From f7723b16801f05c2a3e2167688db2f30a9f4eaeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jesse Griffin Date: Thu, 11 Jul 2019 13:09:27 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] Removed spaces after maqqefs --- en_tn_08-RUT.tsv | 112 +++++++++++++-------------- en_tn_15-EZR.tsv | 194 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ en_tn_32-JON.tsv | 96 +++++++++++------------ 3 files changed, 201 insertions(+), 201 deletions(-) diff --git a/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv b/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv index f5013336d..86b4e4512 100644 --- a/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv +++ b/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv @@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ RUT 1 4 rt4c כְּ⁠עֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים 1 ten years Ten years aft RUT 1 5 dbr3 וַ⁠תִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה 1 leaving the woman without Naomi was widowed. RUT 1 6 sa4z figs-explicit שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב 1 she had heard in the country of Moab “while Naomi was living in Moab she heard.” It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: “she heard from Israel while in the region of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) RUT 1 6 ser2 יְהוָה֙ 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. -RUT 1 6 v86z פָקַ֤ד ... אֶת־ עַמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 had helped his people God saw their need and provided good harvests for them. +RUT 1 6 v86z פָקַ֤ד ... אֶת־עַמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 had helped his people God saw their need and provided good harvests for them. RUT 1 6 u9q2 וְ⁠כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 her daughters-in-law the women who married Naomi’s sons RUT 1 7 w7ti figs-idiom וַ⁠תֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַ⁠דֶּ֔רֶךְ 1 they walked down the road “they walked along the road.” To walk down a road is an expression for walking away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 1 8 fu39 כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 her daughters-in-law “sons’ wives” or “sons’ widows” RUT 1 8 lxs2 figs-you אִשָּׁ֖ה 1 each of you Naomi was talking to two people, so languages that have a dual form of “you” would use that throughout her talk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) RUT 1 8 hsf7 לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑⁠הּ 1 to your mother’s house “to the home of each of your mothers” RUT 1 8 i262 חֶ֔סֶד 1 in loving kindness “kindness” includes the ideas of love, kindness, and faithfulness. -RUT 1 8 g4r8 figs-idiom עִם־ הַ⁠מֵּתִ֖ים 1 with the dead “to your husbands, who died.” Naomi was referring to her two sons that died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 1 8 g4r8 figs-idiom עִם־הַ⁠מֵּתִ֖ים 1 with the dead “to your husbands, who died.” Naomi was referring to her two sons that died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 1 9 pm6y יִתֵּ֤ן ... לָ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 May grant you “give you” or “allow you to have” RUT 1 9 c74v וּ⁠מְצֶ֣אןָ מְנוּחָ֔ה 1 that you find rest “Rest” here includes security in marriage. RUT 1 9 v2vx figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית אִישָׁ֑⁠הּ 1 in the house of her husband with their new husbands, not someone else’s husband. This refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame by being married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ RUT 1 9 t69w figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּשֶּׂ֥אנָה קוֹלָ֖⁠ן וַ RUT 1 10 mag8 figs-exclusive נָשׁ֖וּב 1 we will return When Orpah and Ruth said “we,” they were referring to themselves and not Naomi. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive “we” would use the exclusive form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) RUT 1 10 bq4j figs-you אִתָּ֥⁠ךְ 1 with you Here “you” is the singular form referring to Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) RUT 1 11 ggi3 figs-rquestion לָ֥⁠מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑⁠י 1 Why will you go with me? This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “It does not make sense for you to go with me.” or “You should not go with me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -RUT 1 11 q2hn figs-rquestion הַֽ⁠עֽוֹד־ לִ֤⁠י בָנִים֙ בְּֽ⁠מֵעַ֔⁠י וְ⁠הָי֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לַ⁠אֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Are there still sons in my womb, that they may become your husbands? Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +RUT 1 11 q2hn figs-rquestion הַֽ⁠עֽוֹד־לִ֤⁠י בָנִים֙ בְּֽ⁠מֵעַ֔⁠י וְ⁠הָי֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לַ⁠אֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Are there still sons in my womb, that they may become your husbands? Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) RUT 1 12 dyc4 figs-explicit זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִ⁠הְי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 I am too old to have a husband The reason a husband would be important can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “too old to marry again and bear more children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) RUT 1 12 kh9g יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 would give birth to sons “bear children” or “deliver baby boys” RUT 1 13 gmc2 figs-rquestion אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 would you therefore wait until they were grown? Would you keep yourselves from having a husband? These are rhetorical questions, which do not expect an answer. Alternate translation: “you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would choose to marry a husband now.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -RUT 1 13 gh99 figs-metaphor מַר־ לִ֤⁠י מְאֹד֙ 1 It is exceedingly bitter to me Bitterness is a metaphor for grief, and what grieves her can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “It greatly grieves me that you have no husbands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -RUT 1 13 z9u3 figs-metonymy יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖⁠י יַד־ יְהוָֽה 1 the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me The word “hand” refers to Yahweh’s power or influence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +RUT 1 13 gh99 figs-metaphor מַר־לִ֤⁠י מְאֹד֙ 1 It is exceedingly bitter to me Bitterness is a metaphor for grief, and what grieves her can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “It greatly grieves me that you have no husbands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +RUT 1 13 z9u3 figs-metonymy יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖⁠י יַד־יְהוָֽה 1 the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me The word “hand” refers to Yahweh’s power or influence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) RUT 1 14 n47v figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּשֶּׂ֣נָה קוֹלָ֔⁠ן וַ⁠תִּבְכֶּ֖ינָה 1 Then they lifted up their voices and cried This means that they cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 1 14 t4sl figs-explicit וְ⁠ר֖וּת דָּ֥בְקָה בָּֽ⁠הּ 1 but Ruth held on to her “Ruth clung to her.” Alternate translation: “Ruth refused to leave her” or “Ruth would not leave her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) RUT 1 15 ld6g הִנֵּה֙ ... יְבִמְתֵּ֔⁠ךְ 1 Listen, your sister-in-law “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important, your sister-in-law” @@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ RUT 1 17 lql7 figs-idiom בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּמ֨וּתִי֙ אָמ֔ RUT 1 17 sje3 figs-idiom יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠כֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף כִּ֣י 1 May Yahweh do to me, and even more, if This refers to Ruth asking God to punish her if she does not do what she said like the english idiom “God forbid, if.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 1 18 rsq2 וַ⁠תֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְ⁠דַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ 1 she stopped arguing with her “Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth” RUT 1 19 j9wa writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 It happened that “It came about.” This is marking a new story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -RUT 1 19 y3us figs-metonymy כָּל־ הָ⁠עִיר֙ 1 the entire town The “town” refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “everyone in the town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +RUT 1 19 y3us figs-metonymy כָּל־הָ⁠עִיר֙ 1 the entire town The “town” refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “everyone in the town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) RUT 1 19 xnb3 הֲ⁠זֹ֥את נָעֳמִֽי 1 Is this Naomi? Since it has been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely the women were expressing doubt as to if this woman was actually Naomi. Treat as a real question, not rhetorical. -RUT 1 20 stw5 אַל־ תִּקְרֶ֥אנָה לִ֖⁠י נָעֳמִ֑י 1 Do not call me Naomi The name “Naomi” means “my delight.” Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels her life matches her name. +RUT 1 20 stw5 אַל־תִּקְרֶ֥אנָה לִ֖⁠י נָעֳמִ֑י 1 Do not call me Naomi The name “Naomi” means “my delight.” Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels her life matches her name. RUT 1 20 swe9 translate-names מָרָ֔א 1 Bitter This is a translation of the meaning of the name. It is also often translated according to its sound as “Mara.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) RUT 1 21 n9zc אֲנִי֙ מְלֵאָ֣ה הָלַ֔כְתִּי וְ⁠רֵיקָ֖ם הֱשִׁיבַ֣⁠נִי יְהוָ֑ה 1 I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me home again empty When Naomi left Bethlehem, her husband and two sons were living, and she was happy. Naomi blames Yahweh for the death of her husband and sons, saying that he has caused her to return to Bethlehem without them, and now she is bitter and unhappy. RUT 1 21 jqx5 עָ֣נָה בִ֔⁠י 1 has testified against me “judged me guilty” @@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ RUT 2 1 b4q7 אִ֚ישׁ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל 1 a man of great weal RUT 2 2 am6a ר֨וּת הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 Ruth, the Moabite woman Here the story resumes. You need to see how your language restarts a story after a break. RUT 2 2 c7rk הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 the Moabite woman This is another way of saying the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab. RUT 2 2 qt4q וַ⁠אֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַ⁠שִׁבֳּלִ֔ים 1 glean heads of grain “gather kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters” or “pick up kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters” -RUT 2 2 j59b figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֶמְצָא־ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 in whose eyes I will find favor The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: “who will grant me permission to glean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +RUT 2 2 j59b figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 in whose eyes I will find favor The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: “who will grant me permission to glean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) RUT 2 2 ed93 בִתִּֽ⁠י 1 my daughter Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother. Make sure it is possible in your language to use this word for someone who is not an actual daughter. RUT 2 3 ht73 וַ⁠יִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔⁠הָ 1 She happened to come Ruth was not aware that the field she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative Boaz. -RUT 2 4 vys2 וְ⁠הִנֵּה־ בֹ֗עַז 1 Behold, Boaz The word “behold” alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field. Your language may also have a specific way of introducing important events or characters. +RUT 2 4 vys2 וְ⁠הִנֵּה־בֹ֗עַז 1 Behold, Boaz The word “behold” alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field. Your language may also have a specific way of introducing important events or characters. RUT 2 4 q1lv בָּ֚א מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם 1 came from Bethlehem The fields were an unspecified distance outside of Bethlehem. RUT 2 4 r4bl יְבָרֶכְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָֽה 1 May Yahweh bless you “give you good things” or “make you happy” RUT 2 5 a5ht לְ⁠מִ֖י הַ⁠נַּעֲרָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּֽאת 1 Whose is this young woman? Possible meanings are 1) Boaz was asking about Ruth’s husband or 2) Boaz was asking about Ruth’s parents or current guardians. @@ -73,52 +73,52 @@ RUT 2 7 kj7a הַ⁠בַּ֖יִת 1 the house “the hut” or “the shelter. RUT 2 8 ltk3 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֧וֹא שָׁמַ֣עַתְּ בִּתִּ֗⁠י 1 Will you not listen to me, my daughter? This can be reworded as a command. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, my daughter” or “Note well what I am telling you, my daughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) RUT 2 8 ke9b figs-idiom בִּתִּ֗⁠י 1 my daughter This was a kind way of addressing a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, so make sure the translation of this does not make it sound like she was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 2 9 jq6n figs-metonymy עֵינַ֜יִ⁠ךְ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֤ה 1 Keep your eyes on the field The eyes represent watching something or paying attention to something. Alternate translation: “Watch only the field” or “Pay attention only to the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -RUT 2 9 xc6u figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֥וֹא צִוִּ֛יתִי אֶת־ הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֖ים לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 Have I not instructed the young men not to touch you? Boaz used this question to emphasize what he had already done to help Ruth. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions ... you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -RUT 2 9 ub62 אֶת־ הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֖ים 1 the young men “young male workers ... young female workers.” The word “men” is used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field. Some languages can say this using one word, and they have a different word that means young women workers. +RUT 2 9 xc6u figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֥וֹא צִוִּ֛יתִי אֶת־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֖ים לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 Have I not instructed the young men not to touch you? Boaz used this question to emphasize what he had already done to help Ruth. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions ... you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +RUT 2 9 ub62 אֶת־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֖ים 1 the young men “young male workers ... young female workers.” The word “men” is used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field. Some languages can say this using one word, and they have a different word that means young women workers. RUT 2 9 v5e4 לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 not to touch you Possible meanings are 1) the men were not to harm Ruth or 2) the men were not to stop her from gleaning in his field. RUT 2 9 ahr7 מֵ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשְׁאֲב֖וּ⁠ן הַ⁠נְּעָרִֽים 1 from what the young men have drawn To draw water means to pull up water from a well or to take it out of a storage vessel. -RUT 2 10 az6y וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־ פָּנֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָ⁠ה 1 Then she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +RUT 2 10 az6y וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָ⁠ה 1 Then she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) RUT 2 10 ug7p מַדּוּעַ֩ מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ לְ⁠הַכִּירֵ֔⁠נִי וְ⁠אָּנֹכִ֖י נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 Why have I found favor in your eyes that you should take notice of me, since I am a foreigner? Ruth is asking a real question. RUT 2 10 x6f8 נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 foreigner Ruth had pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel in private, but she was known publicly as “the Moabitess.” RUT 2 11 app6 figs-activepassive הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗⁠י 1 It has surely been reported to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People have reported to me” or “People have told me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -RUT 2 11 r44n figs-metonymy וַ⁠תֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־ עַ֕ם 1 have come to a people Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion she did not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +RUT 2 11 r44n figs-metonymy וַ⁠תֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם 1 have come to a people Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion she did not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) RUT 2 12 x5ct יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם ... פָּעֳלֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 reward your deed “repay you” or “pay you back” RUT 2 12 s2vm פָּעֳלֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 your deed This is an act of faith, choosing to live with Naomi in Bethlehem and trusting Naomi’s God. RUT 2 12 gnn5 figs-parallelism וּ⁠תְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜⁠ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵ⁠עִ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 may full payment be given to you by Yahweh This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh give back to you even more than you have given” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -RUT 2 12 eh86 figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־ בָּ֖את לַ⁠חֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־ כְּנָפָֽי⁠ו 1 under whose wings you have come for refuge Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them, in order to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -RUT 2 13 v2q1 figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־ חֵ֨ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֤י⁠ךָ 1 Let me find favor in your eyes Here “find favor” is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “Please accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +RUT 2 12 eh86 figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַ⁠חֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽי⁠ו 1 under whose wings you have come for refuge Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them, in order to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +RUT 2 13 v2q1 figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֤י⁠ךָ 1 Let me find favor in your eyes Here “find favor” is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “Please accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) RUT 2 13 zc5n וְ⁠אָנֹכִי֙ לֹ֣א אֶֽהְיֶ֔ה כְּ⁠אַחַ֖ת שִׁפְחֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 though I am not like one of your female servants Possible meanings are 1) Ruth was not one of Boaz’s female servants or 2) Ruth did not think her marriage to Naomi’s son granted her any privilege in Bethlehem. RUT 2 14 yht2 לְ⁠עֵ֣ת הָ⁠אֹ֗כֶל 1 At mealtime This refers to the noontime meal. RUT 2 14 p256 וְ⁠טָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖⁠ךְ בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ 1 dip your piece of bread in the wine vinegar This was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth that had a bowl of wine vinegar on it and plates of broken bread. They would dip their bread in the vinegar bowl to wet it and add flavor before they ate it. RUT 2 14 xr6s בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ 1 the wine vinegar a sauce that bread was dipped in. The Israelites further fermented some of their wine to make vinegar. -RUT 2 15 v6wr וַ⁠תָּ֖קָם לְ⁠לַקֵּ֑ט וַ⁠יְצַו֩ בֹּ֨עַז אֶת־ נְעָרָ֜י⁠ו 1 When she got up to glean, Boaz commanded his young men In the context of the commands, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away not to hear Boaz’s instructions. Alternate translation: “And when Ruth got up to gather up grain, Boaz privately told his young men” +RUT 2 15 v6wr וַ⁠תָּ֖קָם לְ⁠לַקֵּ֑ט וַ⁠יְצַו֩ בֹּ֨עַז אֶת־נְעָרָ֜י⁠ו 1 When she got up to glean, Boaz commanded his young men In the context of the commands, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away not to hear Boaz’s instructions. Alternate translation: “And when Ruth got up to gather up grain, Boaz privately told his young men” RUT 2 15 rct9 וַ⁠תָּ֖קָם 1 When she got up “As she stood up” RUT 2 15 a5z9 גַּ֣ם בֵּ֧ין הָֽ⁠עֳמָרִ֛ים 1 even among the bundles Here “even” denotes “above and beyond what one normally does.” Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean around the bundles of grain. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working that close to the harvested grain. -RUT 2 16 u6hv שֹׁל־ תָּשֹׁ֥לּוּ לָ֖⁠הּ מִן־ הַ⁠צְּבָתִ֑ים 1 pull out for her some grain from the bundles “take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for her” or “leave behind stalks of grain for her to collect” -RUT 2 16 nn9l וְ⁠לֹ֥א תִגְעֲרוּ־ בָֽ⁠הּ 1 do not rebuke her “do not cause her shame” or “do not dishonor her” +RUT 2 16 u6hv שֹׁל־תָּשֹׁ֥לּוּ לָ֖⁠הּ מִן־הַ⁠צְּבָתִ֑ים 1 pull out for her some grain from the bundles “take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for her” or “leave behind stalks of grain for her to collect” +RUT 2 16 nn9l וְ⁠לֹ֥א תִגְעֲרוּ־בָֽ⁠הּ 1 do not rebuke her “do not cause her shame” or “do not dishonor her” RUT 2 17 h3ap וַ⁠תַּחְבֹּט֙ 1 she beat out She separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which is thrown away. RUT 2 17 mq6b translate-bvolume כְּ⁠אֵיפָ֥ה שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 about an ephah of barley An ephah is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: “about 22 liters of barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) RUT 2 18 etn8 figs-explicit וַ⁠תִּשָּׂא֙ וַ⁠תָּב֣וֹא הָ⁠עִ֔יר 1 She lifted it up and went into the city It is implied that Ruth carried the grain home. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) RUT 2 18 r6sz וַ⁠תֵּ֥רֶא חֲמוֹתָ֖⁠הּ 1 Then her mother-in-law saw “Naomi saw” RUT 2 19 bg28 figs-parallelism אֵיפֹ֨ה לִקַּ֤טְתְּ הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ וְ⁠אָ֣נָה עָשִׂ֔ית 1 Where have you gleaned today, and where did you work? Naomi said almost the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) RUT 2 20 p8km בָּר֥וּךְ הוּא֙ לַ⁠יהוָ֔ה 1 May he be blessed by Yahweh Naomi is asking God to reward Boaz for his kindness to Ruth and herself. -RUT 2 20 ur7z figs-doublenegatives אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־ עָזַ֣ב חַסְדּ֔⁠וֹ 1 who has not forsaken his loving kindness “who has continued to be loyal.” Possible meanings are 1) Boaz remembered his obligations to Naomi as a family member or 2) Naomi is referring to Yahweh, who was acting through Boaz or 3) Yahweh has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -RUT 2 20 ljz3 אֶת־ הַ⁠חַיִּ֖ים 1 to the living “to the people who are still living.” Naomi and Ruth were the “living.” -RUT 2 20 wjr4 figs-nominaladj וְ⁠אֶת־ הַ⁠מֵּתִ֑ים 1 and to the dead Naomi’s husband and sons were the “dead.” This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective “the dead.” Alternate translation: “the people who have already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +RUT 2 20 ur7z figs-doublenegatives אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב חַסְדּ֔⁠וֹ 1 who has not forsaken his loving kindness “who has continued to be loyal.” Possible meanings are 1) Boaz remembered his obligations to Naomi as a family member or 2) Naomi is referring to Yahweh, who was acting through Boaz or 3) Yahweh has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +RUT 2 20 ljz3 אֶת־הַ⁠חַיִּ֖ים 1 to the living “to the people who are still living.” Naomi and Ruth were the “living.” +RUT 2 20 wjr4 figs-nominaladj וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠מֵּתִ֑ים 1 and to the dead Naomi’s husband and sons were the “dead.” This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective “the dead.” Alternate translation: “the people who have already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) RUT 2 20 cyy2 figs-parallelism קָר֥וֹב לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ מִֽ⁠גֹּאֲלֵ֖⁠נוּ הֽוּא 1 That man is our relative, one of our kinsman-redeemers The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) RUT 2 20 zu5f מִֽ⁠גֹּאֲלֵ֖⁠נוּ 1 kinsman-redeemers A kinsman-redeemer was a close male relative who could rescue a childless widow from financial ruin by marrying her and having a child with her. He would also reacquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery. -RUT 2 21 k2lz גַּ֣ם׀ כִּי־ אָמַ֣ר אֵלַ֗⁠י 1 Indeed, he also aid to me “He even said to me.” This indicates that what follows is the most important part of Boaz’s words to Ruth. -RUT 2 21 g585 עִם־ הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֤ים אֲשֶׁר־ לִ⁠י֙ תִּדְבָּקִ֔י⁠ן 1 keep close to my young men Boaz was referring to the physical protection his men can provide her. +RUT 2 21 k2lz גַּ֣ם׀ כִּי־אָמַ֣ר אֵלַ֗⁠י 1 Indeed, he also aid to me “He even said to me.” This indicates that what follows is the most important part of Boaz’s words to Ruth. +RUT 2 21 g585 עִם־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֤ים אֲשֶׁר־לִ⁠י֙ תִּדְבָּקִ֔י⁠ן 1 keep close to my young men Boaz was referring to the physical protection his men can provide her. RUT 2 22 f2tw תֵֽצְאִי֙ עִם 1 go out with “work with” -RUT 2 22 bcc4 וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־ בָ֖⁠ךְ 1 so that they do not harm you Possible meanings are 1) other workers might abuse Ruth or try to seize her and sleep with her or 2) in another field, the owner might interfere or stop her from gleaning until the end of the harvest. +RUT 2 22 bcc4 וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־בָ֖⁠ךְ 1 so that they do not harm you Possible meanings are 1) other workers might abuse Ruth or try to seize her and sleep with her or 2) in another field, the owner might interfere or stop her from gleaning until the end of the harvest. RUT 2 23 e2vq וַ⁠תִּדְבַּ֞ק 1 she stayed close Ruth worked in Boaz’s fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe. -RUT 2 23 a7qp וַ⁠תֵּ֖שֶׁב אֶת־ חֲמוֹתָֽ⁠הּ 1 She lived with her mother-in-law Ruth went to Naomi’s home to sleep at night. +RUT 2 23 a7qp וַ⁠תֵּ֖שֶׁב אֶת־חֲמוֹתָֽ⁠הּ 1 She lived with her mother-in-law Ruth went to Naomi’s home to sleep at night. RUT 3 intro t4y5 0 # Ruth 03 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Boaz’s integrity
Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz’s character is important for this story.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “So that things may go well for you”
Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi’s daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 1 r7ar חֲמוֹתָ֑⁠הּ 1 her mother-in-law Naomi is the mother of Ruth’s dead husband. RUT 3 1 f1uc בִּתִּ֞⁠י 1 My daughter Ruth became Naomi’s daughter by marrying her son and further by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem. -RUT 3 1 nxr8 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־ לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ ... ־ לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 should I not seek rest for you ... with you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest ... for you.” or “I must find a husband to care for you ... for you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +RUT 3 1 nxr8 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ ... ־לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 should I not seek rest for you ... with you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest ... for you.” or “I must find a husband to care for you ... for you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) RUT 3 1 uw2p figs-metaphor לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ 1 rest for you Possible meanings are 1) literally in finding a house for her to live in or 2) figuratively in finding a husband to care for her. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -RUT 3 2 j31t figs-explicit הָיִ֖ית אֶת־ נַעֲרוֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 young female workers you were with The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: “female workers you have been with in the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +RUT 3 2 j31t figs-explicit הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 young female workers you were with The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: “female workers you have been with in the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) RUT 3 2 b4h8 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֥א בֹ֨עַז֙ מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔⁠נוּ 1 is he not our kinsman? Naomi probably used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her. Alternate translation: “he is our relative.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) RUT 3 2 nd8v הִנֵּה 1 Look This term indicates that the following statement is very important. RUT 3 2 ms25 זֹרֶ֛ה 1 winnowing To winnow means to separate grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away. @@ -138,26 +138,26 @@ RUT 3 8 xun6 וַ⁠יֶּחֱרַ֥ד 1 was startled It is not clear what star RUT 3 8 c23j figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּלָּפֵ֑ת 1 He turned over He looked to see what startled him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 3 8 e7ui אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽי⁠ו 1 a woman was lying at his feet The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness. RUT 3 9 wj9e אֲמָתֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 your female servant Ruth spoke with humility to Boaz. -RUT 3 9 xp1b figs-idiom וּ⁠פָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨⁠ךָ֙ עַל־ אֲמָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Spread your cloak over your female servant This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Marry me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 3 9 xp1b figs-idiom וּ⁠פָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨⁠ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Spread your cloak over your female servant This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Marry me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 3 9 l5g4 גֹאֵ֖ל 1 near kinsman a close relative with special responsibilities toward their extended family -RUT 3 10 bjw9 הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־ הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 you have showed more kindness at the end than at the beginning “even more kindness now than before” +RUT 3 10 bjw9 הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 you have showed more kindness at the end than at the beginning “even more kindness now than before” RUT 3 10 e7ka הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר֖וֹן 1 you have showed more kindness at the end This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. By marrying Naomi’s relative, Ruth would provide for Naomi and demonstrate great kindness to Naomi. RUT 3 10 cbd3 הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 at the beginning This refers to the way Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for them. -RUT 3 10 n84d figs-idiom לְ⁠בִלְתִּי־ לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙ 1 because you have not gone after “you have not pursued marriage with.” Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +RUT 3 10 n84d figs-idiom לְ⁠בִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙ 1 because you have not gone after “you have not pursued marriage with.” Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) RUT 3 11 ei93 בִּתִּ⁠י֙ 1 my daughter Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman. RUT 3 12 fvq5 גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי 1 a kinsman nearer than I It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow. -RUT 3 13 gcl8 figs-explicit אִם־ יִגְאָלֵ֥⁠ךְ 1 if he will redeem you Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and help carry on his family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -RUT 3 13 tkz9 חַי־ יְהוָ֑ה 1 as Yahweh lives “as surely as Yahweh lives.” This was a common Hebrew vow. +RUT 3 13 gcl8 figs-explicit אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥⁠ךְ 1 if he will redeem you Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and help carry on his family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +RUT 3 13 tkz9 חַי־יְהוָ֑ה 1 as Yahweh lives “as surely as Yahweh lives.” This was a common Hebrew vow. RUT 3 14 vn8p וַ⁠תִּשְׁכַּ֤ב מרגלת⁠ו 1 she lay at his feet Ruth slept at Boaz’ feet. They did not have sex. -RUT 3 14 dwx1 ב⁠טרום יַכִּ֥יר אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־ רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 before anyone could recognize another person This time of day can be spoken of in terms of darkness. Alternate translation: “while it was still dark” +RUT 3 14 dwx1 ב⁠טרום יַכִּ֥יר אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 before anyone could recognize another person This time of day can be spoken of in terms of darkness. Alternate translation: “while it was still dark” RUT 3 15 hj1e הַ⁠מִּטְפַּ֧חַת 1 shawl a piece of cloth worn over the shoulders -RUT 3 15 f5zg שֵׁשׁ־ שְׂעֹרִים֙ 1 six ephahs of barley The actual amount is not stated. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Some think it was about 30 kilograms. +RUT 3 15 f5zg שֵׁשׁ־שְׂעֹרִים֙ 1 six ephahs of barley The actual amount is not stated. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Some think it was about 30 kilograms. RUT 3 15 gdn8 וַ⁠יָּ֣שֶׁת עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 put it on her The amount of grain was so great that Ruth needed help picking it up to carry it. RUT 3 15 aj7u וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א הָ⁠עִֽיר 1 Then he went into the city Most ancient copies have “he went,” but some have “she went.” There are English versions with both. The better choice is “he went.” -RUT 3 16 s7dr figs-explicit מִי־ אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑⁠י 1 How did it go, my daughter? What Ruth meant by this question can be made more clear. Alternate translation: “What happened, my daughter?” or “How did Boaz act toward you?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -RUT 3 16 w9p9 אֵ֛ת כָּל־ אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָֽשָׂה־ לָ֖⁠הּ הָ⁠אִֽישׁ 1 all that the man had done for her “all that Boaz had done” -RUT 3 17 e9xx אַל־ תָּב֥וֹאִי רֵיקָ֖ם 1 Do not go empty-handed “Do not go empty-handed” or “Do not go with nothing” or “Be sure to take something” -RUT 3 18 u5rn אִם־ כִּלָּ֥ה הַ⁠דָּבָ֖ר 1 finished this thing This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth. +RUT 3 16 s7dr figs-explicit מִי־אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑⁠י 1 How did it go, my daughter? What Ruth meant by this question can be made more clear. Alternate translation: “What happened, my daughter?” or “How did Boaz act toward you?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +RUT 3 16 w9p9 אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָֽשָׂה־לָ֖⁠הּ הָ⁠אִֽישׁ 1 all that the man had done for her “all that Boaz had done” +RUT 3 17 e9xx אַל־תָּב֥וֹאִי רֵיקָ֖ם 1 Do not go empty-handed “Do not go empty-handed” or “Do not go with nothing” or “Be sure to take something” +RUT 3 18 u5rn אִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַ⁠דָּבָ֖ר 1 finished this thing This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth. RUT 4 intro pz6m 0 # Ruth 04 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### King David
Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel’s greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “You must also take Ruth the Moabitess”
Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.

