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Fixed UTA references in Ruth

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Jesse Griffin 2020-02-21 15:01:03 -05:00
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@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ RUT 1 22 cx7g writing-endofstory וַ⁠תָּ֣שָׁב נָעֳמִ֗י וְ
RUT 1 22 jdr2 writing-background וְ⁠הֵ֗מָּה בָּ֚אוּ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם בִּ⁠תְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 And they came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the harvest of barley. The sentence gives background information, explaining that Naomi and Ruth had arrived in Bethlehem around the time when the Israelites were starting to harvest their barley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 1 22 bgy3 figs-abstractnouns בִּ⁠תְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 at the beginning of the harvest of barley ***the barley harvest***. The phrase **the harvest of barley** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
RUT 2 intro ld2v 0 # Ruth 02 General Notes<br><br>## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **Do not go to glean in another field**<br><br>Boaz said this because he could not guarantee Ruth’s safety in another person’s field. It seems that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz was. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
RUT 2 1 ab10 Writing-background וּֽ⁠לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְ⁠אִישָׁ֗⁠הּ 1 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband Verse 1 gives background information about Boaz so that the reader will understand who he is. Your language may also have a specific way to give background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 2 1 ab10 writing-background וּֽ⁠לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְ⁠אִישָׁ֗⁠הּ 1 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband Verse 1 gives background information about Boaz so that the reader will understand who he is. Your language may also have a specific way to give background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 2 1 t2sn writing-participants וּֽ⁠לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְ⁠אִישָׁ֗⁠הּ 1 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth meets Boaz. Boaz is introduced here as a new participant in the story. Your language may also have a specific way to introduce new events or new characters in a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
RUT 2 1 b4q7 אִ֚ישׁ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל 1 a man of great worth ***a prominent, wealthy man***. This means that Boaz was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation.
RUT 2 1 ab09 מִ⁠מִּשְׁפַּ֖חַת אֱלִימֶ֑לֶךְ 1 from the clan of Elimelek The use of the term ***clan*** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan.
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ RUT 2 2 am6a ר֨וּת הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 Ruth, the Moabite w
RUT 2 2 c7rk הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 the Moabite woman This is another way of saying that the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab.
RUT 2 2 qt4q וַ⁠אֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַ⁠שִׁבֳּלִ֔ים 1 and glean heads of grain ***and gather heads of grain left behind by the harvesters*** or ***and pick up heads of grain left behind by the harvesters***
RUT 2 2 j59b figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 In whose eyes I find favor The phrase **in whose eyes I will find favor** is an idiom which means “whoever will approve of me.” Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Alternate translation: “who will be kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 2 2 abc5 Figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 in whose eyes The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “who will decide [to be kind to me]” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 2 abc5 figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 in whose eyes The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “who will decide [to be kind to me]” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 2 ed93 בִתִּֽ⁠י 1 my daughter Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother, and Naomi addressed Ruth affectionately as her daughter. If this is confusing in your language, use the term that would indicate this kind of close relationship between two women in your language.
RUT 2 3 ht73 וַ⁠יִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔⁠הָ 1 by chance This means that Ruth was not aware that the field that she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative Boaz.
RUT 2 3 ab11 מִ⁠מִּשְׁפַּ֥חַת אֱלִימֶֽלֶךְ 1 from the clan of Elimelek The use of the term ***clan*** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan.
