JOS 2 12 j6sz 0 General Information: Rahab continues to talk to the Israelite spies.
JOS 2 12 nmi4 figs-parallelism הִשָּֽׁבְעוּ־ נָ֥א לִי֙…וּנְתַתֶּ֥ם לִ֖י א֥וֹת אֱמֶֽת 1 please swear to me…Give me a sure sign These are similar statements of Rahab seeking assurance from the spies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOS 2 12 nh3t figs-you עָשִׂ֥יתִי עִמָּכֶ֖ם חָ֑סֶד 1 I have been kind to you The word “you” refers to the two spies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
JOS 2 13 m6i6 figs-euphemism וְהַחֲיִתֶ֞ם אֶת־…וְהִצַּלְתֶּ֥ם אֶת־ נַפְשֹׁתֵ֖ינוּ מִמָּֽוֶת 1 spare the lives…save us from death a polite way of saying “do not to kill us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
JOS 2 13 m6i6 figs-euphemism וְהַחֲיִתֶ֞ם אֶת־…וְהִצַּלְתֶּ֥ם אֶת־ נַפְשֹׁתֵ֖ינוּ מִמָּֽוֶת 1 spare the lives…save us from death a polite way of saying “do not to kill us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
JOS 2 14 ji8q 0 General Information: The Israelite spies make the promise which Rahab asked for in [Joshua 2:12](../02/12.md)
JOS 2 14 yb7i figs-idiom נַפְשֵׁ֤נוּ תַחְתֵּיכֶם֙ לָמ֔וּת 1 Our life for yours, even to death This idiom is a way of swearing and asking God to curse them if they do not keep their promise. Alternate translation: “If we do not do what we promise, may Yahweh cause us to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOS 2 15 b3dr 0 General Information: The Israelite spies continue to talk to Rahab.
@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ JOS 10 32 yw79 figs-metonymy בְּיַ֣ד יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 into the
JOS 10 33 rff2 translate-names הֹרָם֙ 1 Horam This is the name of a man who is an important king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JOS 10 33 lp2c translate-names גֶּ֔זֶר…אֶת־ לָכִ֑ישׁ 1 Gezer…Lachish These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JOS 10 34 y3g9 translate-names מִלָּכִ֖ישׁ עֶגְלֹ֑נָה 1 Lachish…Eglon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JOS 10 35 dqi7 figs-doublet וַיַּכּ֣וּהָ לְפִי־ חֶ֔רֶב וְאֵת֙ כָּל־ הַנֶּ֣פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־…הַה֖וּא הֶחֱרִ֑ים 1 struck it with the edge of the sword…completely destroyed everyone in it These two phrases have similar meanings. Together they show the completeness of the destruction of Eglon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JOS 10 35 dqi7 figs-doublet וַיַּכּ֣וּהָ לְפִי־ חֶ֔רֶב וְאֵת֙ כָּל־ הַנֶּ֣פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־…הַה֖וּא הֶחֱרִ֑ים 1 struck it with the edge of the sword…completely destroyed everyone in it These two phrases have similar meanings. Together they show the completeness of the destruction of Eglon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JOS 10 36 a6ng translate-names מֵעֶגְל֖וֹנָה 1 Eglon This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JOS 10 37 gba2 figs-metonymy וַיִּלְכְּד֣וּהָ וַיַּכּֽוּהָ־ לְפִי־ חֶ֠רֶב 1 They captured it and struck it with the edge of the sword The sword represents the army of Israel and striking expresses the idea of slaughter and destruction. Alternate translation: “They captured and killed and destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOS 10 38 mr8b translate-names דְּבִ֑רָה 1 Debir This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
a polite way of saying “do not to kill us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
65
JOS
2
14
ji8q
0
General Information:
The Israelite spies make the promise which Rahab asked for in [Joshua 2:12](../02/12.md)
66
JOS
2
14
yb7i
figs-idiom
נַפְשֵׁ֤נוּ תַחְתֵּיכֶם֙ לָמ֔וּת
1
Our life for yours, even to death
This idiom is a way of swearing and asking God to curse them if they do not keep their promise. Alternate translation: “If we do not do what we promise, may Yahweh cause us to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
67
JOS
2
15
b3dr
0
General Information:
The Israelite spies continue to talk to Rahab.
357
JOS
10
33
rff2
translate-names
הֹרָם֙
1
Horam
This is the name of a man who is an important king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
358
JOS
10
33
lp2c
translate-names
גֶּ֔זֶר…אֶת־ לָכִ֑ישׁגֶּ֔זֶר…אֶת־ לָכִ֑ישׁ
1
Gezer…Lachish
These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
359
JOS
10
34
y3g9
translate-names
מִלָּכִ֖ישׁ עֶגְלֹ֑נָה
1
Lachish…Eglon
These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
struck it with the edge of the sword…completely destroyed everyone in it
These two phrases have similar meanings. Together they show the completeness of the destruction of Eglon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
361
JOS
10
36
a6ng
translate-names
מֵעֶגְל֖וֹנָה
1
Eglon
This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
They captured it and struck it with the edge of the sword
The sword represents the army of Israel and striking expresses the idea of slaughter and destruction. Alternate translation: “They captured and killed and destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
363
JOS
10
38
mr8b
translate-names
דְּבִ֑רָה
1
Debir
This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ RUT 1 10 bq4j figs-you אִתָּ֥ךְ 1 with you Here **you** is the singul
RUT 1 11 ggi3 figs-rquestion לָ֥מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑י 1 Why will you go with me? This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “It does not make sense for you to go with me.” or “You should not go with me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 1 11 q2hn figs-rquestion הַֽעֽוֹד־לִ֤י בָנִים֙ בְּֽמֵעַ֔י וְהָי֥וּ לָכֶ֖ם לַאֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Are there still sons in my womb, that they may become your husbands? Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 1 12 dyc4 figs-explicit זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִהְי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ 1 I am too old to have a husband The reason a husband would be important can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I am too old to marry again and bear more children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 1 12 abc1 figs-rquestion כִּ֤י אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ יֶשׁ־לִ֣י תִקְוָ֔ה גַּ֣ם הָיִ֤יתִי הַלַּ֨יְלָה֙ לְאִ֔ישׁ וְגַ֖ם יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 If I said I have hope, if I also had a husband tonight, and also would give birth to sons, This rhetorical question begins here and continues into the next verse. Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Even if it was possible that I would expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons,…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 1 12 abc1 figs-rquestion כִּ֤י אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ יֶשׁ־לִ֣י תִקְוָ֔ה גַּ֣ם הָיִ֤יתִי הַלַּ֨יְלָה֙ לְאִ֔ישׁ וְגַ֖ם יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 If I said I have hope, if I also had a husband tonight, and also would give birth to sons, This rhetorical question begins here and continues into the next verse. Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Even if it was possible that I would expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons,…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 1 12 kh9g יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 would give birth to sons ***bear children*** or ***deliver baby boys***
RUT 1 13 gmc2 figs-rquestion אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲלָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְבִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ 1 would you therefore wait until they were grown? Would you keep yourselves from having a husband? Naomi completes the rhetorical question she began in the previous verse, and asks a second question which emphasizes the same meaning. Alternate translation: “…you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would choose to marry a husband before then.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 1 13 gh99 figs-metaphor מַר־לִ֤י מְאֹד֙ 1 It is exceedingly bitter to me Bitterness is a metaphor for grief, and what grieves her can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “It greatly grieves me that you have no husbands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ RUT 2 2 am6a ר֨וּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 Ruth, the Moabite w
RUT 2 2 c7rk הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 the Moabite woman This is another way of saying the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab.
RUT 2 2 qt4q וַאֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַשִׁבֳּלִ֔ים 1 and glean heads of grain ***and gather kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters*** or ***and pick up kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters***
RUT 2 2 abc5 figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁ֥ר…בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 in whose eyes The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: “who will decide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 2 j59b figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן 1 I will find favor The phrase **will find favor** is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Alternate translation: “to be kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 2 2 j59b figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן 1 I will find favor The phrase **will find favor** is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Alternate translation: “to be kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 2 2 ed93 בִתִּֽי 1 my daughter Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother. Make sure it is possible in your language to use this word for someone who is not an actual daughter.
RUT 2 3 ht73 וַיִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔הָ 1 She happened to come Ruth was not aware that the field she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative Boaz.
RUT 2 4 vys2 figs-informremind וְהִנֵּה 1 Behold, The word **Behold** alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field and seeing Ruth for the first time. Your language may also have a specific way of alerting someone to pay careful attention to what happens next in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
RUT 2 12 s2vm פָּעֳלֵ֑ךְ 1 your deed This is an act of faith, choosing to leave her family and country and instead to live with Naomi in Bethlehem and trust Naomi’s God.
RUT 2 12 gnn5 figs-parallelism וּתְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵעִ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 may full payment be given to you by Yahweh This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh give back to you even more than you have given” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 2 12 eh86 figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַחֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽיו 1 under whose wings you have come for refuge Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them, in order to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 13 abc6 figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן 1 Let me find favor Here **find favor** is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Alternate translation: “Please be kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 2 13 abc6 figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן 1 Let me find favor Here **find favor** is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Alternate translation: “Please be kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 2 13 v2q1 figs-metonymy בְּעֵינֶ֤יךָ 1 in your eyes Here **eyes** are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “and accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 13 abc4 אֲדֹנִי֙ 1 my master Boaz is not Ruth's master, but he is the owner of the field where she is gleaning. He is also a Jew and a prominent man in the city. Therefore, Ruth is honoring him by calling him her **master**, and speaking of herself as his servant. Alternate translation: “Sir” or “my lord”
RUT 2 13 zc5n וְאָנֹכִי֙ לֹ֣א אֶֽהְיֶ֔ה כְּאַחַ֖ת שִׁפְחֹתֶֽיךָ 1 though I am not like one of your female servants Possible meanings are 1) Ruth was not one of Boaz’s female servants or 2) Ruth did not think her marriage to Naomi’s son granted her any privilege in Bethlehem.
@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ RUT 3 intro t4y5 0 # Ruth 03 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this
RUT 3 1 jdr3 writing-newevent וַתֹּ֥אמֶר לָ֖הּ נָעֳמִ֣י 1 Naomi…said to her, This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth asks Boaz to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer for her and Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT 3 1 r7ar חֲמוֹתָ֑הּ 1 her mother-in-law Naomi is the mother of Ruth’s dead husband.
RUT 3 1 f1uc בִּתִּ֞י 1 My daughter Ruth became Naomi’s daughter by marrying her son and further by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem.
RUT 3 1 nxr8 figs-rquestion הֲלֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִֽיטַב־לָֽךְ 1 should I not seek rest for you, so that it may be well with you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest, so that you will be taken care of.” or “I must find a husband to care for you, so that you can live without worry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 3 1 nxr8 figs-rquestion הֲלֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִֽיטַב־לָֽךְ 1 should I not seek rest for you, so that it may be well with you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest, so that you will be taken care of.” or “I must find a husband to care for you, so that you can live without worry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 3 1 uw2p figs-metaphor לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ 1 rest for you Possible meanings are 1) literally in finding a house for her to live in or 2) figuratively in finding a husband to care for her. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 3 2 jdr4 grammar-connect-logic-result וְעַתָּ֗ה 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates that Naomi advises Ruth because she desires to find a resting place for Ruth (3:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
RUT 3 2 j31t figs-explicit הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑יו 1 young female workers you were with The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: “female workers you have been with in the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ RUT 3 15 aj7u וַיָּבֹ֖א הָעִֽיר 1 Then he went into the c
RUT 3 16 s7dr figs-idiom מִי־אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑י 1 How did it go, my daughter? The meaning of this question is not clear. The literal Hebrew idiom is **Who are you?** It may mean 1) ***What happened, my daughter?*** or 2) ***Did Boaz agree to marry you?*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 16 w9p9 אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָֽשָׂה־לָ֖הּ הָאִֽישׁ 1 all that the man had done for her ***all that Boaz had done for her***
RUT 3 17 e9xx אַל־תָּב֥וֹאִי רֵיקָ֖ם 1 Do not go empty-handed ***Do not go empty-handed*** or ***Do not go with nothing*** or ***Be sure to take something***
RUT 3 17 abca שֵׁשׁ־הַשְּׂעֹרִ֥ים 1 six measures of barley See how you translated this in [3:15](../03/15/f5zg).
RUT 3 17 abca שֵׁשׁ־הַשְּׂעֹרִ֥ים 1 six measures of barley See how you translated this in [3:15](../03/15/f5zg).
RUT 3 18 u5rn אִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר 1 he has finished this thing This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth.
RUT 4 intro pz6m 0 # Ruth 04 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### King David<br><br>Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel’s greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **You must also acquire Ruth the Moabite woman**<br><br>Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.<br><br>### **This was the custom in former times**<br><br>This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down.
RUT 4 1 jdr8 writing-newevent וּבֹ֨עַז עָלָ֣ה הַשַּׁעַר֮ 1 Now Boaz went up to the gate This clause introduces the next part of the story, in which Boaz performs the role of kinsman-redeemer and marries Ruth. (See: [[rc:en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ RUT 4 4 u548 וְאָנֹכִ֖י אַחֲרֶ֑יךָ 1 and I am after y
RUT 4 5 ut23 בְּיוֹם־קְנוֹתְךָ֥…וּ֠מֵאֵת…קניתי 1 On the day that you buy…you must also acquire Boaz uses this expression to inform his relative of the additional responsibility he will have if he buys the land.
RUT 4 5 ymn8 figs-synecdoche מִיַּ֣ד נָעֳמִ֑י 1 from the hand of Naomi Here the word **hand** represents Naomi, who owns the field. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT 4 5 dya3 figs-idiom וּ֠מֵאֵת ר֣וּת…קניתי 1 you must also acquire Ruth ***you must also marry Ruth*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 4 5 b3ps אֵֽשֶׁת־הַמֵּת֙ 1 the wife of the dead man ***the widow of Elimelek’s son who died***
RUT 4 5 b3ps אֵֽשֶׁת־הַמֵּת֙ 1 the wife of the dead man ***the widow of Elimelek’s son who died***
RUT 4 5 b3sy לְהָקִ֥ים שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֖ת 1 to raise up the name of the dead ***that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband***
RUT 4 5 figs-nominaladj הַמֵּ֖ת 1 the dead Ruth's husband was the **dead**. This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective **the dead**. Alternate translation: “the man who died” of “her husband who died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
RUT 4 6 sx9k אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑י 1 damaging my own inheritance If he married Ruth, he would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear.
RUT 4 11 hg6q figs-metaphor הַבָּאָ֣ה אֶל־בֵּיתֶ֗ךָ 1 who is coming into your house This has literal and figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. House can also refer to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 4 11 q47m כְּרָחֵ֤ל׀ וּכְלֵאָה֙ 1 like Rachel and Leah These were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel.
RUT 4 11 cz4t בָּנ֤וּ…אֶת־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 built up the house of Israel ***bore many children who became the nation of Israel***
RUT 4 11 abcb figs-parallelism וַעֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּאֶפְרָ֔תָה וּקְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּבֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם 1 and may you prosper in Ephrathah and be renowned in Bethlehem The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 4 11 abcb figs-parallelism וַעֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּאֶפְרָ֔תָה וּקְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּבֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם 1 and may you prosper in Ephrathah and be renowned in Bethlehem The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 4 11 uk9q וַעֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּאֶפְרָ֔תָה 1 may you prosper in Ephrathah Ephrathah was the name of the wife of Caleb, from whom the inhabitants of Bethlehem descended. It is another name for the town of Bethehem.
RUT 4 12 fn52 figs-metaphor וִיהִ֤י בֵֽיתְךָ֙ כְּבֵ֣ית פֶּ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽיהוּדָ֑ה 1 May your house be like the house of Perez, whom Tamar bore to Judah God abundantly blessed Judah through his son Perez. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 4 12 fn52 figs-metaphor וִיהִ֤י בֵֽיתְךָ֙ כְּבֵ֣ית פֶּ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽיהוּדָ֑ה 1 May your house be like the house of Perez, whom Tamar bore to Judah God abundantly blessed Judah through his son Perez. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 4 12 a433 יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽיהוּדָ֑ה 1 Tamar bore to Judah Tamar, like Ruth, was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with Tamar, which continued the family name.
RUT 4 12 xym8 מִן־הַזֶּ֗רַע אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לְךָ֔ 1 through the offspring whom Yahweh will give you Yahweh would give Boaz children through Ruth.
RUT 4 12 abcc figs-parallelism וַיִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ וַתְּהִי־ל֣וֹ לְאִשָּׁ֔ה 1 So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 4 12 abcc figs-parallelism וַיִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ וַתְּהִי־ל֣וֹ לְאִשָּׁ֔ה 1 So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 4 13 u21g וַיִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ 1 So Boaz took Ruth ***So Boaz married Ruth*** or ***So Boaz took Ruth as a wife***
RUT 4 13 gw77 figs-euphemism וַיָּבֹ֖א אֵלֶ֑יהָ 1 He went in to her This is a euphemism that refers to having sexual intercourse. Alternate translation: “He had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
RUT 4 14 qj8v figs-doublenegatives לֹ֣א הִשְׁבִּ֥ית לָ֛ךְ גֹּאֵ֖ל הַיּ֑וֹם 1 who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “who has provided you today with a kinsman to redeem you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
@ -226,4 +226,4 @@ RUT 4 17 fkf2 יֻלַּד־בֵּ֖ן לְנָעֳמִ֑י 1 A son has been
RUT 4 17 f9ha figs-explicit אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד 1 the father of David ***father of King David***. Though ***King*** is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 4 18 mzm1 תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ 1 the generations of Perez ***the successive descendants***. Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez.
RUT 4 22 abcd figs-explicit אֶת־דָּוִֽד 1 David ***father of King David***. See the note about **David** on [4:17](../04/17/f9ha)
RUT 4 22 abcd figs-explicit אֶת־דָּוִֽד 1 David ***father of King David***. See the note about **David** on [4:17](../04/17/f9ha)
1
Book
Chapter
Verse
ID
SupportReference
OrigQuote
Occurrence
GLQuote
OccurrenceNote
32
RUT
1
11
ggi3
figs-rquestion
לָ֥מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑י
1
Why will you go with me?
This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “It does not make sense for you to go with me.” or “You should not go with me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
Are there still sons in my womb, that they may become your husbands?
Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
34
RUT
1
12
dyc4
figs-explicit
זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִהְי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ
1
I am too old to have a husband
The reason a husband would be important can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I am too old to marry again and bear more children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
If I said I have hope, if I also had a husband tonight, and also would give birth to sons,
This rhetorical question begins here and continues into the next verse. Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Even if it was possible that I would expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons,…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
would you therefore wait until they were grown? Would you keep yourselves from having a husband?
Naomi completes the rhetorical question she began in the previous verse, and asks a second question which emphasizes the same meaning. Alternate translation: “…you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would choose to marry a husband before then.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
38
RUT
1
13
gh99
figs-metaphor
מַר־לִ֤י מְאֹד֙
1
It is exceedingly bitter to me
Bitterness is a metaphor for grief, and what grieves her can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “It greatly grieves me that you have no husbands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
68
RUT
2
2
c7rk
הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה
1
the Moabite woman
This is another way of saying the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab.
69
RUT
2
2
qt4q
וַאֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַשִׁבֳּלִ֔ים
1
and glean heads of grain
***and gather kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters*** or ***and pick up kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters***
70
RUT
2
2
abc5
figs-metonymy
אֲשֶׁ֥ר…בְּעֵינָ֑יו
1
in whose eyes
The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: “who will decide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
71
RUT
2
2
j59b
figs-idiom
אֶמְצָא־ חֵ֖ןאֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן
1
I will find favor
The phrase **will find favor** is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Alternate translation: “to be kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
72
RUT
2
2
ed93
בִתִּֽי
1
my daughter
Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother. Make sure it is possible in your language to use this word for someone who is not an actual daughter.