### “This was the custom in former times”
This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down. RUT 4 1 m4by הַ⁠שַּׁעַר֮ 1 the gate “the gate of the city” or “the gate of Bethlehem.” This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. There was an open area by the gate that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters. RUT 4 1 kz1g הַ⁠גֹּאֵ֤ל 1 the kinsman-redeemer This was the closest living relative to Elimelek. @@ -166,41 +166,41 @@ RUT 4 3 es9g חֶלְקַת֙ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה ... מָכְרָ֣ה נָ RUT 4 4 c6xi נֶ֥גֶד 1 in the presence This would make the transaction legal and binding. RUT 4 4 lgq1 גְּאָ֔ל 1 redeem it This meant to buy the land to keep it within their family. RUT 4 4 u548 וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 I am after you Boaz was the next kinsman in line to redeem the land. -RUT 4 5 ut23 בְּ⁠יוֹם־ קְנוֹתְ⁠ךָ֥ ... וּ֠⁠מֵ⁠אֵת ... קניתי 1 On the day that you buy ... you must also acquire Boaz uses this expression to inform his relative of the additional responsibility he will have if he buys the land. +RUT 4 5 ut23 בְּ⁠יוֹם־קְנוֹתְ⁠ךָ֥ ... וּ֠⁠מֵ⁠אֵת ... קניתי 1 On the day that you buy ... you must also acquire Boaz uses this expression to inform his relative of the additional responsibility he will have if he buys the land. RUT 4 5 ymn8 figs-synecdoche מִ⁠יַּ֣ד נָעֳמִ֑י 1 from the hand of Naomi Here the word “hand” represents Naomi, who owns the field. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) RUT 4 5 dya3 figs-idiom וּ֠⁠מֵ⁠אֵת ר֣וּת ... קניתי 1 you must also acquire Ruth “you must also marry Ruth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -RUT 4 5 b3ps ר֣וּת ... אֵֽשֶׁת־ הַ⁠מֵּת֙ 1 Ruth ... the widow of a dead man “Ruth ... the widow of Elimelek’s son” -RUT 4 5 b3sy לְ⁠הָקִ֥ים שֵׁם־ הַ⁠מֵּ֖ת 1 to raise up the name of the dead “that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband” -RUT 4 6 sx9k אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־ נַחֲלָתִ֑⁠י 1 damaging my own inheritance He would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear. -RUT 4 6 sa7h גְּאַל־ לְ⁠ךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־ גְּאֻלָּתִ֔⁠י 1 You redeem for yourself my right of redemption “You redeem it yourself” or “You yourself redeem it instead of me” +RUT 4 5 b3ps ר֣וּת ... אֵֽשֶׁת־הַ⁠מֵּת֙ 1 Ruth ... the widow of a dead man “Ruth ... the widow of Elimelek’s son” +RUT 4 5 b3sy לְ⁠הָקִ֥ים שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֖ת 1 to raise up the name of the dead “that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband” +RUT 4 6 sx9k אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑⁠י 1 damaging my own inheritance He would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear. +RUT 4 6 sa7h גְּאַל־לְ⁠ךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־גְּאֻלָּתִ֔⁠י 1 You redeem for yourself my right of redemption “You redeem it yourself” or “You yourself redeem it instead of me” RUT 4 7 wga9 writing-background וְ⁠זֹאת֩ 1 Now this was the custom The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) RUT 4 7 lgf5 writing-background לְ⁠פָנִ֨ים 1 in former times “in earlier times.” This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) RUT 4 7 xdr7 נַעֲל֖⁠וֹ 1 his sandal “his sandal” RUT 4 7 d46w לְ⁠רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 to the other This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his shoe. -RUT 4 9 zz42 לַ⁠זְּקֵנִ֜ים וְ⁠כָל־ הָ⁠עָ֗ם 1 to the elders and to all the people This refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town. -RUT 4 9 img5 כָּל־ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֶֽ⁠אֱלִימֶ֔לֶךְ וְ⁠אֵ֛ת כָּל־ אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְ⁠כִלְי֖וֹן וּ⁠מַחְל֑וֹן 1 all that was Elimelek’s and all that was Kilion’s and Mahlon’s This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi’s dead husband and sons. +RUT 4 9 zz42 לַ⁠זְּקֵנִ֜ים וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֗ם 1 to the elders and to all the people This refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town. +RUT 4 9 img5 כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֶֽ⁠אֱלִימֶ֔לֶךְ וְ⁠אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְ⁠כִלְי֖וֹן וּ⁠מַחְל֑וֹן 1 all that was Elimelek’s and all that was Kilion’s and Mahlon’s This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi’s dead husband and sons. RUT 4 9 lwx9 figs-synecdoche מִ⁠יַּ֖ד נָעֳמִֽי 1 from the hand of Naomi The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. She was responsible for the money exchange. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -RUT 4 10 nm32 לְ⁠הָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־ הַ⁠מֵּת֙ עַל־ נַ֣חֲלָת֔⁠וֹ 1 to raise up the name of the dead man through his inheritance The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon’s son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: “so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property” -RUT 4 10 gg1m figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֹא־ יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־ הַ⁠מֵּ֛ת מֵ⁠עִ֥ם אֶחָ֖י⁠ו 1 so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: “so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and the people of this town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +RUT 4 10 nm32 לְ⁠הָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔⁠וֹ 1 to raise up the name of the dead man through his inheritance The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon’s son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: “so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property” +RUT 4 10 gg1m figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֛ת מֵ⁠עִ֥ם אֶחָ֖י⁠ו 1 so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: “so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and the people of this town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) RUT 4 10 xpu5 וּ⁠מִ⁠שַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑⁠וֹ 1 the gate of his place The gate of the town is where important legal decisions were made, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land. -RUT 4 11 ua2a הָ⁠עָ֧ם אֲשֶׁר־ בַּ⁠שַּׁ֛עַר 1 the people who were in the gate “people who were meeting together near the gate” -RUT 4 11 hg6q figs-metaphor הַ⁠בָּאָ֣ה אֶל־ בֵּיתֶ֗⁠ךָ 1 is coming into your house This has literal and figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. House can also refer to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +RUT 4 11 ua2a הָ⁠עָ֧ם אֲשֶׁר־בַּ⁠שַּׁ֛עַר 1 the people who were in the gate “people who were meeting together near the gate” +RUT 4 11 hg6q figs-metaphor הַ⁠בָּאָ֣ה אֶל־בֵּיתֶ֗⁠ךָ 1 is coming into your house This has literal and figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. House can also refer to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) RUT 4 11 q47m כְּ⁠רָחֵ֤ל׀ וּ⁠כְ⁠לֵאָה֙ 1 like Rachel and Leah These were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel. -RUT 4 11 cz4t בָּנ֤וּ ... אֶת־ בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 built up the house of Israel “bore many children who became the nation of Israel” -RUT 4 11 uk9q וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־ חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה 1 may you prosper in Ephrathah Ephrathah is the name of the clan to which Boaz belonged in Bethlehem. +RUT 4 11 cz4t בָּנ֤וּ ... אֶת־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 built up the house of Israel “bore many children who became the nation of Israel” +RUT 4 11 uk9q וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה 1 may you prosper in Ephrathah Ephrathah is the name of the clan to which Boaz belonged in Bethlehem. RUT 4 12 fn52 figs-metaphor וִ⁠יהִ֤י בֵֽיתְ⁠ךָ֙ כְּ⁠בֵ֣ית 1 May your house be like the house God abundantly blessed Judah through his son Perez. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) RUT 4 12 a433 יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֑ה 1 Tamar bore to Judah Tamar was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with her, which continued the family name. -RUT 4 12 xym8 מִן־ הַ⁠זֶּ֗רַע אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 through the offspring that Yahweh will give you Yahweh would give Boaz children through Ruth. -RUT 4 13 u21g וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־ רוּת֙ 1 So Boaz took Ruth “Boaz married Ruth” or “Boaz took Ruth as a wife” +RUT 4 12 xym8 מִן־הַ⁠זֶּ֗רַע אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 through the offspring that Yahweh will give you Yahweh would give Boaz children through Ruth. +RUT 4 13 u21g וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ 1 So Boaz took Ruth “Boaz married Ruth” or “Boaz took Ruth as a wife” RUT 4 13 gw77 figs-euphemism וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א אֵלֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 He went in to her This is a euphemism that refers to having sexual intercourse. Alternate translation: “He had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) RUT 4 14 qj8v figs-doublenegatives לֹ֣א הִשְׁבִּ֥ית לָ֛⁠ךְ גֹּאֵ֖ל הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם 1 who has not left you today without a kinsman=redeemer This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “who has provided you today with a near kinsman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) RUT 4 14 p8p3 וְ⁠יִקָּרֵ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ 1 May his name be famous This refers to the reputation and character of Naomi’s grandson. RUT 4 15 hz3e לְ⁠מֵשִׁ֣יב נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 a restorer of life This phrase probably refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having a new grandson. Alternate translation: “one who brings joy to you again” or “one who will make you feel young again” -RUT 4 15 z5lw וּ⁠לְ⁠כַלְכֵּ֖ל אֶת־ שֵׂיבָתֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 a nourisher of your old age “he will take care of you when you become old” +RUT 4 15 z5lw וּ⁠לְ⁠כַלְכֵּ֖ל אֶת־שֵׂיבָתֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 a nourisher of your old age “he will take care of you when you become old” RUT 4 15 rpc3 figs-idiom ט֣וֹבָה לָ֔⁠ךְ מִ⁠שִּׁבְעָ֖ה בָּנִֽים 1 better to you than seven sons “Seven” was the Hebrew number of completeness. Naomi’s sons both died before they produced any offspring, but Ruth bore a grandson to Naomi by Boaz. Alternate translation: “better to you than any son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -RUT 4 16 k1w4 וַ⁠תִּקַּ֨ח נָעֳמִ֤י אֶת־ הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ 1 Naomi took the child This refers to Naomi holding the child. Make sure it does not sound like she took him away from Ruth. +RUT 4 16 k1w4 וַ⁠תִּקַּ֨ח נָעֳמִ֤י אֶת־הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ 1 Naomi took the child This refers to Naomi holding the child. Make sure it does not sound like she took him away from Ruth. RUT 4 16 jn29 וַ⁠תְּשִׁתֵ֣⁠הוּ בְ⁠חֵיקָ֔⁠הּ 1 laid him in her bosom “held him close against her chest.” This is a statement of love and affection for the child. -RUT 4 17 fkf2 יֻלַּד־ בֵּ֖ן לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֑י 1 A son has been born to Naomi “The child is like a son to Naomi.” It was understood that the child was Naomi’s grandson, not her physical son. +RUT 4 17 fkf2 יֻלַּד־בֵּ֖ן לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֑י 1 A son has been born to Naomi “The child is like a son to Naomi.” It was understood that the child was Naomi’s grandson, not her physical son. RUT 4 17 f9ha figs-explicit אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד 1 the father of David “father of King David.” Though “king” is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) RUT 4 18 mzm1 תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ 1 the descendants of Perez “the successive descendants.” Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez. RUT 4 19 rl3k translate-names וְ⁠חֶצְרוֹן֙ ... רָ֔ם 1 Hezron ... Ram (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) diff --git a/en_tn_15-EZR.tsv b/en_tn_15-EZR.tsv index f6efc4a47..9c9280081 100644 --- a/en_tn_15-EZR.tsv +++ b/en_tn_15-EZR.tsv @@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ EZR 1 intro dd25 0 # Ezra 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
EZR 1 1 p6b4 translate-ordinal וּ⁠בִ⁠שְׁנַ֣ת אַחַ֗ת 1 In the first year This refers to the beginning of the reign of King Cyrus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZR 1 1 y7r9 figs-metonymy מִ⁠פִּ֣י יִרְמְיָ֑ה 1 by the mouth of Jeremiah Here “mouth” represents speaking. Alternate translation: “Yahweh did what Jeremiah prophesied that Yahweh would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 1 1 l953 יְהוָ֖ה 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. -EZR 1 1 fn3a figs-synecdoche יְהוָ֗ה אֶת־ ר֨וּחַ֙ כֹּ֣רֶשׁ 1 Yahweh stirred the spirit of Cyrus Here Cyrus is represented by his spirit. This speaks of Yahweh causing Cyrus to want to act as if he “stirred” his spirit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh ... made Cyrus want to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 1 1 yiq4 figs-metonymy וַ⁠יַּֽעֲבֶר־ קוֹל֙ בְּ⁠כָל־ מַלְכוּת֔⁠וֹ 1 his voice went out throughout all his kingdom The voice is a metonym for the message the voice speaks, and the kingdom is a metonym for the people whom a king rules. Alternate translation: “Cyrus sent a message to everyone over whom he ruled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 1 1 fn3a figs-synecdoche יְהוָ֗ה אֶת־ר֨וּחַ֙ כֹּ֣רֶשׁ 1 Yahweh stirred the spirit of Cyrus Here Cyrus is represented by his spirit. This speaks of Yahweh causing Cyrus to want to act as if he “stirred” his spirit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh ... made Cyrus want to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 1 1 yiq4 figs-metonymy וַ⁠יַּֽעֲבֶר־קוֹל֙ בְּ⁠כָל־מַלְכוּת֔⁠וֹ 1 his voice went out throughout all his kingdom The voice is a metonym for the message the voice speaks, and the kingdom is a metonym for the people whom a king rules. Alternate translation: “Cyrus sent a message to everyone over whom he ruled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 1 1 x1wz figs-activepassive בְּ⁠מִכְתָּ֖ב לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 what was written was spoken This can be translated in active form. It might be best to translate so the reader understands that other people might have helped Cyrus get the message to the people over whom he ruled. Alternate translation: “what Cyrus wrote and what his messengers read so people could hear them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 1 2 aqj5 figs-hyperbole מַמְלְכ֣וֹת הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 all the kingdoms of the earth Here “all” is an exaggeration, as there were kingdoms over which Cyrus did not rule. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) EZR 1 2 gmx4 figs-explicit ל֣⁠וֹ בַ֔יִת ... בִּֽ⁠יהוּדָֽה 1 for him a house ... in Judah You may need to make explicit that the house was for people to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “a house in ... Judea where people can worship him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 1 3 xf34 עַמּ֗⁠וֹ 1 his people the people who belong to Yahweh. -EZR 1 4 t7ux וְ⁠כָל־ הַ⁠נִּשְׁאָ֗ר מִֽ⁠כָּל־ הַ⁠מְּקֹמוֹת֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר ה֣וּא גָֽר־ שָׁם֒ יְנַשְּׂא֨וּ⁠הוּ֙ אַנְשֵׁ֣י מְקֹמ֔⁠וֹ 1 Whoever survives in any place where he lives, let the people in that place help him Those Israelites who choose to stay where they are should help those who choose to go to Jerusalem physically and financially. -EZR 1 5 s2yg figs-metonymy לְ⁠כֹ֨ל הֵעִ֤יר הָ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶת־ רוּח֔⁠וֹ לַ⁠עֲל֣וֹת 1 with everyone whose spirit God had stirred up to go up Stirring the spirit is a metonym for making someone want to act. See how you translated these words in [Ezra 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “everyone whom God had made want to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 1 4 t7ux וְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠נִּשְׁאָ֗ר מִֽ⁠כָּל־הַ⁠מְּקֹמוֹת֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר ה֣וּא גָֽר־שָׁם֒ יְנַשְּׂא֨וּ⁠הוּ֙ אַנְשֵׁ֣י מְקֹמ֔⁠וֹ 1 Whoever survives in any place where he lives, let the people in that place help him Those Israelites who choose to stay where they are should help those who choose to go to Jerusalem physically and financially. +EZR 1 5 s2yg figs-metonymy לְ⁠כֹ֨ל הֵעִ֤יר הָ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶת־רוּח֔⁠וֹ לַ⁠עֲל֣וֹת 1 with everyone whose spirit God had stirred up to go up Stirring the spirit is a metonym for making someone want to act. See how you translated these words in [Ezra 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “everyone whom God had made want to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 1 6 wwg6 חִזְּק֣וּ בִֽ⁠ידֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 strengthened their hands This refers to the work of the people roused by God in the previous verse. EZR 1 8 m5w3 translate-names מִתְרְדָ֣ת ... לְ⁠שֵׁשְׁבַּצַּ֔ר 1 Mithredath ... Sheshbazzar These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 1 8 wc54 figs-metaphor וַ⁠יּֽוֹצִיאֵ֗⁠ם ... עַל־ יַ֖ד מִתְרְדָ֣ת הַ⁠גִּזְבָּ֑ר 1 brought them out by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer Putting an object into someone’s hand is a metaphor for allowing that person to do what he wants with that object. Here the reader should understand that Cyrus expected Mithredath to do what Cyrus wanted him to do. Alternate translation: “put Mithredath the treasurer in charge of them” or “made Mithredath the treasurer responsible for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 1 8 wc54 figs-metaphor וַ⁠יּֽוֹצִיאֵ֗⁠ם ... עַל־יַ֖ד מִתְרְדָ֣ת הַ⁠גִּזְבָּ֑ר 1 brought them out by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer Putting an object into someone’s hand is a metaphor for allowing that person to do what he wants with that object. Here the reader should understand that Cyrus expected Mithredath to do what Cyrus wanted him to do. Alternate translation: “put Mithredath the treasurer in charge of them” or “made Mithredath the treasurer responsible for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 1 8 w8rk הַ⁠גִּזְבָּ֑ר 1 treasurer official in charge of money EZR 1 9 hu9c 1 General Information: This is a list of numbered items. EZR 1 9 d3ui translate-numbers שְׁלֹשִׁ֗ים ... אָ֔לֶף ... תִּשְׁעָ֥ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִֽים 1 thirty ... one thousand ... twenty-nine “30 ... 1,000 ... 29” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ EZR 2 19 i6kg translate-numbers 0 General Information: This continues the list EZR 2 19 j9nm translate-names חָשֻׁ֔ם 1 Hashum a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 20 r5bq translate-names גִבָּ֖ר 1 Gibbar These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 20 g26q translate-numbers תִּשְׁעִ֥ים וַ⁠חֲמִשָּֽׁה 1 ninety-five “95” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -EZR 2 21 iu4s figs-explicit בְּנֵ֣י בֵֽית־ לָ֔חֶם 1 The sons of Bethlehem This begins to list the number of people whose ancestors had lived in towns in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 2 21 iu4s figs-explicit בְּנֵ֣י בֵֽית־לָ֔חֶם 1 The sons of Bethlehem This begins to list the number of people whose ancestors had lived in towns in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 2 22 syz2 translate-numbers חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וְ⁠שִׁשָּֽׁה 1 fifty-six “56” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 2 22 v2ky translate-names נְטֹפָ֖ה 1 Netophah This is the name of a town in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 23 l5x8 translate-numbers 0 General Information: This continues the list people who returned from the exile along with the number in each group whose ancestors came from the places listed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -95,20 +95,20 @@ EZR 2 60 xr2g translate-names דְלָיָ֥ה ... טוֹבִיָּ֖ה ... נְ EZR 2 61 vg3t translate-names חֳבַיָּ֖ה ... הַקּ֑וֹץ ... בַרְזִלַּ֗י 1 Habaiah ... Hakkoz ... Barzillai These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 2 62 yiq1 כְתָבָ֛⁠ם הַ⁠מִּתְיַחְשִׂ֖ים 1 the records of their ancestry the records that told who their ancestors were EZR 2 62 jis4 וְ⁠לֹ֣א נִמְצָ֑אוּ 1 but they were not found “could not find their names in the records of the priests” -EZR 2 62 qt2w figs-activepassive וַֽ⁠יְגֹאֲל֖וּ מִן־ הַ⁠כְּהֻנָּֽה 1 they were excluded from the priesthood as defiled This can be translated in active form. The abstract noun “priesthood” can be translated as the verb “work as priests.” Alternate translation: “the other priests treated them as if they were unclean and did not allow them to work as priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EZR 2 62 qt2w figs-activepassive וַֽ⁠יְגֹאֲל֖וּ מִן־הַ⁠כְּהֻנָּֽה 1 they were excluded from the priesthood as defiled This can be translated in active form. The abstract noun “priesthood” can be translated as the verb “work as priests.” Alternate translation: “the other priests treated them as if they were unclean and did not allow them to work as priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZR 2 62 x8ns וַֽ⁠יְגֹאֲל֖וּ 1 so they were excluded ... as defiled not fit to be priests EZR 2 63 n2du לְ⁠אוּרִ֥ים וּ⁠לְ⁠תֻמִּֽים 1 Urim and Thummim two items like dice that the priests used to decide what God wanted them to do -EZR 2 64 a73j כָּל־ הַ⁠קָּהָ֖ל 1 whole group This means the whole group that returned back to the land of Judah from the exile. -EZR 2 64 i9g9 translate-numbers אַרְבַּ֣ע רִבּ֔וֹא אַלְפַּ֖יִם שְׁלֹשׁ־ מֵא֥וֹת שִׁשִּֽׁים 1 42360 “forty-two thousand three hundred and sixty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +EZR 2 64 a73j כָּל־הַ⁠קָּהָ֖ל 1 whole group This means the whole group that returned back to the land of Judah from the exile. +EZR 2 64 i9g9 translate-numbers אַרְבַּ֣ע רִבּ֔וֹא אַלְפַּ֖יִם שְׁלֹשׁ־מֵא֥וֹת שִׁשִּֽׁים 1 42360 “forty-two thousand three hundred and sixty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 2 65 w7yu וְ⁠אַמְהֹֽתֵי⁠הֶם֙ 1 their maidservants “their female servants” EZR 2 65 i75w translate-numbers אֵ֔לֶּה שִׁבְעַ֣ת אֲלָפִ֔ים שְׁלֹ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים וְ⁠שִׁבְעָ֑ה 1 these were 7,337 “these were seven thousand three hundred and thirty-seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 2 65 g5wm translate-numbers מָאתָֽיִם 1 two hundred “200” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 2 66 t7kb translate-numbers 0 General Information: This is a list of the animals along with the numbers of each kind that returned with the people from the exile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -EZR 2 69 v744 translate-numbers שֵׁשׁ־ רִבֹּ֣אות וָ⁠אֶ֔לֶףס ... חֲמֵ֣שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֑ים ... כֹּהֲנִ֖ים מֵאָֽה 1 sixty-one thousand ... five thousand ... one hundred “61,000 ... 5,000 ... 100” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +EZR 2 69 v744 translate-numbers שֵׁשׁ־רִבֹּ֣אות וָ⁠אֶ֔לֶףס ... חֲמֵ֣שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֑ים ... כֹּהֲנִ֖ים מֵאָֽה 1 sixty-one thousand ... five thousand ... one hundred “61,000 ... 5,000 ... 100” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 2 69 qh93 translate-bmoney זָהָ֗ב דַּרְכְּמוֹנִים֙ 1 gold darics A “daric” was a small gold coin used by the Persian Empire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) EZR 2 69 ln9c translate-bweight מָנִ֖ים 1 minas A mina is a unit of weight. One mina equals 550 grams. Minas are normally linked with measuring silver. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) EZR 2 69 h3zd וְ⁠כָתְנֹ֥ת 1 tunics garments worn next to the skin -EZR 2 70 w7fw בְּ⁠עָרֵי⁠הֶ֑ם וְ⁠כָל־ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּ⁠עָרֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 and all Israel lived in their cities Everyone went back to their home towns in Judea. Not everyone resettled in Jerusalem. +EZR 2 70 w7fw בְּ⁠עָרֵי⁠הֶ֑ם וְ⁠כָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּ⁠עָרֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 and all Israel lived in their cities Everyone went back to their home towns in Judea. Not everyone resettled in Jerusalem. EZR 3 intro rp9a 0 # Ezra 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of worship in the new temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Rebuilding the temple
They immediately began the temple worship, even though the temple had not yet been built because they feared the people of the surrounding nations.