@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ RUT 2 12 s2vm פָּעֳלֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 your work This refers to everything tha
RUT 2 12 gnn5 figs-parallelism וּ⁠תְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜⁠ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵ⁠עִ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 may your full wages come from Yahweh This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh fully give to you everything that you deserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]], [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md))
RUT 2 12 eh86 figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַ⁠חֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽי⁠ו 1 under whose wings you have come for refuge This is a metaphor that uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them as a way to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 13 abc6 figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן 1 May I find favor Here **find favor** is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Alternate translation: “May you continue to approve of me” or “May you continue to be pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 2 13 v2q1 Figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֤י⁠ךָ 1 in your eyes The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “and accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 13 v2q1 figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֤י⁠ךָ 1 in your eyes The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “and accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 13 abc4 אֲדֹנִ⁠י֙ 1 my lord Boaz is not Ruth's master, but he is the owner of the field where she is gleaning. He is also a Jew and a prominent man in the city. Therefore, Ruth is honoring him by calling him her **lord**, and speaking of herself as his servant. Alternate translation: “Sir” or “master”
RUT 2 13 zc5n וְ⁠אָנֹכִי֙ לֹ֣א אֶֽהְיֶ֔ה כְּ⁠אַחַ֖ת שִׁפְחֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 But as for me, I am not even like one of your female servants Ruth is expressing surprise and gratitude that Boaz is treating her as if she belongs among his workers, when she does not.
RUT 2 14 yht2 לְ⁠עֵ֣ת הָ⁠אֹ֗כֶל 1 At the time of the meal This refers to the midday meal.
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ RUT 2 17 mq6b translate-bvolume כְּ⁠אֵיפָ֥ה שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 a
RUT 2 18 etn8 figs-explicit וַ⁠תִּשָּׂא֙ וַ⁠תָּב֣וֹא הָ⁠עִ֔יר 1 She lifted it up and went into the city It is implied that Ruth carried the grain home. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 2 18 r6sz וַ⁠תֵּ֥רֶא חֲמוֹתָ֖⁠הּ 1 Then her mother-in-law saw ***Then Naomi saw***
RUT 2 19 bg28 figs-parallelism אֵיפֹ֨ה לִקַּ֤טְתְּ הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ וְ⁠אָ֣נָה עָשִׂ֔ית 1 Where did you glean today, and where did you work? Naomi asked the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. Use the way that your language shows excitement and interest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 2 19 ab07 Figs-metonymy מַכִּירֵ֖⁠ךְ 1 the one who noticed you Here **noticed** is a metonymy that stands for not only seeing Ruth, but also doing something for her. Alternate translation: “the one who helped you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 2 19 ab07 figs-metonymy מַכִּירֵ֖⁠ךְ 1 the one who noticed you Here **noticed** is a metonymy that stands for not only seeing Ruth, but also doing something for her. Alternate translation: “the one who helped you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 2 20 p8km בָּר֥וּךְ הוּא֙ לַ⁠יהוָ֔ה 1 May he be blessed by Yahweh Naomi is asking God to reward Boaz for his kindness to Ruth and herself.
RUT 2 20 ab20 figs-doublenegatives אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב חַסְדּ֔⁠וֹ 1 who has not forsaken his loving kindness This can be stated positively: ***who has continued to be loyal***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
RUT 2 20 ur7z אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב 1 who has not forsaken The word ***who*** is most probably referring to Yahweh, who has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead by acting through Boaz. A less likely possibility is that it is referring to Boaz.
@ -162,13 +162,13 @@ RUT 3 4 l4we וְשָׁכָ֑בְתְּ 1 and lie down ***and lie down there***
RUT 3 4 w1u5 וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד לָ֔⁠ךְ אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעַשִֽׂי⁠ן 1 Then he, himself, will tell you what you should do The specific custom of that time is unclear, but Naomi appears to believe that Boaz will understand Ruth’s action as a proposal of marriage. Boaz will then either accept or reject her offer.
