
diff --git a/translate/translate-original/01.md b/translate/translate-original/01.md
index 9e5b5b1..a9d5047 100644
--- a/translate/translate-original/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-original/01.md
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Consider the example below. A translator uses a Swahili New Testament as the sou
-The only way to make sure the translation is as accurate as possible is to compare the new translation with the original languages. Where this is not possible, use the ULT as the source text, along with other Bible translations that were translated from the original languages.
\ No newline at end of file
+The only way to make sure the translation is as accurate as possible is to compare the new translation with the original languages. Where this is not possible, use the ULT as the source text, along with other Bible translations that were translated from the original languages.
diff --git a/translate/translate-problem/01.md b/translate/translate-problem/01.md
index 548cccb..7cb0541 100644
--- a/translate/translate-problem/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-problem/01.md
@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ The Bible contains many terms for things that no longer exist, such as ancient w
The Scriptures themselves show that they were meant to be understood. The Bible is written in three languages because the language that God’s people used was different in different times. When the Jews returned from exile and no longer remembered Hebrew, the priests translated the Old Testament readings into Aramaic so they could understand (Neh 8:8). Later, when the New Testament was written, it was written in the common Koiné Greek, which was the language that most people spoke at that time. The New Testament was not written in Hebrew, Aramaic or even classical Greek, which would have been harder for common people to understand.
-These and other reasons demonstrate that God wants people to understand his word. So we know that he wants us to translate the meaning of the Bible, not reproduce the form. The meaning of the Scriptures is more important than the form.
\ No newline at end of file
+These and other reasons demonstrate that God wants people to understand his word. So we know that he wants us to translate the meaning of the Bible, not reproduce the form. The meaning of the Scriptures is more important than the form.
diff --git a/translate/translate-process/01.md b/translate/translate-process/01.md
index f0ed739..6b0665c 100644
--- a/translate/translate-process/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-process/01.md
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ There are two things to do in translation:
Instructions for translation sometimes divide these two things into smaller steps. The graphic below shows how these two fit into the translation process.
-
\ No newline at end of file
+
diff --git a/translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md b/translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md
index 65e3b96..539ce40 100644
--- a/translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ For all other works in question, please contact .
* All source texts that appear as source texts in translationStudio or translationCore have been reviewed and are legal for use by anyone as a source text.
* Before anything is published by unfoldingWord, the source text must be reviewed and available under one of the licenses listed above.
-* Please check your source text before you start translating to avoid being unable to have your translation published.
\ No newline at end of file
+* Please check your source text before you start translating to avoid being unable to have your translation published.
diff --git a/translate/translate-source-text/01.md b/translate/translate-source-text/01.md
index 2f0ea53..1c1b040 100644
--- a/translate/translate-source-text/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-source-text/01.md
@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ When choosing a source text, there are a number of factors that must be consider
* **[The Original and Source Languages](../translate-original/01.md)** – Does the translation team understand the difference between source languages and original languages?
* **[Original Manuscripts](../translate-manuscripts/01.md)** – Does the translation team understand about Original Manuscripts and [Textual Variants](../translate-textvariants/01.md)?
-It is important that the leaders of the churches in the language group agree that the source text is a good one. The Open Bible Stories are available in many source languages on http://ufw.io/stories/. There are also translations of the Bible there to be used as sources for translation in English, and soon, Other Languages, as well.
\ No newline at end of file
+It is important that the leaders of the churches in the language group agree that the source text is a good one. The Open Bible Stories are available in many source languages on http://ufw.io/stories/. There are also translations of the Bible there to be used as sources for translation in English, and soon, Other Languages, as well.
diff --git a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md
index 2ea345e..e193138 100644
--- a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
### Description
-A symbolic action is something that someone does in order to express a certain idea. For example, in some cultures people nod their heads up and down to mean "yes" or turn their heads from side to side to mean "no." Symbolic actions do not mean the same things in all cultures. In the Bible, sometimes people perform symbolic actions and sometimes they only refer to the symbolic action.
+A symbolic action is something that someone does in order to express a certain idea. For example, in some cultures people nod their heads up and down to mean “yes” or turn their heads from side to side to mean “no.” Symbolic actions do not mean the same things in all cultures. In the Bible, sometimes people perform symbolic actions and sometimes they only refer to the symbolic action.
#### Examples of symbolic actions
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ Meaning of symbolic action: When people wanted someone to welcome them into thei
If people would correctly understand what a symbolic action meant to the people in the Bible, consider using it. If not, here are some strategies for translating it.
-(1) Tell what the person did and why he did it.
-(2) Do not tell what the person did, but tell what he meant.
+(1) Tell what the person did and why he did it.
+(2) Do not tell what the person did, but tell what he meant.