EZR 3 1 a2ka translate-hebrewmonths הַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י 1 the seventh month This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. It is at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the early rain season. It is during the last part of September and the first part of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZR 3 1 hwv6 figs-simile כְּ⁠אִ֥ישׁ אֶחָ֖ד 1 as one man One man is in only one place and has only one purpose. Alternate translation: “for one purpose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -116,17 +116,17 @@ EZR 3 2 ua8i יֵשׁ֨וּעַ 1 Jeshua This is the name of a man. Translate t EZR 3 2 gq2e translate-names שְׁאַלְתִּיאֵל֙ 1 Shealtiel This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 3 2 yy1u figs-metaphor וַ⁠יָּקָם֩ ... וַ⁠יִּבְנ֕וּ 1 rose up and built Standing up is a metaphor for beginning to act. Alternate translation: “began to act and built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 3 2 eg3w figs-activepassive כַּ⁠כָּת֕וּב בְּ⁠תוֹרַ֖ת מֹשֶׁ֥ה 1 as it is written in the law of Moses This can be translated in active form. You may need to make explicit whom and what Yahweh had commanded. Alternate translation: “as Yahweh had commanded them to do in the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 3 3 t8y7 וַ⁠יָּכִ֤ינוּ הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֨חַ֙ עַל־ מְכ֣וֹנֹתָ֔י⁠ו 1 they set the altar on its foundation “mounted the altar on its stand” or “placed the altar on its stand so it would stay there” +EZR 3 3 t8y7 וַ⁠יָּכִ֤ינוּ הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֨חַ֙ עַל־מְכ֣וֹנֹתָ֔י⁠ו 1 they set the altar on its foundation “mounted the altar on its stand” or “placed the altar on its stand so it would stay there” EZR 3 3 bk73 figs-idiom בְּ⁠אֵימָ֣ה עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 dread was on them This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “they were very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EZR 3 3 c33h figs-explicit מֵ⁠עַמֵּ֖י הָ⁠אֲרָצ֑וֹת 1 because of the people of the land You may need to make explicit what it was about the people of the land that made the Jews afraid. Alternate translation: “because they thought the people of the land wanted to attack them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 3 3 a9a2 ו⁠יעל עָלָ֤י⁠ו עֹלוֹת֙ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה עֹל֖וֹת לַ⁠בֹּ֥קֶר וְ⁠לָ⁠עָֽרֶב 1 They offered on it burnt offerings to Yahweh, both the morning and evening burnt offerings One of the first things the people did was to begin offering sacrifices. This was before the temple was rebuilt. -EZR 3 4 iej2 figs-explicit אֶת־ חַ֥ג הַ⁠סֻּכּ֖וֹת 1 the Festival of Shelters This is a festival that was celebrated for eight days during the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. It was associated with the time of the exodus when the Israelites lived in tents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 3 4 iej2 figs-explicit אֶת־חַ֥ג הַ⁠סֻּכּ֖וֹת 1 the Festival of Shelters This is a festival that was celebrated for eight days during the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. It was associated with the time of the exodus when the Israelites lived in tents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 3 6 x3mt translate-hebrewmonths מִ⁠יּ֤וֹם אֶחָד֙ לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ 1 from the first day of the seventh month This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the middle of September on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZR 3 6 cip8 figs-activepassive וְ⁠הֵיכַ֥ל יְהוָ֖ה לֹ֥א יֻסָּֽד 1 although the foundation of the temple of Yahweh had not been laid The Jews began the ceremonies of worship even before they started building the temple. Alternate translation: “they had not yet laid the foundation for the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EZR 3 7 ze22 כְּ⁠רִשְׁי֛וֹן כּ֥וֹרֶשׁ מֶֽלֶךְ־ פָּרַ֖ס עֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 according to the permission they had from King Cyrus of Persia The letters sent by Cyrus gave the Jews permission to buy materials and build the temple. +EZR 3 7 ze22 כְּ⁠רִשְׁי֛וֹן כּ֥וֹרֶשׁ מֶֽלֶךְ־פָּרַ֖ס עֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 according to the permission they had from King Cyrus of Persia The letters sent by Cyrus gave the Jews permission to buy materials and build the temple. EZR 3 8 eh5s translate-hebrewmonths בַּ⁠חֹ֖דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֑י 1 in the second month This is the second month of the Hebrew calendar. This is during the warm season when people are harvesting crops. It is during the last part of April and the first part of May on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZR 3 8 ckj4 translate-ordinal וּ⁠בַ⁠שָּׁנָ֣ה הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֗ית 1 in the second year This is during the year after the one in which they returned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -EZR 3 8 y8bn figs-explicit אֶל־ בֵּ֤ית הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 to the house of God You may need to make explicit that there was no house of God standing when they arrived. Alternate translation: “to where the house of God had stood” or “to where they were going to build the house of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 3 8 y8bn figs-explicit אֶל־בֵּ֤ית הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 to the house of God You may need to make explicit that there was no house of God standing when they arrived. Alternate translation: “to where the house of God had stood” or “to where they were going to build the house of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 3 8 fa38 translate-names וְ⁠יֵשׁ֨וּעַ ... יֽוֹצָדָ֜ק 1 Jeshua ... Jozadak These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 3 8 hf5n translate-numbers מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ 1 from twenty years old “20 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 3 9 s6i8 translate-names יֵשׁ֡וּעַ ... חֵֽנָדָ֔ד 1 Jeshua ... Henadad These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ EZR 3 10 kh7e מְלֻבָּשִׁ֜ים 1 in their garments “their special r EZR 3 10 v35v translate-unknown בַּֽ⁠מְצִלְתַּ֔יִם 1 with cymbals two thin, round metal plates that are hit together to make a loud sound (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) EZR 3 10 t64z figs-metonymy יְדֵ֖י דָּוִ֥יד 1 the hands of David The hand of a king is a metonym for the power to give commands. Alternate translation: “as David ... had commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 3 11 hgd5 וּ⁠בְ⁠הוֹדֹ֤ת 1 giving thanks A feeling and expression of appreciation and gratitude for the kindness of another. -EZR 3 11 ut4a figs-abstractnouns כִּֽי־ לְ⁠עוֹלָ֥ם חַסְדּ֖⁠וֹ עַל־ יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 His covenant faithfulness to Israel is forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “He faithfully loves Israel forever” or “He is always faithful to his covenant with Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -EZR 3 12 xj13 figs-metonymy אֶת־ הַ⁠בַּ֤יִת הָֽ⁠רִאשׁוֹן֙ 1 first house This refers to the first temple that Solomon built, the house of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 3 11 ut4a figs-abstractnouns כִּֽי־לְ⁠עוֹלָ֥ם חַסְדּ֖⁠וֹ עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 His covenant faithfulness to Israel is forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “He faithfully loves Israel forever” or “He is always faithful to his covenant with Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EZR 3 12 xj13 figs-metonymy אֶת־הַ⁠בַּ֤יִת הָֽ⁠רִאשׁוֹן֙ 1 first house This refers to the first temple that Solomon built, the house of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 3 12 rmy5 figs-synecdoche בְּ⁠עֵ֣ינֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 before their eyes The people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they saw. Alternate translation: “in their sight” or “and they saw it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) EZR 3 12 d9tw בֹּכִ֖ים בְּ⁠ק֣וֹל גָּד֑וֹל 1 wept with a loud voice This refers to emotional expression of sorrow involving tears and vocal sounds. EZR 4 intro x878 0 # Ezra 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Helping to build the temple
The people of the surrounding nations offered to help to build the temple. It is unknown why the Jews refused their help. These other people became their enemies and tried to hinder the work. They even persuaded the king of Persia to stop the Jews from building.
@@ -146,12 +146,12 @@ EZR 4 1 uie3 figs-activepassive בְנֵ֤י הַ⁠גּוֹלָה֙ 1 the sons EZR 4 2 spx4 translate-names זְרֻבָּבֶ֜ל 1 Zerubbabel This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 4 2 yx1s translate-names אֵסַ֤ר חַדֹּן֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ אַשּׁ֔וּר 1 Esarhaddon, king of Assyria He ruled in Assyria before Cyrus ruled in Persia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 4 3 xp3f וְ⁠יֵשׁ֗וּעַ 1 Jeshua This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:6](../02/06.md). -EZR 4 3 isv8 לֹֽא־ לָ֣⁠כֶם וָ⁠לָ֔⁠נוּ לִ⁠בְנ֥וֹת בַּ֖יִת לֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ 1 You may not build a house for our God with us Possible meanings are 1) the Jewish leader felt that Cyrus had authorized only them to build the temple or 2) building the temple was the exclusive work of the Jews and no non-Jew would be permitted to contribute to the work. -EZR 4 4 d9da עַם־ הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 the people of the land “the people who were living in the land at that time,” which could include non-Jews and Jews whose families the Babylonians had not taken into exile -EZR 4 4 n1m9 figs-metaphor וַ⁠יְהִי֙ ... מְרַפִּ֖ים יְדֵ֣י עַם־ יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 made the hands of the people of Judah weak This speaks of the people of the land discouraging the Judeans as if they made their hands physically weak. Alternate translation: “discouraged the Judeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 4 4 aq32 עַם־ יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 the people of Judah people who returned from Babylon and settled in the land of Judah +EZR 4 3 isv8 לֹֽא־לָ֣⁠כֶם וָ⁠לָ֔⁠נוּ לִ⁠בְנ֥וֹת בַּ֖יִת לֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ 1 You may not build a house for our God with us Possible meanings are 1) the Jewish leader felt that Cyrus had authorized only them to build the temple or 2) building the temple was the exclusive work of the Jews and no non-Jew would be permitted to contribute to the work. +EZR 4 4 d9da עַם־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 the people of the land “the people who were living in the land at that time,” which could include non-Jews and Jews whose families the Babylonians had not taken into exile +EZR 4 4 n1m9 figs-metaphor וַ⁠יְהִי֙ ... מְרַפִּ֖ים יְדֵ֣י עַם־יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 made the hands of the people of Judah weak This speaks of the people of the land discouraging the Judeans as if they made their hands physically weak. Alternate translation: “discouraged the Judeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 4 4 aq32 עַם־יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 the people of Judah people who returned from Babylon and settled in the land of Judah EZR 4 5 kd9a לְ⁠הָפֵ֣ר עֲצָתָ֑⁠ם 1 to frustrate their plans “to make it so the Judeans could not build the temple as they had planned” -EZR 4 6 iaw6 figs-abstractnouns כָּתְב֣וּ שִׂטְנָ֔ה עַל־ יֹשְׁבֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה וִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 wrote an accusation against the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem The abstract nouns “accusation” can be translated as a verb “accuse.” You may need to make explicit what the enemies accused the Judeans of doing. Alternate translation: “wrote a letter in which they accused those who lived in Judah and Jerusalem of disobeying the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 4 6 iaw6 figs-abstractnouns כָּתְב֣וּ שִׂטְנָ֔ה עַל־יֹשְׁבֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה וִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 wrote an accusation against the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem The abstract nouns “accusation” can be translated as a verb “accuse.” You may need to make explicit what the enemies accused the Judeans of doing. Alternate translation: “wrote a letter in which they accused those who lived in Judah and Jerusalem of disobeying the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 4 7 x91s translate-names בִּשְׁלָ֜ם מִתְרְדָ֤ת טָֽבְאֵל֙ 1 Bishlam ... Mithredath ... Tabeel names of men (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 4 7 jl52 הַֽ⁠נִּשְׁתְּוָ֔ן 1 the letter This is the letter spoken of in [Ezra 4:6](../04/06.md). EZR 4 7 isg5 אֲרָמִ֖ית 1 Aramaic the language used in that area at the time for official business @@ -160,9 +160,9 @@ EZR 4 8 uu3t translate-names וְ⁠שִׁמְשַׁי֙ 1 Shimshai This is a ma EZR 4 8 hwq8 רְח֣וּם 1 Rehum This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:1](../02/01.md). EZR 4 9 vvp8 translate-names ארכוי ... שֽׁוּשַׁנְכָיֵ֔⁠א 1 Erech ... Susa names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 4 10 d6lu translate-names אָסְנַפַּר֙ 1 Ashurbanipal This is a name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 4 10 pu35 translate-names וּ⁠שְׁאָ֥ר עֲבַֽר־ נַהֲרָ֖⁠ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 4 10 pu35 translate-names וּ⁠שְׁאָ֥ר עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֖⁠ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 4 11 a7sk דְּנָה֙ פַּרְשֶׁ֣גֶן אִגַּרְתָּ֔⁠א 1 This is a copy Ezra includes in his writing the content of the letter sent to King Artaxerxes. -EZR 4 11 n6mp translate-names אֱנָ֥שׁ עֲבַֽר־ נַהֲרָ֖⁠ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 4 11 n6mp translate-names אֱנָ֥שׁ עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֖⁠ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 4 12 fu8s figs-metonymy קִרְיְתָ֨⁠א מָֽרָדְתָּ֤⁠א ו⁠באישת⁠א 1 the rebellious and evil city The city is a metonym for the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “a city that they plan to live in and rebel against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 4 12 jr26 וְ⁠אֻשַּׁיָּ֖⁠א יַחִֽיטוּ 1 repairing the foundations “fixed the foundations” or “mended the foundations” EZR 4 13 wj57 figs-activepassive הֵ֣ן קִרְיְתָ֥⁠א דָךְ֙ תִּתְבְּנֵ֔א וְ⁠שׁוּרַיָּ֖⁠ה יִֽשְׁתַּכְלְל֑וּן 1 if this city is built and the wall is completed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “if they build the city and complete the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ EZR 4 15 au5i figs-activepassive קִרְיְתָ֥⁠א דָ֖ךְ הָֽחָר EZR 4 16 cr21 figs-activepassive הֵ֣ן קִרְיְתָ֥⁠א דָךְ֙ תִּתְבְּנֵ֔א וְ⁠שׁוּרַיָּ֖⁠ה יִֽשְׁתַּכְלְל֑וּן 1 if this city is rebuilt and its walls are completed This can be translated in active form. See how you translated these words in [Ezra 4:13](../04/13.md). Alternate translation: “if they build the city and wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 4 16 n9kz figs-hyperbole חֲלָק֙ ... לָ֥א אִיתַ֖י לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 you will have no control Here “nothing” is an exaggeration to make the king think that he will be losing much tax money if the Judeans rebel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) EZR 4 16 keh5 translate-names בַּ⁠עֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֔⁠א 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 4 17 qp5d translate-names וּ⁠שְׁאָ֧ר עֲבַֽר־ נַהֲרָ֛⁠ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 4 17 qp5d translate-names וּ⁠שְׁאָ֧ר עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֛⁠ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 4 17 u66e רְח֤וּם 1 Rehum This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md). EZR 4 17 hja4 וְ⁠שִׁמְשַׁ֣י 1 Shimshai This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:8](../04/08.md). EZR 4 17 rsd2 נַהֲרָ֛⁠ה 1 the River the Euphrates River @@ -188,30 +188,30 @@ EZR 4 22 fy32 figs-metonymy לְ⁠הַנְזָקַ֖ת מַלְכִֽין 1 to EZR 4 23 zq2h figs-activepassive פַּרְשֶׁ֤גֶן נִשְׁתְּוָנָ⁠א֙ דִּ֚י ארתחששתא מַלְכָּ֔⁠א קֱרִ֧י 1 the copy of the letter from King Artaxerxes was read This can be translated in active form, in which case you will need to make explicit who read the decree from the king to the officials. Alternate translation: “The messengers from King Artaxerxes read his decree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 4 23 s349 רְח֛וּם 1 Rehum See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:1](../02/01.md). EZR 4 23 qu4l וְ⁠שִׁמְשַׁ֥י 1 Shimshai See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:7](../04/07.md). -EZR 4 24 kj9i בְּטֵלַת֙ עֲבִידַ֣ת בֵּית־ אֱלָהָ֔⁠א דִּ֖י בִּ⁠ירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם וַ⁠הֲוָת֙ בָּֽטְלָ֔א עַ֚ד שְׁנַ֣ת תַּרְתֵּ֔ין לְ⁠מַלְכ֖וּת דָּרְיָ֥וֶשׁ 1 the work on the house of God which is in Jerusalem ceased, and it remained stopped until the second year of the reign of Darius This delay lasted about 16 years. +EZR 4 24 kj9i בְּטֵלַת֙ עֲבִידַ֣ת בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֔⁠א דִּ֖י בִּ⁠ירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם וַ⁠הֲוָת֙ בָּֽטְלָ֔א עַ֚ד שְׁנַ֣ת תַּרְתֵּ֔ין לְ⁠מַלְכ֖וּת דָּרְיָ֥וֶשׁ 1 the work on the house of God which is in Jerusalem ceased, and it remained stopped until the second year of the reign of Darius This delay lasted about 16 years. EZR 5 intro rn2j 0 # Ezra 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Rebuilding the temple
The prophets Haggai and Zechariah encouraged the Jews to begin again building the temple. This was very important to life in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
EZR 5 1 bdb8 translate-names עִדּוֹא֙ 1 Iddo This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 5 2 u7ce translate-names וְ⁠יֵשׁ֣וּעַ ... יֽוֹצָדָ֔ק 1 Jeshua ... Jozadak These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 5 2 z38k שְׁאַלְתִּיאֵל֙ 1 Shealtiel This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 3:1](../03/01.md). EZR 5 2 mz7h לְ⁠מִבְנֵ֔א בֵּ֥ית אֱלָהָ֖⁠א 1 to build the house of God This was the temple of God. EZR 5 3 kl9l translate-names תַּ֠תְּנַי ... וּ⁠שְׁתַ֥ר בּוֹזְנַ֖י 1 Tattenai ... Shethar-Bozenai men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 5 3 gs4x translate-names עֲבַֽר־ נַהֲרָ֛⁠ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated it in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 5 3 gs4x translate-names עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֛⁠ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated it in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 5 5 gv23 figs-synecdoche וְ⁠עֵ֣ין אֱלָהֲ⁠הֹ֗ם הֲוָת֙ עַל 1 the eye of God was on The eye represents the person watching over another person. Alternate translation: “God was watching over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -EZR 5 5 eu4e figs-activepassive טַעְמָ֖⁠א לְ⁠דָרְיָ֣וֶשׁ יְהָ֑ךְ וֶ⁠אֱדַ֛יִן יְתִיב֥וּן נִשְׁתְּוָנָ֖⁠א עַל־ דְּנָֽה 1 a report could be sent to Darius and a decree was returned concerning this matter This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for an official to send a letter to the king and for the king to send a letter back to them with a decree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZR 5 5 eu4e figs-activepassive טַעְמָ֖⁠א לְ⁠דָרְיָ֣וֶשׁ יְהָ֑ךְ וֶ⁠אֱדַ֛יִן יְתִיב֥וּן נִשְׁתְּוָנָ֖⁠א עַל־דְּנָֽה 1 a report could be sent to Darius and a decree was returned concerning this matter This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for an official to send a letter to the king and for the king to send a letter back to them with a decree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 5 6 jbg5 פַּרְשֶׁ֣גֶן אִ֠גַּרְתָּ⁠א 1 This is a copy of the letter Ezra includes the contents of the letter to King Darius regarding their work on the temple. -EZR 5 6 uq1x translate-names פַּחַ֣ת עֲבַֽר־ נַהֲרָ֗⁠ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +EZR 5 6 uq1x translate-names פַּחַ֣ת עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֗⁠ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 5 8 sp27 0 General Information: The letter from Tattenai to the king that began in [Ezra 5:7](../05/07.md) continues. EZR 5 8 nmq2 וְ⁠אָ֖ע 1 timbers wood for building -EZR 5 9 uee9 מַן־ שָׂ֨ם לְ⁠כֹ֜ם טְעֵ֗ם 1 Who issued you a command “Who gave you permission” +EZR 5 9 uee9 מַן־שָׂ֨ם לְ⁠כֹ֜ם טְעֵ֗ם 1 Who issued you a command “Who gave you permission” EZR 5 11 f9fm 0 General Information: The letter from Tattenai to the king that began in [Ezra 5:7](../05/07.md) continues. -EZR 5 11 m5y2 אֲנַ֣חְנָא הִמּ֡וֹ עַבְדוֹ⁠הִי֩ דִֽי־ אֱלָ֨הּ 1 We are servants of the God Possible meaning are 1) they were calling the Jewish people servants of God or 2) those who replied were from the tribe of Levi and Aaron, who were the ones actually responsible for the temple worship and sacrifices. -EZR 5 11 a1ui figs-activepassive דִּֽי־ הֲוָ֨א בְנֵ֜ה מִ⁠קַּדְמַ֤ת דְּנָה֙ שְׁנִ֣ין שַׂגִּיאָ֔ן וּ⁠מֶ֤לֶךְ לְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ רַ֔ב בְּנָ֖⁠הִי וְ⁠שַׁכְלְלֵֽ⁠הּ 1 that was built many years ago, which a great king of Israel built and completed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the great king of Israel had built and supplied all the equipment for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZR 5 11 m5y2 אֲנַ֣חְנָא הִמּ֡וֹ עַבְדוֹ⁠הִי֩ דִֽי־אֱלָ֨הּ 1 We are servants of the God Possible meaning are 1) they were calling the Jewish people servants of God or 2) those who replied were from the tribe of Levi and Aaron, who were the ones actually responsible for the temple worship and sacrifices. +EZR 5 11 a1ui figs-activepassive דִּֽי־הֲוָ֨א בְנֵ֜ה מִ⁠קַּדְמַ֤ת דְּנָה֙ שְׁנִ֣ין שַׂגִּיאָ֔ן וּ⁠מֶ֤לֶךְ לְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ רַ֔ב בְּנָ֖⁠הִי וְ⁠שַׁכְלְלֵֽ⁠הּ 1 that was built many years ago, which a great king of Israel built and completed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the great king of Israel had built and supplied all the equipment for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 5 11 y9hr וְ⁠שַׁכְלְלֵֽ⁠הּ 1 completed “supplied all the equipment for it” EZR 5 12 un5r 0 General Information: The letter from Tattenai to the king continues. Tattenai continues to tell the king what the Judeans had told him beginning in [Ezra 5:11](../05/11.md). EZR 5 12 pqp8 הַרְגִּ֤זוּ ... לֶ⁠אֱלָ֣הּ שְׁמַיָּ֔⁠א 1 provoked the God of heaven to wrath “made the God of heaven become very angry with us” -EZR 5 12 cy4x figs-metonymy הַ֣ב הִמּ֔וֹ בְּ⁠יַ֛ד נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּ֥ר מֶֽלֶךְ־ בָּבֶ֖ל כסדי⁠א וּ⁠בַיְתָ֤⁠ה דְנָה֙ סַתְרֵ֔⁠הּ וְ⁠עַמָּ֖⁠ה הַגְלִ֥י 1 he gave them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, the Chaldean, who destroyed this house and deported the people The hand is a metonym for power or control. Also, “Nebuchadnezzar” represents his army. Alternate translation: “allowed the army of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, the Chaldean, to destroy this house and to take the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 5 12 cy4x figs-metonymy הַ֣ב הִמּ֔וֹ בְּ⁠יַ֛ד נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּ֥ר מֶֽלֶךְ־בָּבֶ֖ל כסדי⁠א וּ⁠בַיְתָ֤⁠ה דְנָה֙ סַתְרֵ֔⁠הּ וְ⁠עַמָּ֖⁠ה הַגְלִ֥י 1 he gave them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, the Chaldean, who destroyed this house and deported the people The hand is a metonym for power or control. Also, “Nebuchadnezzar” represents his army. Alternate translation: “allowed the army of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, the Chaldean, to destroy this house and to take the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 5 12 sgt7 וּ⁠בַיְתָ֤⁠ה דְנָה֙ סַתְרֵ֔⁠הּ 1 destroyed this house “tore down this house” -EZR 5 13 e3wn כּ֤וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּ⁠א֙ שָׂ֣ם טְעֵ֔ם בֵּית־ אֱלָהָ֥⁠א דְנָ֖ה לִ⁠בְּנֵֽא 1 King Cyrus issued a command to rebuild the house of God Cyrus ordered that the people rebuild God’s temple. +EZR 5 13 e3wn כּ֤וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּ⁠א֙ שָׂ֣ם טְעֵ֔ם בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֥⁠א דְנָ֖ה לִ⁠בְּנֵֽא 1 King Cyrus issued a command to rebuild the house of God Cyrus ordered that the people rebuild God’s temple. EZR 5 14 q6am 0 General Information: The letter from Tattenai to the king that began in [Ezra 5:7](../05/07.md) continues. Tattenai continues to tell the king what the Judeans had told him beginning in ([Ezra 5:11](./11.md)). EZR 5 14 w7ix לְ⁠שֵׁשְׁבַּצַּ֣ר 1 Sheshbazzar See how you translated this in [Ezra 1:7](../01/07.md). EZR 5 14 caq3 וִ⁠יהִ֨יבוּ֙ 1 gave them King Cyrus returned the temple objects. @@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ EZR 5 16 d7m8 figs-activepassive מִתְבְּנֵ֖א וְ⁠לָ֥א שְׁל EZR 5 16 myr8 מִתְבְּנֵ֖א 1 under construction built EZR 5 17 f4m4 0 General Information: The letter from Tattenai to the king that began in [Ezra 5:7](../05/07.md) continues. Tattenai has finished telling the king what the Judeans told him and now asks the king to see if what the Judeans told him was true. EZR 5 17 abm5 figs-activepassive יִ֠תְבַּקַּר 1 let a search be made This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would like you to have someone investigate this matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EZR 5 17 vii9 הֵ֣ן אִיתַ֗י דִּֽי־ מִן־ כּ֤וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּ⁠א֙ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵ֔ם 1 if it is so that a command was issued by King Cyrus “if there is a record there that King Cyrus issued a law” +EZR 5 17 vii9 הֵ֣ן אִיתַ֗י דִּֽי־מִן־כּ֤וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּ⁠א֙ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵ֔ם 1 if it is so that a command was issued by King Cyrus “if there is a record there that King Cyrus issued a law” EZR 6 intro y5d8 0 # Ezra 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The completion of the story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship occurs in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Temple taxes