RUT 3 4 nn4g וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד 1 Then he, himself, will tell ***When he wakes up, he will tell***
RUT 3 6 ab22 figs-events וַ⁠תַּ֕עַשׂ כְּ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוַּ֖תָּ⁠ה חֲמוֹתָֽ⁠הּ׃ 1 and did according to everything that her mother-in-law had instructed her. This statement summarizes the actions that Ruth will do in verse 7. If people understand from this that Ruth did these actions in verse 6 and then did them again in verse 7, then you could translate this sentence as ***and she obeyed her mother-in-law***. Or if it would make the order of events more clear, you could move this sentence to the end of verse 7, then combine the verse numbers as a verse bridge (6-7). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
RUT 3 7 fz7e Figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּיטַ֣ב לִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 and his heart was good Here ***heart*** stands for “emotions” or “disposition.” Boaz’s emotions or feelings were good. This does not imply that Boaz was drunk. Alternate translation: “and he felt good” or “and he was in a good mood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 3 7 fz7e figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּיטַ֣ב לִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 and his heart was good Here ***heart*** stands for “emotions” or “disposition.” Boaz’s emotions or feelings were good. This does not imply that Boaz was drunk. Alternate translation: “and he felt good” or “and he was in a good mood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 3 7 y6gk וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣א בַ⁠לָּ֔ט 1 Then she came quietly ***Then she sneaked in*** or ***Then she came in quietly so that no one would hear her***
RUT 3 7 eq2u וַ⁠תְּגַ֥ל מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 and uncovered his feet ***and removed the covering from his legs***
RUT 3 7 pb6l וַ⁠תִּשְׁכָּֽב 1 and lay down ***and lay down there***
RUT 3 8 pz92 writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִי֙ בַּ⁠חֲצִ֣י הַ⁠לַּ֔יְלָה 1 Then it happened in the middle of the night This clause introduces a new event in the story, explaining when Boaz woke up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT 3 8 xun6 וַ⁠יֶּחֱרַ֥ד 1 that…was startled It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet or legs.
RUT 3 8 ab23 Figs-exclamations וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה 1 And behold This word shows that what follows was very surprising to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing surprise.
RUT 3 8 ab23 figs-exclamations וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה 1 And behold This word shows that what follows was very surprising to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing surprise.
RUT 3 8 e7ui אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽי⁠ו 1 a woman was lying at his feet The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness.
RUT 3 9 wj9e אֲמָתֶ֔⁠ךָ -1 your female servant Ruth was not one of Boaz’s servants, but she referred to herself as Boaz’s servant as a polite way to express respect to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing humility and respect.
RUT 3 9 xp1b figs-idiom וּ⁠פָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨⁠ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 And you can spread the edge of your cloak over your female servant This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Please marry me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@ -236,16 +236,16 @@ RUT 4 10 jdr0 grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ⁠גַ֣ם 1 Connecting Stateme
RUT 4 10 nm32 לְ⁠הָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔⁠וֹ 1 to raise up the name of the dead man over his inheritance See how you translated this phrase in 4:5. Alternate translation: “so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property”
RUT 4 10 gg1m figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֛ת מֵ⁠עִ֥ם אֶחָ֖י⁠ו 1 so that the name of the dead man will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: “so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and by the people of this town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 4 10 ab61 figs-doublenegatives וְ⁠לֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֛ת 1 so that the name of the dead man will not be cut off This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “so that his name will be preserved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
RUT 4 10 xpu5 Figs-metonymy וּ⁠מִ⁠שַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑⁠וֹ 1 and from the gate of his place The gate of the town is where the leaders gathered and made important legal decisions, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land. Alternate translation: “and among the important people of his town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 4 10 xpu5 figs-metonymy וּ⁠מִ⁠שַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑⁠וֹ 1 and from the gate of his place The gate of the town is where the leaders gathered and made important legal decisions, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land. Alternate translation: “and among the important people of his town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 4 10 ab45 עֵדִ֥ים אַתֶּ֖ם הַ⁠יּֽוֹם 1 Today you are witnesses! ***You have seen and heard these things today, and can speak of them tomorrow***
RUT 4 11 ua2a הָ⁠עָ֧ם אֲשֶׁר־בַּ⁠שַּׁ֛עַר 1 the people who were in the gate ***the people who were meeting together near the gate***
RUT 4 11 hg6q Figs-metonymy הַ⁠בָּאָ֣ה אֶל־בֵּיתֶ֗⁠ךָ 1 who is coming into your house This has both a literal and a figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. “House” can be a metonym the represents “family,” so this also refers to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. Alternate translation: “who is becoming part of your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 4 11 hg6q figs-metonymy הַ⁠בָּאָ֣ה אֶל־בֵּיתֶ֗⁠ךָ 1 who is coming into your house This has both a literal and a figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. “House” can be a metonym the represents “family,” so this also refers to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. Alternate translation: “who is becoming part of your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 4 11 q47m כְּ⁠רָחֵ֤ל׀ וּ⁠כְ⁠לֵאָה֙ 1 like Rachel and Leah These were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel.
