@ -600,6 +600,7 @@ LUK 5 8 j67m ἀνὴρ ἁμαρτωλός 1 a sinful man The word here for
LUK 5 9 c2eh τῇ ἄγρᾳ τῶν ἰχθύων 1 the catch of fish “the large number of fish”
LUK 5 10 k4ft κοινωνοὶ τῷ Σίμωνι 1 partners with Simon “Simon’s partners in his fishing business”
LUK 5 10 u6zs figs-metaphor ἀνθρώπους ἔσῃ ζωγρῶν 1 you will be catching men The image of catching fish is being used as a metaphor for gathering people to follow Christ. Alternate translation: “you will fish for people” or “you will gather people for me” or “you will bring people to be my disciples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LUK 5 11 abca τὴν γῆν 1 the land "the shore"
LUK 5 12 sta8 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus heals a leper in a different city that is not named.
LUK 5 12 j1xy writing-newevent καὶ ἐγένετο 1 It came about that This phrase marks a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
LUK 5 12 r35h writing-participants ἀνὴρ πλήρης λέπρας 1 a man full of leprosy “a man who was covered with leprosy.” This introduces a new character in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
@ -607,7 +608,8 @@ LUK 5 12 i3zk figs-idiom πεσὼν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον 1 he fell on his
LUK 5 12 m4k2 ἐὰν θέλῃς 1 if you are willing “if you want to”
LUK 5 12 x7ss figs-explicit δύνασαί με καθαρίσαι 1 you can make me clean It is understood that he was asking Jesus to heal him. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “please make me clean, because you are able” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
LUK 5 12 ys5f figs-explicit με καθαρίσαι 1 make me clean This refers to ceremonial cleanness, but it is understood that he is unclean because of the leprosy. He is really asking Jesus to heal him of his disease. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “heal me from leprosy so I will be clean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
LUK 5 13 ziz1 figs-explicit καθαρίσθητι 1 Be clean This refers to ceremonial cleanness, but it is understood that he is unclean because of the leprosy. He is really asking Jesus to heal him of his disease. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Be healed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
LUK 5 13 abc5 figs-imperative καὶ ἐκτείνας τὴν χεῖρα, ἥψατο αὐτοῦ 1 Then he reached out his hand and touched him "Then Jesus reached out his hand and touched the man"
LUK 5 13 ziz1 figs-explicit καθαρίσθητι 1 Be clean This was not a command that the man was supposed to obey. Instead, this was a command that directly caused the man to be healed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
LUK 5 13 l48a ἡ λέπρα ἀπῆλθεν ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 the leprosy left him “he no longer had leprosy”
LUK 5 14 q18t figs-quotations μηδενὶ εἰπεῖν 1 to tell no one This can be translated as a direct quote: “Do not tell anyone” There is implied information that can also be stated explicitly (AT): “do not tell anyone that you have been healed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
LUK 5 14 v1wn προσένεγκε περὶ τοῦ καθαρισμοῦ σου 1 offer a sacrifice for your cleansing The law required a person to make a specific sacrifice after they were healed. This allowed the person to be ceremonially clean, and able to again participate in religious rituals.
@ -621,9 +623,11 @@ LUK 5 17 mb8m writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 it came about This phrase marks
LUK 5 18 cl7s writing-participants καὶ ἰδοὺ, ἄνδρες 1 Now there were some men These are new people in the story. Your language may have a way of showing that these are new people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
LUK 5 18 l9q8 κλίνης 1 a mat sleeping pad or bed or stretcher
LUK 5 18 z2n2 ἦν παραλελυμένος 1 was paralyzed “could not move himself”
LUK 5 18 abc6 ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ 1 in front of him "before Jesus"
LUK 5 19 y491 καὶ μὴ εὑρόντες ποίας εἰσενέγκωσιν αὐτὸν διὰ τὸν ὄχλον 1 When they could not find a way to bring him in because of the crowd In some languages it might be more natural to reorder this. Alternate translation: “But because of the crowd of people, they could not find a way to bring the man inside. So”
LUK 5 19 rkm6 figs-ellipsis διὰ τὸν ὄχλον 1 because of the crowd It is clear that the reason they could not enter was that the crowd was so large that there was no room for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
LUK 5 19 s7bm figs-explicit ἀναβάντες ἐπὶ τὸ δῶμα 1 they went up to the housetop Houses had flat roofs, and some houses had a ladder or staircase outside to make it easy to go up there. This can be stated. Alternate translation: “they went up to the flat roof of the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
LUK 5 19 abc7 καθῆκαν αὐτὸν 1 and let him down "and lowered the man down"
LUK 5 19 l85u ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 in front of Jesus “directly in front of Jesus” or “immediately in front of Jesus”
LUK 5 20 l83a figs-ellipsis καὶ ἰδὼν τὴν πίστιν αὐτῶν εἶπεν 1 Seeing their faith, he said It is understood that they believe Jesus can heal the paralyzed man. This can be stated. Alternate translation: “When Jesus perceived that they believed that he could heal the man, he said to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
LUK 5 20 z4ek ἄνθρωπε 1 Man This is a general word that people used when speaking to a man whose name they did not know. It was not rude, but it also did not show special respect. Some languages might use a word like “friend” or “sir.”
@ -645,9 +649,12 @@ LUK 5 26 f6tp ἐπλήσθησαν φόβου 1 were filled with fear “very
LUK 5 26 s3l6 παράδοξα 1 extraordinary things “amazing things” or “strange things”
LUK 5 27 w3i5 0 Connecting Statement: When Jesus leaves the house, he calls Levi, the Jewish tax collector, to follow him. Jesus annoys the Pharisees and scribes because he attends a big meal that Levi prepares for him.
LUK 5 27 k6r2 writing-newevent καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα 1 After these things happened The phrase “these things” refers to what happened in the previous verses. This signals a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
LUK 5 27 abc8 ἐξῆλθεν 1 he went out "Jesus left there"
LUK 5 27 xf15 ἐθεάσατο τελώνην 1 saw a tax collector “looked at a tax collector with attention” or “looked carefully at a tax collector”
LUK 5 27 b3tr figs-idiom ἀκολούθει μοι 1 Follow me To “follow” someone is to become that person’s disciple. Alternate translation: “Be my disciple” or “Come, follow me as your teacher” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
LUK 5 28 phw9 καταλιπὼν πάντα 1 leaving everything behind “left his work as a tax collector”
LUK 5 28 abc9 αταλιπὼν πάντα, ἀναστὰς 1 leaving everything behind, he got up It may be more natural rearrange the order as, "he got up and left everything."
LUK 5 28 abc0 ἀναστὰς ἠκολούθει αὐτῷ 1 he got up and began to follow him "Levi tot up and began to follow Jesus"
LUK 5 29 t2j7 0 Connecting Statement: At the meal, Jesus speaks with the Pharisees and scribes.
LUK 5 29 g6yt ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ αὐτοῦ 1 in his house “in Levi’s house”
LUK 5 29 ip2m figs-explicit κατακείμενοι 1 reclining at the table The Greek style of eating at a feast was to lie on a couch and prop oneself up with the left arm on some pillows. Alternate translation: “eating together” or “eating at the table” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@ -702,6 +709,7 @@ LUK 6 8 d7zu εἰς τὸ μέσον 1 in the midst of us “in front of every
LUK 6 9 j8y7 πρὸς αὐτούς 1 to them “to the Pharisees”
LUK 6 9 m5yz figs-rquestion ἐπερωτῶ ὑμᾶς, εἰ ἔξεστιν τῷ Σαββάτῳ ἀγαθοποιῆσαι ἢ κακοποιῆσαι, ψυχὴν σῶσαι ἢ ἀπολέσαι? 1 I ask you, is it lawful on the Sabbath to do good or to do harm, to save a life or to destroy it? Jesus asks this question to force the Pharisees to admit that he was right to heal on the Sabbath. The intent of the question is thus rhetorical: to get them to admit what they all know is true rather than to obtain information. However, Jesus says, “I ask you,” so this question is not like other rhetorical questions that might need to be translated as statements. This should be translated as a question. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
LUK 6 9 dc6f ἀγαθοποιῆσαι ἢ κακοποιῆσαι 1 to do good or to do harm “to help someone or to harm someone”
LUK 6 10 abcb περιβλεψάμενος πάντας αὐτοὺς, εἶπεν αὐτῷ 1 he looked around at them all and said to him "Jesus looked around and at them all and said to the man"
LUK 6 10 x77k ἔκτεινον τὴν χεῖρά σου 1 Stretch out your hand “Hold out your hand” or “Extend your hand”
LUK 6 10 hce1 ἀποκατεστάθη 1 was restored healed
LUK 6 12 ay59 0 General Information: Jesus chooses twelve apostles after he prays all night.
@ -716,6 +724,7 @@ LUK 6 15 et48 Ζηλωτὴν 1 the Zealot Possible meanings are 1) “the Zeal
LUK 6 16 g24m figs-explicit ἐγένετο προδότης 1 became a traitor It may be necessary to explain what “traitor” means in this context. Alternate translation: “betrayed his friend” or “turned his friend over to enemies” (usually in return for money paid) or “exposed a friend to danger by telling enemies about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
LUK 6 17 t33z 0 Connecting Statement: Though Jesus especially addresses his disciples, there are many people around who listen.
LUK 6 17 i5gv μετ’ αὐτῶν 1 with them “with the twelve he had chosen” or “with his twelve apostles”
LUK 6 17 abcc figs-hyperbole ἀπὸ πάσης 1 from all This is a generalization. A large number of people came from each of the cities and regions that Luke lists here. Alternate translation: "from all over" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
LUK 6 18 dpj5 figs-activepassive ἰαθῆναι 1 to be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for Jesus to heal them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LUK 6 18 wfm9 figs-activepassive καὶ οἱ ἐνοχλούμενοι ἀπὸ πνευμάτων ἀκαθάρτων ἐθεραπεύοντο 1 Those who were troubled with unclean spirits were also healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Jesus also healed people who were troubled with unclean spirits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LUK 6 18 t8ac οἱ ἐνοχλούμενοι ἀπὸ πνευμάτων ἀκαθάρτων 1 Those who were troubled with unclean spirits “bothered by unclean spirits” or “controlled by evil spirits”
LUK 6 35 ly98 ἔσται ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολύς 1 your reward will be great “you will receive a great reward” or “you will receive good payment” or “you will get good gifts because of it”
LUK 6 35 zw5k ἔσεσθε υἱοὶ Ὑψίστου 1 you will be sons of the Most High It is best to translate “sons” with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to a human son or child.
LUK 6 35 qr5x υἱοὶ Ὑψίστου 1 sons of the Most High Make sure that the word “sons” is plural so it is not confused with Jesus’ title “The Son of the Most High.”
LUK 6 35 ku6l τοὺς ἀχαρίστους καὶ πονηρούς 1 unthankful and evil people “people who do not thank him and who are evil”
LUK 6 35 ku6l figs-abstractnouns τοὺς ἀχαρίστους καὶ πονηρούς 1 the unthankful and evil The words "unthankful" and "evil" are pural abstract nouns. They can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “people who do not thank him and who are evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
LUK 6 36 n28w ὁ Πατὴρ ὑμῶν 1 your Father This refers to God. It is best to translate “Father” with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to a human father.
LUK 6 37 a8c7 καὶ μὴ κρίνετε 1 Do not judge “Do not judge people” or “Do not harshly criticize people”
LUK 6 37 e8fb figs-activepassive οὐ μὴ κριθῆτε 1 you will not be judged Jesus does not say who would not judge. Possible meanings are 1) “God will not judge you” or 2) “no one will judge you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@ -855,7 +864,7 @@ LUK 7 16 wn5b figs-idiom ἐπεσκέψατο 1 has looked upon This idiom mean
LUK 7 17 a7l7 καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὁ λόγος οὗτος…περὶ αὐτοῦ 1 This news about him spread “This news” refers to the things people were saying in verse 16. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People spread this report about Jesus” or “People told others this report about Jesus”
LUK 7 17 g4zt ὁ λόγος οὗτος 1 This news “This report” or “This message”
LUK 7 18 p9nd 0 Connecting Statement: John sends two of his disciples to question Jesus.
LUK 7 18 xt3i writing-newevent ἀπήγγειλαν Ἰωάννῃ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ περὶ πάντων τούτων 1 John’s disciples told him concerning all these things This introduces a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
LUK 7 18 xt3i writing-newevent ἀπήγγειλαν Ἰωάννῃ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ περὶ πάντων τούτων 1 his own disciples reported to John concerning all these things "John’s disciples told John about all these things…" This introduces a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
LUK 7 18 r11g ἀπήγγειλαν Ἰωάννῃ 1 reported to John “told John”
LUK 7 18 jf5m πάντων τούτων 1 all these things “all the things Jesus was doing”
LUK 7 20 ftb7 figs-quotations οἱ ἄνδρες εἶπαν, Ἰωάννης ὁ Βαπτιστὴς ἀπέστειλεν ἡμᾶς πρὸς σὲ λέγων, σὺ εἶ…ἢ ἄλλον προσδοκῶμεν? 1 the men said, “John the Baptist has sent us to you to say, ‘Are you…or should we look for another?’” This sentence can be rewritten so that it only has one direct quote. Alternate translation: “the men said that John the Baptist had sent them to him to ask, ‘Are you the one who is coming, or should we look for another?’” or “the men said, ‘John the Baptist has sent us to you to ask if you are the one who is coming, or if we should look for another.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
LUK 7 23 i5dl καὶ μακάριός ἐστιν ὃς ἐὰν μὴ 1 Blessed is anyone who does not “People who do not…are blessed” or “Anyone who does not…is blessed” or “Whoever does not…is blessed.” This is not a specific person.
LUK 7 23 i7zh figs-doublenegatives μὴ σκανδαλισθῇ ἐν ἐμοί 1 not take offense at me This double negative means “continues to believe in me despite” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
LUK 7 24 k1zb 0 Connecting Statement: Jesus begins to speak to the crowd about John the Baptist. He asks rhetorical questions to lead them to think about what John the Baptist is really like.