The king said the Jews were right and ordered money from his taxes to be used to help them with their sacrifices.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Darius
In this chapter, Darius is called the king of Assyria. In reality, besides ruling over the former Assyrian Empire, Darius was also king of Persia. Persia had conquered Babylon, which had previously conquered Assyria. This made the king of Persia, the king of Assyria as well. It was unusual to refer to Darius as the king or ruler of Assyria. Ezra may have referred to him in this way to contrast Darius’ actions with those of the former rulers of Assyria, who had treated the Jews very cruelly. It was those earlier Assyrian rulers who had conquered the northern tribes of Israel and deported them to other lands. It was for this reasons that the northern tribes lost their identity and were no longer a distinct people group.
EZR 6 1 spf8 figs-abstractnouns שָׂ֣ם טְעֵ֑ם וּ⁠בַקַּ֣רוּ 1 issued a command and a search was made The abstract noun “investigation” can be expressed with the verbs “investigate” or “search.” Alternate translation: “ordered his officials to investigate” or “ordered his officials to search” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZR 6 1 pb3s figs-explicit שָׂ֣ם טְעֵ֑ם וּ⁠בַקַּ֣רוּ 1 issued a command and a search was made What they were to investigate can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “ordered his officials to investigate the records” or “ordered his officials to search and find out if there was a record of King Cyrus telling the Jews to build the house of God in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -232,8 +232,8 @@ EZR 6 3 i2dk 0 General Information: This begins the record of King Cyrus’s c EZR 6 3 ev3b figs-explicit בִּ⁠שְׁנַ֨ת חֲדָ֜ה לְ⁠כ֣וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּ֗⁠א 1 In the first year of King Cyrus It can be stated clearly that this is the first year of his reign. Alternate translation: “In year 1 of the reign of King Cyrus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 6 3 gi3x figs-activepassive בַּיְתָ֣⁠א יִתְבְּנֵ֔א 1 Let the house be rebuilt This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let the Jews rebuild the house” or “The Jews must rebuild the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 6 3 ts4a translate-numbers אַמִּ֣ין שִׁתִּ֔ין 1 sixty cubits “60 cubits.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “twenty-seven meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -EZR 6 4 q3hv figs-explicit נִדְבָּכִ֞ין דִּי־ אֶ֤בֶן גְּלָל֙ תְּלָתָ֔א וְ⁠נִדְבָּ֖ךְ דִּי־ אָ֣ע חֲדַ֑ת 1 with three rows of large stones and a row of new timber This can be stated as a new sentence. Possible meanings are 1) this describes how to build the foundation. Alternate translation: “Build the foundation on three layers of large stones covered with one layer of timber” or 2) this describes how to build the walls. Alternate translation: “Build the house’s walls with three layers of large stones alternating with one layer of timber” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 6 4 tny3 figs-metonymy וְ⁠נִ֨פְקְתָ֔⁠א מִן־ בֵּ֥ית מַלְכָּ֖⁠א תִּתְיְהִֽב 1 let the cost be paid by the king’s house The phrase “the king’s house” represents King Cyrus’s own wealth in the royal treasury. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will pay for it with money from the royal treasury” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZR 6 4 q3hv figs-explicit נִדְבָּכִ֞ין דִּי־אֶ֤בֶן גְּלָל֙ תְּלָתָ֔א וְ⁠נִדְבָּ֖ךְ דִּי־אָ֣ע חֲדַ֑ת 1 with three rows of large stones and a row of new timber This can be stated as a new sentence. Possible meanings are 1) this describes how to build the foundation. Alternate translation: “Build the foundation on three layers of large stones covered with one layer of timber” or 2) this describes how to build the walls. Alternate translation: “Build the house’s walls with three layers of large stones alternating with one layer of timber” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 6 4 tny3 figs-metonymy וְ⁠נִ֨פְקְתָ֔⁠א מִן־בֵּ֥ית מַלְכָּ֖⁠א תִּתְיְהִֽב 1 let the cost be paid by the king’s house The phrase “the king’s house” represents King Cyrus’s own wealth in the royal treasury. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will pay for it with money from the royal treasury” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 6 6 f9x5 0 General Information: This continues the record of King Cyrus’s command that the Jews rebuild God’s temple in Jerusalem, which began in [Ezra 6:3](../06/03.md). EZR 6 6 xd9g translate-names תַּ֠תְּנַי ... שְׁתַ֤ר בּוֹזְנַי֙ 1 Tattenai ... Shethar-Bozenai Darius writes directly to these men. Translate their names as in [Ezra 5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 6 6 xk9x translate-names וּ⁠כְנָוָ֣תְ⁠ה֔וֹן ... בַּ⁠עֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֑⁠ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated it in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ EZR 6 8 ci97 0 General Information: This continues the record of King Cyrus’ EZR 6 8 njb9 figs-activepassive וּ⁠מִ⁠נִּכְסֵ֣י מַלְכָּ֗⁠א דִּ֚י מִדַּת֙ עֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֔⁠ה אָסְפַּ֗רְנָא נִפְקְתָ֛⁠א תֶּהֱוֵ֧א 1 Let this cost be paid diligently at the expense of the king’s taxes beyond the River This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Use funds from the king’s tribute beyond the river to pay these men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 6 8 te7b figs-explicit וּ⁠מִ⁠נִּכְסֵ֣י מַלְכָּ֗⁠א דִּ֚י מִדַּת֙ עֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֔⁠ה 1 at the expense of the king’s taxes beyond the River “The king’s tribute” refers to taxes that people pay the king. Alternate translation: “Money from the taxes that you collect for the king from the people beyond the river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 6 11 em18 0 General Information: This continues the record of King Cyrus’s command that the Jews rebuild God’s temple in Jerusalem, which began in [Ezra 6:3](../06/03.md). -EZR 6 11 uqt8 figs-activepassive יִתְנְסַ֥ח אָע֙ מִן־ בַּיְתֵ֔⁠הּ וּ⁠זְקִ֖יף יִתְמְחֵ֣א עֲלֹ֑⁠הִי וּ⁠בַיְתֵ֛⁠הּ נְוָל֥וּ יִתְעֲבֵ֖ד עַל־ דְּנָֽה 1 a beam must be pulled from his house and he must be impaled on it. His house must then be turned into a rubbish heap This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I command my officials to pull a beam from his house and impale him on it. They are then to turn his house into a rubbish heap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZR 6 11 uqt8 figs-activepassive יִתְנְסַ֥ח אָע֙ מִן־בַּיְתֵ֔⁠הּ וּ⁠זְקִ֖יף יִתְמְחֵ֣א עֲלֹ֑⁠הִי וּ⁠בַיְתֵ֛⁠הּ נְוָל֥וּ יִתְעֲבֵ֖ד עַל־דְּנָֽה 1 a beam must be pulled from his house and he must be impaled on it. His house must then be turned into a rubbish heap This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I command my officials to pull a beam from his house and impale him on it. They are then to turn his house into a rubbish heap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 6 11 w334 אָע֙ 1 a beam a long, sturdy piece of wood, supporting the roof of a house EZR 6 11 i9yf יִתְמְחֵ֣א 1 impaled pierced through EZR 6 12 mn8y figs-metonymy דִּ֣י׀ יִשְׁלַ֣ח יְדֵ֗⁠הּ לְ⁠הַשְׁנָיָ֛ה לְ⁠חַבָּלָ֛ה 1 who extends their hand to change it, or to destroy Lifting the hand represents trying or daring to do something. Alternate translation: “who tries to change ... or to destroy” or “who dares to change ... or to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -249,18 +249,18 @@ EZR 6 12 y3sn figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠הַשְׁנָיָ֛ה 1 to change it Th EZR 6 13 alm6 translate-names תַּתְּנַ֞י ... שְׁתַ֥ר בּוֹזְנַ֖י 1 Tattenai ... Shethar-Bozenai Translate the names of these men as you did in [Ezra 5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 6 15 q4v5 figs-activepassive וְ⁠שֵׁיצִיא֙ בַּיְתָ֣⁠ה דְנָ֔ה 1 This house was completed This can be translated in active form. You may need to make explicit which house they completed. Alternate translation: “They completed God’s house” or “They finished building the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 6 15 c1qx translate-hebrewmonths י֥וֹם תְּלָתָ֖ה לִ⁠ירַ֣ח אֲדָ֑ר 1 the third day of the month of Adar “Adar” is the name of the twelfth and last month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the cold season. The third day is near the middle of February on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -EZR 6 15 bhp9 translate-ordinal שְׁנַת־ שֵׁ֔ת 1 sixth year King Darius had been ruling for five years, so he was now in year number six of his reign. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -EZR 6 16 cq1q figs-explicit וּ⁠שְׁאָ֣ר בְּנֵי־ גָלוּתָ֗⁠א 1 the rest of the children of the exile These people had been captured and taken to Babylon, but they returned to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the rest of the people who had been taken captive to Babylon and had returned to Jerusalem” or “the rest of the people who had returned from captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 6 15 bhp9 translate-ordinal שְׁנַת־שֵׁ֔ת 1 sixth year King Darius had been ruling for five years, so he was now in year number six of his reign. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) +EZR 6 16 cq1q figs-explicit וּ⁠שְׁאָ֣ר בְּנֵי־גָלוּתָ֗⁠א 1 the rest of the children of the exile These people had been captured and taken to Babylon, but they returned to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the rest of the people who had been taken captive to Babylon and had returned to Jerusalem” or “the rest of the people who had returned from captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 6 17 r49v translate-numbers תּוֹרִ֣ין מְאָ֔ה ... אִמְּרִ֖ין אַרְבַּ֣ע מְאָ֑ה 1 one hundred bulls ... four hundred lambs “100 bulls ... 400 lambs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 6 18 iix1 בְּ⁠מַחְלְקָ֣תְ⁠ה֔וֹן 1 to their divisions “groups that work together” EZR 6 19 j6lm translate-hebrewmonths בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעָ֥ה עָשָׂ֖ר לַ⁠חֹ֥דֶשׁ הָ⁠רִאשֽׁוֹן 1 fourteenth day of the first month This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The fourteenth day is near the beginning of April on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZR 6 20 j34t figs-metaphor הִֽטַּהֲר֞וּ 1 purified themselves “made themselves pure.” Being pure represents being acceptable to God. Alternate translation: “made themselves acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 6 21 p72z figs-metaphor הַ⁠נִּבְדָּ֛ל מִ⁠טֻּמְאַ֥ת גּוֹיֵֽ־ הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 had separated themselves from the uncleanness of the nations of the land Separating themselves from uncleanness represents refusing to do things that make people unclean. Alternate translation: “They refused to do the things that the people of the land did that made them unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 6 21 alu2 figs-metaphor מִ⁠טֻּמְאַ֥ת גּוֹיֵֽ־ הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 the uncleanness of the nations of the land Here “uncleanness” represents being unacceptable to God. Alternate translation: “the things that the people of the land did that made them unacceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 6 21 p72z figs-metaphor הַ⁠נִּבְדָּ֛ל מִ⁠טֻּמְאַ֥ת גּוֹיֵֽ־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 had separated themselves from the uncleanness of the nations of the land Separating themselves from uncleanness represents refusing to do things that make people unclean. Alternate translation: “They refused to do the things that the people of the land did that made them unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 6 21 alu2 figs-metaphor מִ⁠טֻּמְאַ֥ת גּוֹיֵֽ־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 the uncleanness of the nations of the land Here “uncleanness” represents being unacceptable to God. Alternate translation: “the things that the people of the land did that made them unacceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 6 21 tyz7 figs-metaphor לִ⁠דְרֹ֕שׁ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה 1 to seek Yahweh Seeking Yahweh represents choosing to know, worship, and obey him. Alternate translation: “chose to obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 6 22 k6q8 figs-metonymy וְֽ⁠הֵסֵ֞ב לֵ֤ב מֶֽלֶךְ־ אַשּׁוּר֙ 1 turned the heart of the king of Assyria Turning the king’s heart represents making him think differently about the work of the temple. Alternate translation: “changed the attitude of Assyria’s king” or “made Assyria’s king willing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZR 6 22 x9ls figs-metaphor לְ⁠חַזֵּ֣ק יְדֵי⁠הֶ֔ם בִּ⁠מְלֶ֥אכֶת בֵּית־ הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 to strengthen their hands in the work of the house of God Strengthening their hands in the work represents helping them to work. The Assyrian king did this by telling them to do the work and providing the money for it. Alternate translation: “to help them do the work of his house” or “to make it possible for them to do the work of his house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 6 22 m7l7 בִּ⁠מְלֶ֥אכֶת בֵּית־ הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 the work of the house of God This refers to building the temple. +EZR 6 22 k6q8 figs-metonymy וְֽ⁠הֵסֵ֞ב לֵ֤ב מֶֽלֶךְ־אַשּׁוּר֙ 1 turned the heart of the king of Assyria Turning the king’s heart represents making him think differently about the work of the temple. Alternate translation: “changed the attitude of Assyria’s king” or “made Assyria’s king willing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 6 22 x9ls figs-metaphor לְ⁠חַזֵּ֣ק יְדֵי⁠הֶ֔ם בִּ⁠מְלֶ֥אכֶת בֵּית־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 to strengthen their hands in the work of the house of God Strengthening their hands in the work represents helping them to work. The Assyrian king did this by telling them to do the work and providing the money for it. Alternate translation: “to help them do the work of his house” or “to make it possible for them to do the work of his house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 6 22 m7l7 בִּ⁠מְלֶ֥אכֶת בֵּית־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 the work of the house of God This refers to building the temple. EZR 7 intro p3he 0 # Ezra 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Ezra begins his religious reforms.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God’s Law
The people no longer know the law of Moses. Therefore, the king allows Ezra to return to Judea to teach the people about God’s law. Many people go with him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
EZR 7 1 h549 0 General Information: Ezra’s genealogy goes back to Aaron, the first high priest. EZR 7 1 n9di translate-names שְׂרָיָ֔ה 1 Seraiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -270,56 +270,56 @@ EZR 7 2 e2ek translate-names צָד֖וֹק ... אֲחִיטֽוּב 1 Zadok ... EZR 7 3 h5gv translate-names אֲמַרְיָ֥ה ... עֲזַרְיָ֖ה ... מְרָיֽוֹת 1 Amariah ... Azariah ... Meraioth This list is all men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 7 4 zd73 translate-names זְרַֽחְיָ֥ה ... עֻזִּ֖י ... בֻּקִּֽי 1 Zerahiah ... Uzzi ... Bukki men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 7 5 jvt2 translate-names אֲבִישׁ֗וּעַ ... פִּֽינְחָס֙ ... אֶלְעָזָ֔ר 1 Abishua ... Phinehas ... Eleazar men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 7 6 xd8u וַ⁠יִּתֶּן־ ל֣⁠וֹ הַ⁠מֶּ֗לֶךְ ... כֹּ֖ל בַּקָּשָׁתֽ⁠וֹ 1 The king granted to him all his request “The king gave Ezra anything he asked for” -EZR 7 6 w6u9 figs-metonymy כְּ⁠יַד־ יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהָי⁠ו֙ עָלָ֔י⁠ו 1 according to the hand of Yahweh his God upon him The “hand” of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s blessing or help. Alternate translation: “the blessing of Yahweh was with Ezra” or “Yahweh was blessing Ezra” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZR 7 7 tt66 figs-explicit בִּ⁠שְׁנַת־ שֶׁ֖בַע לְ⁠אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֥סְתְּא הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 in the seventh year of King Artaxerxes This refers to the seventh year of his reign. Alternate translation: “in the seventh year that Artaxerxes was king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 7 6 xd8u וַ⁠יִּתֶּן־ל֣⁠וֹ הַ⁠מֶּ֗לֶךְ ... כֹּ֖ל בַּקָּשָׁתֽ⁠וֹ 1 The king granted to him all his request “The king gave Ezra anything he asked for” +EZR 7 6 w6u9 figs-metonymy כְּ⁠יַד־יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהָי⁠ו֙ עָלָ֔י⁠ו 1 according to the hand of Yahweh his God upon him The “hand” of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s blessing or help. Alternate translation: “the blessing of Yahweh was with Ezra” or “Yahweh was blessing Ezra” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 7 7 tt66 figs-explicit בִּ⁠שְׁנַת־שֶׁ֖בַע לְ⁠אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֥סְתְּא הַ⁠מֶּֽלֶךְ 1 in the seventh year of King Artaxerxes This refers to the seventh year of his reign. Alternate translation: “in the seventh year that Artaxerxes was king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 7 8 cr7y translate-hebrewmonths בַּ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠חֲמִישִׁ֑י 1 the fifth month This is the fifth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of July and the first part of August on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZR 7 9 f68n translate-hebrewmonths בְּ⁠אֶחָד֙ לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הָ⁠רִאשׁ֔וֹן 1 the first day of the first month This is near the middle of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZR 7 9 s9by translate-hebrewmonths וּ⁠בְ⁠אֶחָ֞ד לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠חֲמִישִׁ֗י 1 the first day of the fifth month This is near the middle of July on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -EZR 7 9 k4wr figs-metonymy כְּ⁠יַד־ אֱלֹהָ֖י⁠ו הַ⁠טּוֹבָ֥ה 1 according to the good hand of his God “Hand” represents the power or control that God uses for good results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 7 9 k4wr figs-metonymy כְּ⁠יַד־אֱלֹהָ֖י⁠ו הַ⁠טּוֹבָ֥ה 1 according to the good hand of his God “Hand” represents the power or control that God uses for good results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 7 10 b5p7 figs-metaphor עֶזְרָא֙ הֵכִ֣ין לְבָב֔⁠וֹ לִ⁠דְר֛וֹשׁ 1 Ezra had established his heart to seek Establishing his heart represents firmly deciding or committing himself to do something. Alternate translation: “Ezra committed his life to study” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 7 10 y7yr וְ⁠לַ⁠עֲשֹׂ֑ת 1 to observe “obey” EZR 7 10 w9d8 חֹ֥ק וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 its statutes and ordinances These were the laws that God passed down to Israel through Moses. EZR 7 11 qjr1 וְ⁠זֶ֣ה׀ פַּרְשֶׁ֣גֶן הַֽ⁠נִּשְׁתְּוָ֗ן 1 This is a copy of the letter The text following this statement was the decree given by King Artaxerxes. EZR 7 12 y33a figs-explicit אַ֨רְתַּחְשַׁ֔סְתְּא מֶ֖לֶךְ מַלְכַיָּ֑⁠א 1 Artaxerxes, king of kings “The King of kings” was a title, meaning that he was the greatest of kings, the king that other kings obeyed. Alternate translation: “The Great King Artaxerxes” or “Artaxerxes, the greatest king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 7 13 d9b4 מִנִּ⁠י֮ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵם֒ דִּ֣י כָל־ מִתְנַדַּ֣ב ... לִ⁠מְהָ֧ךְ לִֽ⁠ירוּשְׁלֶ֛ם 1 I am issuing a decree that all those ... who desire to go up to Jerusalem In those days people needed permission from the king to resettle and rebuild in an area previously destroyed by the conquering nation. +EZR 7 13 d9b4 מִנִּ⁠י֮ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵם֒ דִּ֣י כָל־מִתְנַדַּ֣ב ... לִ⁠מְהָ֧ךְ לִֽ⁠ירוּשְׁלֶ֛ם 1 I am issuing a decree that all those ... who desire to go up to Jerusalem In those days people needed permission from the king to resettle and rebuild in an area previously destroyed by the conquering nation. EZR 7 13 wi2u עִמָּ֖⁠ךְ יְהָֽךְ 1 may go with you The word “you” refers to Ezra. EZR 7 14 cbf2 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra. EZR 7 14 h7cx מַלְכָּ֜⁠א וְ⁠שִׁבְעַ֤ת יָעֲטֹ֨⁠הִי֙ 1 the king, and his seven counselors The word “I” and the phrase “the king” refer to the same person. The king is reminding the people who hear this letter that he is the author of this letter. -EZR 7 14 v44t figs-explicit לְ⁠בַקָּרָ֥א עַל־ יְה֖וּד וְ⁠לִֽ⁠ירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם בְּ⁠דָ֥ת אֱלָהָ֖⁠ךְ 1 to inquire concerning Judah and Jerusalem according to the law of your God What they were to inquire about can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “to investigate the situation in Judah and Jerusalem, in order to learn whether or not they are obeying God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 7 14 v44t figs-explicit לְ⁠בַקָּרָ֥א עַל־יְה֖וּד וְ⁠לִֽ⁠ירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם בְּ⁠דָ֥ת אֱלָהָ֖⁠ךְ 1 to inquire concerning Judah and Jerusalem according to the law of your God What they were to inquire about can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “to investigate the situation in Judah and Jerusalem, in order to learn whether or not they are obeying God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 7 15 m1pn figs-explicit וּ⁠לְ⁠הֵיבָלָ֖ה כְּסַ֣ף וּ⁠דְהַ֑ב 1 You are to bring the silver and gold Where they were to bring it can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You are to bring to Jerusalem the silver and gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 7 15 uu8a הִתְנַדַּ֨בוּ֙ 1 have freely offered “Freely” means that they were not forced to offer the money. They gave it because they wanted to. Alternate translation: “the silver and gold that they have willingly offered” EZR 7 16 p3du figs-explicit הִתְנַדָּב֨וּת עַמָּ֤⁠א וְ⁠כָֽהֲנַיָּ⁠א֙ 1 the freewill offering of the people and the priests This can be expressed active form. Alternate translation: “what the people and the priests have freely offered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 7 17 pr2c 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra. EZR 7 17 b2sq figs-explicit אָסְפַּ֨רְנָא תִקְנֵ֜א בְּ⁠כַסְפָּ֣⁠א דְנָ֗ה תּוֹרִ֤ין׀ דִּכְרִין֙ אִמְּרִ֔ין וּ⁠מִנְחָתְ⁠ה֖וֹן וְ⁠נִסְכֵּי⁠ה֑וֹן 1 diligently buy bulls, rams, lambs, and grain offerings and drink offerings The phrase “in full” means as many as are necessary to complete the task. They were to use the gold and silver to buy all they needed in order to worship God in the temple. Alternate translation: “Buy as many of the oxen, rams, lambs, grain and drink offerings as are needed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EZR 7 18 a2bh figs-metaphor עלי⁠ך וְ⁠עַל־ אחי⁠ך 1 you and your brothers The phrase “your brothers” refers to the people who were doing this work with Ezra. Alternate translation: “your co-workers” or “your companions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 7 18 a2bh figs-metaphor עלי⁠ך וְ⁠עַל־אחי⁠ך 1 you and your brothers The phrase “your brothers” refers to the people who were doing this work with Ezra. Alternate translation: “your co-workers” or “your companions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 7 19 h5qf 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra. -EZR 7 19 h6x1 figs-activepassive וּ⁠מָֽאנַיָּ⁠א֙ דִּֽי־ מִתְיַהֲבִ֣ין לָ֔⁠ךְ 1 the objects that were given to you This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “the objects that we have freely given to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZR 7 19 h6x1 figs-activepassive וּ⁠מָֽאנַיָּ⁠א֙ דִּֽי־מִתְיַהֲבִ֣ין לָ֔⁠ךְ 1 the objects that were given to you This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “the objects that we have freely given to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 7 19 bkk8 הַשְׁלֵ֕ם קֳדָ֖ם אֱלָ֥הּ יְרוּשְׁלֶֽ 1 deliver in full before the God of Jerusalem The word “him” refers to God. EZR 7 19 a3tf figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠פָלְחָ֖ן בֵּ֣ית אֱלָהָ֑⁠ךְ 1 for the service of the house of your God The abstract noun “service” can be expressed with the verbs “serve” or “use.” Alternate translation: “to use in the house of your God” or “to serve in the house of your God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZR 7 20 hgu9 גִּנְזֵ֥י 1 treasury a secure place where money is stored EZR 7 21 wiy2 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra. EZR 7 21 i7dz translate-names דִּ֖י בַּ⁠עֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֑⁠ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated it in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 7 21 h6c8 figs-activepassive דִּ֣י כָל־ דִּ֣י יִ֠שְׁאֲלֶנְ⁠כוֹן עֶזְרָ֨א ... אָסְפַּ֖רְנָא יִתְעֲבִֽד 1 that anything that Ezra ... asks from you, let it be done diligently This can be expressed in active form. “Give Ezra in full anything he asks of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZR 7 21 h6c8 figs-activepassive דִּ֣י כָל־דִּ֣י יִ֠שְׁאֲלֶנְ⁠כוֹן עֶזְרָ֨א ... אָסְפַּ֖רְנָא יִתְעֲבִֽד 1 that anything that Ezra ... asks from you, let it be done diligently This can be expressed in active form. “Give Ezra in full anything he asks of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 7 21 euy1 figs-explicit אָסְפַּ֖רְנָא יִתְעֲבִֽד 1 let it be done diligently The phrase “in full” here represents whatever quantity necessary to do the work. Alternate translation: “should be given as much as he needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 7 22 c716 translate-numbers כְּסַף֮ כַּכְּרִ֣ין מְאָה֒ 1 one hundred silver talents “100 talents of silver.