73
RUT
2
3
ht73
וַיִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔הָ
1
She happened to come
Ruth was not aware that the field she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative Boaz.
74
RUT
2
4
vys2
figs-informremind
וְהִנֵּה
1
Behold,
The word **Behold** alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field and seeing Ruth for the first time. Your language may also have a specific way of alerting someone to pay careful attention to what happens next in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
96
RUT
2
12
s2vm
פָּעֳלֵ֑ךְ
1
your deed
This is an act of faith, choosing to leave her family and country and instead to live with Naomi in Bethlehem and trust Naomi’s God.
This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh give back to you even more than you have given” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
98
RUT
2
12
eh86
figs-metaphor
אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַחֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽיו
1
under whose wings you have come for refuge
Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them, in order to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
99
RUT
2
13
abc6
figs-idiom
אֶמְצָא־ חֵ֨ןאֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן
1
Let me find favor
Here **find favor** is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Alternate translation: “Please be kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
100
RUT
2
13
v2q1
figs-metonymy
בְּעֵינֶ֤יךָ
1
in your eyes
Here **eyes** are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “and accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
101
RUT
2
13
abc4
אֲדֹנִי֙
1
my master
Boaz is not Ruth's master, but he is the owner of the field where she is gleaning. He is also a Jew and a prominent man in the city. Therefore, Ruth is honoring him by calling him her **master**, and speaking of herself as his servant. Alternate translation: “Sir” or “my lord”
Possible meanings are 1) Ruth was not one of Boaz’s female servants or 2) Ruth did not think her marriage to Naomi’s son granted her any privilege in Bethlehem.
129
RUT
3
1
jdr3
writing-newevent
וַתֹּ֥אמֶר לָ֖הּ נָעֳמִ֣י
1
Naomi…said to her,
This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth asks Boaz to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer for her and Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
130
RUT
3
1
r7ar
חֲמוֹתָ֑הּ
1
her mother-in-law
Naomi is the mother of Ruth’s dead husband.
131
RUT
3
1
f1uc
בִּתִּ֞י
1
My daughter
Ruth became Naomi’s daughter by marrying her son and further by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem.
should I not seek rest for you, so that it may be well with you?
Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest, so that you will be taken care of.” or “I must find a husband to care for you, so that you can live without worry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
133
RUT
3
1
uw2p
figs-metaphor
לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ
1
rest for you
Possible meanings are 1) literally in finding a house for her to live in or 2) figuratively in finding a husband to care for her. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
134
RUT
3
2
jdr4
grammar-connect-logic-result
וְעַתָּ֗ה
1
Connecting Statement:
This phrase indicates that Naomi advises Ruth because she desires to find a resting place for Ruth (3:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
135
RUT
3
2
j31t
figs-explicit
הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑יו
1
young female workers you were with
The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: “female workers you have been with in the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
173
RUT
3
16
s7dr
figs-idiom
מִי־אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑י
1
How did it go, my daughter?
The meaning of this question is not clear. The literal Hebrew idiom is **Who are you?** It may mean 1) ***What happened, my daughter?*** or 2) ***Did Boaz agree to marry you?*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
174
RUT
3
16
w9p9
אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָֽשָׂה־לָ֖הּ הָאִֽישׁ
1
all that the man had done for her
***all that Boaz had done for her***
175
RUT
3
17
e9xx
אַל־תָּב֥וֹאִי רֵיקָ֖ם
1
Do not go empty-handed
***Do not go empty-handed*** or ***Do not go with nothing*** or ***Be sure to take something***
176
RUT
3
17
abca
שֵׁשׁ־ הַשְּׂעֹרִ֥יםשֵׁשׁ־הַשְּׂעֹרִ֥ים
1
six measures of barley
See how you translated this in [3:15](../03/15/f5zg).
177
RUT
3
18
u5rn
אִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר
1
he has finished this thing
This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth.
178
RUT
4
intro
pz6m
0
# Ruth 04 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### King David<br><br>Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel’s greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **You must also acquire Ruth the Moabite woman**<br><br>Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.<br><br>### **This was the custom in former times**<br><br>This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down.
179
RUT
4
1
jdr8
writing-newevent
וּבֹ֨עַז עָלָ֣ה הַשַּׁעַר֮
1
Now Boaz went up to the gate
This clause introduces the next part of the story, in which Boaz performs the role of kinsman-redeemer and marries Ruth. (See: [[rc:en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
188
RUT
4
5
ut23
בְּיוֹם־קְנוֹתְךָ֥…וּ֠מֵאֵת…קניתי
1
On the day that you buy…you must also acquire
Boaz uses this expression to inform his relative of the additional responsibility he will have if he buys the land.
189
RUT
4
5
ymn8
figs-synecdoche
מִיַּ֣ד נָעֳמִ֑י
1
from the hand of Naomi
Here the word **hand** represents Naomi, who owns the field. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
190
RUT
4
5
dya3
figs-idiom
וּ֠מֵאֵת ר֣וּת…קניתי
1
you must also acquire Ruth
***you must also marry Ruth*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
191
RUT
4
5
b3ps
אֵֽשֶׁת־ הַמֵּת֙אֵֽשֶׁת־הַמֵּת֙
1
the wife of the dead man
***the widow of Elimelek’s son who died***
192
RUT
4
5
b3sy
לְהָקִ֥ים שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֖ת
1
to raise up the name of the dead
***that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband***
193
RUT
4
5
figs-nominaladj
הַמֵּ֖ת
1
the dead
Ruth's husband was the **dead**. This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective **the dead**. Alternate translation: “the man who died” of “her husband who died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
194
RUT
4
6
sx9k
אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑י
1
damaging my own inheritance
If he married Ruth, he would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear.
207
RUT
4
11
hg6q
figs-metaphor
הַבָּאָ֣ה אֶל־בֵּיתֶ֗ךָ
1
who is coming into your house
This has literal and figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. House can also refer to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
208
RUT
4
11
q47m
כְּרָחֵ֤ל׀ וּכְלֵאָה֙
1
like Rachel and Leah
These were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel.
209
RUT
4
11
cz4t
בָּנ֤וּ…אֶת־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל
1
built up the house of Israel
***bore many children who became the nation of Israel***
May your house be like the house of Perez, whom Tamar bore to Judah
God abundantly blessed Judah through his son Perez. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
213
RUT
4
12
a433
יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽיהוּדָ֑ה
1
Tamar bore to Judah
Tamar, like Ruth, was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with Tamar, which continued the family name.
The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
216
RUT
4
13
u21g
וַיִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙
1
So Boaz took Ruth
***So Boaz married Ruth*** or ***So Boaz took Ruth as a wife***
217
RUT
4
13
gw77
figs-euphemism
וַיָּבֹ֖א אֵלֶ֑יהָ
1
He went in to her
This is a euphemism that refers to having sexual intercourse. Alternate translation: “He had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
218
RUT
4
14
qj8v
figs-doublenegatives
לֹ֣א הִשְׁבִּ֥ית לָ֛ךְ גֹּאֵ֖ל הַיּ֑וֹם
1
who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer
This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “who has provided you today with a kinsman to redeem you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
226
RUT
4
17
f9ha
figs-explicit
אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד
1
the father of David
***father of King David***. Though ***King*** is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
227
RUT
4
18
mzm1
תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ
1
the generations of Perez
***the successive descendants***. Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez.
@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
NEH front intro k2y2 0 # Introduction to Nehemiah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Nehemiah<br><br>1. Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem and inspects the walls (1:1-2:20)<br>1. The people rebuild the walls of Jerusalem (3:1-4:23)<br>1. Nehemiah helps the poor and provides an unselfish example (5:1–19)<br>1. Enemies try to slow down the work, but the people finish the walls (6:1–19)<br>1. Nehemiah lists the people who returned from exile (7:6–73)<br>1. Ezra reads the Law of Yahweh and the people respond (8:1-10:39)<br>1. Nehemiah lists the people who lived in and around Jerusalem (11:1–36)<br>1. Nehemiah lists the priests and Levites (12:1–26)<br>1. The people dedicate the walls of Jerusalem (12:27–47)<br>1. Nehemiah corrects problems (13:1–31)<br><br>### What is the Book of Nehemiah about?<br><br>A Jew named Nehemiah lived in Persia and worked for King Artaxerxes. Nehemiah received a report that the walls around Jerusalem were broken down. Nehemiah returned to Jerusalem to help rebuild the city walls. The walls around the city helped protect the city against armies and invaders.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>The Book of Nehemiah is named for a Jewish leader named Nehemiah. Translators can use the traditional title “Nehemiah.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The Book about Nehemiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Why were Israelites not allowed to marry people from other nations?<br><br>Foreigners worshiped many false gods. Yahweh did not allow his people to marry foreigners. He knew this would cause the people of Israel to worship false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>### Did all of the people of Israel return to their homeland?<br><br>Many of the Jews remained in Babylon instead of returning to the Promised Land. Many of them were successful in Babylon and desired to remain there. However, this meant that they were unable to worship Yahweh in Jerusalem as their ancestors had done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How does the Book of Nehemiah use the term “Israel”?<br><br>The Book of Nehemiah uses the term “Israel” to refer to the kingdom of Judah. It was mostly made up of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. The other ten tribes had ended their loyalty to any kings descended from David. God allowed the Assyrians to conquer the other ten tribes and take them into exile. As a result, they mixed with other people groups and did not return to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])<br><br>### Are the events in the Book of Nehemiah told in the order that they actually happened?<br><br>Some of the events in the Book of Nehemiah are not told in the order they actually happened. Translators should pay attention to notes that signal when events are probably out of order.<br>
NEH 1 intro y5jf 0 # Nehemiah 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### “The words of Nehemiah son of Hacaliah:”<br>This phrase serves as an introduction to this entire book.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br>This chapter is a single long record of Nehemiah’s repentance on behalf of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### I<br>While the author of this book is probably Ezra, the word “I” always refers to Nehemiah.<br><br>### Israel<br>It is uncertain to whom “Israel” refers. It probably does not refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. Neither does it likely refer to the twelve tribes of Israel. Instead, it is probably a reference to Israel in the sense of the surviving people group. At Nehemiah’s time, this people group exclusively comprised the tribe of Judah because the other tribes had already been scattered throughout the entire Near East, where they lost their identity, for the most part.<br>
NEH 1 1 bi9h translate-names נְחֶמְיָ֖ה…חֲכַלְיָ֑ה 1 Nehemiah…Hakaliah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 1 1 qd3e translate-hebrewmonths בְחֹֽדֶשׁ־כסלו 1 in the month of Kislev “Kislev” is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of November and the first part of December on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 1 1 qd3e translate-hebrewmonths בְחֹֽדֶשׁ־כסלו 1 in the month of Kislev “Kislev” is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of November and the first part of December on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 1 1 hn28 figs-explicit שְׁנַ֣ת עֶשְׂרִ֔ים 1 in the twentieth year Nehemiah is referring to the number of years that Artaxerxes had been reigning as king. Alternate translation: “in the twentieth year of the reign of Artaxerxes, King of Persia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
NEH 1 1 g6dl בְּשׁוּשַׁ֥ן הַבִּירָֽה׃ 1 fortress of Susa This was one of the royal cities of Persian kings, located in the country of Elam. It was a large, fortified city with high walls surrounding it.
NEH 1 2 f2ab translate-names חֲנָ֜נִי 1 Hanani This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 1 2 l6cw חֲנָ֜נִי אֶחָ֧ד מֵאַחַ֛י 1 one of my brothers, Hanani Hanani was Nehemiah’s biological brother.
NEH 1 2 lg14 וַיָּבֹ֨א חֲנָ֜נִי…אֲנָשִׁ֖ים מִֽיהוּדָ֑ה 1 Hanani, came with some people from Judah “Hanani came from Judah with some other people”
NEH 1 2 q7zi figs-explicit הַיְּהוּדִ֧ים הַפְּלֵיטָ֛ה אֲשֶֽׁר־נִשְׁאֲר֥וּ מִן־הַשֶּׁ֖בִי 1 the Jews who had escaped, the remnant of the Jews who were there These two phrases refer to the same group of people. Possible meanings are 1) the few Jews who were taken as exiles to Babylon but escaped and returned to live in Jerusalem or 2) the few Jews who had escaped from those who were trying to take them into exile in Babylon and so remained in Jerusalem. Since it is unclear from where they escaped, it may be best not to specify in the translation. Alternate translation: “the Jews who had escaped the exile and who remained in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 1 2 q7zi figs-explicit הַיְּהוּדִ֧ים הַפְּלֵיטָ֛ה אֲשֶֽׁר־נִשְׁאֲר֥וּ מִן־הַשֶּׁ֖בִי 1 the Jews who had escaped, the remnant of the Jews who were there These two phrases refer to the same group of people. Possible meanings are 1) the few Jews who were taken as exiles to Babylon but escaped and returned to live in Jerusalem or 2) the few Jews who had escaped from those who were trying to take them into exile in Babylon and so remained in Jerusalem. Since it is unclear from where they escaped, it may be best not to specify in the translation. Alternate translation: “the Jews who had escaped the exile and who remained in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 1 3 igf2 וַיֹּאמְרוּ֮ לִי֒ 1 They said to me Here “They” refers to Hanani and the other people who had come from Judah.
NEH 1 3 y1zg figs-explicit בַּמְּדִינָ֔ה 1 the province Here “province” refers to Judah as an administrative district under the Persian Empire. Alternate translation: “the province of Judah” or “Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 1 3 pk3f figs-activepassive וְחוֹמַ֤ת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ מְפֹרָ֔צֶת וּשְׁעָרֶ֖יהָ נִצְּת֥וּ בָאֵֽשׁ 1 the wall of Jerusalem has been broken open, and its gates have been set on fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “armies have broken open the wall of Jerusalem and have set its gates on fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@ -16,25 +16,25 @@ NEH 1 5 tzl8 figs-explicit וָאֹמַ֗ר 1 Then I said Nehemiah tells what
NEH 1 5 pf2l יְהוָה֙ 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
NEH 1 5 zc64 figs-123person לְאֹהֲבָ֖יו וּלְשֹׁמְרֵ֥י מִצְוֺתָֽיו 1 who love him and keep his commandments Since Nehemiah is speaking to Yahweh, the pronouns “him” and “his” can be translated as “you” and “your.” Alternate translation: “who love you and keep your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
NEH 1 6 g947 figs-metaphor וְֽעֵינֶ֪יךָ פְתֻוּח֟וֹת 1 open your eyes “look at me.” Here “open your eyes” is a metaphor that represents paying attention to someone. Alternate translation: “pay attention to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 1 6 qjf3 לִשְׁמֹ֣עַ אֶל־תְּפִלַּ֣ת עַבְדְּךָ֡ 1 so you may hear the prayer of your servant “so that you may hear the prayer that I, your servant, am praying.” The word “servant” refers to Nehemiah. This is how a person would address his superior in order to show humility and respect.
NEH 1 6 qjf3 לִשְׁמֹ֣עַ אֶל־תְּפִלַּ֣ת עַבְדְּךָ֡ 1 so you may hear the prayer of your servant “so that you may hear the prayer that I, your servant, am praying.” The word “servant” refers to Nehemiah. This is how a person would address his superior in order to show humility and respect.
NEH 1 6 v8gx figs-merism הַיּוֹם֙ יוֹמָ֣ם וָלַ֔יְלָה 1 day and night By saying that he prays both during the day and during the night, Nehemiah emphasizes the frequency of his prayers. Alternate translation: “all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
NEH 1 6 bxj6 figs-metonymy וַאֲנִ֥י וּבֵית־אָבִ֖י 1 Both I and my father’s house Here the word “house” represents family. Alternate translation: “Both I and my family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 1 6 bxj6 figs-metonymy וַאֲנִ֥י וּבֵית־אָבִ֖י 1 Both I and my father’s house Here the word “house” represents family. Alternate translation: “Both I and my family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 1 8 brz7 0 Connecting Statement: Nehemiah continues praying to God.
NEH 1 8 pv64 figs-idiom זְכָר־נָא֙ 1 Please call to mind To “call to mind” is an idiom that means to remember. Alternate translation: “Please remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 1 8 y5jp figs-you אֶת־הַדָּבָ֔ר אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוִּ֛יתָ אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֥ה עַבְדְּךָ֖ 1 the word you commanded your servant Moses The pronouns “you” and “your” refer to God and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
NEH 1 8 pv64 figs-idiom זְכָר־נָא֙ 1 Please call to mind To “call to mind” is an idiom that means to remember. Alternate translation: “Please remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 1 8 y5jp figs-you אֶת־הַדָּבָ֔ר אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוִּ֛יתָ אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֥ה עַבְדְּךָ֖ 1 the word you commanded your servant Moses The pronouns “you” and “your” refer to God and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
NEH 1 8 b6qh figs-you אַתֶּ֣ם תִּמְעָ֔לוּ אֲנִ֕י אָפִ֥יץ אֶתְכֶ֖ם 1 If you act unfaithfully…scatter you The pronouns “you” and “your” are plural and refer to the Israelite people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
NEH 1 8 evf5 figs-metaphor אָפִ֥יץ אֶתְכֶ֖ם בָּעַמִּֽים 1 I will scatter you among the nations Yahweh speaks of causing the Israelite people to live in other nations as if he scattered them like one would scatter seeds. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to live among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 1 9 dqn5 figs-you וְשַׁבְתֶּ֣ם אֵלַ֔י וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם֙ מִצְוֺתַ֔י וַעֲשִׂיתֶ֖ם 1 if you return…your people The pronouns “you” and “your” are plural and refer to the Israelite people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
NEH 1 9 f8jz figs-idiom בִּקְצֵ֤ה הַשָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ 1 under the farthest skies Yahweh speaks of places on the earth that are very far away as being “under the farthest skies.” Alternate translation: “to places very far away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 1 9 lgh9 figs-explicit אֶל־הַמָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁ֣ר בָּחַ֔רְתִּי לְשַׁכֵּ֥ן אֶת־שְׁמִ֖י שָֽׁם 1 to that place where I have chosen…remain This phrase refers to Jerusalem, where the temple was located. Alternate translation: “to Jerusalem, where I have chosen…remain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 1 9 g88j figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁ֣ר בָּחַ֔רְתִּי לְשַׁכֵּ֥ן אֶת־שְׁמִ֖י שָֽׁם 1 where I have chosen to make my name remain Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “where I have chosen to dwell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 1 9 lgh9 figs-explicit אֶל־הַמָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁ֣ר בָּחַ֔רְתִּי לְשַׁכֵּ֥ן אֶת־שְׁמִ֖י שָֽׁם 1 to that place where I have chosen…remain This phrase refers to Jerusalem, where the temple was located. Alternate translation: “to Jerusalem, where I have chosen…remain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 1 9 g88j figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁ֣ר בָּחַ֔רְתִּי לְשַׁכֵּ֥ן אֶת־שְׁמִ֖י שָֽׁם 1 where I have chosen to make my name remain Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “where I have chosen to dwell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 1 10 u4a8 0 General Information: Nehemiah continues his prayer.
NEH 1 10 w4qw וְהֵ֥ם 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in Nehemiah’s prayer. Here he begins to make his request based on Yahweh’s promise.
NEH 1 10 mjx7 וְהֵ֥ם עֲבָדֶ֖יךָ 1 they are your servants The word “they” refers to the Israelite people.
NEH 1 10 zu4s figs-metonymy בְּכֹחֲךָ֣ הַגָּד֔וֹל וּבְיָדְךָ֖ הַחֲזָקָֽה 1 by your great power and by your strong hand Here “hand” represents strength or power. Together, these two phrases form a doublet that emphasizes the intensity of Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “by your great power and by your mighty strength” or “by your very powerful strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
NEH 1 11 jjm7 תְּפִלַּ֨ת עַבְדְּךָ֜ 1 the prayer of your servant Here “servant” refers to Nehemiah. This is how a person would address his superior in order to show humility and respect. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 1:6](../01/06.md).