RUT 4 11 cz4t בָּנ֤וּ…אֶת־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 built up the house of Israel ***bore many children who became the nation of Israel***
RUT 4 11 abcb figs-parallelism וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה וּ⁠קְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם 1 Achieve honor in Ephrathah, and be renowned in Bethlehem! These two phrases are similar in meaning. The second phrase repeats somewhat and adds to the meaning of the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. Alternate translation: “May you do good things in Bethlehem and become well-known for them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]).
RUT 4 11 ab65 figs-imperative וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה וּ⁠קְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם 1 Achieve honor in Ephrathah, and be renowned in Bethlehem! These phrases are a form of blessing. Use the style of blessing that is appropriate in your language. Alternate translation: “May you do good things in Bethlehem and may you become well-known for them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]).
RUT 4 11 uk9q וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה 1 Achieve honor in Ephrathah The area around the town of Bethlehem was known as Ephrathah, and that became another name for the town. Presumably this name came from the Israelite clan that settled in and around the city of Bethlehem.
RUT 4 12 fn52 Figs-metonymy וִ⁠יהִ֤י בֵֽיתְ⁠ךָ֙ כְּ⁠בֵ֣ית פֶּ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֑ה 1 May your house be like the house of Perez, whom Tamar bore to Judah ***house*** stands for “family” or “clan.” Perez had many descendants who became large clans in Israel, including the clan of Ephrathah. Also, many of his descendents became important people. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 4 12 fn52 figs-metonymy וִ⁠יהִ֤י בֵֽיתְ⁠ךָ֙ כְּ⁠בֵ֣ית פֶּ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֑ה 1 May your house be like the house of Perez, whom Tamar bore to Judah ***house*** stands for “family” or “clan.” Perez had many descendants who became large clans in Israel, including the clan of Ephrathah. Also, many of his descendents became important people. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 4 12 a433 יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֑ה 1 Tamar bore to Judah Tamar, like Ruth, was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with Tamar, who continued the family name of her dead husband.
RUT 4 12 xym8 מִן־הַ⁠זֶּ֗רַע אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 from the offspring that Yahweh gives you The people are asking for a blessing from Yahweh, that he would give Boaz many children through Ruth who would do good things, just as he did for Perez. Use the form of blessing that is appropriate in your language.
RUT 4 13 abcc figs-parallelism וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ וַ⁠תְּהִי־ל֣⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה 1 So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife These two phrases mean very much the same thing, as the second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew poetic style. The two phrases can be combined as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])

1 Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
66 RUT 1 22 jdr2 writing-background וְ⁠הֵ֗מָּה בָּ֚אוּ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם בִּ⁠תְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 And they came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the harvest of barley. The sentence gives background information, explaining that Naomi and Ruth had arrived in Bethlehem around the time when the Israelites were starting to harvest their barley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
67 RUT 1 22 bgy3 figs-abstractnouns בִּ⁠תְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 at the beginning of the harvest of barley ***the barley harvest***. The phrase **the harvest of barley** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
68 RUT 2 intro ld2v 0 # Ruth 02 General Notes<br><br>## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **Do not go to glean in another field**<br><br>Boaz said this because he could not guarantee Ruth’s safety in another person’s field. It seems that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz was. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
69 RUT 2 1 ab10 Writing-background writing-background וּֽ⁠לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְ⁠אִישָׁ֗⁠הּ 1 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband Verse 1 gives background information about Boaz so that the reader will understand who he is. Your language may also have a specific way to give background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
70 RUT 2 1 t2sn writing-participants וּֽ⁠לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְ⁠אִישָׁ֗⁠הּ 1 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth meets Boaz. Boaz is introduced here as a new participant in the story. Your language may also have a specific way to introduce new events or new characters in a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
71 RUT 2 1 b4q7 אִ֚ישׁ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל 1 a man of great worth ***a prominent, wealthy man***. This means that Boaz was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation.