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “3,300 kilograms of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) EZR 7 22 cja2 translate-bvolume חִנְטִין֙ כֹּרִ֣ין מְאָ֔ה 1 one hundred cors of wheat You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “22,000 liters of grain” or “twenty thousand liters of grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 7 22 u3yi translate-bvolume בַּתִּ֥ין מְשַׁ֖ח מְאָ֑ה 1 one hundred baths of oil You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: 2,200 liters of oil” or “two thousand liters of oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 7 23 t2e7 לְ⁠בֵ֖ית 1 the house This refers to God’s temple. -EZR 7 23 i89i figs-rquestion דִּֽי־ לְ⁠מָ֤ה לֶֽהֱוֵא֙ קְצַ֔ף עַל־ מַלְכ֥וּת מַלְכָּ֖⁠א וּ⁠בְנֽוֹ⁠הִי 1 For why should his wrath come upon the kingdom of me and my sons? The king uses this question to say that he does not want God’s wrath to come upon them. The implied information is that if they do not do give Ezra what he needs, then God will punish the kingdom. Alternate translation: “For we do not want God’s wrath to come upon the kingdom of me and my sons.” or “For if you do not do these things, God’s wrath will come upon the kingdom of me and my sons.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EZR 7 23 x6h5 figs-metonymy דִּֽי־ לְ⁠מָ֤ה לֶֽהֱוֵא֙ קְצַ֔ף עַל־ מַלְכ֥וּת מַלְכָּ֖⁠א וּ⁠בְנֽוֹ⁠הִי 1 For why should his wrath come upon the kingdom of me and my sons God’s wrath represents God punishing them. Alternate translation: “For why should God punish the kingdom of me and my sons” or “For if you do not do these things, God will punish the kingdom of me and my sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 7 23 i89i figs-rquestion דִּֽי־לְ⁠מָ֤ה לֶֽהֱוֵא֙ קְצַ֔ף עַל־מַלְכ֥וּת מַלְכָּ֖⁠א וּ⁠בְנֽוֹ⁠הִי 1 For why should his wrath come upon the kingdom of me and my sons? The king uses this question to say that he does not want God’s wrath to come upon them. The implied information is that if they do not do give Ezra what he needs, then God will punish the kingdom. Alternate translation: “For we do not want God’s wrath to come upon the kingdom of me and my sons.” or “For if you do not do these things, God’s wrath will come upon the kingdom of me and my sons.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZR 7 23 x6h5 figs-metonymy דִּֽי־לְ⁠מָ֤ה לֶֽהֱוֵא֙ קְצַ֔ף עַל־מַלְכ֥וּת מַלְכָּ֖⁠א וּ⁠בְנֽוֹ⁠הִי 1 For why should his wrath come upon the kingdom of me and my sons God’s wrath represents God punishing them. Alternate translation: “For why should God punish the kingdom of me and my sons” or “For if you do not do these things, God will punish the kingdom of me and my sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 7 24 pw3i 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra. EZR 7 24 wx23 וּ⁠לְ⁠כֹ֣ם מְהוֹדְעִ֗ין דִּ֣י ... לָ֥א שַׁלִּ֖יט לְ⁠מִרְמֵ֥א עֲלֵי⁠הֹֽם 1 We also make known to you that it is not lawful to impose tax, tribute, or custom “We are telling them not to impose any tribute or taxes” EZR 7 24 ycd8 זַמָּ֨רַיָּ֤⁠א 1 musicians people who play musical instruments EZR 7 25 r244 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra. -EZR 7 25 qzk1 figs-abstractnouns כְּ⁠חָכְמַ֨ת אֱלָהָ֤⁠ךְ דִּֽי־ בִ⁠ידָ⁠ךְ֙ מֶ֣נִּי שָׁפְטִ֞ין וְ⁠דַיָּנִ֗ין 1 according to the wisdom of God that is in your hand, appoint judges and magistrates The abstract noun “wisdom” can be expressed with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “God has made you wise, so you must wisely appoint judges and magistrates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -EZR 7 26 sr94 figs-abstractnouns הֵ֤ן לְ⁠מוֹת֙ הֵ֣ן ל⁠שרשו הֵן־ לַ⁠עֲנָ֥שׁ נִכְסִ֖ין וְ⁠לֶ⁠אֱסוּרִֽין 1 whether death, or banishment, or confiscation of goods, or imprisonment The abstract nouns can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: “whether by killing them, banishing them, confiscating their goods, or imprisoning them” or “You may kill them, send them away, take the things the own, or put them in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EZR 7 25 qzk1 figs-abstractnouns כְּ⁠חָכְמַ֨ת אֱלָהָ֤⁠ךְ דִּֽי־בִ⁠ידָ⁠ךְ֙ מֶ֣נִּי שָׁפְטִ֞ין וְ⁠דַיָּנִ֗ין 1 according to the wisdom of God that is in your hand, appoint judges and magistrates The abstract noun “wisdom” can be expressed with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “God has made you wise, so you must wisely appoint judges and magistrates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EZR 7 26 sr94 figs-abstractnouns הֵ֤ן לְ⁠מוֹת֙ הֵ֣ן ל⁠שרשו הֵן־לַ⁠עֲנָ֥שׁ נִכְסִ֖ין וְ⁠לֶ⁠אֱסוּרִֽין 1 whether death, or banishment, or confiscation of goods, or imprisonment The abstract nouns can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: “whether by killing them, banishing them, confiscating their goods, or imprisoning them” or “You may kill them, send them away, take the things the own, or put them in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZR 7 27 qh6m 0 Connecting Statement: Ezra praises God because of what King Artaxerxes decreed. -EZR 7 27 t4cz figs-metaphor נָתַ֤ן כָּ⁠זֹאת֙ בְּ⁠לֵ֣ב הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ לְ⁠פָאֵ֕ר אֶת־ בֵּ֥ית יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּ⁠ירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 placed such a thing into the heart of the king to beautify the house of Yahweh which is in Jerusalem Placing things in the king’s heart represents causing him to have certain thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “caused the king to want to glorify Yahweh’s house in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 7 27 t4cz figs-metaphor נָתַ֤ן כָּ⁠זֹאת֙ בְּ⁠לֵ֣ב הַ⁠מֶּ֔לֶךְ לְ⁠פָאֵ֕ר אֶת־בֵּ֥ית יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּ⁠ירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 placed such a thing into the heart of the king to beautify the house of Yahweh which is in Jerusalem Placing things in the king’s heart represents causing him to have certain thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “caused the king to want to glorify Yahweh’s house in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 7 27 w14w figs-metaphor בֵּ֥ית יְהוָ֖ה 1 the house of Yahweh This refers to Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 7 28 y4zu figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠עָלַ֣⁠י הִטָּה־ חֶ֗סֶד 1 who has extended covenant faithfulness to me The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “loyal.” Alternate translation: “who has been faithful to me” or “who has been loyal to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EZR 7 28 y4zu figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠עָלַ֣⁠י הִטָּה־חֶ֗סֶד 1 who has extended covenant faithfulness to me The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “loyal.” Alternate translation: “who has been faithful to me” or “who has been loyal to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZR 7 28 q1iu figs-metaphor וַ⁠אֲנִ֣י הִתְחַזַּ֗קְתִּי 1 So I was strengthened Being strengthened represents being encouraged. Alternate translation: I am encouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 7 28 gxx2 figs-metonymy כְּ⁠יַד־ יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהַ⁠י֙ עָלַ֔⁠י 1 as the hand of Yahweh my God was upon me Here Yahweh’s hand represents what he did to help Ezra. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh has helped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 7 28 gxx2 figs-metonymy כְּ⁠יַד־יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהַ⁠י֙ עָלַ֔⁠י 1 as the hand of Yahweh my God was upon me Here Yahweh’s hand represents what he did to help Ezra. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh has helped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 8 intro ye9m 0 # Ezra 08 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The people’s return to Judah
Many people went back to Judah with Ezra. They trusted God to protect them and the precious items they carried with them, which had been given for the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
EZR 8 1 ss8d translate-names 0 General Information: There is an apparent shift in authorship beginning here. Chapters 1-7 were written as if the author were writing about Ezra. Chapter 8 was written as if the author were Ezra. Verses 2-14 are a list of leaders and their ancestors. All of them are men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 8 2 m2b9 מִ⁠בְּנֵ֤י פִֽינְחָס֙ גֵּֽרְשֹׁ֔ם 1 of the sons of Phinehas, Gershom This is the first item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Phinehas was Gershom” or “Gershom was the leader of the descendants of Phinehas” @@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ EZR 8 3 m91f פַרְעֹ֖שׁ 1 Parosh See how you translated this man’s na EZR 8 3 ds2y וְ⁠עִמּ֛⁠וֹ הִתְיַחֵ֥שׂ לִ⁠זְכָרִ֖ים מֵאָ֥ה וַ⁠חֲמִשִּֽׁים 1 with him were registered150 males “with Zechariah there were 150 males listed in the record of his genealogy” EZR 8 3 se12 translate-numbers לִ⁠זְכָרִ֖ים מֵאָ֥ה וַ⁠חֲמִשִּֽׁי 1 150 males “one hundred and fifty males” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 8 4 c961 translate-names 0 General Information: The list of men’s names continues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 8 4 f7d5 מִ⁠בְּנֵי֙ פַּחַ֣ת מוֹאָ֔ב אֶלְיְהֽוֹעֵינַ֖י בֶּן־ זְרַֽחְיָ֑ה 1 of the sons of Pahath-Moab, Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Pahath-Moab was Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah” or “Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah was the leader of the descendants of Pahath-Moab” +EZR 8 4 f7d5 מִ⁠בְּנֵי֙ פַּחַ֣ת מוֹאָ֔ב אֶלְיְהֽוֹעֵינַ֖י בֶּן־זְרַֽחְיָ֑ה 1 of the sons of Pahath-Moab, Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Pahath-Moab was Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah” or “Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah was the leader of the descendants of Pahath-Moab” EZR 8 4 y6jz וְ⁠עִמּ֖⁠וֹ מָאתַ֥יִם הַ⁠זְּכָרִֽים 1 with him were two hundred males “with Eliehoenai were two hundred males” EZR 8 4 kyx7 זְרַֽחְיָ֑ה 1 Zerahiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 7:4](../07/04.md). EZR 8 4 z9s8 translate-numbers מָאתַ֥יִם 1 two hundred “200” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ EZR 8 6 x9hz עָדִ֔ין 1 Adin See how you translated this man’s name in EZR 8 6 c84d translate-numbers חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים 1 fifty “50” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 8 7 ckp4 translate-numbers שִׁבְעִ֥ים 1 seventy “70” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 8 8 b23z translate-names 0 General Information: The list of men’s names continues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 8 8 v9nn וּ⁠מִ⁠בְּנֵ֣י שְׁפַטְיָ֔ה זְבַדְיָ֖ה בֶּן־ מִֽיכָאֵ֑ל 1 of the sons of Shephatiah, Zebadiah son of Michael This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Shephatiah was Zebadiah son of Michael” or “Zebadiah son of Michael was the leader of the descendants of Shephatiah” +EZR 8 8 v9nn וּ⁠מִ⁠בְּנֵ֣י שְׁפַטְיָ֔ה זְבַדְיָ֖ה בֶּן־מִֽיכָאֵ֑ל 1 of the sons of Shephatiah, Zebadiah son of Michael This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Shephatiah was Zebadiah son of Michael” or “Zebadiah son of Michael was the leader of the descendants of Shephatiah” EZR 8 8 cw6w שְׁפַטְיָ֔ה 1 Shephatiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md). EZR 8 8 u8wj translate-names מִֽיכָאֵ֑ל 1 Michael This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 8 8 w6u1 וְ⁠עִמּ֖⁠וֹ שְׁמֹנִ֥ים הַ⁠זְּכָרִֽים 1 with him eighty males “with Zebadiah were listed eighty males” @@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ EZR 8 10 y254 translate-numbers מֵאָ֥ה וְ⁠שִׁשִּׁ֖ים הַ⁠ EZR 8 11 s7ng בֵּבָ֑י 1 Bebai See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:11](../02/11.md). EZR 8 11 w892 translate-numbers עֶשְׂרִ֥ים וּ⁠שְׁמֹנָ֖ה 1 twenty-eight “28” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 8 12 z7xc translate-names 0 General Information: This is the end of the list of men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 8 12 a3dx וּ⁠מִ⁠בְּנֵ֣י עַזְגָּ֔ד יוֹחָנָ֖ן בֶּן־ הַ⁠קָּטָ֑ן 1 of the sons of Azgad, Johanan son of Hakkatan This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Azgad was Johanan son of Hakkatan” or “Johanan son of Hakkatan was the leader of the descendants of Azgad” +EZR 8 12 a3dx וּ⁠מִ⁠בְּנֵ֣י עַזְגָּ֔ד יוֹחָנָ֖ן בֶּן־הַ⁠קָּטָ֑ן 1 of the sons of Azgad, Johanan son of Hakkatan This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Azgad was Johanan son of Hakkatan” or “Johanan son of Hakkatan was the leader of the descendants of Azgad” EZR 8 12 j4bn וְ⁠עִמּ֕⁠וֹ מֵאָ֥ה וַ⁠עֲשָׂרָ֖ה הַ⁠זְּכָרִֽים 1 with him 110 males “with Johanan were listed 110 males” EZR 8 12 pr9v translate-numbers מֵאָ֥ה וַ⁠עֲשָׂרָ֖ה הַ⁠זְּכָרִֽים 1 110 males “one hundred and ten males” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 8 12 elm1 עַזְגָּ֔ד 1 Azgad See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 2:12](../02/12.md). @@ -359,58 +359,58 @@ EZR 8 13 hu49 translate-numbers שִׁשִּׁ֥ים 1 sixty “60” (See: [[rc EZR 8 14 p7ej בִגְוַ֖י 1 Bigvai See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md). EZR 8 14 we81 translate-numbers שִׁבְעִ֥ים 1 seventy “70” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 8 15 x4yl translate-names 0 General Information: The word “I” in chapter 8 refers to Ezra. He is the author. Verse 16 contains a list of men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 8 15 gl34 הַ⁠נָּהָר֙ הַ⁠בָּ֣א אֶֽל־ אַהֲוָ֔א 1 the river that flows to Ahava Possible meanings are that the “canal” was 1) a waterway that men built or 2) an ordinary river. It can be translated in a more general way. Alternate translation: “the waterway that flows to Ahava” +EZR 8 15 gl34 הַ⁠נָּהָר֙ הַ⁠בָּ֣א אֶֽל־אַהֲוָ֔א 1 the river that flows to Ahava Possible meanings are that the “canal” was 1) a waterway that men built or 2) an ordinary river. It can be translated in a more general way. Alternate translation: “the waterway that flows to Ahava” EZR 8 15 cl4j translate-names אַהֲוָ֔א 1 Ahava This is the name of a place (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 8 16 ufp7 לִֽ֠⁠שְׁמַעְיָה 1 Shemaiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 8:13](../08/13.md). EZR 8 16 sw7e וּ⁠לְ⁠אֶלְנָתָ֨ן וּ⁠לְ⁠יָרִ֜יב וּ⁠לְ⁠אֶלְנָתָ֧ן 1 Elnathan ... Elnathan ... Elnathan There were apparently three men with the same name. EZR 8 17 a4dg translate-names אִדּ֨וֹ 1 Iddo This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 8 17 akq5 figs-explicit ו⁠אוצא⁠ה אוֹתָ⁠ם֙ 1 Next I sent them The word “them” refers to the nine leaders and two teachers written about in [Ezra 8:16](../08/16.md). Alternate translation: “Next I sent those men to Iddo” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 8 17 ggi9 translate-names בְּ⁠כָסִפְיָ֣א 1 Kasiphia This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 8 17 nq66 וָ⁠אָשִׂימָ⁠ה֩ בְּ⁠פִי⁠הֶ֨ם דְּבָרִ֜ים לְ֠⁠דַבֵּר אֶל־ אִדּ֨וֹ ... לְ⁠הָֽבִיא־ לָ֥⁠נוּ מְשָׁרְתִ֖ים לְ⁠בֵ֥ית אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 I put in their mouths the words to speak to Iddo ... to send to us servants for the house of our God The words “that is” introduces what he told them to say. Alternate translation: “I told them to tell Iddo ... to send us servants for the house of God” +EZR 8 17 nq66 וָ⁠אָשִׂימָ⁠ה֩ בְּ⁠פִי⁠הֶ֨ם דְּבָרִ֜ים לְ֠⁠דַבֵּר אֶל־אִדּ֨וֹ ... לְ⁠הָֽבִיא־לָ֥⁠נוּ מְשָׁרְתִ֖ים לְ⁠בֵ֥ית אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 I put in their mouths the words to speak to Iddo ... to send to us servants for the house of our God The words “that is” introduces what he told them to say. Alternate translation: “I told them to tell Iddo ... to send us servants for the house of God” EZR 8 18 kbq4 translate-names מַחְלִ֔י ... וְ⁠שֵׁרֵֽבְיָ֛ה 1 Sherebiah ... Mahli These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 8 18 a7cr figs-metonymy וַ⁠יָּבִ֨יאּוּ לָ֜⁠נוּ כְּ⁠יַד־ אֱלֹהֵ֨י⁠נוּ הַ⁠טּוֹבָ֤ה עָלֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ אִ֣ישׁ 1 So they sent to us by the good hand of our God a man God’s “good hand” represents his kindness in providing for them. Alternate translation: “Because God was kind to us, they sent us a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 8 18 a7cr figs-metonymy וַ⁠יָּבִ֨יאּוּ לָ֜⁠נוּ כְּ⁠יַד־אֱלֹהֵ֨י⁠נוּ הַ⁠טּוֹבָ֤ה עָלֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ אִ֣ישׁ 1 So they sent to us by the good hand of our God a man God’s “good hand” represents his kindness in providing for them. Alternate translation: “Because God was kind to us, they sent us a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 8 18 kue1 אִ֣ישׁ שֶׂ֔כֶל 1 a man of understanding This is a man of understanding and wisdom. -EZR 8 18 d8n9 בֶּן־ לֵוִ֖י בֶּן־ יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 the son of Levi, the son of Israel Here “Israel” is a man’s name. It is the name God gave to Jacob. +EZR 8 18 d8n9 בֶּן־לֵוִ֖י בֶּן־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 the son of Levi, the son of Israel Here “Israel” is a man’s name. It is the name God gave to Jacob. EZR 8 18 pp9z translate-numbers שְׁמֹנָ֥ה עָשָֽׂר 1 eighteen “18” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 8 19 vsm6 translate-names חֲשַׁבְיָ֔ה ... מְרָרִ֑י 1 Hashabiah ... Merari These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 8 19 bwf7 translate-numbers עֶשְׂרִֽים 1 twenty “20” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 8 19 mf7n translate-names יְשַֽׁעְיָ֖ה 1 Jeshaiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 8:7](../08/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 8 20 f9pd וְ⁠הַ⁠שָּׂרִים֙ 1 officials people with specific authority within a government system EZR 8 21 zh8n translate-names הַ⁠נָּהָ֣ר אַהֲוָ֔א 1 the river Ahava This is the name of the canal that flows to the place called Ahava. See how you translated Ahava and canal in [Ezra 8:15](../08/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 8 21 sq2q figs-metaphor לְ⁠בַקֵּ֤שׁ מִמֶּ֨⁠נּוּ֙ דֶּ֣רֶךְ יְשָׁרָ֔ה לָ֥⁠נוּ וּ⁠לְ⁠טַפֵּ֖⁠נוּ וּ⁠לְ⁠כָל־ רְכוּשֵֽׁ⁠נוּ 1 to seek a straight way from him for us and our little ones, and all our possessions The word “seek” represents asking God to do something for them. Here a “straight path” represents safety while they travel. Alternate translation: “to ask God to give us, our little ones, and all our possessions safety while we travel” or “to ask God to protect us, our little ones, and all our possessions while we travel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 8 22 n4fd figs-metonymy יַד־ אֱלֹהֵ֤י⁠נוּ עַל־ כָּל־ מְבַקְשָׁי⁠ו֙ לְ⁠טוֹבָ֔ה 1 The hand of our God is on all those who seek him for good The hand of God being on people is a metonym for God helping people. Seeking God is a metaphor for serving him. Alternate translation: “God helps all who serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 8 22 fb5x figs-metonymy וְ⁠עֻזּ֣⁠וֹ וְ⁠אַפּ֔⁠וֹ עַ֖ל כָּל־ עֹזְבָֽי⁠ו 1 but his strength and his wrath are against all those who forsake him God’s might and wrath being on people is a metonym for him punishing people. Forgetting God is a metaphor for refusing to serve him. Alternate translation: “but he punishes all who refuse to serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 8 23 nfn4 figs-metaphor וַ⁠נָּצ֛וּמָ⁠ה וַ⁠נְּבַקְשָׁ֥⁠ה מֵ⁠אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ עַל־ זֹ֑את 1 So we fasted and sought God about this matter Here seeking God is a metaphor for asking God to do something for them. Alternate translation: “So we fasted and asked God to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 8 21 sq2q figs-metaphor לְ⁠בַקֵּ֤שׁ מִמֶּ֨⁠נּוּ֙ דֶּ֣רֶךְ יְשָׁרָ֔ה לָ֥⁠נוּ וּ⁠לְ⁠טַפֵּ֖⁠נוּ וּ⁠לְ⁠כָל־רְכוּשֵֽׁ⁠נוּ 1 to seek a straight way from him for us and our little ones, and all our possessions The word “seek” represents asking God to do something for them. Here a “straight path” represents safety while they travel. Alternate translation: “to ask God to give us, our little ones, and all our possessions safety while we travel” or “to ask God to protect us, our little ones, and all our possessions while we travel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 8 22 n4fd figs-metonymy יַד־אֱלֹהֵ֤י⁠נוּ עַל־כָּל־מְבַקְשָׁי⁠ו֙ לְ⁠טוֹבָ֔ה 1 The hand of our God is on all those who seek him for good The hand of God being on people is a metonym for God helping people. Seeking God is a metaphor for serving him. Alternate translation: “God helps all who serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 8 22 fb5x figs-metonymy וְ⁠עֻזּ֣⁠וֹ וְ⁠אַפּ֔⁠וֹ עַ֖ל כָּל־עֹזְבָֽי⁠ו 1 but his strength and his wrath are against all those who forsake him God’s might and wrath being on people is a metonym for him punishing people. Forgetting God is a metaphor for refusing to serve him. Alternate translation: “but he punishes all who refuse to serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 8 23 nfn4 figs-metaphor וַ⁠נָּצ֛וּמָ⁠ה וַ⁠נְּבַקְשָׁ֥⁠ה מֵ⁠אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ עַל־זֹ֑את 1 So we fasted and sought God about this matter Here seeking God is a metaphor for asking God to do something for them. Alternate translation: “So we fasted and asked God to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EZR 8 24 v6yb translate-names לְ⁠שֵׁרֵֽבְיָ֣ה חֲשַׁבְיָ֔ה 1 Sherebiah, Hashabiah See how you translated these men’s names in [Ezra 8:19](../08/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 8 26 v4vy translate-numbers כֶּ֗סֶף כִּכָּרִים֙ שֵֽׁשׁ־ מֵא֣וֹת וַ⁠חֲמִשִּׁ֔ים 1 650 talents of silver “six hundred and fifty talents of silver.” A talent weighs about thirty-three kilograms. You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “22,000 kilograms of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) -EZR 8 26 an5i translate-numbers וּ⁠כְלֵי־ כֶ֥סֶף מֵאָ֖ה לְ⁠כִכָּרִ֑ים 1 one hundred talents of silver objects “100 talents of silver objects.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “3,300 kilograms of silver objects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) +EZR 8 26 v4vy translate-numbers כֶּ֗סֶף כִּכָּרִים֙ שֵֽׁשׁ־מֵא֣וֹת וַ⁠חֲמִשִּׁ֔ים 1 650 talents of silver “six hundred and fifty talents of silver.” A talent weighs about thirty-three kilograms. You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “22,000 kilograms of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) +EZR 8 26 an5i translate-numbers וּ⁠כְלֵי־כֶ֥סֶף מֵאָ֖ה לְ⁠כִכָּרִ֑ים 1 one hundred talents of silver objects “100 talents of silver objects.