NEH 1 11 j433 תְּפִלַּ֣ת עֲבָדֶ֗יךָ 1 the prayer of your servants Here “servants” refers to the rest of the Israelite people who would have been praying for Yahweh to act on behalf of his people and on behalf of Jerusalem.
NEH 1 11 hk3z figs-metonymy הַֽחֲפֵצִים֙ לְיִרְאָ֣ה אֶת־שְׁמֶ֔ךָ 1 who delight to honor your name Here “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “who delight to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 1 11 hk3z figs-metonymy הַֽחֲפֵצִים֙ לְיִרְאָ֣ה אֶת־שְׁמֶ֔ךָ 1 who delight to honor your name Here “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “who delight to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 1 11 kr99 וּתְנֵ֣הוּ לְרַחֲמִ֔ים לִפְנֵ֖י הָאִ֣ישׁ הַזֶּ֑ה 1 grant him mercy in the sight of this man Here “him” refers to Nehemiah, who refers to himself in the third person to express his humility before God, and “this man” refers to Artaxerxes, the king of Persia.
NEH 1 11 r7af figs-metaphor לִפְנֵ֖י הָאִ֣ישׁ הַזֶּ֑ה 1 in the sight of this man Nehemiah speaks of the king’s attitude or disposition as if it were how the king viewed something. Alternate translation: “grant that the king will have mercy on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 1 11 h9hl writing-background וַאֲנִ֛י הָיִ֥יתִי מַשְׁקֶ֖ה לַמֶּֽלֶךְ 1 I served as cupbearer to the king This is background information about Nehemiah’s role in the king’s court. Your language may have a special way to mark background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
NEH 2 1 k1vf writing-background וְלֹא 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Nehemiah tells background information about his demeanor before the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
NEH 2 2 n5wy וַיֹּאמֶר֩ לִ֨י הַמֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 But the king “So the king”
NEH 2 2 ue51 figs-synecdoche מַדּ֣וּעַ׀ פָּנֶ֣יךָ רָעִ֗ים 1 Why is your face so sad Here Nehemiah is referred to by his face because the face shows one’s emotions. Alternate translation: “Why are you so sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 2 2 g1k7 figs-synecdoche אֵ֣ין זֶ֔ה כִּי־אִ֖ם רֹ֣עַֽ לֵ֑ב 1 This must be sadness of heart This speaks of Nehemiah being sad as if his heart were sad, since the heart is often considered the center of emotions. Alternate translation: “You must be very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 2 2 g1k7 figs-synecdoche אֵ֣ין זֶ֔ה כִּי־אִ֖ם רֹ֣עַֽ לֵ֑ב 1 This must be sadness of heart This speaks of Nehemiah being sad as if his heart were sad, since the heart is often considered the center of emotions. Alternate translation: “You must be very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 2 2 eyt8 וָאִירָ֖א הַרְבֵּ֥ה מְאֹֽד 1 Then I became very much afraid As Nehemiah prepares to answer, he is afraid because he does not know how the king will respond.
NEH 2 3 qz4i figs-hyperbole הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ לְעוֹלָ֣ם יִחְיֶ֑ה 1 May the king live forever Nehemiah is showing honor to King Artaxerxes. Here “forever” is an exaggeration that refers to a long life. Alternate translation: “Long live the king” or “May the king have a long life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
NEH 2 3 klj6 figs-rquestion מַדּ֜וּעַ לֹא־יֵרְע֣וּ פָנַ֗י 1 Why should not my face be sad? Here Nehemiah uses this rhetorical question to tell the king that he has a reason to be sad. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have very good reasons to be sad.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 2 3 eh23 בֵּית־קִבְר֤וֹת אֲבֹתַי֙ 1 the place of my fathers’ tombs “the place where my ancestors are buried”
NEH 2 3 klj6 figs-rquestion מַדּ֜וּעַ לֹא־יֵרְע֣וּ פָנַ֗י 1 Why should not my face be sad? Here Nehemiah uses this rhetorical question to tell the king that he has a reason to be sad. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have very good reasons to be sad.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 2 3 eh23 בֵּית־קִבְר֤וֹת אֲבֹתַי֙ 1 the place of my fathers’ tombs “the place where my ancestors are buried”
NEH 2 3 g7f4 figs-activepassive וּשְׁעָרֶ֖יהָ אֻכְּל֥וּ בָאֵֽשׁ 1 its gates have been destroyed by fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “fire has destroyed its gates” or “our enemy has burned its gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 2 5 uv1p וָאֹמַ֣ר לַמֶּ֔לֶךְ 1 I replied to the king “Then I replied to the king”
NEH 2 5 u2zy עַבְדְּךָ֖ 1 your servant Nehemiah refers to himself this way to show his submission to the king.
NEH 2 5 ae4b figs-metaphor לְפָנֶ֑יךָ 1 in your sight Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 2 5 df8l עִ֛יר קִבְר֥וֹת אֲבֹתַ֖י 1 the city of my fathers’ tombs “the city where my ancestors are buried”
NEH 2 5 l6nj figs-synecdoche וְאֶבְנֶֽנָּה 1 that I may rebuild it Nehemiah does not plan to do all of the building himself, but he will be the leader of the work. Alternate translation: “that I and my people may rebuild it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 2 7 rgj6 figs-activepassive אִגְּרוֹת֙ יִתְּנוּ־לִ֔י 1 may letters be given to me This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may you give letters to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 2 7 rgj6 figs-activepassive אִגְּרוֹת֙ יִתְּנוּ־לִ֔י 1 may letters be given to me This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may you give letters to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 2 7 qp9n עֵ֣בֶר הַנָּהָ֑ר 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa.
NEH 2 8 ar5v translate-names אָסָף֩ 1 Asaph This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 2 8 wl1s figs-metonymy כְּיַד־אֱלֹהַ֖י הַטּוֹבָ֥ה עָלָֽי 1 the good hand of God was on me God’s “good hand” represents his “favor.” Alternate translation: “God’s favor was upon me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 2 8 wl1s figs-metonymy כְּיַד־אֱלֹהַ֖י הַטּוֹבָ֥ה עָלָֽי 1 the good hand of God was on me God’s “good hand” represents his “favor.” Alternate translation: “God’s favor was upon me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 2 10 yz8p translate-names סַנְבַלַּ֣ט הַחֹרֹנִ֗י 1 Sanballat the Horonite Sanballat is the name of a man, and the Horonites were a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 2 10 eh4c translate-names וְטֽוֹבִיָּה֙ הָעֶ֣בֶד הָֽעַמֹּנִ֔י 1 Tobiah the Ammonite servant This man was likely a freed slave now serving as an officer in Ammon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 2 10 vb3p וַיִּשְׁמַ֞ע 1 heard this “heard that I had arrived”
NEH 2 12 s7mw figs-metonymy נֹתֵ֣ן אֶל־לִבִּ֔י 1 had put into my heart Here Nehemiah’s “heart” refers to his thoughts and will. Alternate translation: “had inspired me” or “had led me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 2 12 s7mw figs-metonymy נֹתֵ֣ן אֶל־לִבִּ֔י 1 had put into my heart Here Nehemiah’s “heart” refers to his thoughts and will. Alternate translation: “had inspired me” or “had led me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 2 12 wd63 וּבְהֵמָה֙ אֵ֣ין עִמִּ֔י 1 There was no animal with me “There were no animals with me”
NEH 2 13 g1be figs-123person 0 General Information: A few men accompanied Nehemiah on this inspection, but he speaks in the first person because he was the primary person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
NEH 2 13 au61 וָאֵצְאָ֨ה בְשַֽׁעַר־הַגַּ֜יא לַ֗יְלָה 1 I went out by night by the Valley Gate “At night, I went out through the Valley Gate”
NEH 2 13 au61 וָאֵצְאָ֨ה בְשַֽׁעַר־הַגַּ֜יא לַ֗יְלָה 1 I went out by night by the Valley Gate “At night, I went out through the Valley Gate”
NEH 2 13 pt1h הַתַּנִּ֔ין 1 Jackal a wild dog
NEH 2 13 mif3 שַׁ֖עַר הָאַשְׁפֹּ֑ת 1 Dung Gate Presumably, refuse was removed from the city through this gate.
NEH 2 13 a8u1 figs-activepassive אֲשֶׁר־המפרוצים וּשְׁעָרֶ֖יהָ אֻכְּל֥וּ בָאֵֽשׁ 1 which had been broken open, and the wooden gates were destroyed by fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which Israel’s enemies had broken open, and the wooden gates which their enemies had destroyed with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 2 13 a8u1 figs-activepassive אֲשֶׁר־המפרוצים וּשְׁעָרֶ֖יהָ אֻכְּל֥וּ בָאֵֽשׁ 1 which had been broken open, and the wooden gates were destroyed by fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which Israel’s enemies had broken open, and the wooden gates which their enemies had destroyed with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 2 15 l39v figs-synecdoche וָאֱהִ֨י עֹלֶ֤ה בַנַּ֨חַל֙ לַ֔יְלָה וָאֱהִ֥י שֹׂבֵ֖ר בַּחוֹמָ֑ה וָאָשׁ֗וּב וָאָב֛וֹא בְּשַׁ֥עַר הַגַּ֖יְא וָאָשֽׁוּב 1 So I went up…and I turned back The other men with Nehemiah also followed him. Alternate translation: “So we went up…and we turned back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 2 15 b637 בְּשַׁ֥עַר הַגַּ֖יְא 1 by the Valley Gate “through the Valley Gate”
NEH 2 16 xd75 figs-explicit וּלְיֶ֨תֶר֙ עֹשֵׂ֣ה הַמְּלָאכָ֔ה 1 the rest who did the work This refers to the men who would later rebuild the walls. Alternate translation: “the others who would later do the work of rebuilding the walls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 2 17 we6m figs-you אַתֶּ֤ם רֹאִים֙ הָרָעָה֙ 1 You see the trouble Here “you” is plural, referring to all the people mentioned in [Nehemiah 2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
NEH 2 17 f468 figs-activepassive וּשְׁעָרֶ֖יהָ נִצְּת֣וּ בָאֵ֑שׁ 1 its gates have been destroyed by fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “how our enemies destroyed its gates by fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 2 17 ll6y וְלֹא־נִהְיֶ֥ה ע֖וֹד חֶרְפָּֽה 1 so we will no longer be in disgrace “so we will no longer be ashamed”
NEH 2 18 twi7 figs-metonymy אֶת־יַ֣ד אֱלֹהַ֗י אֲשֶׁר־הִיא֙ טוֹבָ֣ה עָלַ֔י 1 the good hand of my God was on me God’s “good hand” represents his “favor.” Alternate translation: “my God’s favor was upon me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 2 17 ll6y וְלֹא־נִהְיֶ֥ה ע֖וֹד חֶרְפָּֽה 1 so we will no longer be in disgrace “so we will no longer be ashamed”
NEH 2 18 twi7 figs-metonymy אֶת־יַ֣ד אֱלֹהַ֗י אֲשֶׁר־הִיא֙ טוֹבָ֣ה עָלַ֔י 1 the good hand of my God was on me God’s “good hand” represents his “favor.” Alternate translation: “my God’s favor was upon me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 2 18 h3cj figs-idiom נָק֣וּם וּבָנִ֔ינוּ 1 rise up and build This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “begin building” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 2 18 y6ui figs-idiom וַיְחַזְּק֥וּ יְדֵיהֶ֖ם לַטּוֹבָֽה 1 So they strengthened their hands for the good work The phrase “strengthened their hands” means to prepare to do something. Alternate translation: “So they prepared do this good work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 2 19 et87 translate-names סַנְבַלַּ֨ט…טֹבִיָּ֣ה 1 Sanballat…Tobiah These are the names of men. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 2:10](./10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 2 19 cxe8 translate-names וְגֶ֨שֶׁם֙ 1 Geshem This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 2 19 ww1k figs-rquestion מָֽה־הַדָּבָ֤ר הַזֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אַתֶּ֣ם עֹשִׂ֔ים הַעַ֥ל הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ אַתֶּ֥ם מֹרְדִֽים 1 What are you doing? Are you rebelling against the king? These rhetorical questions are used to mock Nehemiah. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “You are acting foolishly! You should not be rebelling against the king!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 2 19 ww1k figs-rquestion מָֽה־הַדָּבָ֤ר הַזֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אַתֶּ֣ם עֹשִׂ֔ים הַעַ֥ל הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ אַתֶּ֥ם מֹרְדִֽים 1 What are you doing? Are you rebelling against the king? These rhetorical questions are used to mock Nehemiah. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “You are acting foolishly! You should not be rebelling against the king!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 2 19 u8ri הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ 1 the king This refers to Artaxerses, the king of Persia.
NEH 2 20 iv9x figs-idiom נָק֣וּם וּבָנִ֑ינוּ 1 will arise and build This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “will begin rebuilding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 2 20 a4e6 וְלָכֶ֗ם אֵֽין־חֵ֧לֶק וּצְדָקָ֛ה וְזִכָּר֖וֹן בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 But you have no share, no right, and no historic claim in Jerusalem “But you have no share, legal right, or religious claim to Jerusalem”
NEH 2 20 a4e6 וְלָכֶ֗ם אֵֽין־חֵ֧לֶק וּצְדָקָ֛ה וְזִכָּר֖וֹן בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 But you have no share, no right, and no historic claim in Jerusalem “But you have no share, legal right, or religious claim to Jerusalem”
NEH 3 intro dfw6 0 # Nehemiah 03 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Priests<br>The priests worked on rebuilding the city. Normally, the priests were exempt from this type of work. Because they helped, it emphasizes that this is a holy work and something done for Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Cooperation<br>Everyone worked on this project. Many names are mentioned to emphasize the cooperation between the different families. Each was given a section of the wall to rebuild.<br>
NEH 3 1 ald8 וַיָּ֡קָם אֶלְיָשִׁיב֩ הַכֹּהֵ֨ן הַגָּד֜וֹל וְאֶחָ֣יו הַכֹּהֲנִ֗ים 1 Then Eliashib the high priest rose up with his brother priests “Then Eliashib the high priest came forward with his brothers, the priests”
NEH 3 1 g9az translate-names אֶלְיָשִׁיב֩ 1 Eliashib This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 1 r9wn translate-numbers מִגְדַּ֤ל הַמֵּאָה֙ 1 Tower of the Hundred “Tower of the 100” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
NEH 3 1 e1th translate-names מִגְדַּ֥ל חֲנַנְאֵֽל 1 Tower of Hananel This is the name of a tower. It is likely named after a man named “Hananel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 2 q84s translate-names זַכּ֖וּר בֶּן־אִמְרִֽי 1 Zaccur son of Imri This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 2 q84s translate-names זַכּ֖וּר בֶּן־אִמְרִֽי 1 Zaccur son of Imri This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 2 qf25 figs-possession אַנְשֵׁ֣י יְרֵח֑וֹ 1 men of Jericho This means that the men were from Jericho. Alternate translation: “men from Jericho” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
NEH 3 3 bbm9 translate-names הַסְּנָאָ֑ה 1 Hassenaah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 3 kxd6 וַֽיַּעֲמִ֨ידוּ֙ דַּלְתֹתָ֔יו 1 set its doors “installed its doors” or “put its doors in place”
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ NEH 3 7 mj92 translate-names עֵ֥בֶר הַנָּהָֽר 1 the Province B
NEH 3 8 b2yh translate-names עֻזִּיאֵ֤ל…חַרְהֲיָה֙…חֲנַנְיָ֖ה 1 Uzziel…Harhaiah…Hananiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 8 f4p5 צֽוֹרְפִ֔ים 1 goldsmiths A goldsmith is a person who makes gold jewelry and other gold objects.
NEH 3 8 mx88 figs-ellipsis הֶחֱזִ֗יק 1 goldsmiths, repaired These phrases refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “goldsmiths, repaired the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 3 8 mm1q figs-ellipsis וְעַל־יָד֣וֹ הֶחֱזִ֔יק חֲנַנְיָ֖ה בֶּן־הָרַקָּחִ֑ים 1 next to him was Hananiah, a maker of perfumes Hananiah repaired the wall as well. Alternate translation: “next to him Hananiah, a maker of perfumes, repaired the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 3 8 mm1q figs-ellipsis וְעַל־יָד֣וֹ הֶחֱזִ֔יק חֲנַנְיָ֖ה בֶּן־הָרַקָּחִ֑ים 1 next to him was Hananiah, a maker of perfumes Hananiah repaired the wall as well. Alternate translation: “next to him Hananiah, a maker of perfumes, repaired the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 3 8 y25y הָרַקָּחִ֑ים 1 perfumes liquid substances that people put on their body in small amounts to smell pleasant
NEH 3 9 m5at translate-names רְפָיָ֣ה…ח֔וּר 1 Rephaiah…Hur These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 11 jy16 figs-ellipsis מִדָּ֣ה שֵׁנִ֗ית הֶחֱזִיק֙ 1 repaired another section These words refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “repaired another section of the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 3 12 e9p4 translate-names שַׁלּוּם֙…הַלּוֹחֵ֔שׁ 1 Shallum…Hallohesh These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 12 wml3 figs-ellipsis הֶחֱזִ֗יק 1 repaired, along with his daughters These phrase refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “repaired another section of the wall…repaired the wall, along with his daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 3 12 b7iq שַׁלּוּם֙ בֶּן־הַלּוֹחֵ֔שׁ שַׂ֕ר 1 Shallum son of Hallohesh, the ruler Shallum was the ruler, not Hallohesh.
NEH 3 12 b7iq שַׁלּוּם֙ בֶּן־הַלּוֹחֵ֔שׁ שַׂ֕ר 1 Shallum son of Hallohesh, the ruler Shallum was the ruler, not Hallohesh.
NEH 3 12 l1db שַׂ֕ר 1 ruler leader or chief administrator. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 3:9](../03/09.md).
NEH 3 12 b6fx translate-fraction חֲצִ֖י פֶּ֣לֶךְ 1 half the district “Half” means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
NEH 3 13 itt7 translate-names חָנוּן֮ 1 Hanun This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 13 kw6h translate-bdistance וְאֶ֤לֶף אַמָּה֙ 1 a thousand cubits “1,000 cubits.” This may be written in modern measurements. Alternate translation: “460 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
NEH 3 13 r9e4 שַׁ֥עַר הָשֲׁפֽוֹת 1 the Dung Gate Presumably, refuse was removed from the city through this gate. Try to translate this expression as a name, not just as a description.
NEH 3 14 w494 translate-names מַלְכִּיָּ֣ה…רֵכָ֔ב 1 Malkijah…Recab These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 14 u2dk מַלְכִּיָּ֣ה בֶן־רֵכָ֔ב שַׂ֖ר 1 Malkijah son of Recab, the ruler Malkijah was the ruler, not Recab.
NEH 3 14 u2dk מַלְכִּיָּ֣ה בֶן־רֵכָ֔ב שַׂ֖ר 1 Malkijah son of Recab, the ruler Malkijah was the ruler, not Recab.
NEH 3 14 d9dt שַׂ֖ר 1 ruler leader or chief administrator. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 3:9](../03/09.md).
NEH 3 14 d8sa translate-names בֵּית־הַכָּ֑רֶם 1 Beth Hakkerem This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 14 d8sa translate-names בֵּית־הַכָּ֑רֶם 1 Beth Hakkerem This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 14 xn3i וְיַעֲמִיד֙ דַּלְתֹתָ֔יו 1 He…set its doors “He installed its doors” or “He put its doors in place”
NEH 3 14 if44 מַנְעֻלָ֖יו וּבְרִיחָֽיו 1 its bolts, and its bars “its locks, and its bars.” These locked the gates securely.
NEH 3 15 bd9j translate-names שַׁלּ֣וּן…כָּל־חֹזֶה֮ 1 Shallun…Kol-Hozeh These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 15 l7wu שַׁלּ֣וּן בֶּן־כָּל־חֹזֶה֮ שַׂ֣ר 1 Shallun son of Kol-Hozeh, the ruler Shallun was the ruler, not Kol-Hozeh.