72 RUT 2 1 ab09 מִ⁠מִּשְׁפַּ֖חַת אֱלִימֶ֑לֶךְ 1 from the clan of Elimelek The use of the term ***clan*** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan.
74 RUT 2 2 c7rk הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 the Moabite woman This is another way of saying that the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab.
75 RUT 2 2 qt4q וַ⁠אֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַ⁠שִׁבֳּלִ֔ים 1 and glean heads of grain ***and gather heads of grain left behind by the harvesters*** or ***and pick up heads of grain left behind by the harvesters***
76 RUT 2 2 j59b figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 In whose eyes I find favor The phrase **in whose eyes I will find favor** is an idiom which means “whoever will approve of me.” Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Alternate translation: “who will be kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
77 RUT 2 2 abc5 Figs-metaphor figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 in whose eyes The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “who will decide [to be kind to me]” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
78 RUT 2 2 ed93 בִתִּֽ⁠י 1 my daughter Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother, and Naomi addressed Ruth affectionately as her daughter. If this is confusing in your language, use the term that would indicate this kind of close relationship between two women in your language.
79 RUT 2 3 ht73 וַ⁠יִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔⁠הָ 1 by chance This means that Ruth was not aware that the field that she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative Boaz.
80 RUT 2 3 ab11 מִ⁠מִּשְׁפַּ֥חַת אֱלִימֶֽלֶךְ 1 from the clan of Elimelek The use of the term ***clan*** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan.
110 RUT 2 12 gnn5 figs-parallelism וּ⁠תְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜⁠ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵ⁠עִ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 may your full wages come from Yahweh This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh fully give to you everything that you deserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]], [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md))
111 RUT 2 12 eh86 figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַ⁠חֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽי⁠ו 1 under whose wings you have come for refuge This is a metaphor that uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them as a way to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
112 RUT 2 13 abc6 figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן 1 May I find favor Here **find favor** is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Alternate translation: “May you continue to approve of me” or “May you continue to be pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
113 RUT 2 13 v2q1 Figs-metaphor figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֤י⁠ךָ 1 in your eyes The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “and accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
114 RUT 2 13 abc4 אֲדֹנִ⁠י֙ 1 my lord Boaz is not Ruth's master, but he is the owner of the field where she is gleaning. He is also a Jew and a prominent man in the city. Therefore, Ruth is honoring him by calling him her **lord**, and speaking of herself as his servant. Alternate translation: “Sir” or “master”
115 RUT 2 13 zc5n וְ⁠אָנֹכִי֙ לֹ֣א אֶֽהְיֶ֔ה כְּ⁠אַחַ֖ת שִׁפְחֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 But as for me, I am not even like one of your female servants Ruth is expressing surprise and gratitude that Boaz is treating her as if she belongs among his workers, when she does not.