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “3,300 kilograms of silver objects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) EZR 8 26 ih18 translate-numbers זָהָ֖ב מֵאָ֥ה כִכָּֽר 1 one hundred talents of gold “100 talents of gold.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “3,300 kilograms of gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) EZR 8 27 q2jm translate-numbers לַ⁠אֲדַרְכֹנִ֖ים אָ֑לֶף 1 one thousand darics “1,000 darics.” A “daric” was a small gold coin that people in the Persian Empire used. You can translate this in terms of the number of coins or their weight. Alternate translation: “one thousand Persian gold coins” or “eight and one half kilograms of gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) EZR 8 27 zlh5 וּ⁠כְלֵ֨י נְחֹ֜שֶׁת 1 vessels of bronze Bronze is a mixture of copper and another metal. It is stronger than pure copper. EZR 8 28 rbg4 וָ⁠אֹמְרָ֣⁠ה אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֗ם 1 Then I said to them “Then I said to the twelve priestly officials” -EZR 8 29 im6g עַֽד־ תִּשְׁקְל֡וּ לִ⁠פְנֵי֩ שָׂרֵ֨י הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֧ים וְ⁠הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֛ם וְ⁠שָׂרֵֽי־ הָ⁠אָב֥וֹת לְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 until you weigh them out before the heads of the priests and the Levites, and the heads of the fathers’ houses When they arrived in Jerusalem, they would weigh the silver, gold, and bronze to show that they had not taken any of it for themselves. +EZR 8 29 im6g עַֽד־תִּשְׁקְל֡וּ לִ⁠פְנֵי֩ שָׂרֵ֨י הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֧ים וְ⁠הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֛ם וְ⁠שָׂרֵֽי־הָ⁠אָב֥וֹת לְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 until you weigh them out before the heads of the priests and the Levites, and the heads of the fathers’ houses When they arrived in Jerusalem, they would weigh the silver, gold, and bronze to show that they had not taken any of it for themselves. EZR 8 30 ia74 הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֣ים וְ⁠הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֔ם 1 The priests and the Levites According to the law of Moses, the tribe of Levi had the work of caring for the temple, its possessions, and the offerings. EZR 8 31 c4v2 וַֽ⁠נִּסְעָ֞⁠ה מִ⁠נְּהַ֣ר אַֽהֲוָ֗א 1 We went out from the river Ahava “We left the Ahava Canal” or “We started traveling from the Ahava Canal” EZR 8 31 c9im translate-names מִ⁠נְּהַ֣ר אַֽהֲוָ֗א 1 the river Ahava This is the name of the canal that flows to the place called Ahava. See how you translated this in [Ezra 8:21](../08/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 8 31 ju8u translate-hebrewmonths בִּ⁠שְׁנֵ֤ים עָשָׂר֙ לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הָ⁠רִאשׁ֔וֹן 1 twelfth day of the first month This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The twelfth day is near the end of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -EZR 8 31 b7m1 figs-metonymy וְ⁠יַד־ אֱלֹהֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ הָיְתָ֣ה עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ 1 The hand of our God was on us The hand of God being on people is a metonym for God helping people. Alternate translation: “God was helping us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZR 8 31 dj8h figs-metonymy וַ⁠יַּ֨צִּילֵ֔⁠נוּ מִ⁠כַּ֥ף אוֹיֵ֛ב וְ⁠אוֹרֵ֖ב עַל־ הַ⁠דָּֽרֶךְ 1 he delivered us from the hand of the enemy and from those lying in ambush along the road The hand represents what those people might do. It specifically refers to the enemy attacking the group that was traveling. Alternate translation: “he protected us from the attack of the enemy and the ones who wished to ambush us along the road” or “He kept the enemy from attacking us and he kept robbers from ambushing us along the road” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 8 31 b7m1 figs-metonymy וְ⁠יַד־אֱלֹהֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ הָיְתָ֣ה עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ 1 The hand of our God was on us The hand of God being on people is a metonym for God helping people. Alternate translation: “God was helping us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 8 31 dj8h figs-metonymy וַ⁠יַּ֨צִּילֵ֔⁠נוּ מִ⁠כַּ֥ף אוֹיֵ֛ב וְ⁠אוֹרֵ֖ב עַל־הַ⁠דָּֽרֶךְ 1 he delivered us from the hand of the enemy and from those lying in ambush along the road The hand represents what those people might do. It specifically refers to the enemy attacking the group that was traveling. Alternate translation: “he protected us from the attack of the enemy and the ones who wished to ambush us along the road” or “He kept the enemy from attacking us and he kept robbers from ambushing us along the road” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 8 31 pj64 וְ⁠אוֹרֵ֖ב 1 those lying in ambush This refers to thieves and robbers who wanted to attack them for their treasures. EZR 8 33 p3qm figs-activepassive נִשְׁקַ֣ל הַ⁠כֶּסֶף֩ וְ⁠הַ⁠זָּהָ֨ב וְ⁠הַ⁠כֵּלִ֜ים 1 the silver and the gold and the objects were weighed out This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the twelve priestly officials weighed out the silver, gold and objects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EZR 8 33 b9l2 figs-metonymy נִשְׁקַ֣ל הַ⁠כֶּסֶף֩ וְ⁠הַ⁠זָּהָ֨ב וְ⁠הַ⁠כֵּלִ֜ים ... עַ֠ל יַד־ מְרֵמ֤וֹת 1 the silver and the gold and the objects were weighed out ... into the hand of Meremoth Here “the hand of Meremoth” represents Meremoth’s care of the silver, gold, and objects. The men weighed those things and gave them to Meremoth to take care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +EZR 8 33 b9l2 figs-metonymy נִשְׁקַ֣ל הַ⁠כֶּסֶף֩ וְ⁠הַ⁠זָּהָ֨ב וְ⁠הַ⁠כֵּלִ֜ים ... עַ֠ל יַד־מְרֵמ֤וֹת 1 the silver and the gold and the objects were weighed out ... into the hand of Meremoth Here “the hand of Meremoth” represents Meremoth’s care of the silver, gold, and objects. The men weighed those things and gave them to Meremoth to take care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 8 33 lte3 translate-names מְרֵמ֤וֹת ... אֽוּרִיָּה֙ ... אֶלְעָזָ֣ר ... פִּֽינְחָ֑ס ... יוֹזָבָ֧ד ... יֵשׁ֛וּעַ וְ⁠נֽוֹעַדְיָ֥ה ... בִּנּ֖וּי 1 Meremoth ... Uriah ... Eleazar ... Phinehas ... Jozabad ... Jeshua ... Noadiah ... Binnui These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 8 33 jb4h יֵשׁ֛וּעַ 1 Jeshua See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 2:6](../02/06.md). -EZR 8 35 gxu7 הַ֠⁠בָּאִים מֵֽ⁠הַ⁠שְּׁבִ֨י בְנֵֽי־ הַ⁠גּוֹלָ֜ה 1 those who had come back from the captivity, the sons of the exiles These two phrases refer to the Jewish people who were living as exiles in Babylon and who left Babylon and returned to Jerusalem in Judea. Alternate translation: “The ones who came back to Jerusalem from the captivity in Babylon, the people of exile” -EZR 8 35 lgl7 translate-numbers שְׁנֵים־ עָשָׂ֤ר ... תִּשְׁעִ֣ים וְ⁠שִׁשָּׁ֗ה ... שִׁבְעִ֣ים וְ⁠שִׁבְעָ֔ה ... שְׁנֵ֣ים עָשָׂ֑ר 1 twelve ... ninety-six ... seventy-seven ... twelve “12 ... 96 ... 77 ... 12” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +EZR 8 35 gxu7 הַ֠⁠בָּאִים מֵֽ⁠הַ⁠שְּׁבִ֨י בְנֵֽי־הַ⁠גּוֹלָ֜ה 1 those who had come back from the captivity, the sons of the exiles These two phrases refer to the Jewish people who were living as exiles in Babylon and who left Babylon and returned to Jerusalem in Judea. Alternate translation: “The ones who came back to Jerusalem from the captivity in Babylon, the people of exile” +EZR 8 35 lgl7 translate-numbers שְׁנֵים־עָשָׂ֤ר ... תִּשְׁעִ֣ים וְ⁠שִׁשָּׁ֗ה ... שִׁבְעִ֣ים וְ⁠שִׁבְעָ֔ה ... שְׁנֵ֣ים עָשָׂ֑ר 1 twelve ... ninety-six ... seventy-seven ... twelve “12 ... 96 ... 77 ... 12” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 8 36 r5gu וּ⁠פַחֲו֖וֹת עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠נָּהָ֑ר 1 the governors in the Province Beyond the River These were the Babylonian officials managing the people west of the Euphrates River, which included the people living in Judea. EZR 8 36 d38g translate-names וּ⁠פַחֲו֖וֹת עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠נָּהָ֑ר 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. It included Judea. See how you translated it in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 9 intro k1yz 0 # Ezra 09 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Intermarriage
When Ezra found out that many Jews had married Gentile wives, he prayed to God and asked God why he had been so good to them by letting these few people return from captivity even though they sinned by marrying Gentile wives. They did this before and God had punished them for it. God forbid this type of marriage because it caused the people to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
-EZR 9 1 kb76 לֹֽא־ נִבְדְּל֞וּ 1 have not separated themselves have married people from other lands and have adopted their religion -EZR 9 3 qhy7 וּ⁠כְ⁠שָׁמְעִ⁠י֙ אֶת־ הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה 1 When I heard this matter When Ezra heard that many Israelites had married foreign women and were worshiping their gods -EZR 9 3 ck87 figs-explicit קָרַ֥עְתִּי אֶת־ בִּגְדִ֖⁠י וּ⁠מְעִילִ֑⁠י וָ⁠אֶמְרְטָ֞⁠ה מִ⁠שְּׂעַ֤ר רֹאשִׁ⁠י֙ וּ⁠זְקָנִ֔⁠י 1 I tore my clothing and my robe and pulled out hair from my head and beard Ezra was showing everyone how unhappy he was that people were doing things that offended God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +EZR 9 1 kb76 לֹֽא־נִבְדְּל֞וּ 1 have not separated themselves have married people from other lands and have adopted their religion +EZR 9 3 qhy7 וּ⁠כְ⁠שָׁמְעִ⁠י֙ אֶת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה 1 When I heard this matter When Ezra heard that many Israelites had married foreign women and were worshiping their gods +EZR 9 3 ck87 figs-explicit קָרַ֥עְתִּי אֶת־בִּגְדִ֖⁠י וּ⁠מְעִילִ֑⁠י וָ⁠אֶמְרְטָ֞⁠ה מִ⁠שְּׂעַ֤ר רֹאשִׁ⁠י֙ וּ⁠זְקָנִ֔⁠י 1 I tore my clothing and my robe and pulled out hair from my head and beard Ezra was showing everyone how unhappy he was that people were doing things that offended God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EZR 9 4 m8dw לְ⁠מִנְחַ֥ת הָ⁠עָֽרֶב 1 the evening sacrifice a sacrifice that the priests would offer around the time the sun was going down EZR 9 5 v2nb מִ⁠תַּֽעֲנִיתִ֔⁠י 1 my fasting another way of saying he was “sitting ashamed” ([Ezra 9:4](../09/04.md)). “where I was sitting on the ground to show how ashamed I was” -EZR 9 5 qye1 וָֽ⁠אֶכְרְעָ⁠ה֙ עַל־ בִּרְכַּ֔⁠י וָ⁠אֶפְרְשָׂ֥⁠ה כַפַּ֖⁠י 1 knelt down on my knees, and spread out my hands “got on my knees and stretched out my arms with my hands open toward the sky” +EZR 9 5 qye1 וָֽ⁠אֶכְרְעָ⁠ה֙ עַל־בִּרְכַּ֔⁠י וָ⁠אֶפְרְשָׂ֥⁠ה כַפַּ֖⁠י 1 knelt down on my knees, and spread out my hands “got on my knees and stretched out my arms with my hands open toward the sky” EZR 9 6 aca6 figs-parallelism עֲוֺנֹתֵ֤י⁠נוּ רָבוּ֙ לְ⁠מַ֣עְלָ⁠ה רֹּ֔אשׁ וְ⁠אַשְׁמָתֵ֥⁠נוּ גָדְלָ֖ה עַ֥ד לַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם 1 our iniquities have risen higher than our head, and our guilt has grown up to the heavens These words are two ways of speaking of iniquity and guilt as if they were physical objects that could grow to be larger than people. The abstract nouns “iniquity” and “guilt” can be expressed as a noun and an adjective, respectively. Alternate translation: “we have committed wicked deeds and we are very guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZR 9 7 sv5f מִ⁠ימֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵ֗י⁠נוּ 1 the days of our fathers “the time when our ancestors were alive” EZR 9 7 wet1 figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠אַשְׁמָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֔ה ... וּ⁠בַ⁠עֲוֺנֹתֵ֡י⁠נוּ 1 very guilty ... our iniquities The abstract nouns “guilt” and “iniquity” can be translated as an adjective and a verb, respectively. Alternate translation: “very guilty ... Because of the evil deeds we did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -418,16 +418,16 @@ EZR 9 7 h1bs figs-activepassive נִתַּ֡נּוּ אֲנַחְנוּ֩ ... ב EZR 9 7 v9sd figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יַ֣ד׀ מַלְכֵ֣י הָ⁠אֲרָצ֗וֹת 1 into the hand of kings of the lands Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “were given into the control of the kings of this world” or “were given over to the kings of this world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EZR 9 7 f2hv figs-metonymy בַּ⁠חֶ֜רֶב בַּ⁠שְּׁבִ֧י וּ⁠בַ⁠בִּזָּ֛ה וּ⁠בְ⁠בֹ֥שֶׁת פָּנִ֖ים 1 to the sword, to captivity, and to plunder, and to ashamed faces The sword is a metonym for people killing other people. The abstract nouns “captivity” and “plunder” can be stated as verb phrases. And, “faces” is a synecdoche representing the whole person. Alternate translation: “to our enemies to kill us, to capture us, to steal from us, and to cause us shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) EZR 9 8 jqq9 figs-metaphor הָיְתָ֨ה תְחִנָּ֜ה מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֗י⁠נוּ 1 grace has been shown from Yahweh our God God deciding to be merciful is spoken of as if mercy were a person who could move. Alternate translation: “Yahweh our God has decided to be merciful to us and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 9 9 xh8d figs-abstractnouns וַֽ⁠יַּט־ עָלֵ֣י⁠נוּ חֶ֡סֶד 1 but he extended covenant faithfulness to us The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “loyal.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezra 7:28](../07/28.md). Alternate translation: “but he as been faithful to us” or “he has been loyal to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +EZR 9 9 xh8d figs-abstractnouns וַֽ⁠יַּט־עָלֵ֣י⁠נוּ חֶ֡סֶד 1 but he extended covenant faithfulness to us The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “loyal.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezra 7:28](../07/28.md). Alternate translation: “but he as been faithful to us” or “he has been loyal to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) EZR 9 9 eb2m figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵי֩ מַלְכֵ֨י פָרַ֜ס 1 in the sight of the king of Persia The king could not literally see the temple, but he did know about what was happening in Jerusalem. Here “sight” is a metonym for what a person knows. Alternate translation: “so that the king of Persia knows about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EZR 9 9 f833 אֶת־ בֵּ֤ית אֱלֹהֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ 1 the house of our God the temple -EZR 9 9 b5aw figs-metaphor וְ⁠לָֽ⁠תֶת־ לָ֣⁠נוּ גָדֵ֔ר 1 to give us a wall The wall that keeps people safe is a metaphor for Yahweh protecting his people. Alternate translation: “could keep us safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EZR 9 12 uax9 עַד־ עוֹלָֽם 1 forever “until the end of the ages” +EZR 9 9 f833 אֶת־בֵּ֤ית אֱלֹהֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ 1 the house of our God the temple +EZR 9 9 b5aw figs-metaphor וְ⁠לָֽ⁠תֶת־לָ֣⁠נוּ גָדֵ֔ר 1 to give us a wall The wall that keeps people safe is a metaphor for Yahweh protecting his people. Alternate translation: “could keep us safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +EZR 9 12 uax9 עַד־עוֹלָֽם 1 forever “until the end of the ages” EZR 9 14 jh1x figs-rquestion הֲ⁠נָשׁוּב֙ לְ⁠הָפֵ֣ר מִצְוֺתֶ֔י⁠ךָ וּ֨⁠לְ⁠הִתְחַתֵּ֔ן בְּ⁠עַמֵּ֥י הַ⁠תֹּעֵב֖וֹת הָ⁠אֵ֑לֶּה 1 should we again break your commandments and intermarry with the people of these abominations? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “it is very wrong that some of us have broken your commandments and made ... people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EZR 9 14 mn62 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֤וֹא תֶֽאֱנַף־ ... לְ⁠אֵ֥ין שְׁאֵרִ֖ית וּ⁠פְלֵיטָֽה 1 Would you not be angry ... no remnant or survivor? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am afraid that you will be angry ... escape.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +EZR 9 14 mn62 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֤וֹא תֶֽאֱנַף־... לְ⁠אֵ֥ין שְׁאֵרִ֖ית וּ⁠פְלֵיטָֽה 1 Would you not be angry ... no remnant or survivor? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am afraid that you will be angry ... escape.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EZR 9 15 qhg9 הִנְ⁠נ֤וּ 1 Look “Pay attention to what I am about to say” EZR 9 15 a177 לְ⁠פָנֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠אַשְׁמָתֵ֔י⁠נוּ 1 We are before you in our guilt “You can see that we are all guilty” -EZR 9 15 lh5h אֵ֥ין לַ⁠עֲמ֛וֹד לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ עַל־ זֹֽאת 1 no one can stand before you because of this “you do not think that any person is innocent” +EZR 9 15 lh5h אֵ֥ין לַ⁠עֲמ֛וֹד לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ עַל־זֹֽאת 1 no one can stand before you because of this “you do not think that any person is innocent” EZR 10 intro ah4y 0 # Ezra 10 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Intermarriages
The people agree to divorce their Gentile wives. Many Jews were involved in these mixed marriages. Divorce should not normally have been common for the Jews to engage in, but marriage with non-Jewish women was not allowed.
EZR 10 1 ufb1 figs-pronouns וּ⁠כְ⁠הִתְפַּלֵּ֤ל עֶזְרָא֙ וּ⁠כְ֨⁠הִתְוַדֹּת֔⁠וֹ בֹּכֶה֙ וּ⁠מִתְנַפֵּ֔ל 1 As Ezra was praying and confessing, weeping and throwing himself down Ezra speaks of himself as if he were someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) EZR 10 1 ekt7 וּ⁠מִתְנַפֵּ֔ל 1 throwing himself down quickly went from standing to lying facedown @@ -437,19 +437,19 @@ EZR 10 2 at6v יְחִיאֵ֜ל 1 Jehiel See how you translated this in [Ezra EZR 10 2 af7v אֲנַ֨חְנוּ֙ מָעַ֣לְנוּ בֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֔י⁠נוּ 1 We have been unfaithful to our God This was made as a public confession, not as a boastful claim. EZR 10 4 m4vg וַ⁠אֲנַ֣חְנוּ עִמָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 we are with you “we will help you” EZR 10 6 j3bg translate-names יְהוֹחָנָ֣ן ... אֶלְיָשִׁ֑יב 1 Jehohanan ... Eliashib These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 10 8 tv2h וְ⁠כֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־ יָב֜וֹא ... יָחֳרַ֖ם כָּל־ רְכוּשׁ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠ה֥וּא יִבָּדֵ֖ל 1 Everyone who did not come ... all his property would be forfeited, and he would be excluded “The officials would take all the possessions away from anyone who did not come ... and would excuse them” or “The people of Judah and Jerusalem would take all the possessions away from anyone who did not come ... and would exclude them” +EZR 10 8 tv2h וְ⁠כֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־יָב֜וֹא ... יָחֳרַ֖ם כָּל־רְכוּשׁ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠ה֥וּא יִבָּדֵ֖ל 1 Everyone who did not come ... all his property would be forfeited, and he would be excluded “The officials would take all the possessions away from anyone who did not come ... and would excuse them” or “The people of Judah and Jerusalem would take all the possessions away from anyone who did not come ... and would exclude them” EZR 10 8 a5ia translate-numbers לִ⁠שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת הַ⁠יָּמִ֗ים 1 three days 3 days (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EZR 10 9 kp1w לִ⁠שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת הַ⁠יָּמִ֗ים 1 in three days “three days later” EZR 10 9 v2eh translate-hebrewmonths ה֛וּא חֹ֥דֶשׁ הַ⁠תְּשִׁיעִ֖י בְּ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֣ים בַּ⁠חֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 ninth month and the twentieth day of the month This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. The twentieth day is near the middle of December on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZR 10 9 j9d3 בִּ⁠רְחוֹב֙ 1 in the square a large open courtyard in front of the temple EZR 10 10 x4sz figs-abstractnouns מְעַלְתֶּ֔ם 1 have acted unfaithfully The abstract noun “treason” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “helped the enemies of your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -EZR 10 10 v95n לְ⁠הוֹסִ֖יף עַל־ אַשְׁמַ֥ת יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 adding to the guilt of Israel “and now God considers us guilty of worse sin than before” +EZR 10 10 v95n לְ⁠הוֹסִ֖יף עַל־אַשְׁמַ֥ת יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 adding to the guilt of Israel “and now God considers us guilty of worse sin than before” EZR 10 11 man9 וְ⁠הִבָּֽדְלוּ֙ 1 separate yourselves move away from, be different from -EZR 10 13 wqu4 figs-litotes וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּלָאכָ֗ה לֹֽא־ לְ⁠י֤וֹם אֶחָד֙ וְ⁠לֹ֣א לִ⁠שְׁנַ֔יִם 1 this is not the work of one or two days This litotes can be translated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we will need a long time to do all this work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -EZR 10 14 fcw7 figs-activepassive לְ⁠עִתִּ֣ים מְזֻמָּנִ֔ים וְ⁠עִמָּ⁠הֶ֛ם זִקְנֵי־ עִ֥יר וָ⁠עִ֖יר וְ⁠שֹׁפְטֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 at the appointed time with the elders and judges of each of their cities This can be translated in active form and as separate sentences. Alternate translation: “at the time that you will determine. Let them come with the city elder and the city judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +EZR 10 13 wqu4 figs-litotes וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּלָאכָ֗ה לֹֽא־לְ⁠י֤וֹם אֶחָד֙ וְ⁠לֹ֣א לִ⁠שְׁנַ֔יִם 1 this is not the work of one or two days This litotes can be translated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we will need a long time to do all this work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) +EZR 10 14 fcw7 figs-activepassive לְ⁠עִתִּ֣ים מְזֻמָּנִ֔ים וְ⁠עִמָּ⁠הֶ֛ם זִקְנֵי־עִ֥יר וָ⁠עִ֖יר וְ⁠שֹׁפְטֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 at the appointed time with the elders and judges of each of their cities This can be translated in active form and as separate sentences. Alternate translation: “at the time that you will determine. Let them come with the city elder and the city judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EZR 10 15 z2yc translate-names יוֹנָתָ֧ן ... עֲשָׂהאֵ֛ל וְ⁠יַחְזְיָ֥ה ... תִּקְוָ֖ה ... וּ⁠מְשֻׁלָּ֛ם וְ⁠שַׁבְּתַ֥י 1 Jonathan ... Asahel ... Jahzeiah ... Tikvah ... Meshullam ... Shabbethai men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 10 15 sl99 יוֹנָתָ֧ן בֶּן־ עֲשָׂהאֵ֛ל וְ⁠יַחְזְיָ֥ה בֶן־ תִּקְוָ֖ה עָמְד֣וּ עַל־ זֹ֑את 1 Jonathan son of Asahel and Jahzeiah son of Tikvah opposed this Possible meanings are, 1) these men did not want the city officials to investigate the offenses or 2) they did not want anyone to investigate the people’s marriages. -EZR 10 16 jyy9 וַ⁠יַּֽעֲשׂוּ־ כֵן֮ 1 did this The people investigated who had married non-Jewish wives. +EZR 10 15 sl99 יוֹנָתָ֧ן בֶּן־עֲשָׂהאֵ֛ל וְ⁠יַחְזְיָ֥ה בֶן־תִּקְוָ֖ה עָמְד֣וּ עַל־זֹ֑את 1 Jonathan son of Asahel and Jahzeiah son of Tikvah opposed this Possible meanings are, 1) these men did not want the city officials to investigate the offenses or 2) they did not want anyone to investigate the people’s marriages. +EZR 10 16 jyy9 וַ⁠יַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵן֮ 1 did this The people investigated who had married non-Jewish wives. EZR 10 16 c2z7 translate-hebrewmonths בְּ⁠י֤וֹם אֶחָד֙ לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הָ⁠עֲשִׂירִ֔י 1 the first day of the tenth month This is the tenth month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the middle of December on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZR 10 17 kgk5 translate-hebrewmonths י֥וֹם אֶחָ֖ד לַ⁠חֹ֥דֶשׁ הָ⁠רִאשֽׁוֹן 1 first day of the first month This is near the middle of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EZR 10 18 rqg8 יֵשׁ֤וּעַ 1 Jeshua See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md). @@ -518,4 +518,4 @@ EZR 10 43 tih9 translate-names יְעִיאֵ֤ל 1 Jeiel This is a man’s name EZR 10 43 tun4 translate-names זָבָ֣ד 1 Zabad This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 10:27](../10/27.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 10 43 kb1m translate-names זְבִינָ֔א ידו וְ⁠יוֹאֵ֖ל 1 Zebina ... Jaddai ... Joel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EZR 10 43 jwl8 translate-names בְּנָיָֽה 1 Benaiah This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 10:25](../10/25.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -EZR 10 44 f8ms כָּל־ אֵ֕לֶּה 1 All of these all the men in the list beginning in [Ezra 10:20](../10/20.md) +EZR 10 44 f8ms כָּל־אֵ֕לֶּה 1 All of these all the men in the list beginning in [Ezra 10:20](../10/20.md) diff --git a/en_tn_32-JON.tsv b/en_tn_32-JON.tsv index a44803ac5..e7ccb79d6 100644 --- a/en_tn_32-JON.tsv +++ b/en_tn_32-JON.tsv @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote JON front intro hk4p 0 # Introduction to Jonah
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Jonah