(3) Use an action from your own culture that has the same meaning. Do this only in poetry, parables, and sermons. Do not do this when there actually was a person who did a specific action.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -38,21 +38,21 @@ If people would correctly understand what a symbolic action meant to the people
(1) Tell what the person did and why he did it.
> And **falling at the feet of Jesus** (Luke 8:41 ULT)
->
+>
> > Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet in order to show that he greatly respected him.
> Look, I am **standing at the door and am knocking**. (Revelation 3:20 ULT)
->
+>
> > Look, I stand at the door and knock on it, asking you to let me in.
(2) Do not tell what the person did, but tell what he meant.
-> And **falling at the feet of Jesus** (Luke 8:41 ULT)
->
+> And **falling at the feet of Jesus** (Luke 8:41 ULT)
+>
> > Jairus showed Jesus great respect.
-> Look, I am **standing at the door and am knocking**. (Revelation 3:20 ULT)
->
+> Look, I am **standing at the door and am knocking**. (Revelation 3:20 ULT)
+>
> > Look, I stand at the door and ask you to let me in.
(3) Use an action from your own culture that has the same meaning.
@@ -60,5 +60,5 @@ If people would correctly understand what a symbolic action meant to the people
> And **falling at the feet of Jesus** (Luke 8:41 ULT) – Since Jairus actually did this, you should not substitute an action from your own culture.
> Look, I am **standing at the door and am knocking**. (Revelation 3:20 ULT) – Jesus was not standing at a real door. Rather he was speaking about wanting to have a relationship with people. So in cultures where it is polite to clear one’s throat when wanting to be let into a house, you could use that.
->
-> > Look, I stand at the door and clear my throat.
\ No newline at end of file
+>
+> > Look, I stand at the door and clear my throat.
diff --git a/translate/translate-terms/01.md b/translate/translate-terms/01.md
index f48d55a..68fa8dc 100644
--- a/translate/translate-terms/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-terms/01.md
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@
**Modifier** – A kind of word that says something about another word. Adjectives and adverbs are modifiers.
-**Adjective** – A kind of word that says something about a noun. For example, the word “tall” says something about the noun “man” in the sentence "I see a tall man."
+**Adjective** – A kind of word that says something about a noun. For example, the word “tall” says something about the noun “man” in the sentence “I see a tall man.”
-**Adverb** – A kind of word that says something about a verb. For example, the word “loudly” says something about the verb “spoke” in the sentence "The man spoke loudly to the crowd of people."
+**Adverb** – A kind of word that says something about a verb. For example, the word “loudly” says something about the verb “spoke” in the sentence “The man spoke loudly to the crowd of people.”
**Idiom** – An expression that uses several words and that means something different as a whole than it would if the words were understood with the meanings that they have when they are used separately. Idioms cannot be translated literally, that is, based on the meanings of the separate words. For example, “he kicked the bucket” is an idiom in English that means “he died.”
@@ -53,4 +53,4 @@
**End-user Bible** – This is a Bible that people have translated so that it speaks in a natural way in the target language. It is meant to be used in churches and homes. In contrast, the ULT and UST are Bibles that are translation tools. They do not speak naturally in any language because the ULT is a literal translation and the UST avoids using idioms and figures of speech which a natural translation would use. Using these translation tools, a translator can produce an end-user Bible.
-**Participant** – A participant is one of the actors in a sentence. This could be a person doing the action, or a person that is receiving the action, or a person mentioned as participating in some way. A participant could even be an object that is stated as participating in the action of the sentence. For example, in the following sentence, the participants are bolded: **John** and **Mary** sent **a letter** to **Andrew**. Sometimes participants are left unstated, but they are still part of the action. In these cases, the participant is implied. For example, in the following sentence, there are only two participants stated: **Andrew** received **a letter**. The senders, John and Mary, are implied. In some languages, the implied participants must be stated.
\ No newline at end of file
+**Participant** – A participant is one of the actors in a sentence. This could be a person doing the action, or a person that is receiving the action, or a person mentioned as participating in some way. A participant could even be an object that is stated as participating in the action of the sentence. For example, in the following sentence, the participants are bolded: **John** and **Mary** sent **a letter** to **Andrew**. Sometimes participants are left unstated, but they are still part of the action. In these cases, the participant is implied. For example, in the following sentence, there are only two participants stated: **Andrew** received **a letter**. The senders, John and Mary, are implied. In some languages, the implied participants must be stated.
diff --git a/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md b/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md
index 87f145b..f51be1f 100644
--- a/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md
@@ -11,20 +11,20 @@ Translators are encouraged to translate the text in the ULT and to write about a
Matthew 18:10-11 ULT has a footnote about verse 11.