116 RUT 2 14 yht2 לְ⁠עֵ֣ת הָ⁠אֹ֗כֶל 1 At the time of the meal This refers to the midday meal.
126 RUT 2 18 etn8 figs-explicit וַ⁠תִּשָּׂא֙ וַ⁠תָּב֣וֹא הָ⁠עִ֔יר 1 She lifted it up and went into the city It is implied that Ruth carried the grain home. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
127 RUT 2 18 r6sz וַ⁠תֵּ֥רֶא חֲמוֹתָ֖⁠הּ 1 Then her mother-in-law saw ***Then Naomi saw***
128 RUT 2 19 bg28 figs-parallelism אֵיפֹ֨ה לִקַּ֤טְתְּ הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ וְ⁠אָ֣נָה עָשִׂ֔ית 1 Where did you glean today, and where did you work? Naomi asked the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. Use the way that your language shows excitement and interest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
129 RUT 2 19 ab07 Figs-metonymy figs-metonymy מַכִּירֵ֖⁠ךְ 1 the one who noticed you Here **noticed** is a metonymy that stands for not only seeing Ruth, but also doing something for her. Alternate translation: “the one who helped you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
130 RUT 2 20 p8km בָּר֥וּךְ הוּא֙ לַ⁠יהוָ֔ה 1 May he be blessed by Yahweh Naomi is asking God to reward Boaz for his kindness to Ruth and herself.
131 RUT 2 20 ab20 figs-doublenegatives אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב חַסְדּ֔⁠וֹ 1 who has not forsaken his loving kindness This can be stated positively: ***who has continued to be loyal***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
132 RUT 2 20 ur7z אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב 1 who has not forsaken The word ***who*** is most probably referring to Yahweh, who has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead by acting through Boaz. A less likely possibility is that it is referring to Boaz.
162 RUT 3 4 w1u5 וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד לָ֔⁠ךְ אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעַשִֽׂי⁠ן 1 Then he, himself, will tell you what you should do The specific custom of that time is unclear, but Naomi appears to believe that Boaz will understand Ruth’s action as a proposal of marriage. Boaz will then either accept or reject her offer.
163 RUT 3 4 nn4g וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד 1 Then he, himself, will tell ***When he wakes up, he will tell***
164 RUT 3 6 ab22 figs-events וַ⁠תַּ֕עַשׂ כְּ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוַּ֖תָּ⁠ה חֲמוֹתָֽ⁠הּ׃ 1 and did according to everything that her mother-in-law had instructed her. This statement summarizes the actions that Ruth will do in verse 7. If people understand from this that Ruth did these actions in verse 6 and then did them again in verse 7, then you could translate this sentence as ***and she obeyed her mother-in-law***. Or if it would make the order of events more clear, you could move this sentence to the end of verse 7, then combine the verse numbers as a verse bridge (6-7). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
165 RUT 3 7 fz7e Figs-metonymy figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּיטַ֣ב לִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 and his heart was good Here ***heart*** stands for “emotions” or “disposition.” Boaz’s emotions or feelings were good. This does not imply that Boaz was drunk. Alternate translation: “and he felt good” or “and he was in a good mood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
166 RUT 3 7 y6gk וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣א בַ⁠לָּ֔ט 1 Then she came quietly ***Then she sneaked in*** or ***Then she came in quietly so that no one would hear her***
167 RUT 3 7 eq2u וַ⁠תְּגַ֥ל מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 and uncovered his feet ***and removed the covering from his legs***
168 RUT 3 7 pb6l וַ⁠תִּשְׁכָּֽב 1 and lay down ***and lay down there***
169 RUT 3 8 pz92 writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִי֙ בַּ⁠חֲצִ֣י הַ⁠לַּ֔יְלָה 1 Then it happened in the middle of the night This clause introduces a new event in the story, explaining when Boaz woke up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
170 RUT 3 8 xun6 וַ⁠יֶּחֱרַ֥ד 1 that…was startled It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet or legs.
171 RUT 3 8 ab23 Figs-exclamations figs-exclamations וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה 1 And behold This word shows that what follows was very surprising to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing surprise.
172 RUT 3 8 e7ui אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽי⁠ו 1 a woman was lying at his feet The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness.
173 RUT 3 9 wj9e אֲמָתֶ֔⁠ךָ -1 your female servant Ruth was not one of Boaz’s servants, but she referred to herself as Boaz’s servant as a polite way to express respect to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing humility and respect.