1. Jonah tries to run away from Yahweh (1:1-2:10)
- Jonah disobeys Yahweh’s first call to go to Nineveh (1:1–3)
- Jonah and the Gentile sailors (1:4–16)
- Yahweh provides a large fish to swallow Jonah (1:17)
- Jonah prays from inside the fish and is rescued (2:1–10)
1. Jonah in Nineveh (3:1-4:11)
- Yahweh again calls Jonah to go to Nineveh, and Jonah proclaims Yahweh’s message (3:1–4)
- Nineveh repents (3:5-9)
- Yahweh decides not to destroy Nineveh (3:10)
- Jonah is very angry with Yahweh (4:1–3)
- Yahweh teaches Jonah about grace and mercy (4:4–11)

### What is the Book of Jonah about?

Jonah, son of Amittai, was a prophet from Gath Hepher (2 Kings 14:25). This book tells about what happened to Jonah. It tells how Yahweh shows mercy and grace to Gentiles. It also tells how the Ninevites repented and called out to Yahweh for mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])

Yahweh sent Jonah to warn the people of Nineveh that he was ready to punish them. Yahweh said that if they would repent he would not harm them. However, Jonah was an Israelite and he did not want the Ninevites to repent. So Jonah tried to sail away in the opposite direction instead of doing what Yahweh told him to do. But Yahweh stopped him by sending a storm and a large fish to swallow him.

Jonah repented and warned the Ninevites. As a result, Yahweh taught him that he is concerned about all people, not just the Israelites.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

This book is traditionally titled “The Book of Jonah” or just “Jonah.” Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as “The Book about Jonah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### Who wrote the Book of Jonah?

Jonah was probably involved in the writing of this book. However, scholars do not know who actually wrote it.

Jonah lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He prophesied sometime between 800 and 750 B.C. during the reign of King Jeroboam II.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What was the nation of Assyria?

During the time of Jonah, Assyria was the most powerful kingdom in the ancient Near East. Nineveh was the capital city of Assyria.

Assyria was cruel to its enemies. Eventually, Yahweh punished the Assyrians for the wicked things they did.

### Did Assyria convert to Judaism?

Some scholars think that the Assyrians started worshiping Yahweh alone. However, most scholars think they continued to worship other false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
JON 1 intro xvp2 0 # Jonah 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The narrative of this chapter starts abruptly. This could cause difficulty for the translator. The translator should not attempt to smooth this introduction unless absolutely necessary.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Miracle

In verse [Jonah 17](./17.md), there is the mention of “a great fish.” It may be difficult to imagine a sea creature big enough to swallow a man whole and who then survives for three days and nights inside. Translators should not try to explain miraculous events in an attempt to make it easier to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Situational irony

There is an ironic situation in this chapter. Jonah is a prophet of God and should endeavor to do God’s will. Instead, he is running away from God. Although the Gentile sailors are not Israelites, they act out of faith and fear of Yahweh when sending Jonah to a “certain death” by throwing him overboard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

### Sea

People in the ancient Near East also saw the sea as chaotic and did not trust it. Some of the gods they worshiped were gods of the sea. Jonah’s people, the Hebrews, feared the sea greatly. However, Jonah’s fear of Yahweh was not enough to keep him from going into a ship and sailing to get away from Yahweh. His actions are contrasted by the actions of the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Implicit information

Even though no one knows for sure where Tarshish was, the writer assumes that the reader knows that Jonah had to face away from Nineveh to go there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-JON 1 1 ll6c figs-idiom וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ דְּבַר־ יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JON 1 1 qa3z דְּבַר־ יְהוָ֔ה 1 the word of Yahweh “the message of Yahweh” +JON 1 1 ll6c figs-idiom וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JON 1 1 qa3z דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 the word of Yahweh “the message of Yahweh” JON 1 1 s6av יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. JON 1 1 jv8c translate-names אֲמִתַּ֖י 1 Amittai This is the name of Jonah’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JON 1 2 x5ua ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־ נִֽינְוֵ֛ה הָ⁠עִ֥יר הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֖ה 1 Get up and go to Nineveh, the great city “Go to the important city of Nineveh” +JON 1 2 x5ua ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה הָ⁠עִ֥יר הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֖ה 1 Get up and go to Nineveh, the great city “Go to the important city of Nineveh” JON 1 2 v2xt figs-idiom ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ 1 Get up and go This is a common expression for traveling to distant places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JON 1 2 jqz9 figs-metonymy וּ⁠קְרָ֣א עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 speak out against it God is referring to the people of the city. Alternate translation: “warn the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JON 1 2 rki2 עָלְתָ֥ה רָעָתָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠פָנָֽ⁠ 1 their wickedness has risen up before me “I know they have been continually sinning” @@ -21,36 +21,36 @@ JON 1 3 sw66 figs-metonymy מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֖י יְהוָֽה 1 away fr JON 1 4 jl77 figs-activepassive לְ⁠הִשָּׁבֵֽר 1 to be broken up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to break apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JON 1 5 d13r הַ⁠מַּלָּחִ֗ים 1 the sailors the men who worked on the ship JON 1 5 u2bj אֱלֹהָי⁠ו֒ 1 his own god Here “god” refers to false gods and idols that people worship. -JON 1 5 sh1b וַ⁠יָּטִ֨לוּ אֶת־ הַ⁠כֵּלִ֜ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר בָּֽ⁠אֳנִיָּה֙ 1 They threw the cargo that was in the ship “The men threw the heavy things off the ship.” This was done to keep the ship from sinking. +JON 1 5 sh1b וַ⁠יָּטִ֨לוּ אֶת־הַ⁠כֵּלִ֜ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר בָּֽ⁠אֳנִיָּה֙ 1 They threw the cargo that was in the ship “The men threw the heavy things off the ship.” This was done to keep the ship from sinking. JON 1 5 tg27 לְ⁠הָקֵ֖ל מֵֽ⁠עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 to lighten it Making the ship lighter would make if float better. Alternate translation: “to help the ship float better” -JON 1 5 uzt4 וְ⁠יוֹנָ֗ה יָרַד֙ אֶל־ יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַ⁠סְּפִינָ֔ה 1 But Jonah had gone down into the innermost parts of the ship Jonah did this before the storm started. +JON 1 5 uzt4 וְ⁠יוֹנָ֗ה יָרַד֙ אֶל־יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַ⁠סְּפִינָ֔ה 1 But Jonah had gone down into the innermost parts of the ship Jonah did this before the storm started. JON 1 5 f63r יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַ⁠סְּפִינָ֔ה 1 the innermost parts of the ship “inside the ship” JON 1 5 g4y4 וַ⁠יִּשְׁכַּ֖ב וַ⁠יֵּרָדַֽם 1 had lain down and was deeply asleep “was lying there fast asleep” or “was lying there and sleeping deeply.” For this reason, the storm did not wake him up. JON 1 6 laa3 וַ⁠יִּקְרַ֤ב אֵלָי⁠ו֙ רַ֣ב הַ⁠חֹבֵ֔ל וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖⁠וֹ 1 So the captain came to him and said to him “The man in charge of the ship went to Jonah and said” -JON 1 6 yx7e figs-rquestion מַה־ לְּ⁠ךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑ם 1 What are you doing sleeping? “Why are you sleeping?” He used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah. Alternate translation: “Stop sleeping!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JON 1 6 yx7e figs-rquestion מַה־לְּ⁠ךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑ם 1 What are you doing sleeping? “Why are you sleeping?” He used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah. Alternate translation: “Stop sleeping!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JON 1 6 bd4f figs-idiom ק֚וּם 1 Get up! This refers to doing some activity. For Jonah, the Captain is telling him to wake up and pray to his god for safe passage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JON 1 6 k7a5 figs-idiom קְרָ֣א אֶל־ אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Call upon your god! “Pray to your god!” “Call” refers to getting the attention of someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JON 1 6 k7a5 figs-idiom קְרָ֣א אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Call upon your god! “Pray to your god!” “Call” refers to getting the attention of someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JON 1 6 sk7i figs-explicit אוּלַ֞י יִתְעַשֵּׁ֧ת הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֛ים לָ֖⁠נוּ וְ⁠לֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 Maybe your god will notice us and we will not perish The implicit information that Jonah’s god might save them could be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Maybe your god will hear and save us so that we will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JON 1 7 sc57 וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־ רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ 1 They all said to each other “The sailors all said to each other” +JON 1 7 sc57 וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ 1 They all said to each other “The sailors all said to each other” JON 1 7 l5xq לְכוּ֙ וְ⁠נַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת וְ⁠נֵ֣דְעָ֔ה בְּ⁠שֶׁ⁠לְּ⁠מִ֛י הָ⁠רָעָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את לָ֑⁠נוּ 1 Come, let us cast lots, so that we may know on whose account this evil is happening to us “We should cast lots to know who has caused this trouble.” The men believed that the gods would control how the lots fell in order to tell them what they wanted to know. This was a form of divination. JON 1 7 d726 הָ⁠רָעָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את 1 this evil This refers to the terrible storm. -JON 1 7 at67 וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־ יוֹנָֽה 1 the lot fell to Jonah “the lot showed that Jonah was the guilty person” +JON 1 7 at67 וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־יוֹנָֽה 1 the lot fell to Jonah “the lot showed that Jonah was the guilty person” JON 1 8 wkh6 וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֔י⁠ו 1 Then they said to him “Then the men who were working on the ship said to Jonah” -JON 1 8 e7wb הַגִּידָ⁠ה־ נָּ֣א לָ֔⁠נוּ בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר לְ⁠מִי־ הָ⁠רָעָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את לָ֑⁠נוּ 1 Please tell us on whose account this evil is happening to us “Who caused this bad thing that is happening to us?” +JON 1 8 e7wb הַגִּידָ⁠ה־נָּ֣א לָ֔⁠נוּ בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר לְ⁠מִי־הָ⁠רָעָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את לָ֑⁠נוּ 1 Please tell us on whose account this evil is happening to us “Who caused this bad thing that is happening to us?” JON 1 9 wav5 יְהוָ֞ה ... אֲנִ֣י יָרֵ֔א 1 I fear Yahweh The word “fear” refers Jonah having a deep respecting God. -JON 1 10 peg3 figs-rquestion מַה־ זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ 1 What is this that you have done? The men on the ship used this rhetorical question to show how angry they were at Jonah. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JON 1 10 peg3 figs-rquestion מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ 1 What is this that you have done? The men on the ship used this rhetorical question to show how angry they were at Jonah. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JON 1 10 us1r figs-metonymy מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֤י יְהוָה֙ ה֣וּא בֹרֵ֔חַ 1 he was running away from the presence of Yahweh Here Yahweh is represented by his presence. Jonah was seeking to escape Yahweh as if Yahweh was present only in the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “Jonah was running away from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JON 1 10 hw1p figs-explicit כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 because he had told them. What he told them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “because he had said to them, ‘I am trying to get away from Yahweh.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JON 1 11 kb4c וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֤וּ אֵלָי⁠ו֙ 1 they said to him “the men on the ship said to Jonah” or “the sailors said to Jonah” JON 1 11 ik6d נַּ֣עֲשֶׂה לָּ֔⁠ךְ וְ⁠יִשְׁתֹּ֥ק הַ⁠יָּ֖ם מֵֽ⁠עָלֵ֑י⁠נוּ 1 should we do to you so that the sea will calm down “do with you in order to make the sea become calm” JON 1 11 wxr7 הַ⁠יָּ֖ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְ⁠סֹעֵֽר 1 the sea became more and more violent This was the reason that the men asked Jonah what they should do. This reason can also be put at the beginning of verse 11 as in the UST. JON 1 12 h982 כִּ֚י יוֹדֵ֣עַ אָ֔נִי כִּ֣י בְ⁠שֶׁ⁠לִּ֔⁠י הַ⁠סַּ֧עַר הַ⁠גָּד֛וֹל הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה עֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 for I know that this great storm is happening to you because of me “because I know this huge storm is my fault” -JON 1 13 lcd3 figs-explicit וַ⁠יַּחְתְּר֣וּ הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֗ים לְ⁠הָשִׁ֛יב אֶל־ הַ⁠יַּבָּשָׁ֖ה 1 Nevertheless, the men rowed hard to get back to the land The men did not want to throw Jonah into the sea, so they rowed hard as if they were digging into the water to get back to land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JON 1 13 lcd3 figs-explicit וַ⁠יַּחְתְּר֣וּ הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֗ים לְ⁠הָשִׁ֛יב אֶל־הַ⁠יַּבָּשָׁ֖ה 1 Nevertheless, the men rowed hard to get back to the land The men did not want to throw Jonah into the sea, so they rowed hard as if they were digging into the water to get back to land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JON 1 13 m3iq הַ⁠יָּ֔ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְ⁠סֹעֵ֖ר 1 the sea was becoming more and more violent “the storm became worse, and the waves became bigger” JON 1 14 ap77 וַ⁠יִּקְרְא֨וּ 1 Therefore they cried out “Because of this” or “Because the sea became more violent” -JON 1 14 q2xq וַ⁠יִּקְרְא֨וּ אֶל־ יְהוָ֜ה 1 they cried out to Yahweh “the men prayed to Yahweh” -JON 1 14 wz6z אַל־ ... נֹאבְדָ֗ה בְּ⁠נֶ֨פֶשׁ֙ הָ⁠אִ֣ישׁ הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה 1 do not let us perish on account of the life of this man “Please do not kill us because we caused this man to die” or “We are going to cause this man to die. But please do not kill us” -JON 1 14 vv5t figs-metaphor וְ⁠אַל־ תִּתֵּ֥ן עָלֵ֖י⁠נוּ דָּ֣ם נָקִ֑יא 1 do not accuse us of shedding innocent blood “please do not blame us for his death” or “do not consider us guilty when this man dies.” The author speaks of “guilt” as if it were an object that can be placed on top of a person. It refers to making that person accountable for their actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JON 1 14 q2xq וַ⁠יִּקְרְא֨וּ אֶל־יְהוָ֜ה 1 they cried out to Yahweh “the men prayed to Yahweh” +JON 1 14 wz6z אַל־... נֹאבְדָ֗ה בְּ⁠נֶ֨פֶשׁ֙ הָ⁠אִ֣ישׁ הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה 1 do not let us perish on account of the life of this man “Please do not kill us because we caused this man to die” or “We are going to cause this man to die. But please do not kill us” +JON 1 14 vv5t figs-metaphor וְ⁠אַל־תִּתֵּ֥ן עָלֵ֖י⁠נוּ דָּ֣ם נָקִ֑יא 1 do not accuse us of shedding innocent blood “please do not blame us for his death” or “do not consider us guilty when this man dies.” The author speaks of “guilt” as if it were an object that can be placed on top of a person. It refers to making that person accountable for their actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JON 1 15 l9cf וַ⁠יַּעֲמֹ֥ד הַ⁠יָּ֖ם מִ⁠זַּעְפּֽ⁠וֹ 1 the sea stopped raging “the sea stopped moving violently” or “the sea became calm” JON 1 16 r3gs וַ⁠יִּֽירְא֧וּ ... יִרְאָ֥ה גְדוֹלָ֖ה 1 feared Yahweh with a great fear “became greatly awed at Yahweh’s power” JON 1 17 q87y 0 General Information: Some versions number this verse as the first verse of chapter 2. You may want to number the verses according to the main version that your language group uses. @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ JON 1 17 cjb6 שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה יָמִ֖ים וּ⁠שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה JON 2 intro ae4k 0 # Jonah 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins with a prayer by Jonah, and many translators have chosen to set it apart by setting its lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Translators can follow this practice, but they are not obligated to.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sea
This chapter contains many terms from the sea.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Poetry
Prayers in Scripture often contain a poetic form. Poetry frequently uses metaphors to communicate something with a special meaning. For example, since Jonah was in a fish in the sea, being trapped is compared to a prison. Jonah is overwhelmed by the depth of the sea and expresses this by speaking about the at the “base of the mountains” and in the “belly of Sheol.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Repentance
Scholars are divided over whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine or whether he was trying to save his life. In light of his attitude in chapter 4, it is uncertain if he was genuinely repentant. If possible, it is best for translators to avoid making a definitive stance on whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
JON 2 1 alr2 יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהָ֑י⁠ו 1 Yahweh his God This means “Yahweh, the God he worshiped.” The word “his” does not mean that Jonah owned God. JON 2 2 al5b וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר 1 He said “Jonah said” -JON 2 2 s7fi קָ֠רָאתִי מִ⁠צָּ֥רָה לִ֛⁠י אֶל־ יְהוָ֖ה 1 I called out to Yahweh about my distress “I prayed to Yahweh about my great trouble.” Even though Jonah was praying to Yahweh, he used Yahweh’s name here and not “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I called out to you about my distress” +JON 2 2 s7fi קָ֠רָאתִי מִ⁠צָּ֥רָה לִ֛⁠י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה 1 I called out to Yahweh about my distress “I prayed to Yahweh about my great trouble.” Even though Jonah was praying to Yahweh, he used Yahweh’s name here and not “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I called out to you about my distress” JON 2 2 wdr4 וַֽ⁠יַּעֲנֵ֑⁠נִי 1 he answered me “Yahweh responded to me” or “he helped me” JON 2 2 w8wn figs-metaphor מִ⁠בֶּ֧טֶן שְׁא֛וֹל 1 from the belly of Sheol “from the center of Sheol” or “from the deep part of Sheol.” Possible meanings are 1) Jonah was speaking as being in the belly of the whale was being in Sheol or 2) Jonah believed that he was about to die and go to Sheol or 3) He spoke as if he already had died and gone there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JON 2 3 n5wa 1 General Information: This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md). In verse 4 Jonah spoke of something he had prayed before this prayer. @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ JON 2 3 p8fd וְ⁠נָהָ֖ר יְסֹבְבֵ֑⁠נִי 1 the currents sur JON 2 3 c6jx figs-doublet מִשְׁבָּרֶ֥י⁠ךָ וְ⁠גַלֶּ֖י⁠ךָ 1 your billows and your waves These are disturbances on the surface of the ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JON 2 4 x1w9 figs-activepassive נִגְרַ֖שְׁתִּי 1 I am driven out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have driven me away” or “You have sent me away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JON 2 4 z1yx figs-synecdoche מִ⁠נֶּ֣גֶד עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 from before your eyes Here Yahweh is represented by his “eyes.” Alternate translation: “from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JON 2 4 b8vk figs-rquestion אַ֚ךְ אוֹסִ֣יף לְ⁠הַבִּ֔יט אֶל־ הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 yet I will again look toward your holy temple Jonah has hope that, in spite of all he is going through, he will see the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JON 2 4 b8vk figs-rquestion אַ֚ךְ אוֹסִ֣יף לְ⁠הַבִּ֔יט אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 yet I will again look toward your holy temple Jonah has hope that, in spite of all he is going through, he will see the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JON 2 5 pu5q 0 General Information: This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md). JON 2 5 rf4b מַ֨יִם֙ 1 The waters “The waters” refers to the sea. JON 2 5 ca31 נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 my soul Some versions understand the Hebrew word in this expression to mean “my life.” In that interpretation, the waters were about to take away Jonah’s life. @@ -79,22 +79,22 @@ JON 2 6 z36i figs-metaphor הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ בְּרִחֶ֥י⁠הָ בַע JON 2 6 dc3r figs-metaphor וַ⁠תַּ֧עַל מִ⁠שַּׁ֛חַת חַיַּ֖⁠י 1 Yet you brought up my life from the pit Jonah speaks of the place of the dead as if it were a pit. Alternate translation: “But you saved my life from the place of the dead” or “But you saved me from the place where the dead people are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JON 2 6 i3mx יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽ⁠י 1 Yahweh, my God! In some languages, it may be more natural to put this at the beginning of the sentence or next to the word “you.” JON 2 7 gm7v 0 General Information: This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md). -JON 2 7 l2b6 אֶת־ יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי 1 I remembered Yahweh Since Jonah was praying to Yahweh, it might be more clear in some languages to say “I thought about you, Yahweh” or “Yahweh, I thought about you.” -JON 2 7 ue9g figs-metaphor וַ⁠תָּב֤וֹא אֵלֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תְּפִלָּתִ֔⁠י אֶל־ הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 then my prayer came to you, to your holy temple Jonah speaks as if his prayers could travel to God and his temple. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JON 2 8 u1l9 מְשַׁמְּרִ֖ים הַבְלֵי־ שָׁ֑וְא 1 Those who give attention to useless idols “People pay attention to useless gods” +JON 2 7 l2b6 אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי 1 I remembered Yahweh Since Jonah was praying to Yahweh, it might be more clear in some languages to say “I thought about you, Yahweh” or “Yahweh, I thought about you.” +JON 2 7 ue9g figs-metaphor וַ⁠תָּב֤וֹא אֵלֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תְּפִלָּתִ֔⁠י אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 then my prayer came to you, to your holy temple Jonah speaks as if his prayers could travel to God and his temple. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JON 2 8 u1l9 מְשַׁמְּרִ֖ים הַבְלֵי־שָׁ֑וְא 1 Those who give attention to useless idols “People pay attention to useless gods” JON 2 8 fac9 חַסְדָּ֖⁠ם יַעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 forsake loving faithfulness “are rejecting you, who would be faithful to them” JON 2 9 z2y4 0 General Information: This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md). JON 2 9 q3yb וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י 1 But as for me This expression in English shows that there is a contrast between the people Jonah had just spoken about and himself. They paid attention to useless gods, but he would worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “But I” -JON 2 9 nfd2 בְּ⁠ק֤וֹל תּוֹדָה֙ אֶזְבְּחָה־ לָּ֔⁠ךְ 1 I will sacrifice to you with a voice of thanksgiving This means that Jonah would thank God while he offered a sacrifice to him. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully. +JON 2 9 nfd2 בְּ⁠ק֤וֹל תּוֹדָה֙ אֶזְבְּחָה־לָּ֔⁠ךְ 1 I will sacrifice to you with a voice of thanksgiving This means that Jonah would thank God while he offered a sacrifice to him. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully. JON 2 9 r4j4 figs-abstractnouns יְשׁוּעָ֖תָ⁠ה לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 Salvation is from Yahweh This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “salvation” is expressed as the verb “save.” “Yahweh is the one who saves people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JON 2 10 dz3j אֶל־ הַ⁠יַּבָּשָֽׁה 1 upon the dry land “upon the ground” or “onto the shore” +JON 2 10 dz3j אֶל־הַ⁠יַּבָּשָֽׁה 1 upon the dry land “upon the ground” or “onto the shore” JON 3 intro z3ut 0 # Jonah 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah’s life.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Animals
According to the king’s proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Size of Nineveh
When the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase “three days’ journey” is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah’s day, cities were not as big as they are today. So although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities.