> 10 See that you do not despise one of these little ones. For I say to you that in heaven their angels always look on the face of my Father who is in heaven. 11 [1]
->
+>
> [1] Many authorities, some ancient, insert v. 11. **For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost.**
John 7:53-8:11 is not in the best earliest manuscripts. It has been included in the ULT, but it is marked off with square brackets ([ ]) at the beginning and end, and there is a footnote after verse 11.
-> 53 [Then everyone went to his own house.… 11 She said, “No one, Lord.” Jesus said, “Neither do I condemn you. Go and sin no more."] [2]
->
+> 53 [Then everyone went to his own house.… 11 She said, “No one, Lord.” Jesus said, “Neither do I condemn you. Go and sin no more.”] [2]
+>
> [2] Some ancient manuscripts include John 7:53-8:11
### Translation Strategies
When there is a textual variant, you may choose to follow the ULT or another version that you have access to.
-(1) Translate the verses that the ULT does and include the footnote that the ULT provides.
+(1) Translate the verses that the ULT does and include the footnote that the ULT provides.
(2) Translate the verses as another version does, and change the footnote so that it fits this situation.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ The translation strategies are applied to Mark 7:14-16 ULT, which has a footnote
(1) Translate the verses that the ULT does and include the footnote that the ULT provides.
> 14 He called the crowd again and said to them, “Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15 There is nothing from outside the man that can defile him when it enters into him. But the things that come out of the man are the things that defile the man.” 16[1]
->
+>
> > Some ancient manuscripts include verse 16. If any man has ears to hear, let him hear.
-
+
(2) Translate the verses as another version does, and change the footnote so that it fits this situation.
-> 14 He called the crowd again and said to them, “Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside the man that can defile him when it enters into him. But the things that come out of the man are the things that defile the man." 16 If any man has ears to hear, let him hear." [1]
->
-> > [1] Some ancient manuscripts include verse 16.
\ No newline at end of file
+> 14 He called the crowd again and said to them, “Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside the man that can defile him when it enters into him. But the things that come out of the man are the things that defile the man.” 16 If any man has ears to hear, let him hear.” [1]
+>
+> > [1] Some ancient manuscripts include verse 16.
diff --git a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md
index 1b0fcf4..f6edfa7 100755
--- a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ There are several things to be aware of when borrowing words from another langua
There are several ways to borrow a word.
-(1) If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language.
-(2) You can spell the word as the Other Language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters.
-(3) You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the Other Language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language.
+(1) If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language.
+(2) You can spell the word as the Other Language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters.
+(3) You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the Other Language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -52,4 +52,8 @@ There are several ways to borrow a word.
> > “Sefanaia”
-> > “Sefanaya”
\ No newline at end of file
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+>> “Sefanaya”
+=======
+> > “Sefanaya”
+>>>>>>> master
diff --git a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md
index 8fe865f..cb235e4 100644
--- a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ People in many parts of the world have not seen snow, but they may have seen it
Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language:
-(1) Use a phrase that describes what the unknown item is, or what is important about the unknown item for the verse being translated.
-(2) Substitute something similar from your language if doing so does not falsely represent a historical fact.
-(3) Copy the word from another language, and add a general word or descriptive phrase to help people understand it.
-(4) Use a word that is more general in meaning.
+(1) Use a phrase that describes what the unknown item is, or what is important about the unknown item for the verse being translated.
+(2) Substitute something similar from your language if doing so does not falsely represent a historical fact.
+(3) Copy the word from another language, and add a general word or descriptive phrase to help people understand it.
+(4) Use a word that is more general in meaning.
(5) Use a word or phrase that is more specific in meaning.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -64,15 +64,15 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language:
“Ravenous wolves” is part of a metaphor here, so the reader needs to know that they are very dangerous to sheep in order to understand this metaphor. (If sheep are also unknown, then you will need to also use one of the translation strategies to translate sheep, or change the metaphor to something else, using a translation strategy for metaphors. See [Translating Metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md).)
> “We have nothing here except five **loaves of bread** and two fish.” (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
->
+>
> > We have nothing here except five **loaves of baked grain seeds** and two fish.
(2) Substitute something similar from your language if doing so does not falsely represent a historical fact.
> Your sins … will be white like **snow.** (Isaiah 1:18b ULT) This verse is not about snow. It uses snow in a figure of speech to help people understand how white something will be.
->
-> > Your sins … will be white like **milk**.
-> >
+>
+> > Your sins … will be white like **milk**.
+> >
> > Your sins … will be white like **the moon**.
(3) Copy the word from another language, and add a general word or descriptive phrase to help people understand it.
@@ -81,21 +81,21 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language:
> > Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with **a medicine called myrrh**. But he refused to drink it.
> “We have nothing here except five **loaves of bread** and two fish.” (Matthew 14:17 ULT) – People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked).
->
+>
> > We have nothing here except five loaves of **baked crushed seed bread** and two fish.
(4) Use a word that is more general in meaning.