NEH 3 15 bd9j translate-names שַׁלּ֣וּן…כָּל־חֹזֶה֮ 1 Shallun…Kol-Hozeh These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 15 l7wu שַׁלּ֣וּן בֶּן־כָּל־חֹזֶה֮ שַׂ֣ר 1 Shallun son of Kol-Hozeh, the ruler Shallun was the ruler, not Kol-Hozeh.
NEH 3 15 c8rt figs-possession וְ֠אֵת חוֹמַ֞ת בְּרֵכַ֤ת הַשֶּׁ֨לַח֙ 1 the wall of the Pool of Siloam This means that the wall was beside the Pool of Siloam. Alternate translation: “the wall that surrounded the Pool of Siloam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
NEH 3 16 x774 translate-names נְחֶמְיָ֣ה 1 Nehemiah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 16 shf9 נְחֶמְיָ֣ה בֶן־עַזְבּ֔וּק שַׂ֕ר 1 Nehemiah son of Azbuk, the ruler Nehemiah was the ruler, not Azbuk.
NEH 3 16 shf9 נְחֶמְיָ֣ה בֶן־עַזְבּ֔וּק שַׂ֕ר 1 Nehemiah son of Azbuk, the ruler Nehemiah was the ruler, not Azbuk.
NEH 3 16 l3hf נְחֶמְיָ֣ה 1 Nehemiah This is a different man named Nehemiah from the person who authored this book.
NEH 3 16 kmx6 שַׂ֕ר 1 ruler leader or chief administrator. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 3:9](../03/09.md).
NEH 3 16 sc4c translate-fraction חֲצִ֖י פֶּ֣לֶךְ 1 half the district “Half” means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
NEH 3 16 ngr2 translate-names בֵּֽית־צ֑וּר 1 Beth Zur These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 16 c5bs figs-ellipsis הֶחֱזִיק֙…עַד־נֶ֨גֶד֙ 1 repaired to the place These phrases refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “repaired the wall up to the place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 3 16 ngr2 translate-names בֵּֽית־צ֑וּר 1 Beth Zur These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 16 c5bs figs-ellipsis הֶחֱזִיק֙…עַד־נֶ֨גֶד֙ 1 repaired to the place These phrases refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “repaired the wall up to the place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 3 16 u2s6 הַגִּבֹּרִֽים 1 mighty men “warriors”
NEH 3 17 str7 translate-names רְח֣וּם…בָּנִ֑י עַל־…חֲשַׁבְיָ֛ה 1 Rehum…Bani…Hashabiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 17 l6vw translate-names קְעִילָ֖ה 1 Keilah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
@ -157,12 +157,12 @@ NEH 3 17 y3tu לְפִלְכּֽוֹ 1 for his district “representing h
NEH 3 18 h5qz figs-ellipsis אַחֲרָיו֙ הֶחֱזִ֣יקוּ אֲחֵיהֶ֔ם 1 After him their countrymen repaired These words refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “Next to him their countrymen repaired the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 3 18 b6sj אַחֲרָיו֙ 1 After him “Next to him”
NEH 3 18 gc2h translate-names בַּוַּ֖י…חֵנָדָ֑ד 1 Binnui…Henadad These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 18 ca6t בַּוַּ֖י בֶּן־חֵנָדָ֑ד שַׂ֕ר 1 Binnui son of Henadad, the ruler Binnui was the ruler, not Henadad.
NEH 3 18 ca6t בַּוַּ֖י בֶּן־חֵנָדָ֑ד שַׂ֕ר 1 Binnui son of Henadad, the ruler Binnui was the ruler, not Henadad.
NEH 3 18 yh3z translate-names קְעִילָֽה 1 Keilah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 19 yt87 figs-ellipsis וַיְחַזֵּ֨ק…מִדָּ֣ה שֵׁנִ֑ית 1 repaired another section These words refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “repaired another section of the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 3 19 f6if translate-names עֵ֧זֶר…יֵשׁ֛וּעַ 1 Ezer…Jeshua These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 19 g2y6 translate-names הַמִּצְפָּ֖ה 1 Mizpah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 19 gcc6 עֵ֧זֶר בֶּן־יֵשׁ֛וּעַ שַׂ֥ר 1 Ezer son of Jeshua, the ruler Ezer was the ruler, not Jeshua.
NEH 3 19 gcc6 עֵ֧זֶר בֶּן־יֵשׁ֛וּעַ שַׂ֥ר 1 Ezer son of Jeshua, the ruler Ezer was the ruler, not Jeshua.
NEH 3 19 c8s5 מִנֶּ֕גֶד עֲלֹ֥ת הַנֶּ֖שֶׁק 1 that faced the ascent to the armory “in front of the steps that went up to the armory”
NEH 3 19 xtj9 הַנֶּ֖שֶׁק 1 armory the place where weapons are kept
NEH 3 20 a7k9 אַחֲרָ֨יו 1 After him “Next to him”
@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ NEH 3 28 d5uv לְנֶ֥גֶד בֵּיתֽוֹ 1 opposite his own house
NEH 3 29 q9qb figs-ellipsis הֶחֱזִ֛יק 1 repaired the section…east gate, repaired These phrases refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “repaired the section of the wall…east gate, repaired the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 3 29 rvu2 אַחֲרָ֧יו 1 After them “Next to them”
NEH 3 29 n271 translate-names צָד֥וֹק…אִמֵּ֖ר…שְׁמַֽעְיָ֣ה…שְׁכַנְיָ֔ה 1 Zadok…Immer…Shemaiah…Shecaniah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 29 f74e שְׁמַֽעְיָ֣ה בֶן־שְׁכַנְיָ֔ה שֹׁמֵ֖ר שַׁ֥עַר הַמִּזְרָֽח 1 Shemaiah son of Shecaniah, the keeper of the east gate Shemaiah was the keeper of the east gate, not Shecaniah.
NEH 3 29 f74e שְׁמַֽעְיָ֣ה בֶן־שְׁכַנְיָ֔ה שֹׁמֵ֖ר שַׁ֥עַר הַמִּזְרָֽח 1 Shemaiah son of Shecaniah, the keeper of the east gate Shemaiah was the keeper of the east gate, not Shecaniah.
NEH 3 29 e9mh שֹׁמֵ֖ר שַׁ֥עַר הַמִּזְרָֽח 1 the keeper of the east gate “the person who looked after the east gate” or “the person who opened and closed the east gate”
NEH 3 30 x9q4 figs-ellipsis הֶחֱזִ֜יק 1 repaired another section…repaired opposite These phrases refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “priests repaired the wall…repaired the section of the wall…east gate, repaired the wall…repaired another section of the wall…repaired the wall opposite” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 3 30 s2s5 אחרי 1 After him “Next to him”
@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ NEH 3 30 bv3t נֶ֖גֶד נִשְׁכָּתֽוֹ 1 opposite his living ch
NEH 3 31 ifp5 אחרי 1 After him “Next to him”
NEH 3 31 d33p translate-names מַלְכִּיָּה֙ 1 Malkijah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 3 31 uuc7 הַצֹּ֣רְפִ֔י 1 goldsmiths A goldsmith is a person who makes gold jewelry and other gold objects.
NEH 3 31 lb9z figs-ellipsis הֶחֱזִ֗יק…עַד־בֵּ֥ית 1 repaired to the house These words refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “repaired the wall to the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 3 31 lb9z figs-ellipsis הֶחֱזִ֗יק…עַד־בֵּ֥ית 1 repaired to the house These words refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “repaired the wall to the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 3 31 ye2u וְהָרֹכְלִ֑ים 1 merchants “sellers” or “traders”
NEH 3 31 r6sv עֲלִיַּ֥ת 1 upper living chambers the higher-level rooms where people stayed
NEH 3 32 p1kr figs-ellipsis הֶחֱזִ֥יקוּ 1 merchants repaired These words refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “merchants repaired the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 4 1 vfu4 translate-names סַנְבַלַּ֗ט 1 Sanballat This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 4 1 s6td figs-metaphor וַיִּ֣חַר ל֔וֹ וַיִּכְעַ֖ס 1 it burned within him, and he was furiously angry Here “it” refers to Sanballat’s realization that the Jews are rebuilding the walls. This speaks of Sanballat becoming very angry as if his anger were a burning fire. Alternate translation: “he became furiously angry” or “he became very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 4 2 v3qv לִפְנֵ֣י אֶחָ֗יו 1 In the presence of his brothers “In the presence of his kinsmen” or “In the presence of his clan”
NEH 4 2 d5n2 figs-rquestion מָ֛ה הַיְּהוּדִ֥ים הָאֲמֵלָלִ֖ים עֹשִׂ֑ים הֲיַעַזְב֨וּ לָהֶ֤ם הֲיִזְבָּ֨חוּ֙ הַיְכַלּ֣וּ בַיּ֔וֹם הַיְחַיּ֧וּ אֶת־הָאֲבָנִ֛ים מֵעֲרֵמ֥וֹת הֶעָפָ֖ר וְהֵ֥מָּה שְׂרוּפֽוֹת 1 What are these feeble…Will they restore…Will they offer…Will they finish the work in a day? Sanballat poses these questions to mock the Jews. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “These feeble Jews can accomplish nothing. They will never restore the city for themselves. They will not offer sacrifices. They will not finish the work in a day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 4 2 d5n2 figs-rquestion מָ֛ה הַיְּהוּדִ֥ים הָאֲמֵלָלִ֖ים עֹשִׂ֑ים הֲיַעַזְב֨וּ לָהֶ֤ם הֲיִזְבָּ֨חוּ֙ הַיְכַלּ֣וּ בַיּ֔וֹם הַיְחַיּ֧וּ אֶת־הָאֲבָנִ֛ים מֵעֲרֵמ֥וֹת הֶעָפָ֖ר וְהֵ֥מָּה שְׂרוּפֽוֹת 1 What are these feeble…Will they restore…Will they offer…Will they finish the work in a day? Sanballat poses these questions to mock the Jews. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “These feeble Jews can accomplish nothing. They will never restore the city for themselves. They will not offer sacrifices. They will not finish the work in a day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 4 2 uk3w figs-metaphor בַיּ֔וֹם 1 in a day This speaks of not finishing something quickly by saying that it cannot be accomplished in a day. Alternate translation: “quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 4 2 ps9n figs-rquestion הַיְחַיּ֧וּ אֶת־הָאֲבָנִ֛ים מֵעֲרֵמ֥וֹת הֶעָפָ֖ר וְהֵ֥מָּה שְׂרוּפֽוֹת 1 Will they bring to life the stones from the piles of rubble after they were burned? Sanballat also poses this question to mock the Jews. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “They will not bring to life again the stones from piles of rubble that were burned.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 4 2 hr7v figs-metaphor הַיְחַיּ֧וּ אֶת־הָאֲבָנִ֛ים מֵעֲרֵמ֥וֹת הֶעָפָ֖ר וְהֵ֥מָּה שְׂרוּפֽוֹת 1 bring to life the stones from the piles of rubble after they were burned This speaks of the people rebuilding the city as if they were bring it back to life. Alternate translation: “restore the city and rebuild its walls from the useless stones that were burned and turned into rubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 4 2 ps9n figs-rquestion הַיְחַיּ֧וּ אֶת־הָאֲבָנִ֛ים מֵעֲרֵמ֥וֹת הֶעָפָ֖ר וְהֵ֥מָּה שְׂרוּפֽוֹת 1 Will they bring to life the stones from the piles of rubble after they were burned? Sanballat also poses this question to mock the Jews. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “They will not bring to life again the stones from piles of rubble that were burned.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 4 2 hr7v figs-metaphor הַיְחַיּ֧וּ אֶת־הָאֲבָנִ֛ים מֵעֲרֵמ֥וֹת הֶעָפָ֖ר וְהֵ֥מָּה שְׂרוּפֽוֹת 1 bring to life the stones from the piles of rubble after they were burned This speaks of the people rebuilding the city as if they were bring it back to life. Alternate translation: “restore the city and rebuild its walls from the useless stones that were burned and turned into rubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 4 2 b96n figs-activepassive מֵעֲרֵמ֥וֹת הֶעָפָ֖ר וְהֵ֥מָּה שְׂרוּפֽוֹת 1 from the piles of rubble after they were burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “from piles of rubble that someone had burned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 4 3 alw5 translate-names וְטוֹבִיָּ֥ה 1 Tobiah This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 4 3 da2t figs-hyperbole אִם־יַעֲלֶ֣ה שׁוּעָ֔ל וּפָרַ֖ץ חוֹמַ֥ת אַבְנֵיהֶֽם 1 If only a fox went up on what they are building, it would break down their stone wall Sanaballat mocks the wall and exaggerates how weak it is by saying that a fox could knock it down. Alternate translation: “That wall they are building is so weak that even if a little fox climbed up on it, their stone wall would fall to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
NEH 4 3 da2t figs-hyperbole אִם־יַעֲלֶ֣ה שׁוּעָ֔ל וּפָרַ֖ץ חוֹמַ֥ת אַבְנֵיהֶֽם 1 If only a fox went up on what they are building, it would break down their stone wall Sanaballat mocks the wall and exaggerates how weak it is by saying that a fox could knock it down. Alternate translation: “That wall they are building is so weak that even if a little fox climbed up on it, their stone wall would fall to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
NEH 4 4 b24b 0 Connecting Statement: Nehemiah begins to pray to God.
NEH 4 4 buk3 figs-activepassive שְׁמַ֤ע אֱלֹהֵ֨ינוּ֙ כִּֽי־הָיִ֣ינוּ בוּזָ֔ה 1 Hear, our God, for we are despised Here the word “we” refers to the Jews. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Hear, our God, for our enemies despise us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 4 4 buk3 figs-activepassive שְׁמַ֤ע אֱלֹהֵ֨ינוּ֙ כִּֽי־הָיִ֣ינוּ בוּזָ֔ה 1 Hear, our God, for we are despised Here the word “we” refers to the Jews. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Hear, our God, for our enemies despise us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 4 4 pgh8 figs-activepassive וּתְנֵ֥ם לְבִזָּ֖ה בְּאֶ֥רֶץ שִׁבְיָֽה 1 give them up to be plundered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let their enemies rob them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 4 4 z6nz figs-synecdoche וְהָשֵׁ֥ב חֶרְפָּתָ֖ם אֶל־רֹאשָׁ֑ם 1 Turn back their taunts on their own heads The phrase “their taunts” refers to Sanballat’s and Tobiah’s insults. Here the word “heads” refers to the whole people. Alternate translation: “Turn their taunts onto themselves” or “Cause their insulting words to mock themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 4 4 z6nz figs-synecdoche וְהָשֵׁ֥ב חֶרְפָּתָ֖ם אֶל־רֹאשָׁ֑ם 1 Turn back their taunts on their own heads The phrase “their taunts” refers to Sanballat’s and Tobiah’s insults. Here the word “heads” refers to the whole people. Alternate translation: “Turn their taunts onto themselves” or “Cause their insulting words to mock themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 4 5 ae62 0 Connecting Statement: Nehemiah continues the prayer he began in verse 4.
NEH 4 5 mc9p וְאַל־תְּכַס֙ עַל־עֲוֺנָ֔ם וְחַטָּאתָ֖ם מִלְּפָנֶ֣יךָ אַל־תִּמָּחֶ֑ה כִּ֥י הִכְעִ֖יסוּ לְנֶ֥גֶד הַבּוֹנִֽים 1 Do…to anger. Nehemiah continues the prayer he began with the words “Hear, our God” in verse 4. You may show that this is a prayer by making it a direct quote. “Then I prayed, ‘Hear, our God,…they are prisoners. Do not cover…the builders to anger.’”
NEH 4 5 zz8h figs-metaphor וְאַל־תְּכַס֙ עַל 1 Do not cover over This speaks of a forgiving a person’s sins as if they were a object that could be physically hidden. Alternate translation: “Do not forgive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 4 5 mc9p וְאַל־תְּכַס֙ עַל־עֲוֺנָ֔ם וְחַטָּאתָ֖ם מִלְּפָנֶ֣יךָ אַל־תִּמָּחֶ֑ה כִּ֥י הִכְעִ֖יסוּ לְנֶ֥גֶד הַבּוֹנִֽים 1 Do…to anger. Nehemiah continues the prayer he began with the words “Hear, our God” in verse 4. You may show that this is a prayer by making it a direct quote. “Then I prayed, ‘Hear, our God,…they are prisoners. Do not cover…the builders to anger.’”
NEH 4 5 zz8h figs-metaphor וְאַל־תְּכַס֙ עַל 1 Do not cover over This speaks of a forgiving a person’s sins as if they were a object that could be physically hidden. Alternate translation: “Do not forgive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 4 5 k9rw עֲוֺנָ֔ם וְחַטָּאתָ֖ם מִלְּפָנֶ֣יךָ אַל 1 do not erase their sin from before you This speaks of forgetting a person’s sins as if they were something written that could be erased. Alternate translation: “do not forget their sins
NEH 4 5 mbi1 הִכְעִ֖יסוּ לְנֶ֥גֶד הַבּוֹנִֽים 1 they have provoked the builders to anger “they have made the builders become angry”
NEH 4 6 r475 וַנִּבְנֶה֙ אֶת־הַ֣חוֹמָ֔ה 1 So we built the wall “So we rebuilt the wall”
NEH 4 6 mhm5 figs-activepassive וַתִּקָּשֵׁ֥ר כָּל־הַחוֹמָ֖ה עַד־חֶצְיָ֑הּ 1 all the wall was joined together to half its height This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we joined the wall together and it was half its total height” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 4 6 ef8p translate-fraction עַד־חֶצְיָ֑הּ 1 half its height “Half” means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
NEH 4 6 r475 וַנִּבְנֶה֙ אֶת־הַ֣חוֹמָ֔ה 1 So we built the wall “So we rebuilt the wall”
NEH 4 6 mhm5 figs-activepassive וַתִּקָּשֵׁ֥ר כָּל־הַחוֹמָ֖ה עַד־חֶצְיָ֑הּ 1 all the wall was joined together to half its height This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we joined the wall together and it was half its total height” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 4 6 ef8p translate-fraction עַד־חֶצְיָ֑הּ 1 half its height “Half” means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
NEH 4 7 gsb7 figs-metaphor וַיִּ֥חַר לָהֶ֖ם מְאֹֽד 1 a great anger burned within them This speaks of the people being very angry as if their anger were something that burned inside them. Alternate translation: “they became very angry” or “they became enraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 4 8 b6im figs-metonymy בִּירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 against Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “against the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 4 9 vz1d וַנַּעֲמִ֨יד מִשְׁמָ֧ר עֲלֵיהֶ֛ם 1 set a guard as protection “put men around the wall to guard the city”
NEH 4 10 vc8h וְהֶעָפָ֖ר הַרְבֵּ֑ה 1 There is too much rubble Rubble is “burned stone” or “broken rock” or “unusable stone.”