174 RUT 3 9 xp1b figs-idiom וּ⁠פָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨⁠ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 And you can spread the edge of your cloak over your female servant This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Please marry me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
236 RUT 4 10 nm32 לְ⁠הָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔⁠וֹ 1 to raise up the name of the dead man over his inheritance See how you translated this phrase in 4:5. Alternate translation: “so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property”
237 RUT 4 10 gg1m figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֛ת מֵ⁠עִ֥ם אֶחָ֖י⁠ו 1 so that the name of the dead man will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: “so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and by the people of this town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
238 RUT 4 10 ab61 figs-doublenegatives וְ⁠לֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֛ת 1 so that the name of the dead man will not be cut off This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “so that his name will be preserved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
239 RUT 4 10 xpu5 Figs-metonymy figs-metonymy וּ⁠מִ⁠שַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑⁠וֹ 1 and from the gate of his place The gate of the town is where the leaders gathered and made important legal decisions, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land. Alternate translation: “and among the important people of his town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
240 RUT 4 10 ab45 עֵדִ֥ים אַתֶּ֖ם הַ⁠יּֽוֹם 1 Today you are witnesses! ***You have seen and heard these things today, and can speak of them tomorrow***
241 RUT 4 11 ua2a הָ⁠עָ֧ם אֲשֶׁר־בַּ⁠שַּׁ֛עַר 1 the people who were in the gate ***the people who were meeting together near the gate***
242 RUT 4 11 hg6q Figs-metonymy figs-metonymy הַ⁠בָּאָ֣ה אֶל־בֵּיתֶ֗⁠ךָ 1 who is coming into your house This has both a literal and a figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. “House” can be a metonym the represents “family,” so this also refers to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. Alternate translation: “who is becoming part of your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
243 RUT 4 11 q47m כְּ⁠רָחֵ֤ל׀ וּ⁠כְ⁠לֵאָה֙ 1 like Rachel and Leah These were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel.
244 RUT 4 11 cz4t בָּנ֤וּ…אֶת־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 built up the house of Israel ***bore many children who became the nation of Israel***
245 RUT 4 11 abcb figs-parallelism וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה וּ⁠קְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם 1 Achieve honor in Ephrathah, and be renowned in Bethlehem! These two phrases are similar in meaning. The second phrase repeats somewhat and adds to the meaning of the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. Alternate translation: “May you do good things in Bethlehem and become well-known for them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]).
246 RUT 4 11 ab65 figs-imperative וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה וּ⁠קְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם 1 Achieve honor in Ephrathah, and be renowned in Bethlehem! These phrases are a form of blessing. Use the style of blessing that is appropriate in your language. Alternate translation: “May you do good things in Bethlehem and may you become well-known for them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]).
247 RUT 4 11 uk9q וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה 1 Achieve honor in Ephrathah The area around the town of Bethlehem was known as Ephrathah, and that became another name for the town. Presumably this name came from the Israelite clan that settled in and around the city of Bethlehem.
248 RUT 4 12 fn52 Figs-metonymy figs-metonymy וִ⁠יהִ֤י בֵֽיתְ⁠ךָ֙ כְּ⁠בֵ֣ית פֶּ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֑ה 1 May your house be like the house of Perez, whom Tamar bore to Judah ***house*** stands for “family” or “clan.” Perez had many descendants who became large clans in Israel, including the clan of Ephrathah. Also, many of his descendents became important people. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
249 RUT 4 12 a433 יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֑ה 1 Tamar bore to Judah Tamar, like Ruth, was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with Tamar, who continued the family name of her dead husband.
250 RUT 4 12 xym8 מִן־הַ⁠זֶּ֗רַע אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 from the offspring that Yahweh gives you The people are asking for a blessing from Yahweh, that he would give Boaz many children through Ruth who would do good things, just as he did for Perez. Use the form of blessing that is appropriate in your language.
251 RUT 4 13 abcc figs-parallelism וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ וַ⁠תְּהִי־ל֣⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה 1 So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife These two phrases mean very much the same thing, as the second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew poetic style. The two phrases can be combined as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])

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