> I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for **jackals** (Jeremiah 9:11a ULT)
->
+>
> > I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for **wild dogs**
> “We have nothing here except five **loaves of bread** and two fish.” (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
->
+>
> > We have nothing here except five **loaves of baked food** and two fish.
(5) Use a word or phrase that is more specific in meaning.
> … to him who made **great lights** … (Psalm 136:7a ULT)
->
-> > to him who made **the sun and the moon**
\ No newline at end of file
+>
+> > to him who made **the sun and the moon**
diff --git a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md
index d8a758d..11904e0 100644
--- a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md
@@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ See how to mark verses in [translationStudio](http://help.door43.org/en/knowledg
(1) If information from one verse is put before information from an earlier verse, then combine the verses and put the verse numbers before the first verse with a hyphen between them.
> 2 You must select three cities for yourself in the middle of your land that Yahweh your God is giving you to possess. 3 You must build a road and divide the borders of your land into three parts, the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit, so that everyone who kills another person may flee there. (Deuteronomy 19:2-3 ULT)
->
-> 2-3 You must divide into three parts the land that he is giving to you. Then select a city in each part. You must make good roads in order that people can get to those cities easily. Someone who kills another person can escape to one of those cities to be safe. (Deuteronomy 19:2-3 UST)
\ No newline at end of file
+>
+> 2-3 You must divide into three parts the land that he is giving to you. Then select a city in each part. You must make good roads in order that people can get to those cities easily. Someone who kills another person can escape to one of those cities to be safe. (Deuteronomy 19:2-3 UST)
diff --git a/translate/translation-difficulty/01.md b/translate/translation-difficulty/01.md
index feeee7d..48c43c4 100644
--- a/translate/translation-difficulty/01.md
+++ b/translate/translation-difficulty/01.md
@@ -82,6 +82,6 @@ Ultimately, the church needs to decide what they want to translate, and in what
* because the translation and checking teams can learn so much about translating the Bible by translating Open Bible Stories
-* because of the immense value that the translated Open Bible Stories gives to the local church.
+* because of the immense value that the translated Open Bible Stories gives to the local church.
-After translating Open Bible Stories, the church will need to decide if it would be more beneficial to start with how everything began (Genesis, Exodus) or with Jesus (New Testament gospels). In either case, we recommend starting Bible translation with some of the Difficulty Level 2 and 3 books (like Genesis, Ruth, and Mark). Finally, after the translation team has a lot of experience, then they can start translating Difficulty Level 4 and 5 books (like John, Hebrews, and Psalms). If the translation team follows this schedule, they will make better translations with far fewer mistakes.
\ No newline at end of file
+After translating Open Bible Stories, the church will need to decide if it would be more beneficial to start with how everything began (Genesis, Exodus) or with Jesus (New Testament gospels). In either case, we recommend starting Bible translation with some of the Difficulty Level 2 and 3 books (like Genesis, Ruth, and Mark). Finally, after the translation team has a lot of experience, then they can start translating Difficulty Level 4 and 5 books (like John, Hebrews, and Psalms). If the translation team follows this schedule, they will make better translations with far fewer mistakes.
diff --git a/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md b/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md
index 64280c0..2a48377 100644
--- a/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md
@@ -54,4 +54,4 @@ The following passage shows the use of the past tense to refer to past events. T
The following passage shows the future tense and different uses of the past tense. The bolded verbs are examples of the predictive past, where the past tense is used to show that the events certainly will happen.
-> The gloom will be dispelled from her who was in anguish. In an earlier time he humiliated the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but in the later time he will make it glorious, the way to the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations. The people who walked in darkness **have seen** a great light; those who have lived in the land of the shadow of death, the light **has shone** on them. (Isaiah 9:1-2 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+> The gloom will be dispelled from her who was in anguish. In an earlier time he humiliated the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but in the later time he will make it glorious, the way to the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations. The people who walked in darkness **have seen** a great light; those who have lived in the land of the shadow of death, the light **has shone** on them. (Isaiah 9:1-2 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md
index ef95f11..ac043ff 100644
--- a/translate/writing-background/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Peter and John went on a hunting trip because **their village was going to have
Background information often tells about something that had happened earlier or something that would happen much later. Examples of these are: “their village was going to have a feast the next day,” “He once killed three wild pigs in one day,” and “that they had brought with them.”
-Often background information uses “be” verbs like “was” and “were,” rather than action verbs. Examples of these are "their village was going to have a feast the next day," and “Peter **was** the best hunter in the village.”
+Often background information uses “be” verbs like “was” and “were,” rather than action verbs. Examples of these are “their village was going to have a feast the next day,” and “Peter **was** the best hunter in the village.”
Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that this information is not part of the event line of the story. In this story, some of these words are “because,” “once,” and “had.”