NEH 4 11 yuc9 לֹ֤א יֵדְעוּ֙ וְלֹ֣א יִרְא֔וּ עַ֛ד אֲשֶׁר־נָב֥וֹא אֶל־תּוֹכָ֖ם 1 They will not know or see until we come among them “They will not see us coming until we are beside them”
NEH 4 12 q1mv figs-hyperbole מִכָּל־הַמְּקֹמ֖וֹת 1 from all directions This represents many directions. The word “all” is an exaggeration for represents “many.” Alternate translation: “from many directions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
NEH 4 11 yuc9 לֹ֤א יֵדְעוּ֙ וְלֹ֣א יִרְא֔וּ עַ֛ד אֲשֶׁר־נָב֥וֹא אֶל־תּוֹכָ֖ם 1 They will not know or see until we come among them “They will not see us coming until we are beside them”
NEH 4 12 q1mv figs-hyperbole מִכָּל־הַמְּקֹמ֖וֹת 1 from all directions This represents many directions. The word “all” is an exaggeration for represents “many.” Alternate translation: “from many directions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
NEH 4 12 t8f2 figs-metonymy וַיֹּ֤אמְרוּ לָ֨נוּ֙ עֶ֣שֶׂר פְּעָמִ֔ים 1 spoke to us ten times Here the number 10 is used to represent “many.” Alternate translation: “spoke to us many times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 4 13 xc8b מִֽתַּחְתִּיּ֧וֹת לַמָּק֛וֹם 1 in the exposed areas “in the vulnerable areas”
NEH 4 13 mj33 figs-synecdoche וָֽאַעֲמִ֤יד אֶת־הָעָם֙ לְמִשְׁפָּח֔וֹת 1 I positioned each family This refers to several people from each family, this likely does not include the women and children. Alternate translation: “I positioned people from each family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 4 13 mj33 figs-synecdoche וָֽאַעֲמִ֤יד אֶת־הָעָם֙ לְמִשְׁפָּח֔וֹת 1 I positioned each family This refers to several people from each family, this likely does not include the women and children. Alternate translation: “I positioned people from each family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 4 15 puc1 וַיְהִ֞י כַּֽאֲשֶׁר 1 It came about “It happened that”
NEH 4 15 qxa7 figs-activepassive נ֣וֹדַֽע לָ֔נוּ 1 their plans were known to us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we knew about their plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 4 16 gh9g נְעָרַי֮ עֹשִׂ֣ים בַּמְּלָאכָה֒ 1 my servants worked “my young men worked”
NEH 4 16 f9in translate-fraction חֲצִ֣י נְעָרַי֮ …חֶצְיָ֗ם 1 half of my servants…half of them “Half” means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
NEH 4 16 gl4t וְהַ֨שָּׂרִ֔ים אַחֲרֵ֖י כָּל־בֵּ֥ית יְהוּדָֽה 1 the leaders stood behind all the people “the leaders positioned themselves behind all the people”
NEH 4 16 gl4t וְהַ֨שָּׂרִ֔ים אַחֲרֵ֖י כָּל־בֵּ֥ית יְהוּדָֽה 1 the leaders stood behind all the people “the leaders positioned themselves behind all the people”
NEH 4 17 uya2 figs-hyperbole עֹמְשִׂ֑ים בְּאַחַ֤ת יָדוֹ֙ עֹשֶׂ֣ה בַמְּלָאכָ֔ה וְאַחַ֖ת מַחֲזֶ֥קֶת הַשָּֽׁלַח 1 Everyone worked with one hand, and with the other hand he held his weapon This is an exaggeration. They did not always work with only one hand, but they always had their weapon with them so that they were prepared to protect themselves and those around them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
NEH 4 19 yn7h וָאֹמַ֞ר 1 I said Here “I” refers to Nehemiah.
NEH 4 19 xi9g הַחֹרִ֤ים…הַסְּגָנִים֙ 1 the nobles…the officials These are the leaders referred to in [Nehemiah 4:16](../04/16.md).
NEH 4 19 agy3 הַמְּלָאכָ֥ה הַרְבֵּ֖ה 1 The work is great Here the word “great” means “large-scale” or “huge.”
NEH 4 20 tm9s figs-metonymy אֶת־ק֣וֹל הַשּׁוֹפָ֔ר 1 the trumpet sound This refers to someone blowing a trumpet. Alternate translation: “someone blowing a trumpet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 4 20 tm9s figs-metonymy אֶת־ק֣וֹל הַשּׁוֹפָ֔ר 1 the trumpet sound This refers to someone blowing a trumpet. Alternate translation: “someone blowing a trumpet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 4 21 ca45 translate-fraction וְחֶצְיָ֗ם 1 Half of them Here “Half” means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
NEH 4 21 w4uu מֵעֲל֣וֹת הַשַּׁ֔חַר עַ֖ד צֵ֥את הַכּוֹכָבִֽים 1 from the rising of the dawn until the coming out of the stars This refers to the whole day, while it is light outside. Alternate translation: “from the first light of day until the very beginning of the night”
NEH 4 21 jl3h figs-metonymy מֵעֲל֣וֹת הַשַּׁ֔חַר 1 the rising of the dawn It is the point in time that the sun rises that is “dawn.” Here the sun rising is spoken of as if the “dawn” rose. Alternate translation: “the rising of the sun” or “dawn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 4 22 r87p בְּת֣וֹךְ יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 in the middle of Jerusalem “within Jerusalem”
NEH 5 intro k7pb 0 # Nehemiah 05 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Equality<br><br>The rich made money from the poor. The rich oppressed the poor by charging interest on loans. Because Nehemiah wanted to treat everyone fairly, he did not collect any taxes from them. This chapter also emphasizes that it was wrong to enslave a fellow Jew. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])<br><br>### Governor<br>Nehemiah was a governmental leader in Jerusalem, but he was not a king. Jerusalem had a great deal of independence, but it was under the authority of the Persian king. The term “governor” reflects this idea, but a different term may be used in translation.<br>
NEH 5 1 za4u figs-explicit וַתְּהִ֨י צַעֲקַ֥ת הָעָ֛ם וּנְשֵׁיהֶ֖ם גְּדוֹלָ֑ה אֶל־אֲחֵיהֶ֖ם הַיְּהוּדִֽים 1 Then the men and their wives raised a great outcry against their fellow Jews Since they were working on the wall, the workers did not have enough time to work to buy and grow food for their families. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 5 1 za4u figs-explicit וַתְּהִ֨י צַעֲקַ֥ת הָעָ֛ם וּנְשֵׁיהֶ֖ם גְּדוֹלָ֑ה אֶל־אֲחֵיהֶ֖ם הַיְּהוּדִֽים 1 Then the men and their wives raised a great outcry against their fellow Jews Since they were working on the wall, the workers did not have enough time to work to buy and grow food for their families. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 5 1 czx5 הָעָ֛ם וּנְשֵׁיהֶ֖ם 1 the men and their wives This refers to the men who were working on building the wall.
NEH 5 1 zmb8 figs-abstractnouns צַעֲקַ֥ת…גְּדוֹלָ֑ה 1 raised a great outcry The word “outcry” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “cried out loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 5 3 dt2m שְׂדֹתֵ֛ינוּ וּכְרָמֵ֥ינוּ וּבָתֵּ֖ינוּ אֲנַ֣חְנוּ עֹרְבִ֑ים 1 We are mortgaging our fields “We are having to pledge” or “We are having to give in pledge”
NEH 5 5 rdp9 figs-activepassive וְיֵ֨שׁ מִבְּנֹתֵ֤ינוּ נִכְבָּשׁוֹת֙ 1 Some of our daughters have already been enslaved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “We have already sold some of our daughters into slavery” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 5 5 z783 figs-explicit וְאֵ֣ין לְאֵ֣ל יָדֵ֔נוּ וּשְׂדֹתֵ֥ינוּ וּכְרָמֵ֖ינוּ לַאֲחֵרִֽים 1 But it is not in our power to help it because other men now own our fields and our vineyards Since the mens’ fields and vineyards are not in their possession, they are unable to produce the money they need to support their families. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “But we are unable to change this situation because other men now own our fields and our vineyards which we need to support our lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 5 5 jr7j figs-idiom וְאֵ֣ין לְאֵ֣ל יָדֵ֔נוּ 1 it is not in our power This is an idiom which means that they do not have the resources to do something. Alternate translation: “we are unable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 5 6 ryx1 figs-abstractnouns כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר שָׁמַ֨עְתִּי֙ אֶת־זַֽעֲקָתָ֔ם 1 when I heard their outcry The word “outcry” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “when I heard them cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 5 7 sn56 figs-explicit מַשָּׁ֥א אִישׁ־בְּאָחִ֖יו 1 You are exacting interest, each from his own brother Every Jew would have known that it is wrong under the Law to charge interest to another Jew. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Each of you is charging interest to your own brother, and that is wrong under the Law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 5 6 ryx1 figs-abstractnouns כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר שָׁמַ֨עְתִּי֙ אֶת־זַֽעֲקָתָ֔ם 1 when I heard their outcry The word “outcry” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “when I heard them cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 5 7 sn56 figs-explicit מַשָּׁ֥א אִישׁ־בְּאָחִ֖יו 1 You are exacting interest, each from his own brother Every Jew would have known that it is wrong under the Law to charge interest to another Jew. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Each of you is charging interest to your own brother, and that is wrong under the Law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 5 7 r7yl figs-explicit וָאֶתֵּ֥ן עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם קְהִלָּ֥ה גְדוֹלָֽה 1 I held a great assembly against them This means that he brought together a large group of people and brought these charges against them. The meaning of statement this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “I held a great assembly and brought these charges against them” or “I held them on trial in front of the assembly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 5 8 pzy8 figs-explicit אַתֶּ֛ם תִּמְכְּר֥וּ אֶת־אֲחֵיכֶ֖ם וְנִמְכְּרוּ־לָ֑נוּ 1 but you even sell your brothers that they may be sold back to us This means that they are selling their family members, both men and women, as slaves to their fellow Jews. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Now you are selling your own people to be slaves of your fellow Jews, so that they might later sell them back to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 5 8 pzy8 figs-explicit אַתֶּ֛ם תִּמְכְּר֥וּ אֶת־אֲחֵיכֶ֖ם וְנִמְכְּרוּ־לָ֑נוּ 1 but you even sell your brothers that they may be sold back to us This means that they are selling their family members, both men and women, as slaves to their fellow Jews. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Now you are selling your own people to be slaves of your fellow Jews, so that they might later sell them back to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 5 8 kn82 figs-activepassive הַנִּמְכָּרִ֤ים לַגּוֹיִם֙ 1 who had been sold to the nations This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who people had sold as slaves to the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 5 9 lm7c ויאמר 1 Also I said The pronoun “I” refers to Nehemiah.
NEH 5 9 ecd1 הַדָּבָ֖ר אֲשֶׁר־אַתֶּ֣ם עֹשִׂ֑ים 1 What you are doing “You” here refers to the Jewish nobles.
NEH 5 9 ecd1 הַדָּבָ֖ר אֲשֶׁר־אַתֶּ֣ם עֹשִׂ֑ים 1 What you are doing “You” here refers to the Jewish nobles.
NEH 5 9 kr1t figs-rquestion הֲל֞וֹא בְּיִרְאַ֤ת אֱלֹהֵ֨ינוּ֙ תֵּלֵ֔כוּ מֵחֶרְפַּ֖ת הַגּוֹיִ֥ם אוֹיְבֵֽינוּ 1 Should you not walk in the fear of our God to prevent the taunts of the nations that are our enemies? This is a rhetorical question that Nehemiah is using to scold the nobles. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should walk in the fear of our God to prevent the taunts of the nations that are our enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 5 9 v6ux figs-idiom הֲל֞וֹא בְּיִרְאַ֤ת אֱלֹהֵ֨ינוּ֙ תֵּלֵ֔כוּ 1 walk in the fear of our God This is and idiom. Here “walk” refers to a person’s behavior and the way he lives. Alternate translation: “live your life in a way that honors God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 5 9 s7qt figs-abstractnouns מֵחֶרְפַּ֖ת הַגּוֹיִ֥ם אוֹיְבֵֽינוּ 1 the taunts of the nations that are our enemies The word “taunt” means “slander” or “mockery” and it can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “the nations who are our enemies from taunting us” or “the enemy nations from mocking us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 5 10 xbp5 נֹשִׁ֥ים 1 lending borrowing or giving something to someone expecting repayment
NEH 5 10 j3dq אֶת־הַמַּשָּׁ֥א הַזֶּֽ 1 loans This is any money, food, or property that one person could let another person borrow in order to repay debts. The borrower would then be indebted to the lender.
NEH 5 10 j3dq אֶת־הַמַּשָּׁ֥א הַזֶּֽ 1 loans This is any money, food, or property that one person could let another person borrow in order to repay debts. The borrower would then be indebted to the lender.
NEH 5 11 vkz7 וּמְאַ֨ת 1 percentage A part of the value of the loan that the borrower was charged in interest.
NEH 5 11 dim5 אַתֶּ֖ם נֹשִׁ֥ים בָּהֶֽם 1 you exacted from them “you charged them” or “you made them pay”
NEH 5 12 e9y2 וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ 1 Then they said Here “they” refers to the Jewish leaders.
@ -286,38 +286,38 @@ NEH 5 12 q7t5 נָשִׁ֗יב וּמֵהֶם֙ 1 We will return what we
NEH 5 12 i1gi וָֽאַשְׁבִּיעֵ֔ם 1 made them swear Here the word “them” refers to the Jewish leaders.
NEH 5 12 e2yv וָאֶקְרָא֙ 1 Then I called “I” refers to Nehemiah.
NEH 5 13 neg1 translate-symaction חָצְנִ֣י נָעַ֗רְתִּי 1 I shook out the fold of my robe “I shook out the pockets of my robe.” Many times in the Old Testament, oaths were physically demonstrated as a witness to what was promised. Nehemiah is demonstrating to the Jewish leaders what will happen if they break the promise they had made. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
NEH 5 13 f5p4 figs-metaphor כָּ֣כָה יְנַעֵ֪ר הָֽאֱלֹהִ֟ים אֶת־כָּל־הָאִישׁ֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־יָקִ֜ים אֶת־הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֗ה מִבֵּיתוֹ֙ וּמִ֣יגִיע֔וֹ וְכָ֛כָה יִהְיֶ֥ה נָע֖וּר וָרֵ֑ק 1 So may God shake out of his house…So may he be shaken out and emptied Here Nehemiah speaks of God taking away all of a man’s possessions as if God were shaking him out of his home and possessions like Nehemiah shook out his robe. Alternate translation: “So may God take away from every man who does not keep his promise all of his possessions and his home like I have taken everything out of the fold of my robe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 5 14 zur1 מִיּ֣וֹם׀ אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֣ה אֹתִ֗י 1 from the time I was appointed Here “I” refers to Nehemiah.
NEH 5 13 f5p4 figs-metaphor כָּ֣כָה יְנַעֵ֪ר הָֽאֱלֹהִ֟ים אֶת־כָּל־הָאִישׁ֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־יָקִ֜ים אֶת־הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֗ה מִבֵּיתוֹ֙ וּמִ֣יגִיע֔וֹ וְכָ֛כָה יִהְיֶ֥ה נָע֖וּר וָרֵ֑ק 1 So may God shake out of his house…So may he be shaken out and emptied Here Nehemiah speaks of God taking away all of a man’s possessions as if God were shaking him out of his home and possessions like Nehemiah shook out his robe. Alternate translation: “So may God take away from every man who does not keep his promise all of his possessions and his home like I have taken everything out of the fold of my robe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 5 14 zur1 מִיּ֣וֹם׀ אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֣ה אֹתִ֗י 1 from the time I was appointed Here “I” refers to Nehemiah.
NEH 5 14 ri8l translate-ordinal מִשְּׁנַ֣ת עֶשְׂרִ֗ים וְ֠עַד שְׁנַ֨ת שְׁלֹשִׁ֤ים וּשְׁתַּ֨יִם֙ 1 from the twentieth year until the thirty-second year “from the 20th year until the 32 year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
NEH 5 14 i31d לְאַרְתַּחְשַׁ֣סְתְּא הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ 1 of Artaxerxes the king “that Artaxerxes was king”
NEH 5 14 ga6u translate-numbers שָׁנִ֖ים שְׁתֵּ֣ים עֶשְׂרֵ֑ה 1 twelve years “12 years” or “during those 12 years.” Nehemiah is restating the number of years to emphasize that he did this continually for the full time he was governor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
NEH 5 14 nqt2 לֶ֥חֶם הַפֶּ֖חָה 1 the food provided for the governor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “ate the food that the people provided for the governor”
NEH 5 15 uu9k וְהַפַּחוֹת֩ הָרִאשֹׁנִ֨ים 1 former governors “previous governors” or “governors from the past.” Nehemiah was not the first governor of Judah.
NEH 5 15 w4zk translate-numbers כֶּֽסֶף־שְׁקָלִ֣ים אַרְבָּעִ֔ים 1 forty shekels “40 shekels” or “40 silver coins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
NEH 5 15 egg7 וַאֲנִי֙ לֹא־עָשִׂ֣יתִי כֵ֔ן מִפְּנֵ֖י יִרְאַ֥ת אֱלֹהִֽים 1 But I did not do so because of the fear of God “But because my fear of God I did not take the food” or “But I did not take the food because I feared God”
NEH 5 15 w4zk translate-numbers כֶּֽסֶף־שְׁקָלִ֣ים אַרְבָּעִ֔ים 1 forty shekels “40 shekels” or “40 silver coins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
NEH 5 15 egg7 וַאֲנִי֙ לֹא־עָשִׂ֣יתִי כֵ֔ן מִפְּנֵ֖י יִרְאַ֥ת אֱלֹהִֽים 1 But I did not do so because of the fear of God “But because my fear of God I did not take the food” or “But I did not take the food because I feared God”
NEH 5 16 gx42 הֶחֱזַ֔קְתִּי 1 I also continued “I” refers to Nehemiah.
NEH 5 16 lm7t קָנִ֑ינוּ 1 we bought The word “we” refers to Nehemiah and his servants.
NEH 5 16 xpb3 figs-activepassive וְכָל־נְעָרַ֔י קְבוּצִ֥ים 1 all my servants were gathered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I gathered all of my servants there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 5 16 m3s9 עַל־הַמְּלָאכָֽה 1 for the work “to work on the wall”
NEH 5 16 xpb3 figs-activepassive וְכָל־נְעָרַ֔י קְבוּצִ֥ים 1 all my servants were gathered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I gathered all of my servants there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 5 16 m3s9 עַל־הַמְּלָאכָֽה 1 for the work “to work on the wall”
NEH 5 17 a1g4 translate-numbers מֵאָ֧ה וַחֲמִשִּׁ֣ים אִ֗ישׁ 1 150 men “one hundred and fifty men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
NEH 5 17 q9x7 figs-explicit וְהַיְּהוּדִ֨ים וְהַסְּגָנִ֜ים מֵאָ֧ה וַחֲמִשִּׁ֣ים אִ֗ישׁ וְהַבָּאִ֥ים אֵלֵ֛ינוּ מִן־הַגּוֹיִ֥ם אֲשֶׁר־סְבִיבֹתֵ֖ינוּ עַל־שֻׁלְחָנִֽי 1 At my table were the Jews…from among the nations who were around us Nehemiah was responsible for providing food for all of these people. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Also, every day I was responsible to feed at our table the Jews and the officials, 150 people; and we also fed the visitors who came from other countries around us (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 5 17 w7i4 עַל־שֻׁלְחָנִֽי 1 my table This refers to the governor’s table. It was a communal table for the community and for discussion of issues.
NEH 5 17 q9x7 figs-explicit וְהַיְּהוּדִ֨ים וְהַסְּגָנִ֜ים מֵאָ֧ה וַחֲמִשִּׁ֣ים אִ֗ישׁ וְהַבָּאִ֥ים אֵלֵ֛ינוּ מִן־הַגּוֹיִ֥ם אֲשֶׁר־סְבִיבֹתֵ֖ינוּ עַל־שֻׁלְחָנִֽי 1 At my table were the Jews…from among the nations who were around us Nehemiah was responsible for providing food for all of these people. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Also, every day I was responsible to feed at our table the Jews and the officials, 150 people; and we also fed the visitors who came from other countries around us (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 5 17 w7i4 עַל־שֻׁלְחָנִֽי 1 my table This refers to the governor’s table. It was a communal table for the community and for discussion of issues.