LUK 7 24 abcd ἤρξατο 1 he began "Jesus began"
LUK 7 24 h9dw figs-rquestion τί…κάλαμον ὑπὸ ἀνέμου σαλευόμενον? 1 What…A reed shaken by the wind? This expects a negative answer. “Did you go out to see a reed shaken by the wind? Of course not!” It can also be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely you did not go out to see a reed being shaken by the wind!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
LUK 7 24 gbv9 figs-metaphor κάλαμον ὑπὸ ἀνέμου σαλευόμενον 1 A reed shaken by the wind Possible meanings of this metaphor are 1) a person who easily changes his mind, as reeds are easily moved by the wind, or 2) a person who talks a lot but does not say anything important, as reeds rattle when the wind blows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
LUK 7 25 tcp3 figs-rquestion ἀλλὰ τί…ἄνθρωπον ἐν μαλακοῖς ἱματίοις ἠμφιεσμένον? 1 But what…A man dressed in soft clothes? This also expects a negative answer, since John wore rough garments. “Did you go out to see a man dressed in soft clothes? Of course not!” This can also be written as a statement. Alternate translation: You certainly did not go out to see a man dressed in soft clothes!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
@ -1058,6 +1068,7 @@ LUK 8 37 ai7m τῆς περιχώρου τῶν Γερασηνῶν 1 the regi
LUK 8 37 jbh5 figs-activepassive φόβῳ μεγάλῳ συνείχοντο 1 they were overwhelmed with great fear This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they became very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LUK 8 37 ue8c figs-ellipsis ὑπέστρεψεν 1 to return The destination can be stated. Alternate translation: “go back across the lake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
LUK 8 38 s25w ὁ ἀνὴρ 1 The man The events in these verses happened before Jesus left in the boat. It may be helpful to state this clearly at the beginning. Alternate translation: “Before Jesus and his disciples left, the man” or “Before Jesus and his disciples set sail, the man”
LUK 8 38 abce ἀπέλυσεν δὲ αὐτὸν 1 but he sent him away "but Jesus sent the man away"
LUK 8 39 zl3v τὸν οἶκόν σου 1 your home “your household” or “your family”
LUK 8 39 c9nh διηγοῦ ὅσα σοι ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεός 1 describe all that God has done for you “tell them everything about what God has done for you”
LUK 8 40 w2wn writing-background 0 General Information: These verses give background information about Jairus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
LUK 10 19 cq5x figs-ellipsis τοῦ πατεῖν ἐπάνω ὄφεων καὶ σκορπίων 1 to tread on serpents and scorpions This implies that they would do this and not be injured. Alternate translation: “walk on snakes and scorpions and they will not hurt you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
LUK 10 19 mla6 σκορπίων 1 scorpions Scorpions are small animals with two claws and a poisonous stinger on their tail.
LUK 10 19 uvt4 figs-ellipsis ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ ἐχθροῦ 1 over all the power of the enemy “I have given you authority to crush the power of the enemy” or “I have given you authority to defeat the enemy.” The enemy is Satan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
LUK 10 20 cs52 ἐν τούτῳ μὴ χαίρετε, ὅτι τὰ πνεύματα ὑμῖν ὑποτάσσεται, χαίρετε δὲ ὅτι τὰ ὀνόματα ὑμῶν ἐνγέγραπται ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 do not rejoice only in this, that the spirits submit to you, but also rejoice that your names are written in heaven “do not rejoice only because the spirits submit to you” can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “rejoice that your names are written in heaven even more than you rejoice that the spirits submit to you”
LUK 10 20 cs52 figs-hyperbole ἐν τούτῳ μὴ χαίρετε, ὅτι τὰ πνεύματα ὑμῖν ὑποτάσσεται, χαίρετε δὲ ὅτι τὰ ὀνόματα ὑμῶν ἐνγέγραπται ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 do not rejoice in this, that the spirits submit to you, but rejoice that your names are written in heaven This is an exaggeration to show that the thing they should rejoice about most is that their names are written in heaven. “do not rejoice only because the spirits submit to you” can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “rejoice that your names are written in heaven even more than you rejoice that the spirits submit to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
LUK 10 20 s4cj figs-activepassive τὰ ὀνόματα ὑμῶν ἐνγέγραπται ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 your names are written in heaven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has written your names in heaven” or “your names are on the list of people who are citizens of heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
LUK 10 21 mf9d guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πάτερ 1 Father This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
LUK 10 21 rs3w figs-merism Κύριε τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῆς γῆς 1 Lord of heaven and earth “heaven” and “earth” represent everything that exists. Alternate translation: “Master over everyone and everything in heaven and earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
TIT front intro m2jl 0 # Introduction to Titus<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Titus<br><br>1. Paul instructs Titus to appoint godly leaders (1:1-16)<br>1. Paul instructs Titus to train people to live godly lives (2:1-3:11)<br>1. Paul ends by sharing some of his plans and sending greetings to various believers (3:12-15)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Titus?<br><br>Paul wrote the Book of Titus. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>### What is the Book of Titus about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to Titus, his fellow worker, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul instructed him about selecting church leaders. Paul also described how the believers should behave towards each other. He also encouraged them all to live in a way that pleases God.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, ***Titus.*** Or they may choose a clearer title, such as ***Paul’s Letter to Titus*** or ***A Letter to Titus.*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### In what roles can people serve within the church?<br><br>There are some teachings in the Book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced man can serve in positions of leadership within the church. Scholars disagree about the meaning of these teachings. Further study on these issues may be necessary before translating this book.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural **you**<br><br>In this book, the word **I** refers to Paul. Also, the word **you** is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What is the meaning of **God our Savior?**<br><br>This is a common phrase in this letter. Paul meant to make the readers think about how God forgave them in Christ for sinning against him, and by forgiving them he saved them from being punished when he judges all people. A similar phrase in this letter is **our great God and Savior Jesus Christ.**
TIT front intro m2jl 0 # Introduction to Titus<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Titus<br><br>1. Paul instructs Titus to appoint godly leaders (1:1-16)<br>1. Paul instructs Titus to train people to live godly lives (2:1-3:11)<br>1. Paul ends by sharing some of his plans and sending greetings to various believers (3:12-15)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Titus?<br><br>Paul wrote the Book of Titus. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>### What is the Book of Titus about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to Titus, his fellow worker, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul instructed him about selecting church leaders. Paul also described how the believers should behave towards each other. He also encouraged them all to live in a way that pleases God.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, **_Titus_**. Or they may choose a clearer title, such as **_Paul’s Letter to Titus_** or **_A Letter to Titus_**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### In what roles can people serve within the church?<br><br>There are some teachings in the Book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced man can serve in positions of leadership within the church. Scholars disagree about the meaning of these teachings. Further study on these issues may be necessary before translating this book.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural **you**<br><br>In this book, the word **I** refers to Paul. Also, the word **you** is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What is the meaning of **God our Savior**?<br><br>This is a common phrase in this letter. Paul meant to make the readers think about how God forgave them in Christ for sinning against him, and by forgiving them he saved them from being punished when he judges all people. A similar phrase in this letter is **our great God and Savior Jesus Christ**.
TIT 1 intro c7me 0 # Titus 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-4. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.<br><br>In verses 6-9, Paul lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an elder in the church. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns) Paul gives a similar list in 1 Timothy 3.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Elders<br><br>The church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include overseer, elder, pastor, and bishop.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Should, may, must<br><br>The ULT uses different words that indicate requirements or obligations. These verbs have different levels of force associated with them. The subtle differences may be difficult to translate. The UST translates these verbs in a more general way.
TIT 1 1 rtc9 κατὰ πίστιν 1 for the faith ***to strengthen the faith***
TIT 1 1 rtc9 κατὰ πίστιν 1 for the faith **_to strengthen the faith_**
TIT 1 1 xyz8 figs-abstractnouns ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας 1 knowledge of the truth **knowledge** and **truth** are abstract nouns. See the UST for other ways to express these. Paul wants people to know the true message about God and Christ so that they can live in a way that pleases God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
TIT 1 1 fyf8 τῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν 1 that agrees with godliness ***that is suitable for honoring God***
TIT 1 2 xyz9 ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου 1 withthecertainhopeof everlastinglife ***that gives us the certain hope of everlasting life*** or ***based on our certain hope for everlasting life***
TIT 1 2 r2gj πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων 1 before all the ages of time ***before time began***
TIT 1 3 b22h καιροῖς ἰδίοις 1 at the right time ***at the proper time***
TIT 1 1 fyf8 τῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν 1 that agrees with godliness **_that is suitable for honoring God_**
TIT 1 2 xyz9 ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου 1 withthecertainhopeof everlastinglife **_that gives us the certain hope of everlasting life_** or **_based on our certain hope for everlasting life_**
TIT 1 2 r2gj πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων 1 before all the ages of time **_before time began_**
TIT 1 3 b22h καιροῖς ἰδίοις 1 at the right time **_at the proper time_**
TIT 1 3 swi9 figs-metaphor ἐφανέρωσεν…τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ 1 he revealed his word Paul speaks of God’s word as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: “He caused me to understand his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 3 abc9 ἐν κηρύγματι 1 by the proclamation ***through the proclamation of the message***
TIT 1 3 abc9 ἐν κηρύγματι 1 by the proclamation **_through the proclamation of the message_**
TIT 1 3 m41u figs-activepassive ὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ 1 that I was entrusted with This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he entrusted to me” or “he gave me the responsibility to preach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
TIT 1 3 dpn4 τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 of God our Savior ***of God, who saves us***
TIT 1 3 dpn4 τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 of God our Savior **_of God, who saves us_**
TIT 1 3 xy18 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 our This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 1 4 gu55 figs-metaphor γνησίῳ τέκνῳ 1 a true son Though Titus was not Paul’s biological **son**, they share a common faith in Christ. Paul considers relationship to Christ through faith to be more important than biological relationship. Thus, because of their relative ages and shared faith in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. It may also be that Paul led Titus to faith in Christ, and so Titus is like a son in this spiritual sense. Alternate translation: “you are like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 4 wx6c κοινὴν πίστιν 1 our common faith Paul and Titus both share the same faith in Christ. Alternate translation: “because we both believe in Christ”
TIT 1 4 h93t figs-ellipsis χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη 1 Grace and peace This was a common greeting Paul used. You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness and inner peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
TIT 1 4 s3yr Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 Christ Jesus our Savior ***Christ Jesus who is our Savior***
TIT 1 4 s3yr Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 Christ Jesus our Savior **_Christ Jesus who is our Savior_**
TIT 1 4 xy17 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 our This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 1 5 ew8h grammar-connect-logic-goal τούτου χάριν 1 For this purpose The connecting phrase **For this purpose** introduces the goal that Paul wanted to accomplish when he left Titus in Crete (to ordain elders in the church). Alternate translation: “This is the reason” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
TIT 1 5 lh9b ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ 1 I left you in Crete ***I told you to stay in Crete***
TIT 1 5 ga62 ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ 1 that you might set in order things not yet complete ***so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done***
TIT 1 5 lh9b ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ 1 I left you in Crete **_I told you to stay in Crete_**
TIT 1 5 ga62 ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ 1 that you might set in order things not yet complete **_so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done_**
TIT 1 5 p56w πρεσβυτέρους 1 elders In the early Christian churches, Christian elders gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers.
TIT 1 6 wja4 0 Connecting Statement: Having told Titus to ordain elders in every city on the island of Crete, Paul then gives the requirements for elders.
TIT 1 6 jen8 εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος…ἀνήρ 1 An elder must be blameless To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “An elder must be without blame” or “An elder must not have a bad reputation”
@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ TIT 1 6 q6uy figs-explicit μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ 1 the husband o
TIT 1 6 wd6q τέκνα…πιστά 1 faithful children Possible meanings are 1) children who believe in Jesus or 2) children who are trustworthy.
TIT 1 7 lz7x τὸν ἐπίσκοπον 1 the overseer This is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as **elder** in 1:6. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church.
TIT 1 7 g2zf figs-metaphor Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον 1 The household manager of God Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s household, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 7 d6l1 μὴ πάροινον 1 not addicted to wine ***not an alcoholic*** or ***not one who drinks much wine***
TIT 1 7 j1qq μὴ πλήκτην 1 not a brawler ***not one who is violent*** or ***not one who likes to fight***
TIT 1 7 d6l1 μὴ πάροινον 1 not addicted to wine **_not an alcoholic_** or **_not one who drinks much wine_**
TIT 1 7 j1qq μὴ πλήκτην 1 not a brawler **_not one who is violent_** or **_not one who likes to fight_**
TIT 1 8 i549 grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Instead The connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the things an elder is not to be (that Paul already stated), and the things an elder is to be (which Paul is about to state). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
TIT 1 8 vkq1 φιλάγαθον 1 a friend of what is good ***a person who loves to do good***
TIT 1 8 vkq1 φιλάγαθον 1 a friend of what is good **_a person who loves to do good_**
TIT 1 8 xy11 figs-doublet σώφρονα…ἐγκρατῆ 1 sensible…self-controlled These two terms are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
TIT 1 8 xy12 figs-doublet δίκαιον, ὅσιον 1 righteous, holy These two terms are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
TIT 1 9 xwy6 figs-metaphor ἀντεχόμενον 1 He should hold tightly to Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one’s hands. Alternate translation: “He should be devoted to” or “He should know well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 9 xy10 κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν 1 that is in accordance with the teaching ***that agrees with the things that we taught him***
TIT 1 9 xy10 κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν 1 that is in accordance with the teaching **_that agrees with the things that we taught him_**
TIT 1 9 abcj grammar-connect-logic-result ἵνα 1 so that The connecting words **so that** introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is the elder holding tightly to the trustworthy message, and the result is the elder is not able to encourage others and rebuke those who oppose him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
TIT 1 9 pzi1 τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ 1 sound teaching The Greek word rendered at **sound** normally refers to physical health. Paul speaks of this teaching as if it would cause those who believe it to be spiritually healthy, rather than spiritually sick.
TIT 1 10 xsq9 0 Connecting Statement: Because of those that would oppose God’s word, Paul gives Titus reasons to preach God’s word and warns him about false teachers.
TIT 1 10 ga6n φρεναπάται 1 deceivers This phrase describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who persuade others to believe things that are not true”
TIT 1 10 abcd figs-hendiadys ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται 1 empty talkers and deceivers both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people. They taught false, worthless things and wanted people to believe them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
TIT 1 10 pu74 figs-metonymy οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς 1 those of the circumcision This refers to the Jewish Christians who taught that men must be circumcised in order to follow Christ. This teaching is false. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
TIT 1 11 f4iy οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν 1 It is necessary to stop them ***You must prevent them from spreading their teachings*** or ***Someone must stop them from influencing others by their words***
TIT 1 11 aqi5 ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν 1 They are upsetting whole households **They are ruining entire families.** The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith.
TIT 1 11 f4iy οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν 1 It is necessary to stop them **_You must prevent them from spreading their teachings_** or **_Someone must stop them from influencing others by their words_**
TIT 1 11 aqi5 ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν 1 They are upsetting whole households **They are ruining entire families**. The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith.
TIT 1 11 tw4e διδάσκοντες ἃ μὴ δεῖ 1 teaching what they should not These are things that are not proper to teach regarding Christ and the Law because they are not true.
TIT 1 11 at7c αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν 1 for the sake of shameful profit This refers to profit that people make by doing things that are not honorable.
TIT 1 12 tr1j τις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης 1 One of their own prophets ***A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet***
TIT 1 12 y3zb figs-hyperbole Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται 1 Cretans are always liars ***Cretans lie all the time.*** This is an exaggeration that means that Cretans had a reputation to be liars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
TIT 1 12 tr1j τις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης 1 One of their own prophets **_A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet_**
TIT 1 12 y3zb figs-hyperbole Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται 1 Cretans are always liars **_Cretans lie all the time_**. This is an exaggeration that means that Cretans had a reputation to be liars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
TIT 1 12 h3jb figs-metaphor κακὰ θηρία 1 evil beasts This metaphor compares the Cretans to dangerous wild animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 12 xyz1 figs-synecdoche γαστέρες ἀργαί 1 lazy bellies The part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. Alternate translation: “lazy gluttons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
TIT 1 13 fif8 δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως 1 For this reason, rebuke them severely ***For that reason, you must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them***
TIT 1 13 fif8 δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως 1 For this reason, rebuke them severely **_For that reason, you must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them_**
TIT 1 13 abck grammar-connect-logic-result δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν 1 For this reason The connecting words **For this reason** introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is that what the Cretan prophet said about his peope is true (they are liars, evil, and lazy), and the result is that Titus should rebuke them severely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
TIT 1 13 je3r ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 so that they may be sound in the faith See note on **sound** in [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “so they will have a healthy faith” or “so their faith may be true” or “so that they believe only what is true about God”
TIT 1 13 abcl grammar-connect-logic-result ἵνα 1 so that The connecting words **so that** introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is the elder rebukes the Cretans severely, and the result is the Cretans become sound in the faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
@ -59,58 +59,58 @@ TIT 1 13 xyz2 figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 in the faith Here t
TIT 1 14 abcm grammar-connect-exceptions μὴ 1 not The connecting word **not** introduce an exception clause. Titus must not pay any attention to the Jewish myths or the commands of people who do not follow the truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
TIT 1 14 p28i Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις 1 Jewish myths This refers to the false teaching of the Jews.