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that t
The first sentence tells about two events. Hagar gave birth and Abraham named his son. The second sentence is background information about how old Abram was when those things happened.
> And Jesus himself, when he began to teach, **was about 30 years of age**. He **was the son** (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULT)
->
+>
> And Jesus himself was beginning about 30 years old. He was the son (as it was assumed) of Joseph, of Heli,
The verses before this tell about when Jesus was baptized. This sentence introduces background information about Jesus’ age and ancestors. The story resumes in chapter 4 where it tells about Jesus going to the wilderness.
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ These verses give the setting of the story. The events took place in a grain fie
To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell stories in your language. Observe how your language marks background information. You may need to write down some stories in order to study this. Observe what kinds of verbs your language uses for background information and what kinds of words or other markers signal that something is background information. Do these same things when you translate, so that your translation is clear and natural and people can understand it easily.
-(1) Use your language’s way of showing that certain information is background information.
+(1) Use your language’s way of showing that certain information is background information.
(2) Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. (This is not always possible when the background information is very long.)
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -68,11 +68,15 @@ The bolded phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping v
(2) Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first.
> Hagar gave birth to Abram’s son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. **Abram was 86 years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram**. (Genesis 16:16 ULT)
->
+>
> > “**When Abram was 86 years old**, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael.”
> Therefore, also exhorting many other things, he preached the good news to the people. But Herod the tetrarch, **having been rebuked by him concerning Herodias, the wife of his brother,** and **concerning all the evil things that Herod had done**, added even this to them all: He locked John up in prison. (Luke 3:18-20 ULT)
The translation below reorders John’s rebuke and Herod’s actions.
-> > “Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother’s wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.”
\ No newline at end of file
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+>> “Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother’s wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.”
+=======
+> > “Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother’s wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.”
+>>>>>>> master
diff --git a/translate/writing-decisions/01.md b/translate/writing-decisions/01.md
index 4b78c81..c14d2ad 100644
--- a/translate/writing-decisions/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-decisions/01.md
@@ -9,4 +9,3 @@ These questions will give the wider community an understanding of some of the pr
* What guidelines have you followed for indicating verse numbering, quoted speech and Old Testament quotations? (Are you following the style of the national language? What variations have you decided to use to suit your language?)
* What guidelines have you followed in writing names in the Bible? Do you use the names written in the national language Bible? Do you have guidelines from your own language as to how names are pronounced and if they need added titles? Has this decision been acceptable to the community?
* Have you taken note of any spelling rules for your language that you would like to share with others, such as where a word changes its form or two words combine? Are these rules acceptable to the community?
-
diff --git a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md
index 707fdc6..de4ca20 100644
--- a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information
### Examples From the Bible
-* To summarize the story
+* To summarize the story
> Then the rest of the men should follow, some on planks, and some on other things from the ship. **In this way it happened that all of us were brought safely to the land.** (Acts 27:44 ULT)
* To give a comment about what happened in the story
-> Many of those who practiced magical arts brought their books together and burned them in the sight of everyone. Then they counted the value of them, and found it was 50,000 pieces of silver. **So the word of the Lord was spreading and prevailing with power.** (Acts 19:19-20 ULT)
+> Many of those who practiced magical arts brought their books together and burned them in the sight of everyone. Then they counted the value of them, and found it was 50,000 pieces of silver. **So the word of the Lord was spreading and prevailing with power.** (Acts 19:19-20 ULT)
* To tell the reader what happens to a specific character after the main part of the story ends
@@ -47,4 +47,4 @@ Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information
* To tell what happens after the story as a result of the events that happened in the story itself
-> “Woe to you, experts in the Jewish law, because you have taken away the key of knowledge; you do not enter in yourselves, and you hinder those who are entering.” **After he went from there, the scribes and the Pharisees began to fiercely oppose him and argued against him about many things, lying in wait to trap him in something from his mouth.** (Luke 11:52-54 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+> “Woe to you, experts in the Jewish law, because you have taken away the key of knowledge; you do not enter in yourselves, and you hinder those who are entering.” **After he went from there, the scribes and the Pharisees began to fiercely oppose him and argued against him about many things, lying in wait to trap him in something from his mouth.** (Luke 11:52-54 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/writing-intro/01.md b/translate/writing-intro/01.md
index deb1244..bbb0459 100644
--- a/translate/writing-intro/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-intro/01.md
@@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ Languages have different ways of using these different discourse features. The t
1. **[Pronouns – When to Use Them](../writing-pronouns/01.md)** – Languages have patterns for how frequently to use pronouns. If that pattern is not followed, wrong meaning can result.
1. **[End of Story](../writing-endofstory/01.md)** – Stories can end with various kinds of information. Languages have different ways of showing how that information is related to the story.
1. **[Quotations and Quote Margins](../writing-quotations/01.md)** – Languages have different ways of reporting what someone said.