### God repenting or relenting
The last verse of this chapter says, “So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it.” This concept of God changing His mind may be troubling for some translators and people may struggle to understand it. God’s character is consistent. This whole book is written from a human viewpoint and so it is hard to understand the mind of God.

Yahweh is just and merciful so even though God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, God’s plan is always to punish evil. Later in history this nation did fall and was destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
-JON 3 1 xj6n figs-idiom וַ⁠יְהִ֧י דְבַר־ יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. See how you translated this in [Jonah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JON 3 2 ve4i ק֛וּם לֵ֥ךְ אֶל־ נִֽינְוֵ֖ה הָ⁠עִ֣יר הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֑ה 1 Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city “Go to the important city of Nineveh” +JON 3 1 xj6n figs-idiom וַ⁠יְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. See how you translated this in [Jonah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +JON 3 2 ve4i ק֛וּם לֵ֥ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֖ה הָ⁠עִ֣יר הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֑ה 1 Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city “Go to the important city of Nineveh” JON 3 2 cl3b figs-idiom ק֛וּם 1 Get up This refers to leaving the place one is at. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JON 3 2 ir79 וִּ⁠קְרָ֤א אֵלֶ֨י⁠הָ֙ אֶת־ הַ⁠קְּרִיאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 proclaim to it the message that I tell you “tell the people what I tell you to tell them” +JON 3 2 ir79 וִּ⁠קְרָ֤א אֵלֶ֨י⁠הָ֙ אֶת־הַ⁠קְּרִיאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 proclaim to it the message that I tell you “tell the people what I tell you to tell them” JON 3 3 g4nk figs-metonymy כִּ⁠דְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 the word of Yahweh Here “word” represents Yahweh’s message. Alternate translation: “the message of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JON 3 3 k7k9 וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה וַ⁠יֵּ֛לֶךְ אֶל־ נִֽינְוֶ֖ה כִּ⁠דְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 So Jonah got up and went to Nineveh, according to the word of Yahweh “This time Jonah obeyed Yahweh and went to Nineveh” +JON 3 3 k7k9 וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה וַ⁠יֵּ֛לֶךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֶ֖ה כִּ⁠דְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 So Jonah got up and went to Nineveh, according to the word of Yahweh “This time Jonah obeyed Yahweh and went to Nineveh” JON 3 3 j8x1 figs-idiom וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה 1 Jonah got up “Jonah left the beach.” The words “got up” refer to preparing to go somewhere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JON 3 3 dt1b וְ⁠נִֽינְוֵ֗ה 1 Now Nineveh This word is used here to mark a change from the story to information about Nineveh. JON 3 3 ye82 figs-idiom מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 a journey of three days “a city of three days’ journey.” A person had to walk for three days to completely go through it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -103,53 +103,53 @@ JON 3 4 e1b9 מַהֲלַ֖ךְ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֑ד 1 on the first day’s JON 3 4 r94k וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֙ וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֔ר 1 he called out and said “he proclaimed” or “he shouted” JON 3 4 q2nc translate-numbers אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם 1 forty days “40 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JON 3 5 e5lm figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּלְבְּשׁ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֔ים 1 put on sackcloth Why people put on sackcloth can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “They also put on coarse cloth to show that they were sorry for having sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JON 3 5 isk5 מִ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֖⁠ם וְ⁠עַד־ קְטַנָּֽ⁠ם 1 from the greatest of them down to the least of them “from the most significant to the least significant people” or “including all the important people and all the unimportant people” +JON 3 5 isk5 מִ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֖⁠ם וְ⁠עַד־קְטַנָּֽ⁠ם 1 from the greatest of them down to the least of them “from the most significant to the least significant people” or “including all the important people and all the unimportant people” JON 3 6 pna3 הַ⁠דָּבָר֙ 1 word “Jonah’s message” JON 3 6 h9wz וַ⁠יָּ֨קָם֙ מִ⁠כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ 1 He rose up from his throne “He got up from his throne” or “He stood up from his throne.” The king left his throne to show that he was acting humbly. JON 3 6 pvp7 מִ⁠כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ 1 throne A throne is a chair that the king sits on. It shows that he is the king. JON 3 7 v29b וַ⁠יַּזְעֵ֗ק וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ ... לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 He issued a proclamation and published it, saying “He sent out an official announcement that said” or “He sent his messengers to announce to the people in Nineveh” JON 3 7 n5fn וּ⁠גְדֹלָ֖י⁠ו 1 nobles important men who helped the king rule the city JON 3 7 xw6c הַ⁠בָּקָ֣ר וְ⁠הַ⁠צֹּ֗אן 1 herd nor flock This refers to two kinds of animals that people care for. Alternate translation: “cattle or sheep” -JON 3 7 fw18 figs-explicit אַ֨ל־ יִרְע֔וּ וּ⁠מַ֖יִם אַל־ יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 Let them not eat, nor drink water “They must not eat nor drink anything.” The reason they were not to eat or drink anything can be made explicit by adding “in order to show that they are sorry for their sins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JON 3 7 fw18 figs-explicit אַ֨ל־יִרְע֔וּ וּ⁠מַ֖יִם אַל־יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 Let them not eat, nor drink water “They must not eat nor drink anything.” The reason they were not to eat or drink anything can be made explicit by adding “in order to show that they are sorry for their sins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JON 3 8 ld2n 0 General Information: This is a continuation of what the king told the people of Nineveh. JON 3 8 x6ct וְ⁠יִתְכַּסּ֣וּ ... הָֽ⁠אָדָם֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 But let man and animal “Let both” JON 3 8 bmf5 figs-activepassive וְ⁠יִתְכַּסּ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֗ים הָֽ⁠אָדָם֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 let man and animal be covered with sackcloth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let people and animals wear sackcloth” or “let people cover themselves and their animals with sackcloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JON 3 8 mzx6 וְ⁠הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 animal The word “animal” refers to animals that people own. -JON 3 8 jh7e figs-explicit וְ⁠יִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־ אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּ⁠חָזְקָ֑ה 1 let them cry out loudly to God “pray earnestly to God.” What they were to pray for can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “cry out loudly to God and ask for mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JON 3 8 jh7e figs-explicit וְ⁠יִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּ⁠חָזְקָ֑ה 1 let them cry out loudly to God “pray earnestly to God.” What they were to pray for can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “cry out loudly to God and ask for mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JON 3 8 n3ls הֶ⁠חָמָ֖ס אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּ⁠כַפֵּי⁠הֶֽם 1 the violence that is in his hands This means “the violent things that he does” -JON 3 9 wbt6 figs-rquestion מִֽי־ יוֹדֵ֣עַ 1 Who knows? The king used this rhetorical question to get the people to think about something that they might not have thought possible, that if they would stop sinning, God might not kill them. It could be translated as a statement: “We do not know.” Or it could be stated as a word and be part of the next sentence: “Perhaps.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JON 3 9 wbt6 figs-rquestion מִֽי־יוֹדֵ֣עַ 1 Who knows? The king used this rhetorical question to get the people to think about something that they might not have thought possible, that if they would stop sinning, God might not kill them. It could be translated as a statement: “We do not know.” Or it could be stated as a word and be part of the next sentence: “Perhaps.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JON 3 9 z3jj יָשׁ֔וּב וְ⁠נִחַ֖ם הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 God may turn and relent “God may decide to do something different” or “God may not do what he said he will do” JON 3 9 uvp9 וְ⁠לֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 so that we do not perish “we do not die.” Here perish equates to drowning at sea. -JON 3 10 w3uu וַ⁠יַּ֤רְא הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶֽת־ מַ֣עֲשֵׂי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 God saw their works “God understood that they stopped doing evil actions” +JON 3 10 w3uu וַ⁠יַּ֤רְא הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶֽת־מַ֣עֲשֵׂי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 God saw their works “God understood that they stopped doing evil actions” JON 3 10 k8am figs-metaphor שָׁ֖בוּ מִ⁠דַּרְכָּ֣⁠ם הָ⁠רָעָ֑ה 1 they turned from their evil The author speaks of the people stop sinning as if they turned their back to an object. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JON 3 10 i1gp figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּנָּ֣חֶם הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֗ים עַל־ הָ⁠רָעָ֛ה אֲשֶׁר־ דִּבֶּ֥ר לַ⁠עֲשׂוֹת־ לָ⁠הֶ֖ם 1 So God relented concerning the disaster that he had said he would do to them Here God deciding not to do the punishment he had planned is spoken of is if he changed his mind. Alternate translation: “God changed his thinking about the punishment that he had said he would do to them” or “God decided not to punish them as he had said he would” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +JON 3 10 i1gp figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּנָּ֣חֶם הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֗ים עַל־הָ⁠רָעָ֛ה אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּ֥ר לַ⁠עֲשׂוֹת־לָ⁠הֶ֖ם 1 So God relented concerning the disaster that he had said he would do to them Here God deciding not to do the punishment he had planned is spoken of is if he changed his mind. Alternate translation: “God changed his thinking about the punishment that he had said he would do to them” or “God decided not to punish them as he had said he would” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JON 3 10 it1a figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹ֥א עָשָֽׂה 1 he did not do it What God was to do can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “he did not punish them” or “he did not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JON 4 intro ys57 0 # Jonah 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Jonah continues the narrative while bringing the book to what seems like an unusual end. This emphasizes that the book is not really about Jonah. It is about God’s desire to be merciful on anyone, whether Jew or pagan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jonah’s anger
It is important to see the relationship between a prophet and Yahweh. Aprophet was to prophesy for Yahweh, and his words must come true. According to the law of Moses, if that did not happen, the penalty was death. When Jonah told the city of Nineveh that it was going to be destroyed in forty days, he was certain it was going to happen. When it did not happen, Jonah was angry with God because he hated the people of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions
As in other places, Jonah asks rhetorical questions to show how angry he was at Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

### Parallel to Mount Sinai
In verse 2, Jonah attributes a series of characteristics to God. A Jewish reader of this book would recognize this as a formula Moses used in speaking about God when he was meeting God on Mount Sinai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### God’s grace
When Jonah went outside the city, he got very hot and God graciously provided some relief through the plant. God was trying to teach Jonah through an object lesson. It is important for the reader to see this clearly. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])
JON 4 2 q6bb אָנָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ 1 Ah, Yahweh The word “Ah” expresses Jonah’s feeling of frustration. -JON 4 2 k24b figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לוֹא־ זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗⁠י עַד־ הֱיוֹתִ⁠י֙ עַל־ אַדְמָתִ֔⁠י 1 is this not what I said when I was in my country? Jonah used this rhetorical question to show God how angry he was. Also, what Jonah said when he was back in his own country can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “When I was still in my own country I knew that if I warned the people of Nineveh, they would repent, and you would not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JON 4 2 jv5c וְ⁠רַב־ חֶ֔סֶד 1 abundant in covenant faithfulness “very faithful” or “you love people very much” -JON 4 2 wl7j וְ⁠נִחָ֖ם עַל־ הָ⁠רָעָֽה 1 one who relents from sending disaster This means “you say that you will send disaster on sinners, but then you decide not to.” Alternate translation: “you decide not to punish people who sin” -JON 4 3 dm5t figs-explicit קַח־ ... אֶת־ נַפְשִׁ֖⁠י 1 take my life from me Jonah’s reason for wanting to die can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you will not destroy Nineveh as you said you would, please allow me to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JON 4 2 k24b figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לוֹא־זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗⁠י עַד־הֱיוֹתִ⁠י֙ עַל־אַדְמָתִ֔⁠י 1 is this not what I said when I was in my country? Jonah used this rhetorical question to show God how angry he was. Also, what Jonah said when he was back in his own country can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “When I was still in my own country I knew that if I warned the people of Nineveh, they would repent, and you would not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JON 4 2 jv5c וְ⁠רַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 abundant in covenant faithfulness “very faithful” or “you love people very much” +JON 4 2 wl7j וְ⁠נִחָ֖ם עַל־הָ⁠רָעָֽה 1 one who relents from sending disaster This means “you say that you will send disaster on sinners, but then you decide not to.” Alternate translation: “you decide not to punish people who sin” +JON 4 3 dm5t figs-explicit קַח־... אֶת־נַפְשִׁ֖⁠י 1 take my life from me Jonah’s reason for wanting to die can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you will not destroy Nineveh as you said you would, please allow me to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JON 4 3 yk5v כִּ֛י ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖⁠י מֵ⁠חַיָּֽ⁠י 1 for it is better for me to die than to live “I would prefer to die than live” or “because I want to die. I do not want to live” JON 4 4 eb4a figs-rquestion הַ⁠הֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger? God used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah for being angry about something he should not have been angry about. Alternate translation: “Your anger is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JON 4 5 q1f7 וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֤א יוֹנָה֙ מִן־ הָ⁠עִ֔יר 1 Jonah went out of the city “left the city of Nineveh” -JON 4 5 af46 מַה־ יִּהְיֶ֖ה בָּ⁠עִֽיר 1 what might become of the city “what would happen to the city.” Jonah wanted to see if God would destroy the city or not destroy it. -JON 4 6 i4r4 מֵ⁠עַ֣ל לְ⁠יוֹנָ֗ה לִֽ⁠הְי֥וֹת צֵל֙ עַל־ רֹאשׁ֔⁠וֹ 1 over Jonah so that it might be shade over his head “over Jonah’s head for shade” +JON 4 5 q1f7 וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֤א יוֹנָה֙ מִן־הָ⁠עִ֔יר 1 Jonah went out of the city “left the city of Nineveh” +JON 4 5 af46 מַה־יִּהְיֶ֖ה בָּ⁠עִֽיר 1 what might become of the city “what would happen to the city.” Jonah wanted to see if God would destroy the city or not destroy it. +JON 4 6 i4r4 מֵ⁠עַ֣ל לְ⁠יוֹנָ֗ה לִֽ⁠הְי֥וֹת צֵל֙ עַל־רֹאשׁ֔⁠וֹ 1 over Jonah so that it might be shade over his head “over Jonah’s head for shade” JON 4 6 t21k לְ⁠הַצִּ֥יל ל֖⁠וֹ מֵ⁠רָֽעָת֑⁠וֹ 1 to rescue him from his distress “to protect Jonah from the heat of the sun” JON 4 7 t7il וַ⁠יְמַ֤ן הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ תּוֹלַ֔עַת 1 But God prepared a worm “God sent a worm” -JON 4 7 rw7z וַ⁠תַּ֥ךְ אֶת־ הַ⁠קִּֽיקָי֖וֹן 1 It attacked the plant “The worm chewed the plant” +JON 4 7 rw7z וַ⁠תַּ֥ךְ אֶת־הַ⁠קִּֽיקָי֖וֹן 1 It attacked the plant “The worm chewed the plant” JON 4 7 d16m וַ⁠יִּיבָֽשׁ 1 so that it withered The plant became dry and died. Alternate translation: “the plant died” JON 4 8 hmi4 figs-explicit וַ⁠יְמַ֨ן אֱלֹהִ֜ים ר֤וּחַ קָדִים֙ חֲרִישִׁ֔ית 1 God prepared a hot east wind God caused a hot wind from the east to blow on Jonah. If wind can only mean a cool or cold wind then you can try this. Alternate translation: “God sent a very hot warmth from the east to Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JON 4 8 mnu9 וַ⁠תַּ֥ךְ הַ⁠שֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ 1 the sun beat down “the sun was very hot” -JON 4 8 u2pl figs-synecdoche עַל־ רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה 1 on the head of Jonah Jonah may have felt the heat most on his head. Alternate translation: “on Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +JON 4 8 u2pl figs-synecdoche עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה 1 on the head of Jonah Jonah may have felt the heat most on his head. Alternate translation: “on Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JON 4 8 z95v וַ⁠יִּתְעַלָּ֑ף 1 he became faint “he became very weak” or “he lost his strength” JON 4 8 eln6 ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖⁠י מֵ⁠חַיָּֽ⁠י 1 It is better for me to die than to live “I would prefer to die than live” or “Because I want to die. I do not want to live.” See how you translated this in [Jonah 4:3](../04/03.md). -JON 4 9 a5f5 figs-rquestion הַ⁠הֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־ לְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־ הַ⁠קִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant? God challenges Jonah for being angry that the plant died and yet wanted God to kill the people of Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Your anger about the plant dying is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JON 4 9 w24z figs-explicit הַ⁠הֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־ לְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־ הַ⁠קִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant? implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You should be more concerned about the people in Nineveh dying than about the plant dying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JON 4 9 h43a הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־ לִ֖⁠י עַד־ מָֽוֶת 1 It is good for me to burn with anger, even to death “It is good that I am angry. Now I am angry enough to die!” +JON 4 9 a5f5 figs-rquestion הַ⁠הֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־הַ⁠קִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant? God challenges Jonah for being angry that the plant died and yet wanted God to kill the people of Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Your anger about the plant dying is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JON 4 9 w24z figs-explicit הַ⁠הֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־הַ⁠קִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant? implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You should be more concerned about the people in Nineveh dying than about the plant dying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +JON 4 9 h43a הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־לִ֖⁠י עַד־מָֽוֶת 1 It is good for me to burn with anger, even to death “It is good that I am angry. Now I am angry enough to die!” JON 4 10 gkz7 figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh said It may be helpful to say that Yahweh was speaking to Jonah. Alternate translation: “Yahweh said to Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JON 4 11 ecl1 figs-rquestion לֹ֣א אָח֔וּס עַל־ נִינְוֵ֖ה הָ⁠עִ֣יר הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֑ה ... וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה 1 should I not have compassion for Nineveh, that great city ... and also many cattle? God used this question to emphasize his claim that he should have compassion on Nineveh. Alternate translation: “I certainly should have compassion for Nineveh, that important city ... cattle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JON 4 11 dqi1 אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־ בָּ֡⁠הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ 1 in which there are more than This can also be the beginning of a new sentence. Alternate translation: “There are more” or “It has more” -JON 4 11 c3b7 translate-numbers מִֽ⁠שְׁתֵּים־ עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם 1 one hundred and twenty thousand people 120,000 people (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JON 4 11 j35h אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־ יָדַע֙ בֵּין־ יְמִינ֣⁠וֹ לִ⁠שְׂמֹאל֔⁠וֹ 1 who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand This may be a way of saying “they cannot tell the difference between right and wrong.” +JON 4 11 ecl1 figs-rquestion לֹ֣א אָח֔וּס עַל־נִינְוֵ֖ה הָ⁠עִ֣יר הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֑ה ... וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה 1 should I not have compassion for Nineveh, that great city ... and also many cattle? God used this question to emphasize his claim that he should have compassion on Nineveh. Alternate translation: “I certainly should have compassion for Nineveh, that important city ... cattle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +JON 4 11 dqi1 אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡⁠הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ 1 in which there are more than This can also be the beginning of a new sentence. Alternate translation: “There are more” or “It has more” +JON 4 11 c3b7 translate-numbers מִֽ⁠שְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם 1 one hundred and twenty thousand people 120,000 people (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) +JON 4 11 j35h אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣⁠וֹ לִ⁠שְׂמֹאל֔⁠וֹ 1 who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand This may be a way of saying “they cannot tell the difference between right and wrong.” JON 4 11 q55i writing-background וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה 1 and also many cattle The author is pointing out the depth of Nineveh’s repentance to the extent that Yahweh takes note of the beasts’ participation in the act of repentance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])