TIT 1 14 m4a5 figs-metaphor ἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν 1 turn away from the truth Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: “reject the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 15 qtb9 πάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς 1 To those who are pure, all things are pure ***If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure*** or ***When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God***
TIT 1 15 nx42 τοῖς καθαροῖς 1 To those who are pure ***To those who are acceptable to God***
TIT 1 15 qtb9 πάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς 1 To those who are pure, all things are pure **_If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure_** or **_When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God_**
TIT 1 15 nx42 τοῖς καθαροῖς 1 To those who are pure **_To those who are acceptable to God_**
TIT 1 15 abcn grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 But The connecting word **But** introduces a contrast between people who are pure and people who are corrupt and unbelieving. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
TIT 1 15 n3wk figs-metaphor τοῖς…μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν 1 to those who are corrupt and unbelieving, nothing is pure Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: “if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure” or “when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 16 abco grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 but The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast between what these corrupt people say (they know God) and what their actions show (they do not know God). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
TIT 1 16 i3l2 τοῖς…ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται 1 they deny him by their actions ***how they live proves that they do not know him***
TIT 1 16 ja47 βδελυκτοὶ ὄντες 1 They are detestable ***They are disgusting***
TIT 1 16 i3l2 τοῖς…ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται 1 they deny him by their actions **_how they live proves that they do not know him_**
TIT 1 16 ja47 βδελυκτοὶ ὄντες 1 They are detestable **_They are disgusting_**
TIT 2 intro h3il 0 # Titus 02 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Gender roles<br><br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.<br><br>### Slavery<br><br>Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
TIT 2 1 lfu1 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues giving Titus reasons to preach God’s word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.
TIT 2 1 tpi2 figs-explicit σὺ δὲ λάλει ἃ πρέπει 1 But you, speak what fits q
TIT 2 1 tpi2 figs-explicit σὺ δὲ λάλει ἃ πρέπει 1 But you, speak what fits Paul speaks of the grace of God as if it were a person who has arrived. Alternate translation: “God is now offering his grace” (See: UST: Personification)
TIT 2 1 ph2j τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 with sound teaching See the note on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “ sound doctrine” or “with correct teachings”
TIT 2 2 xyz3 figs-ellipsis πρεσβύτας…εἶναι 1 Older men are to be The Greek does not have **are**, but only **older men to be**. We need to supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of **speak** in the previous verse, such as **teach** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
TIT 2 2 xy13 figs-doublet νηφαλίους…σεμνούς, σώφρονας 1 temperate, dignified, sensible These three words are very close in meaning and may be combined into one or two terms if the target language does not have three separate terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
TIT 2 2 xc6t νηφαλίους 1 temperate ***sober-minded*** or ***self-controlled***
TIT 2 2 y3j2 εἶναι…σώφρονας 1 to be…sensible ***to…control their desires***
TIT 2 2 m14y figs-abstractnouns ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει, τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 sound in faith, in love, and in perseverance Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. The abstract nouns **faith,** **love,** and **perseverance** can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “and they must firmly believe the true teachings about God, truly love others, and continually serve God even when things are difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
TIT 2 2 xc6t νηφαλίους 1 temperate **_sober-minded_** or **_self-controlled_**
TIT 2 2 y3j2 εἶναι…σώφρονας 1 to be…sensible **_to…control their desires_**
TIT 2 2 m14y figs-abstractnouns ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει, τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 sound in faith, in love, and in perseverance Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. The abstract nouns **faith**, **love**, and **perseverance** can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “and they must firmly believe the true teachings about God, truly love others, and continually serve God even when things are difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
TIT 2 2 abc1 figs-abstractnouns ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει 1 sound in faith See note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r).
TIT 2 2 abc2 ὑγιαίνοντας 1 sound See note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1).
TIT 2 3 gl8e figs-ellipsis πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως 1 Older women likewise are to be The Greek does not have **are to be**, but only **older women likewise**. We need to continue the verbal idea from the previous two verses and apply that here, as well, such as **teach** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women” or “Also teach older women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
TIT 2 3 v9cp διαβόλους 1 slanderers This word refers to people who say bad things about other people whether they are true or not.
TIT 2 3 g9re figs-metaphor οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας 1 or being slaves to much wine People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: “or controlled by their desire for wine” or “or addicted to wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 2 3 xyz4 figs-activepassive οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας 1 or being slaves to much wine This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “or drinking too much wine” or “or addicted to wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
TIT 2 3 abc4 καλοδιδασκάλους 1 but to be teachers of what is good The Greek word used here means ***a teacher of what is good***. The phrase **but to be** has been added in the English to contrast this good quality with the two preceding bad qualities. Consider if you need to use a similar word to make a contrast between the good and bad qualities.
TIT 2 4 abc5 φιλάνδρους 1 lovers of their husbands ***lovers of their own husbands***
TIT 2 4 abca φιλοτέκνους 1 and lovers of their children ***lovers of their own children***
TIT 2 5 abcb ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν 1 and subject to their own husbands ***and to obey their own husbands***
TIT 2 5 t5v6 figs-activepassive ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται 1 so that the word of God may not be insulted **Word** here is a metonym for ***message***, which in turn is a metonym for God himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one insults the word of God” or “so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
TIT 2 3 abc4 καλοδιδασκάλους 1 but to be teachers of what is good The Greek word used here means **_a teacher of what is good_**. The phrase **but to be** has been added in the English to contrast this good quality with the two preceding bad qualities. Consider if you need to use a similar word to make a contrast between the good and bad qualities.
TIT 2 4 abc5 φιλάνδρους 1 lovers of their husbands **_lovers of their own husbands_**
TIT 2 4 abca φιλοτέκνους 1 and lovers of their children **_lovers of their own children_**
TIT 2 5 abcb ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν 1 and subject to their own husbands **_and to obey their own husbands_**
TIT 2 5 t5v6 figs-activepassive ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται 1 so that the word of God may not be insulted **Word** here is a metonym for **_message_**, which in turn is a metonym for God himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one insults the word of God” or “so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
TIT 2 6 i3hv ὡσαύτως 1 In the same way Titus was to train the younger men just as he was to train the older people.
TIT 2 7 x73u σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος 1 present yourself ***show yourself to be*** or ***you yourself must be***
TIT 2 7 ym6x τύπον καλῶν ἔργων 1 as an example of good works ***as an example of one who does right and proper things***
TIT 2 7 x73u σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος 1 present yourself **_show yourself to be_** or **_you yourself must be_**
TIT 2 7 ym6x τύπον καλῶν ἔργων 1 as an example of good works **_as an example of one who does right and proper things_**
TIT 2 8 xy14 figs-doublet ὑγιῆ 1 uncorrupted…sound This word has the same basic meaning as **uncorrupted** in 2:7. In 2:7, Paul states the meaning negatively: **uncorrupted**, meaning, **without error**, and in 2:8 he states the meaning positively: **sound, whole**, meaning **correct**. Both terms refer to Titus’s teaching. Use either positive or negative terms in the target language, or use one term with this meaning if it is difficult to use two terms (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
TIT 2 8 xt6v figs-hypo ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ 1 so that the opponent may be ashamed This presents a hypothetical situation in which someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: “so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed” or “so that when people oppose you, they may be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
TIT 2 8 xy15 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 us This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 2 9 xyz5 figs-ellipsis δούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 Slaves are to be subject to their masters The Greek does not have **are**, but only **slaves to be subject to their masters**. We need to apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is **urge** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “Exhort slaves to be subject to their masters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
TIT 2 9 ntp7 ἰδίοις δεσπόταις 1 their masters ***their own masters***
TIT 2 9 abcc ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 are to be subject ***must obey***
TIT 2 9 if6v ἐν πᾶσιν 1 in everything ***in every situation*** or ***always***
TIT 2 9 id15 εὐαρέστους εἶναι 1 to be pleasing ***to please their masters*** or ***to satisfy their masters***
TIT 2 10 abc6 μὴ νοσφιζομένους 1 not to steal ***not to steal from their masters***
TIT 2 10 t87j πᾶσαν πίστιν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν 1 to demonstrate all good faith ***to show that they are worthy of their masters’ trust***
TIT 2 10 h2n6 ἐν πᾶσιν 1 in every way ***in everything they do***
TIT 2 10 f8jy τὴν διδασκαλίαν τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ, κοσμῶσιν 1 they may bring credit to the teaching about God our Savior ***they may make the teaching about God our Savior attractive*** or ***they may cause people to understand that the teaching about God our Savior is good***
TIT 2 10 pn93 τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 God our Savior ***our God who saves us***
TIT 2 10 xy16 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 our ***our*** here is inclusive of Paul, Titus, and all Christians (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 2 9 ntp7 ἰδίοις δεσπόταις 1 their masters **_their own masters_**
TIT 2 9 abcc ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 are to be subject **_must obey_**
TIT 2 9 if6v ἐν πᾶσιν 1 in everything **_in every situation_** or **_always_**
TIT 2 9 id15 εὐαρέστους εἶναι 1 to be pleasing **_to please their masters_** or **_to satisfy their masters_**
TIT 2 10 abc6 μὴ νοσφιζομένους 1 not to steal **_not to steal from their masters_**
TIT 2 10 t87j πᾶσαν πίστιν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν 1 to demonstrate all good faith **_to show that they are worthy of their masters’ trust_**
TIT 2 10 h2n6 ἐν πᾶσιν 1 in every way **_in everything they do_**
TIT 2 10 f8jy τὴν διδασκαλίαν τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ, κοσμῶσιν 1 they may bring credit to the teaching about God our Savior **_they may make the teaching about God our Savior attractive_** or **_they may cause people to understand that the teaching about God our Savior is good_**
TIT 2 10 pn93 τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 God our Savior **_our God who saves us_***
TIT 2 10 xy16 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 our **our** here is inclusive of Paul, Titus, and all Christians (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 2 11 y44u 0 Connecting Statement: Paul encourages Titus to look for Jesus’ coming and remember his authority through Jesus.
TIT 2 11 gp2z figs-personification ἐπεφάνη…ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the grace of God has appeared Paul speaks of the grace of God as if it were a person who has arrived. Alternate translation: “God is now offering his grace” (See: UST, [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
TIT 2 12 qy8k figs-personification παιδεύουσα ἡμᾶς 1 training us Paul speaks of the grace of God (2:11) as if it were a person who trains other people how to live holy lives. Alternate translation: “by which God trains us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
TIT 2 12 abce figs-inclusive ἡμᾶς 1 us This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 2 12 n3k5 τὰς κοσμικὰς ἐπιθυμίας 1 worldly passions **_strong desires for the things of this world_** or **_strong desires for sinful pleasures_**
TIT 2 12 xy19 ἀσέβειαν…εὐσεβῶς 1 godlessness…godly way These terms are direct opposites, meaning **God-dishonoring** and **God-honoring**, respectively.
TIT 2 12 fk8j ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι 1 in the present age ***while we live in this world*** or ***during this time***
TIT 2 12 fk8j ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι 1 in the present age **_while we live in this world_** or **_during this time_**
TIT 2 13 rz93 προσδεχόμενοι 1 looking forward to receiving ***waiting to welcome***
TIT 2 13 xyz6 figs-metonymy τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα 1 the blessed hope Here, what is **blessed** is that for which we hope, which is the return of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “the wonderful thing for which we hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
TIT 2 13 pss7 figs-metonymy καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 and appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ Here **glory** represents Jesus himself who will appear gloriously. Alternate translation: “that is, the glorious appearance of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
TIT 2 14 xy20 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 us This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 2 14 gxe7 figs-metaphor λυτρώσηται ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀνομίας 1 to redeem us from all lawlessness Paul speaks of Jesus as if he were setting slaves free from their evil master. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 2 14 xy21 figs-inclusive ἡμᾶς 1 us This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 2 14 fjy1 λαὸν περιούσιον 1 a special people ***a group of people that he treasures***
TIT 2 14 ii18 ζηλωτὴν 1 zealous for ***who are eager to do***
TIT 2 15 abc7 παρακάλει 1 exhort ***encourage them to do these things***
TIT 2 14 fjy1 λαὸν περιούσιον 1 a special people **_a group of people that he treasures_**
TIT 2 14 ii18 ζηλωτὴν 1 zealous for **_who are eager to do_**
TIT 2 15 abc7 παρακάλει 1 exhort **_encourage them to do these things_**
TIT 2 15 b94z figs-explicit ἔλεγχε, μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς 1 rebuke with all authority This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Correct with all authority those people who do not do these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
TIT 2 15 h15y μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω 1 Let no one disregard you ***Do not allow anyone to ignore you***
TIT 2 15 xy22 figs-doublenegatives μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω 1 Let no one disregard you This can be stated positively: ***Make sure that everyone listens to you*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
TIT 2 15 h15y μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω 1 Let no one disregard you **_Do not allow anyone to ignore you_**
TIT 2 15 xy22 figs-doublenegatives μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω 1 Let no one disregard you This can be stated positively: “Make sure that everyone listens to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
TIT 2 15 jbu1 figs-explicit σου περιφρονείτω 1 disregard you This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “refuse to listen to your words” or “refuse to respect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
TIT 3 intro zh6x 0 # Titus 03 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul gives Titus personal instructions in this chapter.<br><br>Verse 15 formally concludes this letter. This is a common way of ending a letter in the ancient Near East.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Genealogies<br><br>Genealogies (verse 9) are lists that record a person’s ancestors or descendants, and show from what tribe and family a person came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. Some of these lists included stories of ancestors and even of spiritual beings. These lists and stories were used to argue about where things came from and about how important various people were.
TIT 3 1 y9tr 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues giving Titus instructions on how to teach the elders and people under his care in Crete.