-1. **[Connecting Words](../grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md)** – Languages have patterns for how to use connecting words (such as “and,” “but,” or “then”).
\ No newline at end of file
+1. **[Connecting Words](../grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md)** – Languages have patterns for how to use connecting words (such as “and,” “but,” or “then”).
diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md
index 25f5832..8c075c3 100644
--- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md
@@ -40,37 +40,37 @@ Verse 6 is a statement of the events that happen in the rest of chapter 7. Chapt
If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to your readers, consider translating it as it is in the ULT or UST. If not, consider one of these strategies:
-(1) Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it.
-(2) If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase to fill in that information, such as: “another time” or “someone.”
-(3) If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language’s way of showing that it is a summary.
+(1) Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it.
+(2) If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase to fill in that information, such as: “another time” or “someone.”
+(3) If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language’s way of showing that it is a summary.
(4) If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, indicate that the event would actually happen later in the story.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it.
-> Now there was **a man from the** **Pharisees whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader**. This man came to Jesus at night. (John 3:1-2a ULT)
->
+> Now there was **a man from the** **Pharisees whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader**. This man came to Jesus at night. (John 3:1-2a ULT)
+>
> > There was a **man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council**. One night he came to Jesus.
> > One night **a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council**, came to Jesus.
-> As he passed by, **he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, sitting** at the tax collector's tent, and he said to him … (Mark 2:14a ULT)
->
-> > As he passed by, **Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting** at the tax collector's tent. Jesus saw him and and said to him …
+> As he passed by, **he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, sitting** at the tax collector’s tent, and he said to him … (Mark 2:14a ULT)
+>
+> > As he passed by, **Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting** at the tax collector’s tent. Jesus saw him and and said to him …
-> > As he passed by, **there was a man sitting** at the tax collector's tent. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him …
+> > As he passed by, **there was a man sitting** at the tax collector’s tent. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him …
-> > As he passed by, **there was a tax collector** sitting at the tax collector's tent. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him …
+> > As he passed by, **there was a tax collector** sitting at the tax collector’s tent. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him …
-(2) If readers would expect certain information, but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as "another time," or "someone."
+(2) If readers would expect certain information, but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as “another time,” or “someone.”
> Noah was 600 years old when the flood came upon the earth. (Genesis 7:6 ULT) – If people expect to be told something about when the new event happened, the phrase “after that” can help them see that it happened after the events already mentioned.
->
+>
> > **After that**, when Noah was 600 years old, the flood came upon the earth.
> **Again he began** to teach beside the sea. (Mark 4:1a ULT) – In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone’s house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the sea.
->
+>
> > **Another time** Jesus began to teach people again beside the sea.
> > Jesus went to the sea and **began to teach people again** there.
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to
(3) If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language’s way of showing that it is a summary.
> Noah was 600 years old when the flood came upon the earth. (Genesis 7:6 ULT)
->
+>
> > **Now this is what happened when** Noah was 600 years old and the flood came upon the earth.
> > **This part tells about what happened when** the flood came upon the earth. It happened when Noah was 600 years old.
@@ -86,5 +86,5 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to
(4) If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event will actually happen later in the story.
> Noah was 600 years old when the flood came upon the earth. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULT)
->
-> > **Now this is what happened when** Noah was 600 years old. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because **God had said that the waters of the flood would come**.
\ No newline at end of file
+>
+> > **Now this is what happened when** Noah was 600 years old. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because **God had said that the waters of the flood would come**.
diff --git a/translate/writing-participants/01.md b/translate/writing-participants/01.md
index 53f8a47..165abfa 100644
--- a/translate/writing-participants/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-participants/01.md
@@ -44,26 +44,26 @@ Some languages place an affix on the verb that tells something about the subject
### Translation Strategies
-(1) If the participant is new, use one of your language’s ways of introducing new participants.
-(2) If it is not clear to whom a pronoun refers, use a noun phrase or name.
+(1) If the participant is new, use one of your language’s ways of introducing new participants.
+(2) If it is not clear to whom a pronoun refers, use a noun phrase or name.
(3) If an old participant is referred to by name or a noun phrase, and people wonder if this is another new participant, try using a pronoun instead. If a pronoun is not needed because people would understand it clearly from the context, then leave out the pronoun.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) If the participant is new, use one of your language’s ways of introducing new participants.
-> Then Joseph, who was called Barnabas by the apostles (which is translated as Son of Encouragement), a Levite from Cyprus by birth …(Acts 4:36-37 ULT) – Starting the sentence with Joseph’s name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages.
->
+> Then Joseph, who was called Barnabas by the apostles (which is translated as Son of Encouragement), a Levite from Cyprus by birth … (Acts 4:36-37 ULT) – Starting the sentence with Joseph’s name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages.
