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@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ Listed below are different types of Figures of Speech. If you would like additio
* **[Merism](../figs-merism/01.md)** - Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by listing some of its parts or by speaking of two extreme parts of it.
* **[Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md)** - A metaphor is a figure in which one concept is used in place of another, unrelated concept. This invites the hearer to think of what the unrelated concepts have in common. That is, metaphor is an implied comparison between two unrelated things.
* **[Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md)** - A metaphor is a figure of speech in which one concept is used in place of another, unrelated concept. This invites the hearer to think of what the unrelated concepts have in common. That is, metaphor is an implied comparison between two unrelated things.
* **[Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md)** - Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. A metonym is a word or phrase used as a substitute for something it is associated with.
* **[Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md)** - In parallelism two phrases or clauses that are similar in structure or idea are used together. It is found throughout the whole of the Hebrew Bible, most commonly in the poetry of the books of Psalms and Proverbs.
* **[Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)** - Personification is a figure in which an idea or something that is not human is referred to as if it were a person and could do the things that people do or have the qualities that people have.
* **[Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)** - Personification is a figure of speech in which an idea or something that is not human is referred to as if it were a person and could do the things that people do or have the qualities that people have.
* **[Predictive Past](../figs-pastforfuture/01.md)** - The predictive past is a form that some languages use to refer to things that will happen in the future. This is sometimes done in prophecy to show that the event will certainly happen.

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#### Description
Alternate meanings refer to when Bible scholars have different understandings of what a word or phrase means.
Alternate meanings refer to situations where Bible scholars have different understandings of what a word or phrase means.
The note will have the ULT text followed by an explanation starting with the words “Possible meanings are.” The meanings are numbered, and the first one is the one that most Bible scholars consider to be correct. If a meaning is given in a way that it can be used as a translation, it will have quote marks around it.
The note will have the ULT text followed by an explanation starting with the words “Possible meanings are.” The meanings are numbered, and the first one is the one that Bible scholars consider the most likely to be correct. If a meaning is given in a way that it can be used as a translation, it will have quote marks around it.
The translator needs to decide which meaning to translate. Translators may choose the first meaning, or they may choose one of the other meanings if the people in their community use and respect another Bible version that has one of those other meanings.
In these cases, you (the translator) need to decide which meaning to translate. Translators may choose the first meaning, or they may choose one of the other meanings if the people in their community use and respect another Bible version that has one of those other meanings.
### Translation Notes Examples
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ The translator needs to decide which meaning to translate. Translators may choos
* **the folds of your robe** -- Possible meanings are 1) “the cloth on your arms” (“your sleeves”) (UST) or 2) “the end of the cloth on your robe” (“your hem”) or 3) the fold in the garment where it is tucked into the belt.
This note has the ULT text followed by three possible meanings. The word translated by “the folds of your robe” refers to the loose parts of the robe. Most scholars believe it refers here to the sleeves, but it could also refer to the loose part at the bottom or also to the folds in the middle, around the belt.
This note has the ULT text followed by three possible meanings. The word translated as “the folds of your robe” refers to the loose parts of the robe. Most scholars believe it refers here to the sleeves, but it could also refer to the loose part at the bottom or also to the folds in the middle, around the belt.
> But Simon Peter, when he saw it, <u>fell down at Jesus’ knees</u> (Luke 5:8 ULT)

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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ In order to translate the meaning, you need to be able to recognize the figure o
* **in my name** - Possible meanings are 1) AT: “claiming my authority” or 2) “claiming that God sent them.” (See: [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [Idiom](../figs-idiom/01.md))
The figure of speech in this Note is called a metonymy. The phrase “in my name” does not refer to the speaker’s name (Jesus), but to his person and authority. The Note explains the metonymy in this passage by giving two alternate translations. After that, there is a link to the UTA page about metonymy. Click on the link to learn about metonymy and general strategies for translating metonymys. Because this phrase is also a common idiom, the Note includes a link to the UTA page that explains idioms.
The figure of speech in this Note is called a metonymy. The phrase “in my name” does not refer to the speaker’s name (Jesus), but to his person and authority. (Thus, in this context, the word "name" is a *metonym* for the ideas of "person/authority".) The Note explains the metonymy in this passage by giving two alternate translations. After that, there is a link to the UTA page about metonymy. Click on the link to learn about metonymy and general strategies for translating metonyms. Because this phrase is also a common idiom, the Note includes a link to the UTA page that explains idioms.
> “<u>You offspring of vipers</u>! Who warned you to run away from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULT)

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There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))
When there is a direct or indirect quote in the ULT, the notes may have an option for translating it as the other kind of quote. The translation suggestion may start with “It can be translated as a direct quote:” or “It can be translated as an indirect quote:” and it will be followed by that kind of quote. This will be followed by a link to the information page called “Direct and Indirect Quotations” that explains both kinds of quotations.
When there is a direct or indirect quote in the ULT, the Notes may have an option for translating it as the other kind of quote. The translation suggestion may start with “It can be translated as a direct quote:” or “It can be translated as an indirect quote:” and it will be followed by that kind of quote. This will be followed by a link to the information page called “Direct and Indirect Quotations” that explains both kinds of quotations.
There may be a note about direct and indirect quotes when a quote has another quote inside of it, because these can be confusing. In some languages it may be more natural to translate one of these quotes with a direct quote and the other quote with an indirect quote. The note will end with a link to the information page called “[Quotes within Quotes](../figs-quotesinquotes/01.md).”
There may be a Note about direct and indirect quotes when a quote has another quote inside of it, because these can be confusing. In some languages it may be more natural to translate one of these quotes with a direct quote and the other quote with an indirect quote. The note will end with a link to the information page called “[Quotes within Quotes](../figs-quotesinquotes/01.md).”
### Translation Notes Examples