TIT 3 1 j2sa ὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς…ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 Remind them to submit ***Tell our people again what they already know, to submit*** or ***Keep reminding them to submit***
TIT 3 1 w3fy ἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις, ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν 1 to submit to rulers and authorities, to obey them ***do as the political rulers and government authorities say by obeying them***
TIT 3 1 j2sa ὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς…ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 Remind them to submit **_Tell our people again what they already know, to submit_** or **_Keep reminding them to submit_**
TIT 3 1 w3fy ἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις, ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν 1 to submit to rulers and authorities, to obey them **_Do as the political rulers and government authorities say by obeying them_**
TIT 3 1 wa9x figs-doublet ἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις 1 rulers and authorities These words have similar meanings and both refer to anyone who holds authority in the government. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
TIT 3 1 xy25 figs-doublet ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν 1 to submit…to obey These words have similar meanings and both refer to doing what someone tells you to do. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
TIT 3 1 in7u πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἑτοίμους εἶναι 1 be ready for every good work ***be ready to do good whenever there is opportunity***
TIT 3 2 abc8 figs-doublenegatives ἀμάχους εἶναι 1 to avoid quarreling This can be stated positively: “to be peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
TIT 3 3 m9zd ἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 For once we also ***This is because we ourselves were once***
TIT 3 3 me7b ποτε 1 once ***formerly*** or ***at some time*** or ***previously***
TIT 3 3 bl8e figs-inclusive ἡμεῖς 1 we ***even we*** or ***we ourselves*** This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians, referring to the time before they trusted in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 3 3 rrx9 ἦμεν…ἀνόητοι 1 were foolish ***were thoughtless*** or ***were unwise***
TIT 3 3 m9zd ἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 For once we also **_This is because we ourselves were once_**
TIT 3 3 me7b ποτε 1 once **_formerly_** or **_at some time_** or **_previously_**
TIT 3 3 bl8e figs-inclusive ἡμεῖς 1 we **_even we_** or **_we ourselves_** This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians, referring to the time before they trusted in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 3 3 rrx9 ἦμεν…ἀνόητοι 1 were foolish **_were thoughtless_** or **_were unwise_**
TIT 3 3 qt8f figs-personification πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις 1 We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures Passion and pleasure are spoken of as if they were masters over people and had made those people into slaves by lying to them. Alternate translation: “We had allowed ourselves to believe the lie that various passions and pleasures could make us happy, and then we were unable to control our feelings or stop doing things we thought would give us pleasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
TIT 3 3 xy27 figs-activepassive πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις 1 We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Various passions and pleasures had lied to us and so led us astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
TIT 3 3 tl5n ἐπιθυμίαις 1 passions ***lusts*** or ***desires***
TIT 3 3 tl5n ἐπιθυμίαις 1 passions **_lusts_** or **_desires_**
TIT 3 3 dec4 figs-hendiadys ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες 1 We lived in evil and envy Here **evil** and **envy** describe sin. **Evil** is general and **envy** is a specific kind of sin. Alternate translation: “We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
TIT 3 3 y5lp στυγητοί 1 detestable ***causing others to hate us***
TIT 3 3 y5lp στυγητοί 1 detestable **_causing others to hate us_**
TIT 3 4 xy28 grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 But It is important to mark the contrast here between the evil way that people are (verses 1-3) and the goodness of God (verses 4-7) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
TIT 3 4 ba5a figs-personification ὅτε…ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared Paul speaks of God’s kindness and love as if they were people that came into our sight. Alternate translation: “When God our Savior showed us his kindness and love for people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
TIT 3 4 abcg figs-abstractnouns ὅτε…ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared The abstract nouns **kindness** and **love** can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “when God, who saves us, showed how kind and loving he would be to mankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
TIT 3 4 abch figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 our This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 3 5 n4ug κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος 1 by his mercy ***because he had mercy on us***
TIT 3 5 n4ug κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος 1 by his mercy **_because he had mercy on us_**
TIT 3 5 k1a6 figs-metaphor λουτροῦ παλινγενεσίας 1 the washing of new birth Paul combines two metaphors here. He is speaking of God’s forgiveness for sinners as if he were physically washing them clean from their sin. He is also speaking of sinners who become responsive to God as if they had been born again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 3 6 fby9 figs-metaphor οὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς πλουσίως 1 whom God richly poured on us It is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. Alternate translation: “whom God gave to us generously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 3 6 xy24 figs-inclusive ἡμᾶς 1 us This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 3 6 q9ze διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 through our Savior Jesus Christ ***when Jesus Christ saved us***
TIT 3 6 q9ze διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 through our Savior Jesus Christ **_when Jesus Christ saved us_**
TIT 3 6 xy23 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 our This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 3 7 di3g figs-activepassive δικαιωθέντες 1 having been justified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “since God has declared us to be without sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
TIT 3 7 q1cm figs-metaphor κληρονόμοι γενηθῶμεν, κατ’ ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου 1 we might become heirs according to the certain hope of eternal life The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit the things promised, just as a person inherits property or possessions from a family member. Alternate translation: “we might expect to receive the eternal life that God hs promised us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 3 8 j8md ὁ λόγος 1 This message This message is the one just expressed in verses 4-7, that God freely gives the Holy Spirit and eternal life to believers through Jesus.
TIT 3 8 xy29 τούτων 1 these things This refers to the teachings that Paul has talked about in verses 1-7. Alternate translation: “these teachings that I have just talked about”
TIT 3 8 kqm6 φροντίζωσιν καλῶν ἔργων, προΐστασθαι 1 may be careful to engage themselves in good works ***may seek to do good works***
TIT 3 8 kqm6 φροντίζωσιν καλῶν ἔργων, προΐστασθαι 1 may be careful to engage themselves in good works **_may seek to do good works_**
TIT 3 9 tzh9 0 Connecting Statement: Paul explains what Titus should avoid and how to treat those who cause contention among the believers.
TIT 3 9 j1hf δὲ…περιΐστασο 1 But avoid ***So avoid*** or ***Therefore, avoid***
TIT 3 9 qk66 γενεαλογίας 1 genealogies This is the study of family kinship relationships. See the Introduction to Titus.
TIT 3 9 xu7f ἔρεις 1 strife arguments or fights
TIT 3 9 ky3n νομικὰς 1 about the law ***about the law of Moses***
TIT 3 10 x3fh αἱρετικὸν ἄνθρωπον…παραιτοῦ 1 Reject a divisive person ***Stay away from a person who causes division***
TIT 3 10 xzx1 μετὰ μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν 1 after one or two warnings ***after you have warned that person once or twice***
TIT 3 11 r7pc ὁ τοιοῦτος 1 such a person ***a person like that***
TIT 3 9 ky3n νομικὰς 1 about the law **_about the law of Moses_**
TIT 3 10 x3fh αἱρετικὸν ἄνθρωπον…παραιτοῦ 1 Reject a divisive person **_Stay away from a person who causes division_**
TIT 3 10 xzx1 μετὰ μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν 1 after one or two warnings **_after you have warned that person once or twice_**
TIT 3 11 r7pc ὁ τοιοῦτος 1 such a person **_a person like that_**
TIT 3 11 inh5 figs-metaphor ἐξέστραπται 1 has turned from the right way Paul speaks of someone who chooses to do wrong things as if he were leaving the right path to walk in the wrong direction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 3 11 p81k ὢν αὐτοκατάκριτος 1 being self-condemned ***bringing judgment on himself***
TIT 3 11 p81k ὢν αὐτοκατάκριτος 1 being self-condemned **_bringing judgment on himself_**
TIT 3 12 z7i4 0 Connecting Statement: Paul closes the letter by telling Titus what to do after he appoints elders in Crete and by giving greetings from those with him.
TIT 3 12 mba6 ὅταν πέμψω 1 When I send ***After I send***
TIT 3 12 mba6 ὅταν πέμψω 1 When I send **_After I send_**
TIT 3 12 c32w translate-names Ἀρτεμᾶν…Τυχικόν 1 Artemas…Tychicus These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
TIT 3 12 knt1 σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν 1 hurry to come ***come quickly***
TIT 3 12 knt1 σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν 1 hurry to come **_come quickly_**
TIT 3 12 xy30 σπούδασον 1 hurry The verb is singular, directed at Titus alone. Artemas or Tychicus would stay in Crete, probably to take Titus’ place.
TIT 3 12 gdw9 παραχειμάσαι 1 to spend the winter ***to stay for the winter***
TIT 3 12 gdw9 παραχειμάσαι 1 to spend the winter **_to stay for the winter_**
TIT 3 13 a46f translate-names Ζηνᾶν…Ἀπολλῶν 1 Zenas…Appollos These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
TIT 3 13 s757 καὶ Ἀπολλῶν 1 and Apollos ***and also Apollos***
TIT 3 13 j496 σπουδαίως πρόπεμψο 1 Diligently send on their way ***Do not delay in sending***
TIT 3 13 s757 καὶ Ἀπολλῶν 1 and Apollos **_and also Apollos_**
TIT 3 13 j496 σπουδαίως πρόπεμψο 1 Diligently send on their way **_Do not delay in sending_**
TIT 3 13 xy31 figs-doublenegatives ἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς λείπῃ 1 so that they lack nothing This can be stated positively: “so that they have everything that they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
TIT 3 14 v7wg 0 Connecting Statement: Paul explains that it is important for all believers to provide for those who have needs.
TIT 3 14 fw98 οἱ ἡμέτεροι 1 our own Paul is referring to the believers in Crete. Alternate translation: “our own people”
TIT 3 14 xy33 figs-inclusive οἱ ἡμέτεροι 1 our own The **our** includes Paul and Titus. The form should be either dual or inclusive.
TIT 3 14 tn24 εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας 1 toward essential needs ***that enable them to help people who lack necessary things***
TIT 3 14 tn24 εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας 1 toward essential needs **_that enable them to help people who lack necessary things_**
TIT 3 14 mji4 figs-metaphor ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι 1 in order not to be unfruitful Paul speaks of people doing good work as if they were trees bearing good fruit. Alternate translation: “so that they will not lead useless lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 3 14 xy32 figs-doublenegatives ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι 1 in order not to be unfruitful This can be stated positively: “in this way they will be fruitful” or “in this way they will be productive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
TIT 3 15 j3y2 0 General Information: Paul ends his letter to Titus.
TIT 3 15 abci ἀσπάζονταί σε 1 greet you **you** here is singular–this is a personal greeting to Titus.
TIT 3 15 k1sa οἱ μετ’ ἐμοῦ πάντες 1 All those who are with me ***All the people who are with me*** or ***all of the believers who are here with me***
TIT 3 15 f4vc τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει 1 those who love us in faith Possible meanings are 1) ***the believers who love us*** or 2) ***the believers who love us because we share the same belief.***
TIT 3 15 xy35 figs-inclusive ἡμᾶς 1 us **us** here is probably exclusive and refers to Paul and the group of Christians with him. Paul is sending greetings from this group to the group of Christians that is with Titus on Crete.
TIT 3 15 abci ἀσπάζονταί σε 1 greet you **you** here is singular–this is a personal greeting to Titus.
TIT 3 15 k1sa οἱ μετ’ ἐμοῦ πάντες 1 All those who are with me **_All the people who are with me_** or **_all of the believers who are here with me_**
TIT 3 15 f4vc τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει 1 those who love us in faith Possible meanings are 1) **_the believers who love us_** or 2) **_the believers who love us because we share the same belief_**.
TIT 3 15 xy35 figs-inclusive ἡμᾶς 1 us Here **us** is probably exclusive and refers to Paul and the group of Christians with him. Paul is sending greetings from this group to the group of Christians that is with Titus on Crete.
TIT 3 15 kx83 ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν 1 Grace be with all of you This was a common Christian greeting. Alternate translation: “May God’s grace be with you” or “I ask that God will be gracious to all of you”
TIT 3 15 xy34 ὑμῶν 1 you **you** here is plural. This blessing is for Titus and all of the believers there in Crete.
TIT 3 15 xy34 ὑμῶν 1 you Here **you** is plural. This blessing is for Titus and all of the believers there in Crete.
1
Book
Chapter
Verse
ID
SupportReference
OrigQuote
Occurrence
GLQuote
OccurrenceNote
2
TIT
front
intro
m2jl
0
# Introduction to Titus<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Titus<br><br>1. Paul instructs Titus to appoint godly leaders (1:1-16)<br>1. Paul instructs Titus to train people to live godly lives (2:1-3:11)<br>1. Paul ends by sharing some of his plans and sending greetings to various believers (3:12-15)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Titus?<br><br>Paul wrote the Book of Titus. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>### What is the Book of Titus about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to Titus, his fellow worker, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul instructed him about selecting church leaders. Paul also described how the believers should behave towards each other. He also encouraged them all to live in a way that pleases God.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, ***Titus.*** Or they may choose a clearer title, such as ***Paul’s Letter to Titus*** or ***A Letter to Titus.*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### In what roles can people serve within the church?<br><br>There are some teachings in the Book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced man can serve in positions of leadership within the church. Scholars disagree about the meaning of these teachings. Further study on these issues may be necessary before translating this book.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural **you**<br><br>In this book, the word **I** refers to Paul. Also, the word **you** is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What is the meaning of **God our Savior?**<br><br>This is a common phrase in this letter. Paul meant to make the readers think about how God forgave them in Christ for sinning against him, and by forgiving them he saved them from being punished when he judges all people. A similar phrase in this letter is **our great God and Savior Jesus Christ.**# Introduction to Titus<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Titus<br><br>1. Paul instructs Titus to appoint godly leaders (1:1-16)<br>1. Paul instructs Titus to train people to live godly lives (2:1-3:11)<br>1. Paul ends by sharing some of his plans and sending greetings to various believers (3:12-15)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Titus?<br><br>Paul wrote the Book of Titus. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>### What is the Book of Titus about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to Titus, his fellow worker, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul instructed him about selecting church leaders. Paul also described how the believers should behave towards each other. He also encouraged them all to live in a way that pleases God.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, **_Titus_**. Or they may choose a clearer title, such as **_Paul’s Letter to Titus_** or **_A Letter to Titus_**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### In what roles can people serve within the church?<br><br>There are some teachings in the Book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced man can serve in positions of leadership within the church. Scholars disagree about the meaning of these teachings. Further study on these issues may be necessary before translating this book.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural **you**<br><br>In this book, the word **I** refers to Paul. Also, the word **you** is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What is the meaning of **God our Savior**?<br><br>This is a common phrase in this letter. Paul meant to make the readers think about how God forgave them in Christ for sinning against him, and by forgiving them he saved them from being punished when he judges all people. A similar phrase in this letter is **our great God and Savior Jesus Christ**.
3
TIT
1
intro
c7me
0
# Titus 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-4. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.<br><br>In verses 6-9, Paul lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an elder in the church. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns) Paul gives a similar list in 1 Timothy 3.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Elders<br><br>The church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include overseer, elder, pastor, and bishop.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Should, may, must<br><br>The ULT uses different words that indicate requirements or obligations. These verbs have different levels of force associated with them. The subtle differences may be difficult to translate. The UST translates these verbs in a more general way.