NEH 5 17 j2af וְהַסְּגָנִ֜ים 1 officials government leaders
NEH 5 18 fa32 figs-activepassive וַאֲשֶׁר֩ הָיָ֨ה נַעֲשֶׂ֜ה לְי֣וֹם אֶחָ֗ד שׁ֣וֹר אֶחָ֞ד 1 Now what was prepared each day was This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Each day I told my servants to prepare” or “Each day I told my servants to serve us the meat from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 5 18 gqe2 יַ֖יִן לְהַרְבֵּ֑ה 1 wine in abundance “enough wine for everyone”
NEH 5 18 sp6n וְעִם־זֶ֗ה לֶ֤חֶם הַפֶּחָה֙ לֹ֣א בִקַּ֔שְׁתִּי 1 yet for all this I did not demand the food allowance of the governor “yet I never asked for the governor’s food allowance”
NEH 5 18 sp6n וְעִם־זֶ֗ה לֶ֤חֶם הַפֶּחָה֙ לֹ֣א בִקַּ֔שְׁתִּי 1 yet for all this I did not demand the food allowance of the governor “yet I never asked for the governor’s food allowance”
NEH 5 19 mil3 figs-idiom לְטוֹבָ֑ה 1 for good This idiom is a request for God to reward him with good things because of the good that he has done for the people. Alternate translation: “and reward me” or “cause good to happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 6 intro k4df 0 # Nehemiah 06 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The building of the wall is completed in this chapter.<br><br>The ULT sets the lines in 6:6-7 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Miracle<br><br>Completing this city wall in only fifty-two days was considered proof that God had helped the Jews, especially given the opposition that they had experienced from the people in surrounding areas.<br>
NEH 6 1 gd7c translate-names לְסַנְבַלַּ֣ט וְ֠טוֹבִיָּה 1 Sanballat…Tobiah These are the names of men. See how you translated them in [Nehemiah 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 6 1 bxn2 translate-names וּלְגֶ֨שֶׁם 1 Geshem This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 6 1 vi6v figs-synecdoche בָנִ֨יתִי֙ אֶת־הַ֣חוֹמָ֔ה…לֹא־הֶעֱמַ֥דְתִּי 1 I had rebuilt the wall…I had not yet Nehemiah supervised the rebuilding of the wall and did not build it by himself. Alternate translation: “we had rebuilt the wall…we had not yet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 6 1 vi6v figs-synecdoche בָנִ֨יתִי֙ אֶת־הַ֣חוֹמָ֔ה…לֹא־הֶעֱמַ֥דְתִּי 1 I had rebuilt the wall…I had not yet Nehemiah supervised the rebuilding of the wall and did not build it by himself. Alternate translation: “we had rebuilt the wall…we had not yet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 6 1 ap2q figs-ellipsis פָּ֑רֶץ 1 any sections This refers to sections of the wall. Alternate translation: “any sections of the wall” or “any gaps in the city wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 6 2 n5nu figs-idiom וַיִּשְׁלַ֨ח…אֵלַ֣י 1 sent to me This means that they sent a messenger with a message. Alternate translation: “sent a messenger to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 6 2 rbv9 translate-names אוֹנ֑וֹ 1 Ono This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 6 3 d84v figs-synecdoche מְלָאכָ֤ה גְדוֹלָה֙ אֲנִ֣י עֹשֶׂ֔ה 1 I am doing a great work Nehemiah supervised the rebuilding of the wall. He did not build it by himself. Alternate translation: “We are doing a great work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 6 3 ee8i figs-rquestion לָ֣מָּה תִשְׁבַּ֤ת הַמְּלָאכָה֙ כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר אַרְפֶּ֔הָ וְיָרַדְתִּ֖י אֲלֵיכֶֽם 1 Why should the work stop while I leave it and come down to you? This rhetorical question is used to challenge Sanballat’s request. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I cannot let the work stop and come down to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 6 3 t9gf וְיָרַדְתִּ֖י אֲלֵיכֶֽם 1 down to you The word “down” is used here because the plain of Ono where they were requesting Nehemiah to come is at a lower elevation than Jerusalem.
NEH 6 5 r8xc translate-ordinal וַיִּשְׁלַח֩ אֵלַ֨י סַנְבַלַּ֜ט כַּדָּבָ֥ר הַזֶּ֛ה פַּ֥עַם חֲמִישִׁ֖ית אֶֽת־נַעֲר֑וֹ 1 Sanballat sent his servant to me in the same way the fifth time Identifying this message separately means it is distinct in some way from the previous four messages and, therefore, should be noted. Alternate translation: “ Sanballat sent his servant to me in the same way yet again” or “Sanballat sent his servant to me to deliver a fifth message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
NEH 6 5 r8xc translate-ordinal וַיִּשְׁלַח֩ אֵלַ֨י סַנְבַלַּ֜ט כַּדָּבָ֥ר הַזֶּ֛ה פַּ֥עַם חֲמִישִׁ֖ית אֶֽת־נַעֲר֑וֹ 1 Sanballat sent his servant to me in the same way the fifth time Identifying this message separately means it is distinct in some way from the previous four messages and, therefore, should be noted. Alternate translation: “ Sanballat sent his servant to me in the same way yet again” or “Sanballat sent his servant to me to deliver a fifth message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
NEH 6 5 s6ag וְאִגֶּ֥רֶת פְּתוּחָ֖ה 1 an open letter The letter was an unsealed diplomatic communication. This was an insult to the recipient because the courier was free to read it and spread its contents among the people of the region.
NEH 6 5 rx5j figs-metonymy בְּיָדֽוֹ 1 in his hand This means he had the letter in his possession, but he did not necessarily carry it in his hand at all times. Alternate translation: “in his possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 6 6 wy84 figs-activepassive בַּגּוֹיִ֤ם נִשְׁמָע֙ 1 It is reported among the nations This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The rumor in the region is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 6 8 ab7x לֹ֤א נִֽהְיָה֙ כַּדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֔לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֖ר אַתָּ֣ה אוֹמֵ֑ר 1 No such things have occurred as you say “None of the things you have written have occurred”
NEH 6 8 ds1y figs-metonymy כִּ֥י מִֽלִּבְּךָ֖ אַתָּ֥ה בוֹדָֽאם 1 for within your heart you invented them Here the “heart” refers to the “mind,” that is, to one’s desires and thoughts. Alternate translation: “for within your mind you invented them” or “for you have made this up in your own imagination” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 6 9 p45k כִּ֣י כֻלָּ֗ם מְיָֽרְאִ֤ים אוֹתָ֨נוּ֙ 1 For they all wanted to make us afraid Here “they” refers to Nehemiah’s enemies, Sanballat, Tobiah, Geshem, and their followers. The word “us” refers to the Jews.
NEH 6 9 b5ij figs-explicit יִרְפּ֧וּ יְדֵיהֶ֛ם מִן־הַמְּלָאכָ֖ה 1 They will drop their hands from doing the work This is a descriptive phrase that means that they are stopping their work on the wall. Alternate translation: “The workers on the wall will stop doing the work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 6 9 j1dj figs-synecdoche חַזֵּ֥ק אֶת־יָדָֽי 1 strengthen my hands Here Nehemiah requests for God to strengthen him by asking him to strengthen his “hands.” Alternate translation: “strengthen me” or “give me courage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 6 9 b5ij figs-explicit יִרְפּ֧וּ יְדֵיהֶ֛ם מִן־הַמְּלָאכָ֖ה 1 They will drop their hands from doing the work This is a descriptive phrase that means that they are stopping their work on the wall. Alternate translation: “The workers on the wall will stop doing the work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 6 9 j1dj figs-synecdoche חַזֵּ֥ק אֶת־יָדָֽי 1 strengthen my hands Here Nehemiah requests for God to strengthen him by asking him to strengthen his “hands.” Alternate translation: “strengthen me” or “give me courage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 6 10 ybj6 translate-names שְֽׁמַֽעְיָ֧ה…דְּלָיָ֛ה…מְהֵֽיטַבְאֵ֖ל 1 Shemaiah…Delaiah…Mehetabel These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 6 10 k8xd figs-activepassive וְה֣וּא עָצ֑וּר 1 who was confined in his home The writer does not give the reason for him being confined, so it is best to say that he was staying at home using the most general words possible. Alternate translation: “who could not leave his house” or “whom the authorities had ordered to stay in his house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 6 11 syw3 figs-rquestion הַאִ֤ישׁ כָּמ֨וֹנִי֙ יִבְרָ֔ח וּמִ֥י כָמ֛וֹנִי אֲשֶׁר־יָב֥וֹא אֶל־הַהֵיכָ֖ל וָחָ֑י 1 Would a man like me run away? Would a man like me go into the temple just so he could save his own life? Nehemiah uses these rhetorical questions to emphasize that he will not do what Shemaiah has suggested. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “A man like me would not run away. A man like me would not go into the temple just to hide to stay alive.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 6 11 syw3 figs-rquestion הַאִ֤ישׁ כָּמ֨וֹנִי֙ יִבְרָ֔ח וּמִ֥י כָמ֛וֹנִי אֲשֶׁר־יָב֥וֹא אֶל־הַהֵיכָ֖ל וָחָ֑י 1 Would a man like me run away? Would a man like me go into the temple just so he could save his own life? Nehemiah uses these rhetorical questions to emphasize that he will not do what Shemaiah has suggested. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “A man like me would not run away. A man like me would not go into the temple just to hide to stay alive.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 6 12 s2sf כִּ֤י הַנְּבוּאָה֙ דִּבֶּ֣ר עָלַ֔י 1 but that he had prophesied against me “but that he had prophesied in order to oppose me”
NEH 6 13 b27k וְחָטָ֑אתִי 1 and sin Using the temple as a place to hide was sinful. It may be helpful to make this explicit. Alternate translation: “and sin by misusing the temple”
NEH 6 13 ji1g figs-idiom לְשֵׁ֣ם רָ֔ע 1 a bad name This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “so that they could give me a bad reputation” or “so that they could give a bad report about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 7 1 lk9v הַשּׁוֹעֲרִ֥ים 1 gatekeepers people assigned to each gate, responsible to control access to the city or temple, as well as to open and close the gates at times and for reasons set by the administrator
NEH 7 1 f8ks וְהַמְשֹׁרְרִ֖ים 1 singers vocal musicians who led in worship, in processions, and ceremonies, producing music and chants that emphasized and enhanced the occasion
NEH 7 2 ykr9 translate-names חֲנָ֣נִי…חֲנַנְיָ֛ה 1 Hanani…Hananiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 2 zy5q וָאֲצַוֶּ֞ה אֶת־חֲנָ֣נִי אָחִ֗י וְאֶת־חֲנַנְיָ֛ה שַׂ֥ר 1 I gave my brother Hanani charge “I gave the order for my brother Hanani to be the manager”
NEH 7 2 zy5q וָאֲצַוֶּ֞ה אֶת־חֲנָ֣נִי אָחִ֗י וְאֶת־חֲנַנְיָ֛ה שַׂ֥ר 1 I gave my brother Hanani charge “I gave the order for my brother Hanani to be the manager”
NEH 7 2 iqf3 שַׂ֥ר הַבִּירָ֖ה 1 who had oversight of the fortress “who was in charge of the fortress”
NEH 7 2 dx6d וְיָרֵ֥א אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים מֵרַבִּֽים 1 feared God more than many “feared God more than many other people”
NEH 7 2 dx6d וְיָרֵ֥א אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים מֵרַבִּֽים 1 feared God more than many “feared God more than many other people”
NEH 7 3 y2jk ויאמר לָהֶ֗ם 1 I said to them The word “them” refers to Hanani and Hananiah.
NEH 7 3 n55g לֹ֣א יִפָּֽתְח֞וּ שַׁעֲרֵ֤י יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ עַד־חֹ֣ם הַשֶּׁ֔מֶשׁ וְעַ֨ד הֵ֥ם עֹמְדִ֛ים יָגִ֥יפוּ הַדְּלָת֖וֹת וֶאֱחֹ֑זוּ 1 Do not open the gates of Jerusalem until the sun is hot. While the gatekeepers are on guard, you may shut the doors and bar them Possible meanings are 1) these actions were done by Hanani and Hananiah or 2) these actions were done by Hanani and Hananiah with the help of the gatekeepers or 3) the gatekeepers did these actions under the direction of Hanani and Hananiah.
NEH 7 3 n55g לֹ֣א יִפָּֽתְח֞וּ שַׁעֲרֵ֤י יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ עַד־חֹ֣ם הַשֶּׁ֔מֶשׁ וְעַ֨ד הֵ֥ם עֹמְדִ֛ים יָגִ֥יפוּ הַדְּלָת֖וֹת וֶאֱחֹ֑זוּ 1 Do not open the gates of Jerusalem until the sun is hot. While the gatekeepers are on guard, you may shut the doors and bar them Possible meanings are 1) these actions were done by Hanani and Hananiah or 2) these actions were done by Hanani and Hananiah with the help of the gatekeepers or 3) the gatekeepers did these actions under the direction of Hanani and Hananiah.
NEH 7 3 w3hi חֹ֣ם הַשֶּׁ֔מֶשׁ 1 the sun is hot “the sun is high in the sky”
NEH 7 3 b2es וְעַ֨ד הֵ֥ם עֹמְדִ֛ים יָגִ֥יפוּ הַדְּלָת֖וֹת וֶאֱחֹ֑זוּ 1 While the gatekeepers are on guard, you may shut the doors and bar them “Shut the doors and bar them while the gatekeepers are still on guard”
NEH 7 3 mir9 מִשְׁמְרוֹת֙ 1 gatekeepers See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 7:1](../07/01.md)
NEH 7 3 he4e וְהַעֲמֵ֗יד מִשְׁמְרוֹת֙ יֹשְׁבֵ֣י יְרוּשָׁלִַ֔ם 1 Appoint guards from those who live in Jerusalem “Assign guards from those people who live in Jerusalem”
NEH 7 3 wf26 בְּמִשְׁמָר֔וֹ 1 guard station “guard post” or “guard duty place”
NEH 7 4 y6y8 figs-activepassive וְאֵ֥ין בָּתִּ֖ים בְּנוּיִֽם 1 no houses had yet been rebuilt This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people had not yet rebuilt the houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 7 5 wjd3 figs-metonymy וַיִּתֵּ֤ן אֱלֹהַי֙ אֶל־לִבִּ֔י 1 put into my heart Here Nehemiah’s “heart” refers to his thoughts and will. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 2:12](../02/12.md). Alternate translation: “inspired me” or “led me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 7 5 wjd3 figs-metonymy וַיִּתֵּ֤ן אֱלֹהַי֙ אֶל־לִבִּ֔י 1 put into my heart Here Nehemiah’s “heart” refers to his thoughts and will. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 2:12](../02/12.md). Alternate translation: “inspired me” or “led me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 7 5 pzu6 לְהִתְיַחֵ֑שׂ 1 to enroll them “to list and register them”
NEH 7 5 avw2 סֵ֤פֶר הַיַּ֨חַשׂ֙ 1 the book of the genealogy This was a book that no longer exists.
NEH 7 5 bz2p figs-activepassive וָאֶמְצָ֖א כָּת֥וּב בּֽוֹ 1 found the following written in it This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “found that someone had written the following in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 7 19 iy74 translate-names בִגְוָ֔ 1 Bigvai This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 20 d5wk translate-names עָדִ֔ין 1 Adin This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 21 mxg1 translate-names אָטֵ֥ר 1 Ater This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 21 l797 figs-ellipsis בְּנֵֽי־אָטֵ֥ר לְחִזְקִיָּ֖ה 1 The descendants of Ater, of Hezekiah The writer has shortened this sentence. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Ater, who is a descendant of Hezekiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 7 21 l797 figs-ellipsis בְּנֵֽי־אָטֵ֥ר לְחִזְקִיָּ֖ה 1 The descendants of Ater, of Hezekiah The writer has shortened this sentence. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Ater, who is a descendant of Hezekiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 7 22 r3ee translate-names חָשֻׁ֔ם 1 Hashum This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 23 yyf7 translate-numbers 0 Connecting Statement: Nehemiah is continuing to recount the number of people who returned from exile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
NEH 7 23 v6eh translate-names בֵצָ֔י 1 Bezai This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 24 j9rb translate-names חָרִ֔יף 1 Hariph This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 25 sj6p translate-names גִבְע֖וֹן 1 Gibeon This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 26 sde6 translate-names בֵֽית־לֶ֨חֶם֙ וּנְטֹפָ֔ה 1 Bethlehem and Netophah These are the names of places in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 26 sde6 translate-names בֵֽית־לֶ֨חֶם֙ וּנְטֹפָ֔ה 1 Bethlehem and Netophah These are the names of places in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 27 xmr1 translate-numbers 0 Connecting Statement: Nehemiah is continuing to recount the number of people who returned from exile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
NEH 7 27 v2tb translate-names עֲנָת֔וֹת 1 Anathoth This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 28 b1sd translate-names בֵית־עַזְמָ֖וֶת 1 Beth Azmaveth This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 28 b1sd translate-names בֵית־עַזְמָ֖וֶת 1 Beth Azmaveth This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 29 y9ek translate-names קִרְיַ֤ת יְעָרִים֙ כְּפִירָ֣ה וּבְאֵר֔וֹת 1 Kiriath Jearim, Kephirah, and Beeroth This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 30 ncc2 translate-names הָֽרָמָה֙ וָגָ֔בַע 1 Ramah and Geba These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 31 i39d translate-numbers 0 Connecting Statement: Nehemiah is continuing to recount the number of people who returned from exile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
NEH 7 31 ty2q translate-names מִכְמָ֔ס 1 Michmas This is the name of a place. (See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 32 b4qw translate-names בֵֽית־אֵל֙ וְהָעָ֔י 1 Bethel and Ai This is the name of a place. (See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 32 b4qw translate-names בֵֽית־אֵל֙ וְהָעָ֔י 1 Bethel and Ai This is the name of a place. (See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 33 dbu1 translate-names נְב֛וֹ 1 Nebo This is the name of a place. (See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 34 d1vy translate-names עֵילָ֣ם 1 Elam This is the name of a place. (See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 7 35 wz53 translate-numbers 0 Connecting Statement: Nehemiah is continuing to recount the number of people who returned from exile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
NEH 7 64 m2qd אֵ֗לֶּה בִּקְשׁ֧וּ כְתָבָ֛ם הַמִּתְיַחְשִׂ֖ים 1 These sought their records among those enrolled by their genealogy “They sought their written genealogical records” or “They searched their written genealogical records”
NEH 7 64 n9vy אֵ֗לֶּה בִּקְשׁ֧וּ 1 These sought “These” refers to the descendants of Hobaiah, Hakkoz and Barzillai ([Nehemiah 7:63](../07/63.md)).
NEH 7 64 bl4n figs-activepassive וְלֹ֣א נִמְצָ֑א 1 but they could not be found This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “but they could not find their records” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 7 64 iyy1 figs-activepassive וַיְגֹֽאֲל֖וּ מִן־הַכְּהֻנָּֽה 1 they were excluded from the priesthood as unclean This can be translated in active form. The abstract noun “priesthood” can be translated as the verb “work as priests.” Alternate translation: “the governor treated them as if they were unclean and did not allow them to work as priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 7 64 iyy1 figs-activepassive וַיְגֹֽאֲל֖וּ מִן־הַכְּהֻנָּֽה 1 they were excluded from the priesthood as unclean This can be translated in active form. The abstract noun “priesthood” can be translated as the verb “work as priests.” Alternate translation: “the governor treated them as if they were unclean and did not allow them to work as priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 7 65 qnn2 figs-activepassive עַ֛ד עֲמֹ֥ד הַכֹּהֵ֖ן לְאוּרִ֥ים וְתוּמִּֽים 1 until there rose up a priest with Urim and Thummim This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until a priest with Urim and Thummim approved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 7 65 cij9 translate-unknown לְאוּרִ֥ים וְתוּמִּֽים 1 Urim and Thummim These were sacred stones that the high priest carried on his breastplate and used at times to determine God’s will. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
NEH 7 66 t4xj translate-numbers 0 Connecting Statement: Nehemiah is continuing to recount the number of people who returned from exile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
NEH 7 66 j9fe כָּל־הַקָּהָ֖ל כְּאֶחָ֑ד 1 The whole assembly together “The whole group together”
NEH 7 73 e7np וְהַשּׁוֹעֲרִים֩ 1 gatekeepers See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 7:1](../07/01.md).