+>
> > There was a man from Cyprus who was a Levite. His name was Joseph, and he was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of Encouragement). There was a Levite from Cyprus whose name was Joseph. The apostles gave him the name Barnabas, which means Son of encouragement.
(2) If it is not clear who a pronoun refers to, use a noun phrase or name.
> And it happened that when he was praying in a certain place, when he stopped, one of his disciples said to him, “Lord, teach us to pray just as John also taught his disciples.” Luke 11:1 ULT) – Since this is the first verse in a chapter, readers might wonder who “he” refers to.
->
+>
> > It happened when **Jesus** finished praying in a certain place, that one of his disciples said, “Lord, teach us to pray just as John taught his disciples.
(3) If an old participant is referred to by name or a noun phrase, and people wonder if this is another new participant, try using a pronoun instead. If a pronoun is not needed because people would understand it clearly from the context, then leave out the pronoun.
> Joseph’s master took Joseph and put him in prison, in the place where all the king’s prisoners were put, and Joseph stayed there. (Genesis 39:20) – Since Joseph is the main person in the story, some languages might prefer the pronoun.
->
-> > Joseph’s master took **him** and put **him** in prison, in the place where all the king’s prisoners were put, and **he** stayed there in the prison.
\ No newline at end of file
+>
+> > Joseph’s master took **him** and put **him** in prison, in the place where all the king’s prisoners were put, and **he** stayed there in the prison.
diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md
index 5ed8d8d..843c32c 100644
--- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language
* lines of similar length.
> Listen to my call to you,
->
+>
> Yahweh; think about my groanings.
->
+>
> Listen to the sound of my call, my King and my God,
->
+>
> for it is to you that I pray. (Psalm 5:1-2 ULT)
* the same sound used at the end or at the beginning of two or more lines
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language
* the same sound repeated many times
> “Peter, Peter, pumpkin eater” (from an English rhyme)
->
+>
> We also find:
->
+>
> * old words and expressions
> * dramatic imagery
> * different use of grammar – including:
@@ -68,18 +68,18 @@ This example of parallelism shows the contrast between what David wants God to d
This example of personification speaks of sins as if they could rule over a person. (See [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md).)
-> Oh, give thanks to Yahweh; for he is good,
->
+> Oh, give thanks to Yahweh; for he is good,
+>
> for his covenant faithfulness endures forever.
->
+>
> Oh, give thanks to the God of gods,
->
+>
> for his covenant faithfulness endures forever.
->
+>
> Oh, give thanks to the Lord of lords,
->
+>
> for his covenant faithfulness endures forever.
->
+>
> (Psalm 136:1-3 ULT)
This example repeats the phrases “give thanks” and “his covenant faithfulness endures forever.”
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ This example repeats the phrases “give thanks” and “his covenant faithfuln
If the style of poetry that is used in the source text would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other ways of translating it.
-(1) Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry.
-(2) Translate the poetry using your style of elegant speech.
+(1) Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry.
+(2) Translate the poetry using your style of elegant speech.
(3) Translate the poetry using your style of ordinary speech.
If you use poetry it may be more beautiful.
@@ -112,4 +112,4 @@ The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1-2.
(3) Translate the poetry using your style of ordinary speech.
-> > The people who do not listen to the advice of bad people are really happy. They do not spend time with people who continually do evil things or join with those who do not respect God. Instead, they love to obey Yahweh’s law, and they think about it all the time.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > The people who do not listen to the advice of bad people are really happy. They do not spend time with people who continually do evil things or join with those who do not respect God. Instead, they love to obey Yahweh’s law, and they think about it all the time.
diff --git a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md
index 04e7790..d5c581a 100644
--- a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md
@@ -34,16 +34,15 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i
### Translation Strategies
-(1) If it would not be clear to your readers to whom or to what a pronoun refers, use a name or a noun.
-
- (2) If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead.
+(1) If it would not be clear to your readers to whom or to what a pronoun refers, use a name or a noun.
+(2) If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) If it would not be clear to your readers to whom or to what a pronoun refers, use a name or a noun.
> Again **he** walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. Some Pharisees watched **him** to see if **he** would heal the man on the Sabbath. (Mark 3:1-2)
->
+>
> > Again **Jesus** walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. Some Pharisees watched **Jesus** to see if **he** would heal the man on the Sabbath.
(2) If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead.
@@ -52,4 +51,4 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i
This may be translated as:
-> > At that time **Jesus** went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. **His** disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to **him**, “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath. But **he** said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? Then **he** left from there and went into their synagogue.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > At that time **Jesus** went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. **His** disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to **him**, “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath. But **he** said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? Then **he** left from there and went into their synagogue.
diff --git a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md
index 9224ff2..98bbe18 100644
--- a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ This means that Yahweh protects people who do what is right, but he destroys tho
If translating a proverb literally would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider doing that. If not, here are some options:
-(1) Find out how people say proverbs in your language, and use one of those ways.