4
TIT
1
1
rtc9
κατὰ πίστιν
1
for the faith
***to strengthen the faith*****_to strengthen the faith_**
5
TIT
1
1
xyz8
figs-abstractnouns
ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας
1
knowledge of the truth
**knowledge** and **truth** are abstract nouns. See the UST for other ways to express these. Paul wants people to know the true message about God and Christ so that they can live in a way that pleases God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6
TIT
1
1
fyf8
τῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν
1
that agrees with godliness
***that is suitable for honoring God*****_that is suitable for honoring God_**
7
TIT
1
2
xyz9
ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου
1
with the certain hope of everlasting life
***that gives us the certain hope of everlasting life*** or ***based on our certain hope for everlasting life*****_that gives us the certain hope of everlasting life_** or **_based on our certain hope for everlasting life_**
8
TIT
1
2
r2gj
πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων
1
before all the ages of time
***before time began*****_before time began_**
9
TIT
1
3
b22h
καιροῖς ἰδίοις
1
at the right time
***at the proper time*****_at the proper time_**
10
TIT
1
3
swi9
figs-metaphor
ἐφανέρωσεν…τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ
1
he revealed his word
Paul speaks of God’s word as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: “He caused me to understand his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11
TIT
1
3
abc9
ἐν κηρύγματι
1
by the proclamation
***through the proclamation of the message*****_through the proclamation of the message_**
12
TIT
1
3
m41u
figs-activepassive
ὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ
1
that I was entrusted with
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he entrusted to me” or “he gave me the responsibility to preach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13
TIT
1
3
dpn4
τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ
1
of God our Savior
***of God, who saves us*****_of God, who saves us_**
14
TIT
1
3
xy18
figs-inclusive
ἡμῶν
1
our
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
15
TIT
1
4
gu55
figs-metaphor
γνησίῳ τέκνῳ
1
a true son
Though Titus was not Paul’s biological **son**, they share a common faith in Christ. Paul considers relationship to Christ through faith to be more important than biological relationship. Thus, because of their relative ages and shared faith in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. It may also be that Paul led Titus to faith in Christ, and so Titus is like a son in this spiritual sense. Alternate translation: “you are like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16
TIT
1
4
wx6c
κοινὴν πίστιν
1
our common faith
Paul and Titus both share the same faith in Christ. Alternate translation: “because we both believe in Christ”
17
TIT
1
4
h93t
figs-ellipsis
χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη
1
Grace and peace
This was a common greeting Paul used. You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness and inner peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
18
TIT
1
4
s3yr
Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν
1
Christ Jesus our Savior
***Christ Jesus who is our Savior*****_Christ Jesus who is our Savior_**
19
TIT
1
4
xy17
figs-inclusive
ἡμῶν
1
our
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
20
TIT
1
5
ew8h
grammar-connect-logic-goal
τούτου χάριν
1
For this purpose
The connecting phrase **For this purpose** introduces the goal that Paul wanted to accomplish when he left Titus in Crete (to ordain elders in the church). Alternate translation: “This is the reason” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
21
TIT
1
5
lh9b
ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ
1
I left you in Crete
***I told you to stay in Crete*****_I told you to stay in Crete_**
22
TIT
1
5
ga62
ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ
1
that you might set in order things not yet complete
***so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done*****_so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done_**
23
TIT
1
5
b52u
καταστήσῃς…πρεσβυτέρους
1
ordain elders
***appoint elders*** or ***designate elders*****_appoint elders_** or **_designate elders_***
24
TIT
1
5
p56w
πρεσβυτέρους
1
elders
In the early Christian churches, Christian elders gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers.
25
TIT
1
6
wja4
0
Connecting Statement:
Having told Titus to ordain elders in every city on the island of Crete, Paul then gives the requirements for elders.
26
TIT
1
6
jen8
εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος…ἀνήρ
1
An elder must be blameless
To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “An elder must be without blame” or “An elder must not have a bad reputation”
28
TIT
1
6
wd6q
τέκνα…πιστά
1
faithful children
Possible meanings are 1) children who believe in Jesus or 2) children who are trustworthy.
29
TIT
1
7
lz7x
τὸν ἐπίσκοπον
1
the overseer
This is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as **elder** in 1:6. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church.
30
TIT
1
7
g2zf
figs-metaphor
Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον
1
The household manager of God
Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s household, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
31
TIT
1
7
d6l1
μὴ πάροινον
1
not addicted to wine
***not an alcoholic*** or ***not one who drinks much wine*****_not an alcoholic_** or **_not one who drinks much wine_**
32
TIT
1
7
j1qq
μὴ πλήκτην
1
not a brawler
***not one who is violent*** or ***not one who likes to fight*****_not one who is violent_** or **_not one who likes to fight_**
33
TIT
1
8
i549
grammar-connect-logic-contrast
ἀλλὰ
1
Instead
The connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the things an elder is not to be (that Paul already stated), and the things an elder is to be (which Paul is about to state). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
34
TIT
1
8
vkq1
φιλάγαθον
1
a friend of what is good
***a person who loves to do good*****_a person who loves to do good_**
35
TIT
1
8
xy11
figs-doublet
σώφρονα…ἐγκρατῆ
1
sensible…self-controlled
These two terms are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
36
TIT
1
8
xy12
figs-doublet
δίκαιον, ὅσιον
1
righteous, holy
These two terms are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
37
TIT
1
9
xwy6
figs-metaphor
ἀντεχόμενον
1
He should hold tightly to
Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one’s hands. Alternate translation: “He should be devoted to” or “He should know well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
38
TIT
1
9
xy10
κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν
1
that is in accordance with the teaching
***that agrees with the things that we taught him*****_that agrees with the things that we taught him_**
39
TIT
1
9
abcj
grammar-connect-logic-result
ἵνα
1
so that
The connecting words **so that** introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is the elder holding tightly to the trustworthy message, and the result is the elder is not able to encourage others and rebuke those who oppose him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
40
TIT
1
9
pzi1
τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ
1
sound teaching
The Greek word rendered at **sound** normally refers to physical health. Paul speaks of this teaching as if it would cause those who believe it to be spiritually healthy, rather than spiritually sick.
41
TIT
1
10
xsq9
0
Connecting Statement:
Because of those that would oppose God’s word, Paul gives Titus reasons to preach God’s word and warns him about false teachers.
43
TIT
1
10
ga6n
φρεναπάται
1
deceivers
This phrase describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who persuade others to believe things that are not true”
44
TIT
1
10
abcd
figs-hendiadys
ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται
1
empty talkers and deceivers
both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people. They taught false, worthless things and wanted people to believe them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
45
TIT
1
10
pu74
figs-metonymy
οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς
1
those of the circumcision
This refers to the Jewish Christians who taught that men must be circumcised in order to follow Christ. This teaching is false. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
46
TIT
1
11
f4iy
οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν
1
It is necessary to stop them
***You must prevent them from spreading their teachings*** or ***Someone must stop them from influencing others by their words*****_You must prevent them from spreading their teachings_** or **_Someone must stop them from influencing others by their words_**
47
TIT
1
11
aqi5
ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν
1
They are upsetting whole households
**They are ruining entire families.** The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith. **They are ruining entire families**. The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith.
48
TIT
1
11
tw4e
διδάσκοντες ἃ μὴ δεῖ
1
teaching what they should not
These are things that are not proper to teach regarding Christ and the Law because they are not true.
49
TIT
1
11
at7c
αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν
1
for the sake of shameful profit
This refers to profit that people make by doing things that are not honorable.
50
TIT
1
12
tr1j
τις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης
1
One of their own prophets
***A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet*****_A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet_**
51
TIT
1
12
y3zb
figs-hyperbole
Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται
1
Cretans are always liars
***Cretans lie all the time.*** This is an exaggeration that means that Cretans had a reputation to be liars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])**_Cretans lie all the time_**. This is an exaggeration that means that Cretans had a reputation to be liars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
52
TIT
1
12
h3jb
figs-metaphor
κακὰ θηρία
1
evil beasts
This metaphor compares the Cretans to dangerous wild animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
53
TIT
1
12
xyz1
figs-synecdoche
γαστέρες ἀργαί
1
lazy bellies
The part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. Alternate translation: “lazy gluttons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
54
TIT
1
13
fif8
δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως
1
For this reason, rebuke them severely
***For that reason, you must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them*****_For that reason, you must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them_**
55
TIT
1
13
abck
grammar-connect-logic-result
δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν
1
For this reason
The connecting words **For this reason** introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is that what the Cretan prophet said about his peope is true (they are liars, evil, and lazy), and the result is that Titus should rebuke them severely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
56
TIT
1
13
je3r
ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει
1
so that they may be sound in the faith
See note on **sound** in [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “so they will have a healthy faith” or “so their faith may be true” or “so that they believe only what is true about God”
57
TIT
1
13
abcl
grammar-connect-logic-result
ἵνα
1
so that
The connecting words **so that** introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is the elder rebukes the Cretans severely, and the result is the Cretans become sound in the faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
59
TIT
1
14
abcm
grammar-connect-exceptions
μὴ
1
not
The connecting word **not** introduce an exception clause. Titus must not pay any attention to the Jewish myths or the commands of people who do not follow the truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
60
TIT
1
14
p28i
Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις
1
Jewish myths
This refers to the false teaching of the Jews.
61
TIT
1
14
m4a5
figs-metaphor
ἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν
1
turn away from the truth
Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: “reject the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
62
TIT
1
15
qtb9
πάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς
1
To those who are pure, all things are pure
***If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure*** or ***When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God*****_If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure_** or **_When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God_**
63
TIT
1
15
nx42
τοῖς καθαροῖς
1
To those who are pure
***To those who are acceptable to God*****_To those who are acceptable to God_**
64
TIT
1
15
abcn
grammar-connect-logic-contrast
δὲ
1
But
The connecting word **But** introduces a contrast between people who are pure and people who are corrupt and unbelieving. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
65
TIT
1
15
n3wk
figs-metaphor
τοῖς…μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν
1
to those who are corrupt and unbelieving, nothing is pure
Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: “if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure” or “when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
66
TIT
1
16
abco
grammar-connect-logic-contrast
δὲ
1
but
The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast between what these corrupt people say (they know God) and what their actions show (they do not know God). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
67
TIT
1
16
i3l2
τοῖς…ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται
1
they deny him by their actions
***how they live proves that they do not know him*****_how they live proves that they do not know him_**
68
TIT
1
16
ja47
βδελυκτοὶ ὄντες
1
They are detestable
***They are disgusting*****_They are disgusting_**
69
TIT
2
intro
h3il
0
# Titus 02 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Gender roles<br><br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.<br><br>### Slavery<br><br>Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
70
TIT
2
1
lfu1
0
Connecting Statement:
Paul continues giving Titus reasons to preach God’s word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.
71
TIT
2
1
tpi2
figs-explicit
σὺ δὲ λάλει ἃ πρέπει
1
But you, speak what fits
qPaul speaks of the grace of God as if it were a person who has arrived. Alternate translation: “God is now offering his grace” (See: UST: Personification)
72
TIT
2
1
ph2j
τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ
1
with sound teaching
See the note on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “ sound doctrine” or “with correct teachings”
73
TIT
2
2
xyz3
figs-ellipsis
πρεσβύτας…εἶναι
1
Older men are to be
The Greek does not have **are**, but only **older men to be**. We need to supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of **speak** in the previous verse, such as **teach** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
74
TIT
2
2
xy13
figs-doublet
νηφαλίους…σεμνούς, σώφρονας
1
temperate, dignified, sensible
These three words are very close in meaning and may be combined into one or two terms if the target language does not have three separate terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
75
TIT
2
2
xc6t
νηφαλίους
1
temperate
***sober-minded*** or ***self-controlled*****_sober-minded_** or **_self-controlled_**
76
TIT
2
2
y3j2
εἶναι…σώφρονας
1
to be…sensible
***to…control their desires*****_to…control their desires_**
77
TIT
2
2
m14y
figs-abstractnouns
ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει, τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ
1
sound in faith, in love, and in perseverance
Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. The abstract nouns **faith,** **love,** and **perseverance** can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “and they must firmly believe the true teachings about God, truly love others, and continually serve God even when things are difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. The abstract nouns **faith**, **love**, and **perseverance** can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “and they must firmly believe the true teachings about God, truly love others, and continually serve God even when things are difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
78
TIT
2
2
abc1
figs-abstractnouns
ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει
1
sound in faith
See note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r).
79
TIT
2
2
abc2
ὑγιαίνοντας
1
sound
See note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1).
80
TIT
2
3
gl8e
figs-ellipsis
πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως
1
Older women likewise are to be
The Greek does not have **are to be**, but only **older women likewise**. We need to continue the verbal idea from the previous two verses and apply that here, as well, such as **teach** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women” or “Also teach older women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
81
TIT
2
3
v9cp
διαβόλους
1
slanderers
This word refers to people who say bad things about other people whether they are true or not.
82
TIT
2
3
g9re
figs-metaphor
οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας
1
or being slaves to much wine
People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: “or controlled by their desire for wine” or “or addicted to wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
83
TIT
2
3
xyz4
figs-activepassive
οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας
1
or being slaves to much wine
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “or drinking too much wine” or “or addicted to wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
84
TIT
2
3
abc4
καλοδιδασκάλους
1
but to be teachers of what is good
The Greek word used here means ***a teacher of what is good***. The phrase **but to be** has been added in the English to contrast this good quality with the two preceding bad qualities. Consider if you need to use a similar word to make a contrast between the good and bad qualities.The Greek word used here means **_a teacher of what is good_**. The phrase **but to be** has been added in the English to contrast this good quality with the two preceding bad qualities. Consider if you need to use a similar word to make a contrast between the good and bad qualities.
85
TIT
2
4
abc5
φιλάνδρους
1
lovers of their husbands
***lovers of their own husbands*****_lovers of their own husbands_**
86
TIT
2
4
abca
φιλοτέκνους
1
and lovers of their children
***lovers of their own children*****_lovers of their own children_**
87
TIT
2
5
abcb
ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν
1
and subject to their own husbands
***and to obey their own husbands*****_and to obey their own husbands_**
88
TIT
2
5
t5v6
figs-activepassive
ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται
1
so that the word of God may not be insulted
**Word** here is a metonym for ***message***, which in turn is a metonym for God himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one insults the word of God” or “so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])**Word** here is a metonym for **_message_**, which in turn is a metonym for God himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one insults the word of God” or “so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
89
TIT
2
6
i3hv
ὡσαύτως
1
In the same way
Titus was to train the younger men just as he was to train the older people.