NEH 7 73 a2ub וְהַמְשֹׁרְרִ֨ים 1 singers See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 7:1](../07/01.md).
NEH 7 73 jaj3 figs-explicit וּמִן־הָעָ֧ם 1 some of the people The implied information is that this refers to some of the Israelites who were not priests or other temple workers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 7 73 znc4 וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 all Israel Possible meanings are: 1) all the groups of Israelites that are listed in this verse or 2) the rest of the Israelites who did not work in the temple.
NEH 7 73 jaj3 figs-explicit וּמִן־הָעָ֧ם 1 some of the people The implied information is that this refers to some of the Israelites who were not priests or other temple workers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 7 73 znc4 וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 all Israel Possible meanings are: 1) all the groups of Israelites that are listed in this verse or 2) the rest of the Israelites who did not work in the temple.
NEH 7 73 n26r translate-ordinal הַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י 1 the seventh month “month 7.” This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of September and the first part of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
NEH 7 73 gdj2 בְּעָרֵיהֶֽם 1 were settled in their cities “lived in their own cities”
NEH 8 intro w38v 0 # Nehemiah 08 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Reading of the law<br><br>During the exile, the Hebrew language was no longer spoken. Only the priests and Levites still understood it. Ezra read the book of the law to the people in Hebrew and the Levites walked among the crowd translating it into Aramaic for the people to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>### Festival of Shelters<br><br>After they heard Ezra read the law of Moses, the people obeyed it by making temporary shelters for themselves with tree branches. They did this to remember that their ancestors slept in shelters when they came out of slavery in Egypt.<br>
NEH 8 1 q5ih figs-hyperbole וַיֵּאָסְפ֤וּ כָל־הָעָם֙ כְּאִ֣ישׁ אֶחָ֔ד 1 All the people gathered as one man The word “all” is a generalization that indicates the people as a whole came together. Alternate translation: “The people gathered all together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
NEH 8 1 f6t8 שַֽׁעַר־הַמָּ֑יִם 1 Water Gate This was the name of a large opening or doorway in the wall.
NEH 8 1 fdh4 אֶת־סֵ֨פֶר֙ תּוֹרַ֣ת מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 the book of the law of Moses This would have been all or part of the first five books of the Old Testament.
NEH 8 1 q5ih figs-hyperbole וַיֵּאָסְפ֤וּ כָל־הָעָם֙ כְּאִ֣ישׁ אֶחָ֔ד 1 All the people gathered as one man The word “all” is a generalization that indicates the people as a whole came together. Alternate translation: “The people gathered all together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
NEH 8 1 f6t8 שַֽׁעַר־הַמָּ֑יִם 1 Water Gate This was the name of a large opening or doorway in the wall.
NEH 8 1 fdh4 אֶת־סֵ֨פֶר֙ תּוֹרַ֣ת מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 the book of the law of Moses This would have been all or part of the first five books of the Old Testament.
NEH 8 2 id7q translate-hebrewmonths בְּי֥וֹם אֶחָ֖ד לַחֹ֥דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִֽי 1 On the first day of the seventh month This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day of the seventh month is near the middle of September on Western calendars. Alternate translation: “On day 1 of month 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
NEH 8 2 e89a וַיָּבִ֣יא…אֶֽת־הַתּוֹרָ֞ה 1 brought the law “brought The Book of the Law”
NEH 8 2 e89a וַיָּבִ֣יא…אֶֽת־הַתּוֹרָ֞ה 1 brought the law “brought The Book of the Law”
NEH 8 2 j8yl וְכֹ֖ל מֵבִ֣ין לִשְׁמֹ֑עַ 1 all who could hear and understand This would include children who were old enough to understand what was being read.
NEH 8 3 iv9y לִפְנֵ֨י הָרְח֜וֹב 1 He faced the open area “He turned towards the open area”
NEH 8 3 pkz7 וַיִּקְרָא 1 he read from it Here “it” refers to the Book of the law of Moses.
NEH 8 4 lk8k translate-names מַתִּתְיָ֡ה וְשֶׁ֡מַע וַ֠עֲנָיָה וְאוּרִיָּ֧ה וְחִלְקִיָּ֛ה וּמַעֲשֵׂיָ֖ה…פְּ֠דָיָה וּמִֽישָׁאֵ֧ל וּמַלְכִּיָּ֛ה וְחָשֻׁ֥ם וְחַשְׁבַּדָּ֖נָה זְכַרְיָ֥ה מְשֻׁלָּֽם 1 Mattithiah, Shema, Anaiah, Uriah, Hilkiah, and Maaseiah…Pedaiah, Mishael, Malkijah, Hashum, Hashbaddanah, Zechariah, and Meshullam These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 8 5 t5lf figs-abstractnouns וַיִּפְתַּ֨ח עֶזְרָ֤א הַסֵּ֨פֶר֙ לְעֵינֵ֣י כָל־הָעָ֔ם 1 Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people The abstract noun “sight” can be expressed with the verb “see.” Alternate translation: “Everyone saw Ezra open the book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 8 5 t5lf figs-abstractnouns וַיִּפְתַּ֨ח עֶזְרָ֤א הַסֵּ֨פֶר֙ לְעֵינֵ֣י כָל־הָעָ֔ם 1 Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people The abstract noun “sight” can be expressed with the verb “see.” Alternate translation: “Everyone saw Ezra open the book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 8 5 wqg8 הַסֵּ֨פֶר֙ 1 the book “The Book of the Law”
NEH 8 5 ln1z מֵעַ֥ל כָּל־הָעָ֖ם הָיָ֑ה 1 he was standing above the people “he was standing higher than the people”
NEH 8 5 yv2u figs-explicit וּכְפִתְח֖וֹ עָֽמְד֥וּ כָל־הָעָֽם 1 when he opened it all the people stood up The people stood up out of respect for God’s word. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 8 6 x9v8 figs-abstractnouns וַיְבָ֣רֶךְ עֶזְרָ֔א אֶת־יְהוָ֥ה 1 Ezra gave thanks to Yahweh The abstract noun “thanks” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Ezra thanked Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 8 5 ln1z מֵעַ֥ל כָּל־הָעָ֖ם הָיָ֑ה 1 he was standing above the people “he was standing higher than the people”
NEH 8 5 yv2u figs-explicit וּכְפִתְח֖וֹ עָֽמְד֥וּ כָל־הָעָֽם 1 when he opened it all the people stood up The people stood up out of respect for God’s word. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 8 6 x9v8 figs-abstractnouns וַיְבָ֣רֶךְ עֶזְרָ֔א אֶת־יְהוָ֥ה 1 Ezra gave thanks to Yahweh The abstract noun “thanks” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Ezra thanked Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 8 8 s5er וַֽיִּקְרְא֥וּ בַסֵּ֛פֶר 1 They read in the book The word “They” here refers to the Levites.
NEH 8 8 vsq9 figs-abstractnouns מְפֹרָ֑שׁ וְשׂ֣וֹם שֶׂ֔כֶל וַיָּבִ֖ינוּ בַּמִּקְרָֽא 1 making it clear with interpretation and giving the meaning The abstract nouns “interpretation” and “meaning” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “clearly interpreting and explaining it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 8 9 wky3 figs-hyperbole כִּ֤י בוֹכִים֙ כָּל־הָעָ֔ם 1 For all the people wept This is a generalization that indicates there was great weeping among the people. Alternate translation: “For the people wept greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
NEH 8 9 wky3 figs-hyperbole כִּ֤י בוֹכִים֙ כָּל־הָעָ֔ם 1 For all the people wept This is a generalization that indicates there was great weeping among the people. Alternate translation: “For the people wept greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
NEH 8 10 smq2 figs-explicit אִכְל֨וּ מַשְׁמַנִּ֜ים וּשְׁת֣וּ מַֽמְתַקִּ֗ים 1 eat the fat and have something sweet to drink The implied information is that the people were told to feast on rich food and sweet drinks. Alternate translation: “eat rich food and drink something sweet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 8 10 ach1 figs-activepassive וְאַל־תֵּ֣עָצֵ֔בוּ 1 Do not be grieved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 8 10 sni7 figs-abstractnouns כִּֽי־חֶדְוַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה הִ֥יא מָֽעֻזְּכֶֽם 1 for the joy of Yahweh is your strength The abstract nouns “joy” and “strength” can be expressed as verbs or adjectives. Alternate translation: “rejoicing in Yahweh will protect you” or “being joyful in Yahweh will be your strong refuge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 8 10 ach1 figs-activepassive וְאַל־תֵּ֣עָצֵ֔בוּ 1 Do not be grieved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 8 10 sni7 figs-abstractnouns כִּֽי־חֶדְוַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה הִ֥יא מָֽעֻזְּכֶֽם 1 for the joy of Yahweh is your strength The abstract nouns “joy” and “strength” can be expressed as verbs or adjectives. Alternate translation: “rejoicing in Yahweh will protect you” or “being joyful in Yahweh will be your strong refuge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 8 11 fjz6 figs-activepassive וְאַל־תֵּעָצֵֽבוּ 1 Do not be grieved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 8 11 fjz6 figs-activepassive וְאַל־תֵּעָצֵֽבוּ 1 Do not be grieved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 8 12 z1gc figs-abstractnouns וְלַעֲשׂ֖וֹת שִׂמְחָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֑ה 1 celebrate with great joy The abstract noun “joy” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “rejoice greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 8 12 xsf5 figs-activepassive בַּדְּבָרִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוֹדִ֖יעוּ לָהֶֽם 1 the words that were made known to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the words that he declared to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 8 13 uj5j translate-ordinal וּבַיּ֣וֹם הַשֵּׁנִ֡י 1 On the second day “On day 2” or “On the next day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
NEH 8 16 krx4 שַׁ֣עַר הַמַּ֔יִם…שַׁ֥עַר אֶפְרָֽיִם 1 Water Gate…Gate of Ephraim These are names of large openings or doorways in the wall.
NEH 8 16 b74m וּבִרְח֖וֹב שַׁ֥עַר אֶפְרָֽיִם 1 in the square at the Gate of Ephraim “in the open place by the Gate of Ephraim”
NEH 8 17 n31n מִימֵי֩ יֵשׁ֨וּעַ 1 For since the days of Joshua “From the days of Joshua”
NEH 8 17 e32u translate-names בִּן־נ֥וּן 1 son of Nun “Nun” here is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 8 17 e32u translate-names בִּן־נ֥וּן 1 son of Nun “Nun” here is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 8 17 wyd6 figs-abstractnouns וַתְּהִ֥י שִׂמְחָ֖ה גְּדוֹלָ֥ה מְאֹֽד 1 their joy was very great The abstract noun “joy” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the people were very joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 8 18 g9rl figs-idiom י֣וֹם׀ בְּי֔וֹם 1 day by day This idiom means “each day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 8 18 j9aj figs-explicit מִן־הַיּוֹם֙ הָֽרִאשׁ֔וֹן עַ֖ד הַיּ֣וֹם הָאַחֲר֑וֹן 1 from the first day to the last The implied information is that it was during the entire week of the festival. Alternate translation: “from the first day to the last day of the week” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 8 18 c1cp וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־חָג֙ 1 They kept the festival “They made a feast” or “They celebrated the festival”
NEH 8 18 j9aj figs-explicit מִן־הַיּוֹם֙ הָֽרִאשׁ֔וֹן עַ֖ד הַיּ֣וֹם הָאַחֲר֑וֹן 1 from the first day to the last The implied information is that it was during the entire week of the festival. Alternate translation: “from the first day to the last day of the week” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 8 18 c1cp וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־חָג֙ 1 They kept the festival “They made a feast” or “They celebrated the festival”
NEH 8 18 er1u translate-ordinal וּבַיּ֧וֹם הַשְּׁמִינִ֛י 1 on the eighth day “on day 8” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
NEH 8 18 sfx4 עֲצֶ֖רֶת 1 solemn assembly This was a special religious gathering.
NEH 8 18 cey3 figs-explicit כַּמִּשְׁפָּֽט 1 in obedience to the decree The implied information is that “the decree” was the command of Yahweh about how the Festival of Shelters was to end. Alternate translation: “as God had commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 9 intro sj1h 0 # Nehemiah 09 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter and the next one form a single section.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prayer to God<br><br>The people prayed and thanked God for his care for them and the blessings he gave to them. They also confessed their sin of disobeying him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>### Learning from their ancestor’s mistakes<br>This chapter teaches that the Jews learned from the mistakes of their ancestors. They became determined to worship Yahweh alone, to not intermarry with other peoples, and to worship Yahweh as the law of Moses instructed them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>### Recalling the great power of God<br>It was common to recall the great things God did for Israel. This is a reminder to Israel of God’s power. It is intended to bring the people to repentance and proper worship of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br>
NEH 9 1 w8w8 translate-hebrewmonths וּבְיוֹם֩ עֶשְׂרִ֨ים וְאַרְבָּעָ֜ה לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַזֶּ֗ה 1 the twenty-fourth day of the same month “the twenty-fourth day of the seventh month” This is near the middle of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
NEH 9 1 lm7m נֶאֶסְפ֤וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 the people of Israel were assembled “the people of Israel came together”
NEH 9 1 lm7m נֶאֶסְפ֤וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 the people of Israel were assembled “the people of Israel came together”
NEH 9 1 irv4 figs-explicit וּבְשַׂקִּ֔ים וַאֲדָמָ֖ה עֲלֵיהֶֽם 1 they were wearing sackcloth, and they put dust on their heads This was in order to show how sorry they were for the wrong things they and their ancestors had done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 9 2 xbs1 זֶ֣רַע יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 The descendants of Israel “The Israelites”
NEH 9 2 qx58 וַיִּבָּֽדְלוּ֙…מִכֹּ֖ל בְּנֵ֣י נֵכָ֑ר 1 separated themselves from all the foreigners “no longer had anything to do with those who were not Israelites”
NEH 9 2 vhc6 וַיַּעַמְד֗וּ וַיִּתְוַדּוּ֙ עַל־חַטֹּ֣אתֵיהֶ֔ם וַעֲוֺנ֖וֹת אֲבֹתֵיהֶֽם 1 They stood and confessed their own sins and the evil actions of their ancestors “They admitted the wrong things that they had done and also the wrong things their forefathers had done”
NEH 9 2 vhc6 וַיַּעַמְד֗וּ וַיִּתְוַדּוּ֙ עַל־חַטֹּ֣אתֵיהֶ֔ם וַעֲוֺנ֖וֹת אֲבֹתֵיהֶֽם 1 They stood and confessed their own sins and the evil actions of their ancestors “They admitted the wrong things that they had done and also the wrong things their forefathers had done”
NEH 9 3 q5p1 וַיַּעַמְד֗וּ 1 They stood up All the Israelites stood up
NEH 9 3 je9t מִתְוַדִּ֣ים 1 they were confessing “they were admitting the wrong things they had done”
NEH 9 3 qe6e וּמִֽשְׁתַּחֲוִ֔ים 1 bowing down before “worshiping” or “praising”
NEH 9 4 bc94 וַיָּ֜קָם עַֽל־מַֽעֲלֵ֣ה הַלְוִיִּ֗ם יֵשׁ֨וּעַ וּבָנִ֜י 1 The Levites, Jeshua, Bani…stood on the stairs Some versions translate, “Jeshua, Bani…stood on the stairs built for the Levites”
NEH 9 4 bc94 וַיָּ֜קָם עַֽל־מַֽעֲלֵ֣ה הַלְוִיִּ֗ם יֵשׁ֨וּעַ וּבָנִ֜י 1 The Levites, Jeshua, Bani…stood on the stairs Some versions translate, “Jeshua, Bani…stood on the stairs built for the Levites”
NEH 9 5 j96x וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ הַלְוִיִּ֡ם…ק֗וּמוּ 1 Then the Levites…said, “Stand up…ever.” Here the Levites are speaking to the people of Israel.
NEH 9 5 u4pu בָּרֲכוּ֙ אֶת־יְהוָ֣ה 1 give praise to Yahweh “bless Yahweh”
NEH 9 5 u4pu בָּרֲכוּ֙ אֶת־יְהוָ֣ה 1 give praise to Yahweh “bless Yahweh”
NEH 9 5 yk5b translate-names יֵשׁ֣וּעַ וְ֠קַדְמִיאֵל בָּנִ֨י…שֵׁרֵֽבְיָ֤ה…שְׁבַנְיָ֣ה 1 Jeshua…Kadmiel…Bani…Sherebiah…Shebaniah These are the names of men. See how you translated them in [Nehemiah 9:4](./04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 9 5 m3eu translate-names חֲשַׁבְנְיָ֜ה שֵׁרֵֽבְיָ֤ה הֽוֹדִיָּה֙…פְתַֽחְיָ֔ה 1 Hashabneiah…Hodiah…Pethahiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 9 5 tve4 וִיבָֽרְכוּ֙ שֵׁ֣ם כְּבוֹדֶ֔ךָ 1 May they bless your glorious name the Levites are speaking to Yahweh. “May the people of Judah bless your glorious name, Yahweh”
NEH 9 6 k5l3 figs-metaphor שְׁמֵ֨י הַשָּׁמַ֜יִם וְכָל־צְבָאָ֗ם הָאָ֜רֶץ וְכָל־אֲשֶׁ֤ר עָלֶ֨יהָ֙ הַיַּמִּים֙ וְכָל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר בָּהֶ֔ם וְאַתָּ֖ה מְחַיֶּ֣ה אֶת־כֻּלָּ֑ם וּצְבָ֥א הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם לְךָ֥ מִשְׁתַּחֲוִֽים 1 the highest heavens, with all their host…the host of heaven worship you A host is an army. The “host of heaven” speaks in a metaphor of the many stars as if they were an army. The stars in turn are a metaphor for the many angels. The stars worshiping Yahweh is a metaphor for the angels worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 9 6 k5l3 figs-metaphor שְׁמֵ֨י הַשָּׁמַ֜יִם וְכָל־צְבָאָ֗ם הָאָ֜רֶץ וְכָל־אֲשֶׁ֤ר עָלֶ֨יהָ֙ הַיַּמִּים֙ וְכָל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר בָּהֶ֔ם וְאַתָּ֖ה מְחַיֶּ֣ה אֶת־כֻּלָּ֑ם וּצְבָ֥א הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם לְךָ֥ מִשְׁתַּחֲוִֽים 1 the highest heavens, with all their host…the host of heaven worship you A host is an army. The “host of heaven” speaks in a metaphor of the many stars as if they were an army. The stars in turn are a metaphor for the many angels. The stars worshiping Yahweh is a metaphor for the angels worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 9 7 id6f 0 Connecting Statement: The Levites continue their prayer before all the people.