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* **But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart** - Paul uses a metaphor to compare a person who refuses to obey God to something hard, like a stone. He also uses the metonym “heart” to represent the whole person. AT: “It is because you refuse to listen and repent” (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md) and [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md))
* **hardness and unrepentant heart** - The phrase “unrepentant heart” explains the word “hardness” (See: [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md))
In this example the first note explains the metaphor and the metonymy, and the second explains the doublet in the same passage.
In this example the first note explains the metaphor and the metonym in the longer phrase as a whole, and the second explains the shorter phrase within the longer phrase.

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It is the duty of the translator, to the best of his ability, to make sure that each Bible passage he translates has the meaning that the writer of that Bible passage intended it to communicate. In order to do this, he will need to study translation helps prepared by Bible scholars, including translationQuestions.
As a translator, it is your duty to do your best to make sure that each Bible passage you translate has the meaning that the writer of that Bible passage intended it to communicate. In order to do this, you will need to study translation helps prepared by Bible scholars, including translationQuestions.
The translationQuestions (tQ) are based on the text of the ULT, but they can be used to check any Bible translation. They ask questions about the content of the Bible, which should not change as it is translated into different languages. Along with each question, tQ provides a suggested answer for that question. You can use these sets of questions and answers as a way to check the accuracy of your translation, and you can also use them with members of the language community.
The translationQuestions (tQ) are based on the text of the ULT, but they can be used to check any Bible translation. They ask questions about the *content* of the Bible. This content should not change as it is translated into different languages. Along with each question, tQ provides a suggested answer for that question. You can use these sets of questions and answers as a way to check the accuracy of your translation, and you can also use them with members of the language community.
Using tQ during community checks will help the translator know if the Target Language translation is clearly communicating the right thing. If the community member can correctly answer the questions after hearing the translation of the Bible chapter, then the translation is clear and accurate.
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ In order to use tQ when doing a self-check, follow these steps:
In order to use tQ for a community check, follow these steps:
1. Read the newly completed translation of a Bible chapter to one or more community members.
1. Read the newly-completed translation of a Bible chapter to one or more community members.
1. Tell the listeners to only answer the questions from this translation and to not answer using what they know from other translations of the Bible. This is a test of the translation, not of the people. Because of this, testing the translation with people who do not know the Bible well is very useful.
1. Look at the section called “Questions.”
1. Read the first question entry for that chapter.

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### unfoldingWord® Translation Words
It is the duty of the translator, to the best of his ability, to make sure that each Bible passage he translates has the meaning that the writer of that Bible passage intended it to communicate. In order to do this, he will need to study translation helps prepared by Bible scholars, including the unfoldingWord® Translation Words resource.
As a translator, it is your duty to do your best to make sure that each Bible passage you translate has the meaning that the writer of that Bible passage intended it to communicate. In order to do this, you will need to study translation helps prepared by Bible scholars, including the unfoldingWord® Translation Words resource.
In order to use unfoldingWord® Translation Words, follow these steps:
1. Identify the important words and any words in the source text that are ambiguous or difficult to understand.
1. Identify the important words and any words in the source text that are difficult to understand or have an uncertain meaning.
1. Look at the section called “unfoldingWord® Translation Words.”
1. Find the words that you identified as important or difficult, and click on the first one.
1. Read the unfoldingWord® Translation Words entry for that word.
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Once you have found a good translation for a term, you should use it consistentl
#### Unknown Ideas
Sometimes a word refers to a thing or custom that is unknown in the target language. Possible solutions are to use a descriptive phrase, substitute something similar, use a foreign word from another language, use a more general word or use more specific words. See the lesson on [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for more information.
Sometimes a word refers to a thing or custom that is unknown in the target language. Possible solutions are to use a descriptive phrase, substitute something similar, use a foreign word from another language, use a more general word, or use more specific words. See the lesson on [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for more information.
One kind of ‘unknown idea’ are words that refer to Jewish and Christian religious customs and beliefs. Some common unknown ideas are:
@ -47,6 +47,6 @@ One kind of ‘unknown idea’ are words that refer to Jewish and Christian reli
* Mercy (helping people who are in need)
* Grace (help or regard that is given to someone who has not earned it)
(Notice that all of these are nouns, but they represent events, so they may need to be translated by verb (action) clauses.)
Notice that all of these are nouns, but they represent events, so they may need to be translated by verb (action) clauses.
You may need to discuss the definitions of these unfoldingWord® Translation Words with other members of the translation team or people from your church or village in order to discover the best way to translate them.