90
TIT
2
7
x73u
σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος
1
present yourself
***show yourself to be*** or ***you yourself must be*****_show yourself to be_** or **_you yourself must be_**
91
TIT
2
7
ym6x
τύπον καλῶν ἔργων
1
as an example of good works
***as an example of one who does right and proper things*****_as an example of one who does right and proper things_**
92
TIT
2
8
xy14
figs-doublet
ὑγιῆ
1
uncorrupted…sound
This word has the same basic meaning as **uncorrupted** in 2:7. In 2:7, Paul states the meaning negatively: **uncorrupted**, meaning, **without error**, and in 2:8 he states the meaning positively: **sound, whole**, meaning **correct**. Both terms refer to Titus’s teaching. Use either positive or negative terms in the target language, or use one term with this meaning if it is difficult to use two terms (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
93
TIT
2
8
xt6v
figs-hypo
ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ
1
so that the opponent may be ashamed
This presents a hypothetical situation in which someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: “so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed” or “so that when people oppose you, they may be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
94
TIT
2
8
xy15
figs-inclusive
ἡμῶν
1
us
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
95
TIT
2
9
xyz5
figs-ellipsis
δούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι
1
Slaves are to be subject to their masters
The Greek does not have **are**, but only **slaves to be subject to their masters**. We need to apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is **urge** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “Exhort slaves to be subject to their masters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
96
TIT
2
9
ntp7
ἰδίοις δεσπόταις
1
their masters
***their own masters*****_their own masters_**
97
TIT
2
9
abcc
ὑποτάσσεσθαι
1
are to be subject
***must obey*****_must obey_**
98
TIT
2
9
if6v
ἐν πᾶσιν
1
in everything
***in every situation*** or ***always*****_in every situation_** or **_always_**
99
TIT
2
9
id15
εὐαρέστους εἶναι
1
to be pleasing
***to please their masters*** or ***to satisfy their masters*****_to please their masters_** or **_to satisfy their masters_**
100
TIT
2
10
abc6
μὴ νοσφιζομένους
1
not to steal
***not to steal from their masters*****_not to steal from their masters_**
101
TIT
2
10
t87j
πᾶσαν πίστιν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν
1
to demonstrate all good faith
***to show that they are worthy of their masters’ trust*****_to show that they are worthy of their masters’ trust_**
102
TIT
2
10
h2n6
ἐν πᾶσιν
1
in every way
***in everything they do*****_in everything they do_**
they may bring credit to the teaching about God our Savior
***they may make the teaching about God our Savior attractive*** or ***they may cause people to understand that the teaching about God our Savior is good*****_they may make the teaching about God our Savior attractive_** or **_they may cause people to understand that the teaching about God our Savior is good_**
104
TIT
2
10
pn93
τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ
1
God our Savior
***our God who saves us*****_our God who saves us_***
105
TIT
2
10
xy16
figs-inclusive
ἡμῶν
1
our
***our*** here is inclusive of Paul, Titus, and all Christians (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])**our** here is inclusive of Paul, Titus, and all Christians (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
106
TIT
2
11
y44u
0
Connecting Statement:
Paul encourages Titus to look for Jesus’ coming and remember his authority through Jesus.
107
TIT
2
11
gp2z
figs-personification
ἐπεφάνη…ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ
1
the grace of God has appeared
Paul speaks of the grace of God as if it were a person who has arrived. Alternate translation: “God is now offering his grace” (See: UST, [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
108
TIT
2
12
qy8k
figs-personification
παιδεύουσα ἡμᾶς
1
training us
Paul speaks of the grace of God (2:11) as if it were a person who trains other people how to live holy lives. Alternate translation: “by which God trains us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
109
TIT
2
12
abce
figs-inclusive
ἡμᾶς
1
us
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
110
TIT
2
12
lxb3
τὴν ἀσέβειαν
1
godlessness
***things that dishonor God*****_things that dishonor God_**
111
TIT
2
12
n3k5
τὰς κοσμικὰς ἐπιθυμίας
1
worldly passions
***strong desires for the things of this world*** or ***strong desires for sinful pleasures*****_strong desires for the things of this world_** or **_strong desires for sinful pleasures_**
112
TIT
2
12
xy19
ἀσέβειαν…εὐσεβῶς
1
godlessness…godly way
These terms are direct opposites, meaning **God-dishonoring** and **God-honoring**, respectively.
113
TIT
2
12
fk8j
ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι
1
in the present age
***while we live in this world*** or ***during this time*****_while we live in this world_** or **_during this time_**
114
TIT
2
13
rz93
προσδεχόμενοι
1
looking forward to receiving
***waiting to welcome***
115
TIT
2
13
xyz6
figs-metonymy
τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα
1
the blessed hope
Here, what is **blessed** is that for which we hope, which is the return of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “the wonderful thing for which we hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
and appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ
Here **glory** represents Jesus himself who will appear gloriously. Alternate translation: “that is, the glorious appearance of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
120
TIT
2
14
xy20
figs-inclusive
ἡμῶν
1
us
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
121
TIT
2
14
gxe7
figs-metaphor
λυτρώσηται ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀνομίας
1
to redeem us from all lawlessness
Paul speaks of Jesus as if he were setting slaves free from their evil master. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
122
TIT
2
14
xy21
figs-inclusive
ἡμᾶς
1
us
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
123
TIT
2
14
fjy1
λαὸν περιούσιον
1
a special people
***a group of people that he treasures*****_a group of people that he treasures_**
124
TIT
2
14
ii18
ζηλωτὴν
1
zealous for
***who are eager to do*****_who are eager to do_**
125
TIT
2
15
abc7
παρακάλει
1
exhort
***encourage them to do these things*****_encourage them to do these things_**
126
TIT
2
15
b94z
figs-explicit
ἔλεγχε, μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς
1
rebuke with all authority
This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Correct with all authority those people who do not do these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
127
TIT
2
15
h15y
μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω
1
Let no one disregard you
***Do not allow anyone to ignore you*****_Do not allow anyone to ignore you_**
128
TIT
2
15
xy22
figs-doublenegatives
μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω
1
Let no one disregard you
This can be stated positively: ***Make sure that everyone listens to you*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])This can be stated positively: “Make sure that everyone listens to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
129
TIT
2
15
jbu1
figs-explicit
σου περιφρονείτω
1
disregard you
This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “refuse to listen to your words” or “refuse to respect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
130
TIT
3
intro
zh6x
0
# Titus 03 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul gives Titus personal instructions in this chapter.<br><br>Verse 15 formally concludes this letter. This is a common way of ending a letter in the ancient Near East.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Genealogies<br><br>Genealogies (verse 9) are lists that record a person’s ancestors or descendants, and show from what tribe and family a person came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. Some of these lists included stories of ancestors and even of spiritual beings. These lists and stories were used to argue about where things came from and about how important various people were.
131
TIT
3
1
y9tr
0
Connecting Statement:
Paul continues giving Titus instructions on how to teach the elders and people under his care in Crete.
132
TIT
3
1
j2sa
ὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς…ὑποτάσσεσθαι
1
Remind them to submit
***Tell our people again what they already know, to submit*** or ***Keep reminding them to submit*****_Tell our people again what they already know, to submit_** or **_Keep reminding them to submit_**
133
TIT
3
1
w3fy
ἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις, ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν
1
to submit to rulers and authorities, to obey them
***do as the political rulers and government authorities say by obeying them*****_Do as the political rulers and government authorities say by obeying them_**
134
TIT
3
1
wa9x
figs-doublet
ἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις
1
rulers and authorities
These words have similar meanings and both refer to anyone who holds authority in the government. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
135
TIT
3
1
xy25
figs-doublet
ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν
1
to submit…to obey
These words have similar meanings and both refer to doing what someone tells you to do. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
136
TIT
3
1
in7u
πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἑτοίμους εἶναι
1
be ready for every good work
***be ready to do good whenever there is opportunity*****_be ready to do good whenever there is opportunity_**
137
TIT
3
2
lug7
βλασφημεῖν
1
to revile
***to speak evil of*****_to speak evil of_**
138
TIT
3
2
abc8
figs-doublenegatives
ἀμάχους εἶναι
1
to avoid quarreling
This can be stated positively: “to be peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
139
TIT
3
3
m9zd
ἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς
1
For once we also
***This is because we ourselves were once*****_This is because we ourselves were once_**
140
TIT
3
3
me7b
ποτε
1
once
***formerly*** or ***at some time*** or ***previously*****_formerly_** or **_at some time_** or **_previously_**
141
TIT
3
3
bl8e
figs-inclusive
ἡμεῖς
1
we
***even we*** or ***we ourselves*** This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians, referring to the time before they trusted in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])**_even we_** or **_we ourselves_** This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians, referring to the time before they trusted in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
142
TIT
3
3
rrx9
ἦμεν…ἀνόητοι
1
were foolish
***were thoughtless*** or ***were unwise*****_were thoughtless_** or **_were unwise_**
We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures
Passion and pleasure are spoken of as if they were masters over people and had made those people into slaves by lying to them. Alternate translation: “We had allowed ourselves to believe the lie that various passions and pleasures could make us happy, and then we were unable to control our feelings or stop doing things we thought would give us pleasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures
This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Various passions and pleasures had lied to us and so led us astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
145
TIT
3
3
tl5n
ἐπιθυμίαις
1
passions
***lusts*** or ***desires*****_lusts_** or **_desires_**
146
TIT
3
3
dec4
figs-hendiadys
ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες
1
We lived in evil and envy
Here **evil** and **envy** describe sin. **Evil** is general and **envy** is a specific kind of sin. Alternate translation: “We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
147
TIT
3
3
y5lp
στυγητοί
1
detestable
***causing others to hate us*****_causing others to hate us_**
148
TIT
3
4
xy28
grammar-connect-logic-contrast
δὲ
1
But
It is important to mark the contrast here between the evil way that people are (verses 1-3) and the goodness of God (verses 4-7) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared
Paul speaks of God’s kindness and love as if they were people that came into our sight. Alternate translation: “When God our Savior showed us his kindness and love for people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared
The abstract nouns **kindness** and **love** can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “when God, who saves us, showed how kind and loving he would be to mankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
151
TIT
3
4
abch
figs-inclusive
ἡμῶν
1
our
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
152
TIT
3
5
n4ug
κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος
1
by his mercy
***because he had mercy on us*****_because he had mercy on us_**
153
TIT
3
5
k1a6
figs-metaphor
λουτροῦ παλινγενεσίας
1
the washing of new birth
Paul combines two metaphors here. He is speaking of God’s forgiveness for sinners as if he were physically washing them clean from their sin. He is also speaking of sinners who become responsive to God as if they had been born again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
154
TIT
3
6
fby9
figs-metaphor
οὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς πλουσίως
1
whom God richly poured on us
It is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. Alternate translation: “whom God gave to us generously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
155
TIT
3
6
xy24
figs-inclusive
ἡμᾶς
1
us
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
156
TIT
3
6
q9ze
διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν
1
through our Savior Jesus Christ
***when Jesus Christ saved us*****_when Jesus Christ saved us_**
157
TIT
3
6
xy23
figs-inclusive
ἡμῶν
1
our
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
158
TIT
3
7
di3g
figs-activepassive
δικαιωθέντες
1
having been justified
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “since God has declared us to be without sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
159
TIT
3
7
q1cm
figs-metaphor
κληρονόμοι γενηθῶμεν, κατ’ ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου
1
we might become heirs according to the certain hope of eternal life
The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit the things promised, just as a person inherits property or possessions from a family member. Alternate translation: “we might expect to receive the eternal life that God hs promised us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
160
TIT
3
8
j8md
ὁ λόγος
1
This message
This message is the one just expressed in verses 4-7, that God freely gives the Holy Spirit and eternal life to believers through Jesus.
161
TIT
3
8
xy29
τούτων
1
these things
This refers to the teachings that Paul has talked about in verses 1-7. Alternate translation: “these teachings that I have just talked about”
162
TIT
3
8
kqm6
φροντίζωσιν καλῶν ἔργων, προΐστασθαι
1
may be careful to engage themselves in good works
***may seek to do good works*****_may seek to do good works_**
163
TIT
3
9
tzh9
0
Connecting Statement:
Paul explains what Titus should avoid and how to treat those who cause contention among the believers.
164
TIT
3
9
j1hf
δὲ…περιΐστασο
1
But avoid
***So avoid*** or ***Therefore, avoid*****_So avoid_** or **_Therefore, avoid)**
This is the study of family kinship relationships. See the Introduction to Titus.
167
TIT
3
9
xu7f
ἔρεις
1
strife
arguments or fights
168
TIT
3
9
ky3n
νομικὰς
1
about the law
***about the law of Moses*****_about the law of Moses_**
169
TIT
3
10
x3fh
αἱρετικὸν ἄνθρωπον…παραιτοῦ
1
Reject a divisive person
***Stay away from a person who causes division*****_Stay away from a person who causes division_**
170
TIT
3
10
xzx1
μετὰ μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν
1
after one or two warnings
***after you have warned that person once or twice*****_after you have warned that person once or twice_**
171
TIT
3
11
r7pc
ὁ τοιοῦτος
1
such a person
***a person like that*****_a person like that_**
172
TIT
3
11
inh5
figs-metaphor
ἐξέστραπται
1
has turned from the right way
Paul speaks of someone who chooses to do wrong things as if he were leaving the right path to walk in the wrong direction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
173
TIT
3
11
p81k
ὢν αὐτοκατάκριτος
1
being self-condemned
***bringing judgment on himself*****_bringing judgment on himself_**
174
TIT
3
12
z7i4
0
Connecting Statement:
Paul closes the letter by telling Titus what to do after he appoints elders in Crete and by giving greetings from those with him.
175
TIT
3
12
mba6
ὅταν πέμψω
1
When I send
***After I send*****_After I send_**
176
TIT
3
12
c32w
translate-names
Ἀρτεμᾶν…Τυχικόν
1
Artemas…Tychicus
These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
177
TIT
3
12
knt1
σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν
1
hurry to come
***come quickly*****_come quickly_**
178
TIT
3
12
xy30
σπούδασον
1
hurry
The verb is singular, directed at Titus alone. Artemas or Tychicus would stay in Crete, probably to take Titus’ place.
179
TIT
3
12
gdw9
παραχειμάσαι
1
to spend the winter
***to stay for the winter*****_to stay for the winter_**
180
TIT
3
13
a46f
translate-names
Ζηνᾶν…Ἀπολλῶν
1
Zenas…Appollos
These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
181
TIT
3
13
s757
καὶ Ἀπολλῶν
1
and Apollos
***and also Apollos*****_and also Apollos_**
182
TIT
3
13
j496
σπουδαίως πρόπεμψο
1
Diligently send on their way
***Do not delay in sending*****_Do not delay in sending_**
183
TIT
3
13
xy31
figs-doublenegatives
ἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς λείπῃ
1
so that they lack nothing
This can be stated positively: “so that they have everything that they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
184
TIT
3
14
v7wg
0
Connecting Statement:
Paul explains that it is important for all believers to provide for those who have needs.
185
TIT
3
14
fw98
οἱ ἡμέτεροι
1
our own
Paul is referring to the believers in Crete. Alternate translation: “our own people”
186
TIT
3
14
xy33
figs-inclusive
οἱ ἡμέτεροι
1
our own
The **our** includes Paul and Titus. The form should be either dual or inclusive.
187
TIT
3
14
tn24
εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας
1
toward essential needs
***that enable them to help people who lack necessary things*****_that enable them to help people who lack necessary things_**
188
TIT
3
14
mji4
figs-metaphor
ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι
1
in order not to be unfruitful
Paul speaks of people doing good work as if they were trees bearing good fruit. Alternate translation: “so that they will not lead useless lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
189
TIT
3
14
xy32
figs-doublenegatives
ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι
1
in order not to be unfruitful
This can be stated positively: “in this way they will be fruitful” or “in this way they will be productive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
190
TIT
3
15
j3y2
0
General Information:
Paul ends his letter to Titus.
191
TIT
3
15
abci
ἀσπάζονταί σε
1
greet you
**you** here is singular – this is a personal greeting to Titus.**you** here is singular–this is a personal greeting to Titus.