-(2) If certain objects in the proverb are not known to many people in your language group, consider replacing them with objects that people know and that function in the same way in your language.
-(3) Substitute a proverb in your language that has the same teaching as the proverb in the Bible.
-(4) Give the same teaching but not in a form of a proverb.
+(1) Find out how people say proverbs in your language, and use one of those ways.
+(2) If certain objects in the proverb are not known to many people in your language group, consider replacing them with objects that people know and that function in the same way in your language.
+(3) Substitute a proverb in your language that has the same teaching as the proverb in the Bible.
+(4) Give the same teaching but not in a form of a proverb.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -67,19 +67,23 @@ Here are some ideas for ways that people might say a proverb in their language.
(3) Substitute a proverb in your language that has the same teaching as the proverb in the Bible.
> Do not boast about tomorrow,
->
+>
> for you do not know what a day may bring. (Proverbs 27:1a ULT)
->
+>
> > Do not count your chickens before they hatch.
(4) Give the same teaching but not in a form of a proverb.
> There is a generation that curses their father
->
+>
> and does not bless their mother.
->
+>
> There is a generation that is pure in their own eyes,
->
+>
> and yet they are not washed of their filth. (Proverbs 30:11-12 ULT)
-> > People who do not respect their parents think that they are righteous, and they do not turn away from their sin.
\ No newline at end of file
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+>> People who do not respect their parents think that they are righteous, and they do not turn away from their sin.
+=======
+> > People who do not respect their parents think that they are righteous, and they do not turn away from their sin.
+>>>>>>> master
diff --git a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md
index 1a98dba..c1545cd 100644
--- a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md
@@ -44,27 +44,27 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
### Translation Strategies
-(1) Decide where to put the quote margin.
+(1) Decide where to put the quote margin.
(2) Decide whether to use one or two words meaning “said.”
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Decide where to put the quote margin.
-> **He said**, “Therefore, those among you who are leaders should go down with us. If there is something wrong with the man, let them accuse him.”(Acts 25:5 ULT)
->
-> > “Therefore, those who can should go there with us," **he said**. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
+> **He said**, “Therefore, those among you who are leaders should go down with us. If there is something wrong with the man, let them accuse him.” (Acts 25:5 ULT)
+>
+> > “Therefore, those who can should go there with us,” **he said**. “If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
> > “Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him,” **he said**.
-> > “Therefore, those who can," **he said**, should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
+> > “Therefore, those who can,” **he said**, “should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
(2) Decide whether to use one or two words meaning “said.”
> But his mother **answered and said**, “No. Rather, he will be called John.” (Luke 1:60 ULT)
->
+>
> > But his mother **replied**, “No. Rather, he will be called John.”
> > But his mother **said**, “No. Rather, he will be called John.”
-> > But his mother **answered** like this. “No. Rather, he will be called John,” she **said**.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > But his mother **answered** like this. “No. Rather, he will be called John,” she **said**.
diff --git a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md
index ebef16a..3ab9256 100644
--- a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ The meaning of the bolded symbols is explained in Daniel 7:23-24 as shown below.
> This is what that person said, ‘As for the fourth animal, it will be **a fourth kingdom** on earth that will be different from all the other kingdoms. It will devour the whole earth, and it will trample it down and break it into pieces. As for the ten horns, out of this kingdom **ten kings** will arise, and another will arise after them. He will be different from the previous ones, and he will conquer the three kings. (Daniel 7:23-24 ULT)
> I turned around to see the voice that was speaking to me, and as I turned I saw **seven golden lampstands**. In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a son of man … He had **seven stars** in his right hand and **a sword with two sharp edges** was coming out of his mouth. As for the hidden meaning about the seven stars that you saw in my right hand, and the seven golden lampstands: **The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches**, and **the seven lampstands are the seven churches**. (Revelation 1:12-13a, 16a, 20 ULT)
->
+>
>
This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. The two-edged sword represents God’s word and judgment.
### Translation Strategies
-(1) Translate the text with the symbols. Often the speaker or author explains the meaning later in the passage.
+(1) Translate the text with the symbols. Often the speaker or author explains the meaning later in the passage.
(2) Translate the text with the symbols. Then explain the symbols in footnotes.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -53,6 +53,12 @@ This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. T
> The footnotes would look like:
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+>> [1] The animal is a symbol for a kingdom.
+>> [2] The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom’s powerful army.
+>> [3] The horns are a symbol of powerful kings.
+=======
> > [1] The animal is a symbol for a kingdom.
> > [2] The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom’s powerful army.
-> > [3] The horns are a symbol of powerful kings.
\ No newline at end of file
+> > [3] The horns are a symbol of powerful kings.
+>>>>>>> master