192
TIT
3
15
k1sa
οἱ μετ’ ἐμοῦ πάντες
1
All those who are with me
***All the people who are with me*** or ***all of the believers who are here with me*****_All the people who are with me_** or **_all of the believers who are here with me_**
193
TIT
3
15
f4vc
τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει
1
those who love us in faith
Possible meanings are 1) ***the believers who love us*** or 2) ***the believers who love us because we share the same belief.***Possible meanings are 1) **_the believers who love us_** or 2) **_the believers who love us because we share the same belief_**.
194
TIT
3
15
xy35
figs-inclusive
ἡμᾶς
1
us
**us** here is probably exclusive and refers to Paul and the group of Christians with him. Paul is sending greetings from this group to the group of Christians that is with Titus on Crete.Here **us** is probably exclusive and refers to Paul and the group of Christians with him. Paul is sending greetings from this group to the group of Christians that is with Titus on Crete.
195
TIT
3
15
kx83
ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν
1
Grace be with all of you
This was a common Christian greeting. Alternate translation: “May God’s grace be with you” or “I ask that God will be gracious to all of you”
196
TIT
3
15
xy34
ὑμῶν
1
you
**you** here is plural. This blessing is for Titus and all of the believers there in Crete.Here **you** is plural. This blessing is for Titus and all of the believers there in Crete.
Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
3JN front intro kwv9 0 # Introduction to 3 John<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of 3 John<br><br>1. Introduction (1:1)<br>1. Encouragement and instructions to show hospitality (1:2-8)<br>1. Diotrephes and Demetrius (1:9-12)<br>1. Conclusion (1:13-14)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of 3 John?<br><br>The letter does not give the name of the author. The author only identified himself as “the elder” (1:1). The letter was probably written by the Apostle John near the end of his life.<br><br>### What is the Book of 3 John about?<br><br>John wrote this letter to a believer named Gaius. He instructed Gaius to be hospitable to fellow believers who were traveling through his area.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “3 John” or “Third John.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The Third Letter from John” or “The Third Letter John Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What is hospitality?<br><br>Hospitality was an important concept in the ancient Near East. It was important to be friendly towards foreigners or outsiders and provide help to them if they needed it. In 2 John, John discouraged Christians from showing hospitality to false teachers. In 3 John, John encouraged Christians to show hospitality to faithful teachers.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How does the author use family relationships in his letter?<br><br>The author used the terms “brother” and “children” in a way that can be confusing. The scriptures often used the term “brothers” to refer to Jews. But in this letter, John used the word to refer to Christians. Also, John called some believers his “children.” These are believers he taught to obey Christ.<br><br>John also used the term “Gentile” in a way that could be confusing. The scriptures often used the term “Gentile” to refer to people who are not Jews. But in this letter, John used the word to refer to those who did not believe in Jesus.<br>
3JN 1 1 rni7 figs-you 0 General Information: This is a personal letter from John to Gaius. All instances of “you” and “your” refer to Gaius and are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
3JN 1 1 w99t figs-explicit ὁ πρεσβύτερος 1 The elder This refers to John, the apostle and disciple of Jesus. He refers to himself as “elder” either because of his old age or because he is a leader in the church. The name of the author can be made explicit: “I, John the elder, am writing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3JN front intro kwv9 0 # Introduction to 3 John<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of 3 John<br><br>1. Introduction (1:1)<br>1. Encouragement and instructions to show hospitality (1:2-8)<br>1. Diotrephes and Demetrius (1:9-12)<br>1. Conclusion (1:13-14)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of 3 John?<br><br>The letter does not give the name of the author. The author only identified himself as **The elder** (1:1). The letter was probably written by the Apostle John near the end of his life.<br><br>### What is the Book of 3 John about?<br><br>John wrote this letter to a believer named Gaius. He instructed Gaius to be hospitable to fellow believers who were traveling through his area.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, **_3 John_** or **_Third John_**. Or they may choose a clearer title, such as **_The Third Letter from John_** or **_The Third Letter John Wrote_**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What is hospitality?<br><br>Hospitality was an important concept in the ancient Near East. It was important to be friendly towards foreigners or outsiders and provide help to them if they needed it. In 2 John, John discouraged Christians from showing hospitality to false teachers. In 3 John, John encouraged Christians to show hospitality to faithful teachers.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How does the author use family relationships in his letter?<br><br>The author used the terms **brother** and **children** in a way that can be confusing. The scriptures often used the term **brothers** to refer to Jews. But in this letter, John used the word to refer to Christians. Also, John called some believers his **children**. These are believers he taught to obey Christ.<br><br>John also used the term **Gentile** in a way that could be confusing. The scriptures often used the term **Gentile** to refer to people who are not Jews. But in this letter, John used the word to refer to those who did not believe in Jesus.<br>
3JN 1 1 rni7 figs-you 0 General Information: This is a personal letter from John to Gaius. All instances of **you** and **your** refer to Gaius and are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
3JN 1 1 w99t figs-explicit ὁ πρεσβύτερος 1 The elder This refers to John, the apostle and disciple of Jesus. He refers to himself as **elder** either because of his old age or because he is a leader in the church. The name of the author can be made explicit: “I, John the elder, am writing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3JN 1 1 lls6 translate-names Γαΐῳ 1 Gaius This is a fellow believer to whom John is writing this letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3JN 1 1 mp9w ὃν ἐγὼ ἀγαπῶ ἐν ἀληθείᾳ 1 whom I love in truth “whom I truly love”
3JN 1 2 v6dv περὶ πάντων…σε εὐοδοῦσθαι καὶ ὑγιαίνειν 1 all may go well with you and that you may be healthy “you may do well in all things and be healthy”
3JN 1 2 i269 καθὼς εὐοδοῦταί σου ἡ ψυχή 1 just as it is well with your soul “just as you are doing well spiritually”
3JN 1 3 b4zh ἐρχομένων ἀδελφῶν 1 brothers came “fellow believers came.” These people were probably all male.
3JN 1 3 y7q3 figs-metaphor σὺ ἐν ἀληθείᾳ περιπατεῖς 1 you walk in truth Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: “you are living your life according to God’s truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3JN 1 1 mp9w ὃν ἐγὼ ἀγαπῶ ἐν ἀληθείᾳ 1 whom I love in truth **_whom I truly love_**
3JN 1 2 v6dv περὶ πάντων…σε εὐοδοῦσθαι καὶ ὑγιαίνειν 1 everything for you to be well and to be healthy **_you may do well in all things and be healthy_**
3JN 1 2 i269 καθὼς εὐοδοῦταί σου ἡ ψυχή 1 just as your soul prospers **_just as you are doing well spiritually_**
3JN 1 3 b4zh ἐρχομένων ἀδελφῶν 1 brothers came **_fellow believers came_**. These people were probably all male.
3JN 1 3 y7q3 figs-metaphor σὺ ἐν ἀληθείᾳ περιπατεῖς 1 you are walking in truth Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: “you are living your life according to God’s truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3JN 1 4 w79m figs-metaphor τὰ ἐμὰ τέκνα 1 my children John speaks of those he taught to believe in Jesus as though they were his children. This emphasizes his love and concern for them. It could also be that he himself led them to the Lord. Alternate translation: “my spiritual children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3JN 1 5 jtc6 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to John and those with him, and possibly includes all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
3JN 1 5 vl13 0 Connecting Statement: John’s purpose in writing this letter is to compliment Gaius in the way he took care of traveling Bible teachers; then he talks about two people, one evil and one good.
3JN 1 5 tmh1 ἀγαπητέ 1 Beloved Here this is used as a term of endearment for fellow believers.
3JN 1 5 gs6x πιστὸν ποιεῖς 1 you practice faithfulness “you are doing what is faithful to God” or “you are being loyal to God”
3JN 1 5 g4gz ὃ, ἐὰν ἐργάσῃ εἰς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τοῦτο ξένους 1 work for the brothers and for strangers “help fellow believers and those you do not know”
3JN 1 6 wzf6 οἳ ἐμαρτύρησάν σου τῇ ἀγάπῃ ἐνώπιον ἐκκλησίας 1 who have borne witness of your love in the presence of the church These words describe the “strangers” (verse 5). “strangers who have told the believers in the church about how you have loved them”
3JN 1 6 pb64 καλῶς ποιήσεις, προπέμψας 1 You do well to send them John is thanking Gaius for his normal practice of helping these believers.
3JN 1 7 d8y1 figs-metonymy γὰρ τοῦ ὀνόματος ἐξῆλθον 1 because it was for the sake of the name that they went out Here “the name” refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “for they have gone out to tell people about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3JN 1 7 yzc8 μηδὲν λαμβάνοντες 1 taking nothing receiving no gifts or help
3JN 1 7 hk3p τῶν ἐθνικῶν 1 the Gentiles Here “Gentiles” does not just mean people who are not Jewish. It implies people who do not trust in Jesus.
3JN 1 8 d2l7 ἵνα συνεργοὶ γινώμεθα τῇ ἀληθείᾳ 1 so that we will be fellow workers for the truth “so that we will cooperate with them in announcing God’s truth to people”
3JN 1 9 dp1v figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The word “us” refers to John and those with him and does not include Gaius. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3JN 1 9 tm9q τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ 1 congregation This refers to Gaius and the group of believers who met together to worship God.
3JN 1 5 tmh1 ἀγαπητέ 1 Beloved Here **Beloved** is used as a term of endearment for Gaius as a fellow believer.
3JN 1 5 gs6x πιστὸν ποιεῖς 1 you are doing a faithful thing **_you are doing what is faithful to God_** or **_you are being loyal to God_**
3JN 1 5 g4gz ὃ, ἐὰν ἐργάσῃ εἰς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τοῦτο ξένους 1 whenever you work for the brothers, and this for strangers **_help fellow believers and those you do not know_**
3JN 1 6 wzf6 οἳ ἐμαρτύρησάν σου τῇ ἀγάπῃ ἐνώπιον ἐκκλησίας 1 who have borne witness of your love in the presence of the church These words describe the **strangers** (verse 5). **_strangers who have told the believers in the church about how you have loved them_**
3JN 1 6 pb64 καλῶς ποιήσεις, προπέμψας 1 You do well to send them on their journey John is thanking Gaius for his normal practice of helping these believers.
3JN 1 7 d8y1 figs-metonymy γὰρ τοῦ ὀνόματος ἐξῆλθον 1 because they went out for the sake of the name Here **the name** refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “for they have gone out to tell people about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3JN 1 7 yzc8 μηδὲν λαμβάνοντες 1 receiving nothing receiving no gifts or help
3JN 1 7 hk3p τῶν ἐθνικῶν 1 the Gentiles Here **Gentiles** does not just mean people who are not Jewish. It implies people who do not trust in Jesus.
3JN 1 8 d2l7 ἵνα συνεργοὶ γινώμεθα τῇ ἀληθείᾳ 1 so that we become fellow workers for the truth **_so that we will cooperate with them in announcing God’s truth to people_**
3JN 1 9 dp1v figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς 1 us The word **us** refers to John and those with him and does not include Gaius. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3JN 1 9 tm9q τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ 1 the church This refers to Gaius and the group of believers who met together to worship God.
3JN 1 9 cz9d translate-names Διοτρέφης 1 Diotrephes He was a member of the congregation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3JN 1 9 s82w ὁ φιλοπρωτεύων αὐτῶν 1 who loves to be first among them “who loves to be the most important one among them” or “who loves to act as though he’s their leader”
3JN 1 10 f6qj λόγοις πονηροῖς φλυαρῶν ἡμᾶς 1 talking wicked nonsense against us “and how he says evil things about us that certainly are not true”
3JN 1 10 wi6a αὐτὸς ἐπιδέχεται τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς 1 refused to welcome the brothers “did not welcome the fellow believers”
3JN 1 10 it7p τοὺς βουλομένους κωλύει 1 stops those who want to welcome them “stops those who want to welcome the believers”
3JN 1 10 g98b ἐκ τῆς ἐκκλησίας ἐκβάλλει 1 puts them out of the church “he forces them to leave the congregation”
3JN 1 11 a16a figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here “we” refers to John and those with him and does not include Gaius. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3JN 1 11 a3z8 ἀγαπητέ 1 Beloved Here this is used as a term of endearment for fellow believers. See how you translated this in [3 John 1:5](../01/05.md).
3JN 1 11 pv24 μὴ μιμοῦ τὸ κακὸν 1 do not imitate what is evil “do not copy the evil things that people do”
3JN 1 9 s82w ὁ φιλοπρωτεύων αὐτῶν 1 who loves to be first among them **_who loves to be the most important one among them_** or **_who loves to act as though he’s their leader_**
3JN 1 10 f6qj λόγοις πονηροῖς φλυαρῶν ἡμᾶς 1 accusing us with evil words **_and how he says evil things about us that certainly are not true_**
3JN 1 10 wi6a αὐτὸς ἐπιδέχεται τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς 1 he does not receive the brothers **_did not welcome the fellow believers_**
3JN 1 10 it7p τοὺς βουλομένους κωλύει 1 stops those who are willing **_stops those who want to welcome the believers_**
3JN 1 10 g98b ἐκ τῆς ἐκκλησίας ἐκβάλλει 1 puts them out of the church **_he forces them to leave the congregation_**
3JN 1 11 a3z8 ἀγαπητέ 1 Beloved Here **Beloved** is used as a term of endearment for Gaius as a fellow believer. See how you translated this in [3 John 1:5](../01/05.md).
3JN 1 11 pv24 μὴ μιμοῦ τὸ κακὸν 1 do not imitate what is evil **_do not copy the evil things that people do_**
3JN 1 11 sz2h figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ τὸ ἀγαθόν 1 but what is good There are words left out but they are understood. Alternate translation: “but imitate the good things that people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3JN 1 11 cm8t ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν 1 is of God “belongs to God”
3JN 1 11 zan2 οὐχ ἑώρακεν τὸν Θεόν 1 has not seen God “does not belong to God” or “does not believe in God”
3JN 1 11 cm8t ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν 1 is from God **_comes from God_**
3JN 1 11 zan2 οὐχ ἑώρακεν τὸν Θεόν 1 has not seen God **_does not belong to God_** or **_does not believe in God_**
3JN 1 12 pl7i figs-activepassive Δημητρίῳ μεμαρτύρηται ὑπὸ πάντων 1 Demetrius is borne witness to by all This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “All who know Demetrius bear witness of him” or “Every believer who knows Demetrius speaks well of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3JN 1 12 m22h translate-names Δημητρίῳ 1 Demetrius This is probably a man whom John wants Gaius and the congregation to welcome when he comes to visit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3JN 1 12 rad4 figs-personification ὑπὸ αὐτῆς τῆς ἀληθείας 1 by the truth itself “the truth itself speaks well of him.” Here “truth” is described as a person speaking. Alternate translation: “everyone who knows the truth knows he is a good person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
3JN 1 12 s712 figs-ellipsis καὶ ἡμεῖς…μαρτυροῦμεν 1 We also bear witness What John is confirming is implied and can be made specific here. Alternate translation: “We also speak well of Demetrius” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3JN 1 12 rad4 figs-personification ὑπὸ αὐτῆς τῆς ἀληθείας 1 by the truth itself **_the truth itself speaks well of him_**. Here **truth** is described as a person speaking. Alternate translation: “everyone who knows the truth knows he is a good person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3JN 1 12 s712 figs-ellipsis καὶ ἡμεῖς δὲ μαρτυροῦμεν 1 And we also bear witness What John is confirming is implied and can be made specific here. Alternate translation: “And we also speak well of Demetrius” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3JN 1 12 a16a figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς 1 we Here **we** refers to John and those with him and does not include Gaius. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3JN 1 13 v27c 0 General Information: This is the end of John’s letter to Gaius. He gives some final remarks and closes with a greeting.
3JN 1 13 am6k οὐ θέλω διὰ μέλανος καὶ καλάμου σοι γράφειν 1 I do not wish to write them to you with pen and ink John does not wish to write these other things at all. He is not saying that he would write them with something other than pen and ink.
3JN 1 14 r8i4 figs-idiom στόμα πρὸς στόμα 1 face to face “Face to face” here is an idiom, meaning “in person.” Alternate translation: “in person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3JN 1 15 v8yj εἰρήνη σοι 1 May peace be with you “May God give you peace”
3JN 1 15 mhs1 ἀσπάζονταί σε οἱ φίλοι 1 The friends greet you “The friends here greet you”
3JN 1 15 lq8r ἀσπάζου τοὺς φίλους κατ’ ὄνομα 1 Greet our friends there by name “Greet each of the believers there for me”
3JN 1 13 am6k οὐ θέλω διὰ μέλανος καὶ καλάμου σοι γράφειν 1 I do not wish to write them to you with ink and pen John does not wish to write these other things at all. He is not saying that he would write them with something other than pen and ink.
3JN 1 14 r8i4 figs-idiom στόμα πρὸς στόμα 1 mouth to mouth Here **mouth to mouth** is an idiom, meaning ***_in person_**. Alternate translation: “in person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3JN 1 15 v8yj εἰρήνη σοι 1 Peace to you **_May God give you peace_**
3JN 1 15 mhs1 ἀσπάζονταί σε οἱ φίλοι 1 The friends greet you **_The friends here greet you_**
3JN 1 15 lq8r ἀσπάζου τοὺς φίλους κατ’ ὄνομα 1 Greet the friends by name **_Greet each of the believers there for me_**
1
Book
Chapter
Verse
ID
SupportReference
OrigQuote
Occurrence
GLQuote
OccurrenceNote
2
3JN
front
intro
kwv9
0
# Introduction to 3 John<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of 3 John<br><br>1. Introduction (1:1)<br>1. Encouragement and instructions to show hospitality (1:2-8)<br>1. Diotrephes and Demetrius (1:9-12)<br>1. Conclusion (1:13-14)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of 3 John?<br><br>The letter does not give the name of the author. The author only identified himself as “the elder” (1:1). The letter was probably written by the Apostle John near the end of his life.<br><br>### What is the Book of 3 John about?<br><br>John wrote this letter to a believer named Gaius. He instructed Gaius to be hospitable to fellow believers who were traveling through his area.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “3 John” or “Third John.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The Third Letter from John” or “The Third Letter John Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What is hospitality?<br><br>Hospitality was an important concept in the ancient Near East. It was important to be friendly towards foreigners or outsiders and provide help to them if they needed it. In 2 John, John discouraged Christians from showing hospitality to false teachers. In 3 John, John encouraged Christians to show hospitality to faithful teachers.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How does the author use family relationships in his letter?<br><br>The author used the terms “brother” and “children” in a way that can be confusing. The scriptures often used the term “brothers” to refer to Jews. But in this letter, John used the word to refer to Christians. Also, John called some believers his “children.” These are believers he taught to obey Christ.<br><br>John also used the term “Gentile” in a way that could be confusing. The scriptures often used the term “Gentile” to refer to people who are not Jews. But in this letter, John used the word to refer to those who did not believe in Jesus.<br># Introduction to 3 John<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of 3 John<br><br>1. Introduction (1:1)<br>1. Encouragement and instructions to show hospitality (1:2-8)<br>1. Diotrephes and Demetrius (1:9-12)<br>1. Conclusion (1:13-14)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of 3 John?<br><br>The letter does not give the name of the author. The author only identified himself as **The elder** (1:1). The letter was probably written by the Apostle John near the end of his life.<br><br>### What is the Book of 3 John about?<br><br>John wrote this letter to a believer named Gaius. He instructed Gaius to be hospitable to fellow believers who were traveling through his area.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, **_3 John_** or **_Third John_**. Or they may choose a clearer title, such as **_The Third Letter from John_** or **_The Third Letter John Wrote_**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What is hospitality?<br><br>Hospitality was an important concept in the ancient Near East. It was important to be friendly towards foreigners or outsiders and provide help to them if they needed it. In 2 John, John discouraged Christians from showing hospitality to false teachers. In 3 John, John encouraged Christians to show hospitality to faithful teachers.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How does the author use family relationships in his letter?<br><br>The author used the terms **brother** and **children** in a way that can be confusing. The scriptures often used the term **brothers** to refer to Jews. But in this letter, John used the word to refer to Christians. Also, John called some believers his **children**. These are believers he taught to obey Christ.<br><br>John also used the term **Gentile** in a way that could be confusing. The scriptures often used the term **Gentile** to refer to people who are not Jews. But in this letter, John used the word to refer to those who did not believe in Jesus.<br>
3
3JN
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1
rni7
figs-you
0
General Information:
This is a personal letter from John to Gaius. All instances of “you” and “your” refer to Gaius and are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])This is a personal letter from John to Gaius. All instances of **you** and **your** refer to Gaius and are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
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3JN
1
1
w99t
figs-explicit
ὁ πρεσβύτερος
1
The elder
This refers to John, the apostle and disciple of Jesus. He refers to himself as “elder” either because of his old age or because he is a leader in the church. The name of the author can be made explicit: “I, John the elder, am writing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])This refers to John, the apostle and disciple of Jesus. He refers to himself as **elder** either because of his old age or because he is a leader in the church. The name of the author can be made explicit: “I, John the elder, am writing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5
3JN
1
1
lls6
translate-names
Γαΐῳ
1
Gaius
This is a fellow believer to whom John is writing this letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6
3JN
1
1
mp9w
ὃν ἐγὼ ἀγαπῶ ἐν ἀληθείᾳ
1
whom I love in truth
“whom I truly love”**_whom I truly love_**
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1
2
v6dv
περὶ πάντων…σε εὐοδοῦσθαι καὶ ὑγιαίνειν
1
all may go well with you and that you may be healthyeverything for you to be well and to be healthy
“you may do well in all things and be healthy”**_you may do well in all things and be healthy_**
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1
2
i269
καθὼς εὐοδοῦταί σου ἡ ψυχή
1
just as it is well with your souljust as your soul prospers
“just as you are doing well spiritually”**_just as you are doing well spiritually_**
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3
b4zh
ἐρχομένων ἀδελφῶν
1
brothers came
“fellow believers came.” These people were probably all male.**_fellow believers came_**. These people were probably all male.
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3JN
1
3
y7q3
figs-metaphor
σὺ ἐν ἀληθείᾳ περιπατεῖς
1
you walk in truthyou are walking in truth
Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: “you are living your life according to God’s truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3JN
1
4
w79m
figs-metaphor
τὰ ἐμὰ τέκνα
1
my children
John speaks of those he taught to believe in Jesus as though they were his children. This emphasizes his love and concern for them. It could also be that he himself led them to the Lord. Alternate translation: “my spiritual children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3JN
1
5
jtc6
figs-inclusive
0
General Information:
Here the word “we” refers to John and those with him, and possibly includes all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
12
3JN
1
5
vl13
0
Connecting Statement:
John’s purpose in writing this letter is to compliment Gaius in the way he took care of traveling Bible teachers; then he talks about two people, one evil and one good.
13
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1
5
tmh1
ἀγαπητέ
1
Beloved
Here this is used as a term of endearment for fellow believers.Here **Beloved** is used as a term of endearment for Gaius as a fellow believer.
14
3JN
1
5
gs6x
πιστὸν ποιεῖς
1
you practice faithfulnessyou are doing a faithful thing
“you are doing what is faithful to God” or “you are being loyal to God”**_you are doing what is faithful to God_** or **_you are being loyal to God_**
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3JN
1
5
g4gz
ὃ, ἐὰν ἐργάσῃ εἰς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τοῦτο ξένους
1
work for the brothers and for strangerswhenever you work for the brothers, and this for strangers
“help fellow believers and those you do not know”**_help fellow believers and those you do not know_**
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1
6
wzf6
οἳ ἐμαρτύρησάν σου τῇ ἀγάπῃ ἐνώπιον ἐκκλησίας
1
who have borne witness of your love in the presence of the church
These words describe the “strangers” (verse 5). “strangers who have told the believers in the church about how you have loved them”These words describe the **strangers** (verse 5). **_strangers who have told the believers in the church about how you have loved them_**
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1
6
pb64
καλῶς ποιήσεις, προπέμψας
1
You do well to send themYou do well to send them on their journey
John is thanking Gaius for his normal practice of helping these believers.
18
3JN
1
7
d8y1
figs-metonymy
γὰρ τοῦ ὀνόματος ἐξῆλθον
1
because it was for the sake of the name that they went outbecause they went out for the sake of the name
Here “the name” refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “for they have gone out to tell people about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])Here **the name** refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “for they have gone out to tell people about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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1
7
yzc8
μηδὲν λαμβάνοντες
1
taking nothingreceiving nothing
receiving no gifts or help
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1
7
hk3p
τῶν ἐθνικῶν
1
the Gentiles
Here “Gentiles” does not just mean people who are not Jewish. It implies people who do not trust in Jesus.Here **Gentiles** does not just mean people who are not Jewish. It implies people who do not trust in Jesus.
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3JN
1
8
d2l7
ἵνα συνεργοὶ γινώμεθα τῇ ἀληθείᾳ
1
so that we will be fellow workers for the truthso that we become fellow workers for the truth
“so that we will cooperate with them in announcing God’s truth to people”**_so that we will cooperate with them in announcing God’s truth to people_**
22
3JN
1
9
dp1v
figs-exclusive
ἡμᾶς
01
General Information:us
The word “us” refers to John and those with him and does not include Gaius. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])The word **us** refers to John and those with him and does not include Gaius. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
23
3JN
1
9
tm9q
τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ
1
congregationthe church
This refers to Gaius and the group of believers who met together to worship God.
24
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1
9
cz9d
translate-names
Διοτρέφης
1
Diotrephes
He was a member of the congregation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
25
3JN
1
9
s82w
ὁ φιλοπρωτεύων αὐτῶν
1
who loves to be first among them
“who loves to be the most important one among them” or “who loves to act as though he’s their leader”**_who loves to be the most important one among them_** or **_who loves to act as though he’s their leader_**
26
3JN
1
10
f6qj
λόγοις πονηροῖς φλυαρῶν ἡμᾶς
1
talking wicked nonsense against usaccusing us with evil words
“and how he says evil things about us that certainly are not true”**_and how he says evil things about us that certainly are not true_**
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3JN
1
10
wi6a
αὐτὸς ἐπιδέχεται τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς
1
refused to welcome the brothershe does not receive the brothers
“did not welcome the fellow believers”**_did not welcome the fellow believers_**
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3JN
1
10
it7p
τοὺς βουλομένους κωλύει
1
stops those who want to welcome themstops those who are willing
“stops those who want to welcome the believers”**_stops those who want to welcome the believers_**
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3JN
1
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g98b
ἐκ τῆς ἐκκλησίας ἐκβάλλει
1
puts them out of the church
“he forces them to leave the congregation”**_he forces them to leave the congregation_**
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3JN
1
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a16aa3z8
figs-exclusive
ἀγαπητέ
01
General Information:Beloved
Here “we” refers to John and those with him and does not include Gaius. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])Here **Beloved** is used as a term of endearment for Gaius as a fellow believer. See how you translated this in [3 John 1:5](../01/05.md).
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1
11
a3z8pv24
ἀγαπητέμὴ μιμοῦ τὸ κακὸν
1
Beloveddo not imitate what is evil
Here this is used as a term of endearment for fellow believers. See how you translated this in [3 John 1:5](../01/05.md).**_do not copy the evil things that people do_**
3JN
1
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pv24
μὴ μιμοῦ τὸ κακὸν
1
do not imitate what is evil
“do not copy the evil things that people do”
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3JN
1
11
sz2h
figs-ellipsis
ἀλλὰ τὸ ἀγαθόν
1
but what is good
There are words left out but they are understood. Alternate translation: “but imitate the good things that people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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3JN
1
11
cm8t
ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν
1
is of Godis from God
“belongs to God”**_comes from God_**
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3JN
1
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zan2
οὐχ ἑώρακεν τὸν Θεόν
1
has not seen God
“does not belong to God” or “does not believe in God”**_does not belong to God_** or **_does not believe in God_**
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3JN
1
12
pl7i
figs-activepassive
Δημητρίῳ μεμαρτύρηται ὑπὸ πάντων
1
Demetrius is borne witness to by all
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “All who know Demetrius bear witness of him” or “Every believer who knows Demetrius speaks well of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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3JN
1
12
m22h
translate-names
Δημητρίῳ
1
Demetrius
This is probably a man whom John wants Gaius and the congregation to welcome when he comes to visit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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3JN
1
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rad4
figs-personification
ὑπὸ αὐτῆς τῆς ἀληθείας
1
by the truth itself
“the truth itself speaks well of him.” Here “truth” is described as a person speaking. Alternate translation: “everyone who knows the truth knows he is a good person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])**_the truth itself speaks well of him_**. Here **truth** is described as a person speaking. Alternate translation: “everyone who knows the truth knows he is a good person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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3JN
1
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s712
figs-ellipsis
καὶ ἡμεῖς…μαρτυροῦμενκαὶ ἡμεῖς δὲ μαρτυροῦμεν
1
We also bear witnessAnd we also bear witness
What John is confirming is implied and can be made specific here. Alternate translation: “We also speak well of Demetrius” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])What John is confirming is implied and can be made specific here. Alternate translation: “And we also speak well of Demetrius” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
39
3JN
1
12
a16a
figs-exclusive
ἡμεῖς
1
we
Here **we** refers to John and those with him and does not include Gaius. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
40
3JN
1
13
v27c
0
General Information:
This is the end of John’s letter to Gaius. He gives some final remarks and closes with a greeting.
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3JN
1
13
am6k
οὐ θέλω διὰ μέλανος καὶ καλάμου σοι γράφειν
1
I do not wish to write them to you with pen and inkI do not wish to write them to you with ink and pen
John does not wish to write these other things at all. He is not saying that he would write them with something other than pen and ink.
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3JN
1
14
r8i4
figs-idiom
στόμα πρὸς στόμα
1
face to facemouth to mouth
“Face to face” here is an idiom, meaning “in person.” Alternate translation: “in person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])Here **mouth to mouth** is an idiom, meaning ***_in person_**. Alternate translation: “in person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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3JN
1
15
v8yj
εἰρήνη σοι
1
May peace be with youPeace to you
“May God give you peace”**_May God give you peace_**
44
3JN
1
15
mhs1
ἀσπάζονταί σε οἱ φίλοι
1
The friends greet you
“The friends here greet you”**_The friends here greet you_**
45
3JN
1
15
lq8r
ἀσπάζου τοὺς φίλους κατ’ ὄνομα
1
Greet our friends there by nameGreet the friends by name
“Greet each of the believers there for me”**_Greet each of the believers there for me_**
See in Reader
Larry Sallee
Gogs