NEH 9 7 us45 מֵא֣וּר כַּשְׂדִּ֑ים 1 Ur of the Chaldees “Ur, where the Chaldean people group lived”
NEH 9 8 ej7e figs-synecdoche וּמָצָ֣אתָ אֶת־לְבָבוֹ֮ נֶאֱמָ֣ן לְפָנֶיךָ֒ 1 You found his heart was faithful before you The heart, the inner being of the person, represents the person. Alternate translation: “You saw that he was completely faithful to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 9 8 ej7e figs-synecdoche וּמָצָ֣אתָ אֶת־לְבָבוֹ֮ נֶאֱמָ֣ן לְפָנֶיךָ֒ 1 You found his heart was faithful before you The heart, the inner being of the person, represents the person. Alternate translation: “You saw that he was completely faithful to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 9 8 vbx8 translate-names הַכְּנַעֲנִ֨י הַחִתִּ֜י הָאֱמֹרִ֧י וְהַפְּרִזִּ֛י וְהַיְבוּסִ֥י וְהַגִּרְגָּשִׁ֖י 1 Canaanites…Hittites…Amorites…Perizzites…Jebusites…Girgashites people group names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 9 9 p3f4 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
NEH 9 9 vp1y וַתֵּ֛רֶא 1 You saw Yahweh saw
NEH 9 9 j256 figs-explicit וְאֶת־זַעֲקָתָ֥ם שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ 1 you heard their cry The implied information is that God was moved to action because of the Israelites’ cries for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 9 9 j256 figs-explicit וְאֶת־זַעֲקָתָ֥ם שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ 1 you heard their cry The implied information is that God was moved to action because of the Israelites’ cries for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 9 10 ge61 figs-explicit וַ֠תִּתֵּן אֹתֹ֨ת וּמֹֽפְתִ֜ים בְּפַרְעֹ֤ה 1 signs and wonders against Pharaoh The plagues tested Pharaoh’s heart, and they became a witness against his hardness of heart. Alternate translation: “signs and wonders that testified against Pharaoh” or “signs and wonders that condemned Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 9 10 i7c3 וּבְכָל־עַ֣ם אַרְצ֔וֹ 1 all the people of his land “all the Egyptians”
NEH 9 10 i7c3 וּבְכָל־עַ֣ם אַרְצ֔וֹ 1 all the people of his land “all the Egyptians”
NEH 9 10 s54a הֵזִ֖ידוּ עֲלֵיהֶ֑ם 1 acted with arrogance against them “were arrogant toward the Israelites” or “mistreated God’s chosen people”
NEH 9 10 m6zr figs-metonymy וַתַּֽעַשׂ־לְךָ֥ שֵׁ֖ם כְּהַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 you made a name for yourself which stands to this day Here “name” represents a reputation. Alternate translation: “you made yourself famous and even now people still remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 9 10 m6zr figs-metonymy וַתַּֽעַשׂ־לְךָ֥ שֵׁ֖ם כְּהַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 you made a name for yourself which stands to this day Here “name” represents a reputation. Alternate translation: “you made yourself famous and even now people still remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 9 11 n7jm 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
NEH 9 11 d1kp וְהַיָּם֙ בָּקַ֣עְתָּ 1 you divided the sea God divided
NEH 9 11 l5ar figs-simile הִשְׁלַ֧כְתָּ בִמְצוֹלֹ֛ת כְּמוֹ־אֶ֖בֶן בְּמַ֥יִם עַזִּֽים 1 you…threw those who pursued them into the depths, as a stone into deep waters In this simile, the writer describes God throwing the Egyptians into the sea as easily as a person would throw a stone into water, and the stone would disappear under the water completely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
NEH 9 11 l5ar figs-simile הִשְׁלַ֧כְתָּ בִמְצוֹלֹ֛ת כְּמוֹ־אֶ֖בֶן בְּמַ֥יִם עַזִּֽים 1 you…threw those who pursued them into the depths, as a stone into deep waters In this simile, the writer describes God throwing the Egyptians into the sea as easily as a person would throw a stone into water, and the stone would disappear under the water completely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
NEH 9 12 n4i2 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
NEH 9 12 m7vx הִנְחִיתָ֖ם 1 You led them Yahweh led the Israelites.
NEH 9 13 z2ds figs-idiom יָרַ֔דְתָּ 1 you came down When God talks with his people, he is often described as “coming down” or “coming down from heaven.” This is a descriptive way of saying that God appeared to that person. Alternate translation: “you appeared” or “you came down from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@ -572,20 +572,20 @@ NEH 9 14 w3q6 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to
NEH 9 14 h9f4 figs-doublet וּמִצְו֤וֹת וְחֻקִּים֙ וְתוֹרָ֔ה 1 commandments…statutes…law Each of these three words refers to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
NEH 9 16 g6tt 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
NEH 9 16 m753 וְהֵ֥ם וַאֲבֹתֵ֖ינוּ 1 they and our ancestors the Israelites at the time of Moses and the people of Israel after the time of Moses
NEH 9 16 t1he figs-idiom וַיַּקְשׁוּ֙ אֶת־עָרְפָּ֔ם 1 they were stiff-necked This is an idiom that means that they were stubborn. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 9 17 v9ib figs-idiom וַיַּקְשׁוּ֙ אֶת־עָרְפָּ֔ם 1 were stiff-necked This is an idiom that means that they were stubborn. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 9 16 t1he figs-idiom וַיַּקְשׁוּ֙ אֶת־עָרְפָּ֔ם 1 they were stiff-necked This is an idiom that means that they were stubborn. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 9 17 v9ib figs-idiom וַיַּקְשׁוּ֙ אֶת־עָרְפָּ֔ם 1 were stiff-necked This is an idiom that means that they were stubborn. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 9 17 f1m1 נִפְלְאֹתֶ֨יךָ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשִׂ֣יתָ עִמָּהֶ֔ם 1 the wonders that you had done among them “the miracles that you had done among them”
NEH 9 17 gd2b figs-explicit וַיִּתְּנוּ־רֹ֛אשׁ לָשׁ֥וּב לְעַבְדֻתָ֖ם 1 they appointed a leader to return to their slavery The Israelites would know that this referred to their ancestors wanting to return to Egypt. Alternate translation: “they appointed a leader to take them back to Egypt where they had been slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 9 17 gd2b figs-explicit וַיִּתְּנוּ־רֹ֛אשׁ לָשׁ֥וּב לְעַבְדֻתָ֖ם 1 they appointed a leader to return to their slavery The Israelites would know that this referred to their ancestors wanting to return to Egypt. Alternate translation: “they appointed a leader to take them back to Egypt where they had been slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 9 17 p6nm figs-metaphor וְאַתָּה֩ אֱל֨וֹהַּ סְלִיח֜וֹת 1 who is full of forgiveness The desire to forgive is spoken of as if it were a liquid that could fill a container. Alternate translation: “who is ready to forgive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 9 17 c986 figs-metaphor וְרַב־וחסד 1 abounding in steadfast love Love is spoken of as if it were a food crop that Yahweh could share with people. Alternate translation: “loves his people very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 9 17 c986 figs-metaphor וְרַב־וחסד 1 abounding in steadfast love Love is spoken of as if it were a food crop that Yahweh could share with people. Alternate translation: “loves his people very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 9 18 hw32 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
NEH 9 18 ind6 עָשׂ֤וּ לָהֶם֙ עֵ֣גֶל מַסֵּכָ֔ה 1 cast a calf out of molten metal melted metal and molded it in the shape of a calf
NEH 9 19 eqh4 וְאַתָּה֙…הָֽרַבִּ֔ים לֹ֥א 1 you…did not abandon them Yahweh did not abandon the Israelites.
NEH 9 19 x6bf אֶת־עַמּ֣וּד הֶ֠עָנָן…וְאֶת־עַמּ֨וּד הָאֵ֤שׁ 1 The pillar of cloud…the pillar of fire See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 9:12](../09/12.md).
NEH 9 19 x6bf אֶת־עַמּ֣וּד הֶ֠עָנָן…וְאֶת־עַמּ֨וּד הָאֵ֤שׁ 1 The pillar of cloud…the pillar of fire See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 9:12](../09/12.md).
NEH 9 20 buh1 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
NEH 9 20 e7m4 וְרוּחֲךָ֨ הַטּוֹבָ֔ה…וּמַנְךָ֙…וּמַ֛יִם 1 Your good Spirit…your manna…water The writer changes the usual word order to emphasize the good things Yahweh gave his people. Your language may have another way of emphasizing these items.
NEH 9 20 ncd6 לְהַשְׂכִּילָ֑ם 1 instruct teach
NEH 9 20 gyd6 figs-litotes וּמַנְךָ֙ לֹא־מָנַ֣עְתָּ מִפִּיהֶ֔ם 1 your manna you did not withhold from their mouths This litotes can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “you generously gave them manna” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
NEH 9 20 gyd6 figs-litotes וּמַנְךָ֙ לֹא־מָנַ֣עְתָּ מִפִּיהֶ֔ם 1 your manna you did not withhold from their mouths This litotes can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “you generously gave them manna” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
NEH 9 20 qka1 figs-synecdoche מִפִּיהֶ֔ם 1 from their mouths The mouth is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 9 22 f462 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
NEH 9 22 xc6v וַתִּתֵּ֨ן לָהֶ֤ם מַמְלָכוֹת֙ 1 You gave them kingdoms Yahweh gave the Israelites kingdoms.
@ -602,37 +602,37 @@ NEH 9 25 gs7a וַאֲדָמָ֣ה שְׁמֵנָה֒ 1 a productive land
NEH 9 25 ke4u בֹּר֨וֹת 1 cisterns holes in the ground where people store water
NEH 9 25 s544 figs-metaphor וַֽיִּשְׂבְּעוּ֙ 1 grew fat This might be a metaphor for “stopped thinking about Yahweh” or “became complacent.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 9 26 t19v 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
NEH 9 26 q9sz figs-metaphor וַיַּשְׁלִ֤כוּ אֶת־תּוֹרָֽתְךָ֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י גַוָּ֔ם 1 They threw your law behind their backs The law is spoken of as if it were a worthless item that a person could throw away. Alternate translation: “They considered your law worthless and paid no attention to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 9 26 vbj5 וַיַּשְׁלִ֤כוּ אֶת־תּוֹרָֽתְךָ֙ 1 They threw your law The Israelites threw Yahweh’s law.
NEH 9 26 q9sz figs-metaphor וַיַּשְׁלִ֤כוּ אֶת־תּוֹרָֽתְךָ֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י גַוָּ֔ם 1 They threw your law behind their backs The law is spoken of as if it were a worthless item that a person could throw away. Alternate translation: “They considered your law worthless and paid no attention to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 9 26 vbj5 וַיַּשְׁלִ֤כוּ אֶת־תּוֹרָֽתְךָ֙ 1 They threw your law The Israelites threw Yahweh’s law.
NEH 9 27 v5lz figs-metonymy וַֽתִּתְּנֵם֙ בְּיַ֣ד צָֽרֵיהֶ֔ם וַיָּצֵ֖רוּ לָהֶ֑ם 1 you gave them into the hand of their enemies, who made them suffer Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “you allowed their enemies to defeat them and cause them to suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 9 27 z213 figs-metonymy תִּתֵּ֤ן לָהֶם֙ מֽוֹשִׁיעִ֔ים וְיוֹשִׁיע֖וּם מִיַּ֥ד צָרֵיהֶֽם 1 you sent them rescuers who rescued them out of the hand of their enemies Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “you sent people to stop their enemies from harming them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 9 28 u77m 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
NEH 9 28 ds4w וּכְנ֣וֹחַ לָהֶ֔ם יָשׁ֕וּבוּ לַעֲשׂ֥וֹת רַ֖ע לְפָנֶ֑יךָ 1 they had rest, they did evil again before you Here “they” refers to the Israelites and “you” to Yahweh.
NEH 9 28 puz2 figs-metonymy וַתַּֽעַזְבֵ֞ם בְּיַ֤ד אֹֽיְבֵיהֶם֙ 1 you abandoned them to the hand of their enemies Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “you abandoned them and allow their enemies to defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 9 29 pm9h וְלֹא־שָׁמְע֤וּ לְמִצְוֺתֶ֨יךָ֙ 1 did not listen to your commands If your language has a word for “listen” that also means “obey,” use it here.
NEH 9 29 una2 figs-metonymy וּבְמִשְׁפָּטֶ֣יךָ חָֽטְאוּ־בָ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה אָדָ֖ם וְחָיָ֣ה בָהֶ֑ם 1 your decrees which give life to anyone who obeys them Yahweh himself is spoken of as if he were the decrees themselves. Alternate translation: “you even though you give life to everyone who obeys your decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 9 29 pm9h וְלֹא־שָׁמְע֤וּ לְמִצְוֺתֶ֨יךָ֙ 1 did not listen to your commands If your language has a word for “listen” that also means “obey,” use it here.
NEH 9 29 una2 figs-metonymy וּבְמִשְׁפָּטֶ֣יךָ חָֽטְאוּ־בָ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה אָדָ֖ם וְחָיָ֣ה בָהֶ֑ם 1 your decrees which give life to anyone who obeys them Yahweh himself is spoken of as if he were the decrees themselves. Alternate translation: “you even though you give life to everyone who obeys your decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 9 29 k1ew figs-metaphor וַיִּתְּנ֤וּ כָתֵף֙ סוֹרֶ֔רֶת וְעָרְפָּ֥ם הִקְשׁ֖וּ וְלֹ֥א שָׁמֵֽעוּ 1 They gave the stubborn shoulder-blade and stiffened their neck These are images of an ox refusing to allow its owner to put a yoke on its shoulders. Here they are a metaphor that represents the people being stubborn. Alternate translation: “They became stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 9 30 sj6k 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
NEH 9 30 tqa5 figs-metonymy וַֽתִּתְּנֵ֔ם בְּיַ֖ד עַמֵּ֥י הָאֲרָצֹֽת 1 you gave them into the hand of the neighboring peoples Here “hand” represents power or control. See how you translated these words in [Nehemiah 9:27](../09/27.md). Alternate translation: “you allowed the neighboring peoples to defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 9 30 ym8i וַֽתִּתְּנֵ֔ם 1 you gave Yahweh gave
NEH 9 31 cl3n לֹֽא־עֲשִׂיתָ֥ם כָּלָ֖ה 1 you did not make a complete end of them “you did not destroy them”
NEH 9 31 cl3n לֹֽא־עֲשִׂיתָ֥ם כָּלָ֖ה 1 you did not make a complete end of them “you did not destroy them”
NEH 9 32 j1rz 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
NEH 9 32 j5fk אַל־יִמְעַ֣ט לְפָנֶ֡יךָ אֵ֣ת כָּל־הַתְּלָאָ֣ה אֲֽשֶׁר־מְ֠צָאַתְנוּ לִמְלָכֵ֨ינוּ לְשָׂרֵ֧ינוּ וּלְכֹהֲנֵ֛ינוּ וְלִנְבִיאֵ֥נוּ וְלַאֲבֹתֵ֖ינוּ וּלְכָל־עַמֶּ֑ךָ מִימֵי֙ מַלְכֵ֣י אַשּׁ֔וּר עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽ 1 do not let all this hardship seem little to you that has come on us…until today It is possible to divide this into two sentences. “Do not let all this hardship seem little to you. The hardship has come upon us…until today”
NEH 9 32 u6i9 figs-personification הַתְּלָאָ֣ה אֲֽשֶׁר־מְ֠צָאַתְנוּ 1 hardship…has come on us The phrase “come on us” speaks of bad things that happen as if they are people who cause harm. Alternate translation: “harm…we have suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
NEH 9 32 j5fk אַל־יִמְעַ֣ט לְפָנֶ֡יךָ אֵ֣ת כָּל־הַתְּלָאָ֣ה אֲֽשֶׁר־מְ֠צָאַתְנוּ לִמְלָכֵ֨ינוּ לְשָׂרֵ֧ינוּ וּלְכֹהֲנֵ֛ינוּ וְלִנְבִיאֵ֥נוּ וְלַאֲבֹתֵ֖ינוּ וּלְכָל־עַמֶּ֑ךָ מִימֵי֙ מַלְכֵ֣י אַשּׁ֔וּר עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽ 1 do not let all this hardship seem little to you that has come on us…until today It is possible to divide this into two sentences. “Do not let all this hardship seem little to you. The hardship has come upon us…until today”
NEH 9 32 u6i9 figs-personification הַתְּלָאָ֣ה אֲֽשֶׁר־מְ֠צָאַתְנוּ 1 hardship…has come on us The phrase “come on us” speaks of bad things that happen as if they are people who cause harm. Alternate translation: “harm…we have suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
NEH 9 33 pl1f figs-personification הַבָּ֣א עָלֵ֑ינוּ 1 everything that has come on us The phrase “come on us” speaks of bad things that happen as if they are people who cause harm. Alternate translation: “everything we have suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
NEH 9 35 af8m 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
NEH 9 35 nxv9 וּבְטוּבְךָ֨ הָרָ֜ב אֲשֶׁר־נָתַ֣תָּ לָהֶ֗ם 1 while they enjoyed your great goodness to them “while they enjoyed the good things you gave them”
NEH 9 35 nxv9 וּבְטוּבְךָ֨ הָרָ֜ב אֲשֶׁר־נָתַ֣תָּ לָהֶ֗ם 1 while they enjoyed your great goodness to them “while they enjoyed the good things you gave them”
NEH 9 35 ibf9 לֹ֣א עֲבָד֑וּךָ 1 they did not serve you “they were not obedient to your law or teaching”
NEH 9 36 q7xj 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
NEH 9 36 qh7f וְאֶת־טוּבָ֔הּ 1 its good gifts “all the good things in it” or “all the good things we can get from it”
NEH 9 36 qh7f וְאֶת־טוּבָ֔הּ 1 its good gifts “all the good things in it” or “all the good things we can get from it”
NEH 9 37 q3dz וּתְבוּאָתָ֣הּ מַרְבָּ֗ה לַמְּלָכִ֛ים 1 The rich yield from our land goes to the kings “We pay tribute to kings for working our own land”
NEH 9 37 x15l מֹשְׁלִ֤ים 1 They rule The kings rule.
NEH 9 38 g7s3 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
NEH 9 38 t4ag וּבְכָל־זֹ֕את 1 Because of all this because the people had disobeyed and Yahweh had punished them
NEH 9 38 t4ag וּבְכָל־זֹ֕את 1 Because of all this because the people had disobeyed and Yahweh had punished them
NEH 9 38 xee9 וְעַל֙ הֶֽחָת֔וּם 1 On the sealed document are the names The reader should understand that the men wrote their names on the document before it was sealed.
NEH 10 intro m17y 0 # Nehemiah 10 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter concludes the passage beginning in chapter 9.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The vow<br><br>By signing this document, the people vowed or agreed to obey God, not to buy things on the Sabbath and to pay their temple tax. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br>
NEH 10 1 ijh7 0 Connecting Statement: Here begins a list of the people whose names were on the sealed document.
NEH 10 1 jc8x figs-explicit וְעַ֖ל הַחֲתוּמִ֑ים נְחֶמְיָ֧ה הַתִּרְשָׁ֛תָא בֶּן־חֲכַלְיָ֖ה וְצִדְקִיָּֽה 1 On the sealed documents were Nehemiah…Zedekiah The names of these people were written on the documents. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “On the sealed documents were the names of Nehemiah…Zedekiah” or “On the sealed documents were the names of the following people: Nehemiah…Zedekiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 10 1 jc8x figs-explicit וְעַ֖ל הַחֲתוּמִ֑ים נְחֶמְיָ֧ה הַתִּרְשָׁ֛תָא בֶּן־חֲכַלְיָ֖ה וְצִדְקִיָּֽה 1 On the sealed documents were Nehemiah…Zedekiah The names of these people were written on the documents. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “On the sealed documents were the names of Nehemiah…Zedekiah” or “On the sealed documents were the names of the following people: Nehemiah…Zedekiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 10 1 j4ny הַחֲתוּמִ֑ים 1 sealed documents The documents were sealed after the names had been signed on the documents.
NEH 10 1 mu7u figs-pronouns נְחֶמְיָ֧ה 1 Nehemiah Some people believe that Nehemiah wrote this book and is speaking of himself as if he were someone else because this is an official list. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
NEH 10 1 r4sg translate-names חֲכַלְיָ֖ה 1 Hakaliah This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 10 29 l6ns אֲחֵיהֶם֮ אַדִּירֵיהֶם֒ 1 their brothers, their nobles “their fellow brothers the nobles” or “their brothers the leaders.” These phrases refer to the same people.
NEH 10 29 x6i9 figs-metaphor וּבָאִ֞ים בְּאָלָ֣ה וּבִשְׁבוּעָ֗ה 1 bound themselves with both a curse and an oath This speaks of the people taking an oath and a curse as if the oath and the curse were a rope that physically bound them. Alternate translation: “swore themselves to an oath and a curse” or “they took an oath and called for a curse to come on themselves if they failed to keep it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
NEH 10 29 k971 figs-idiom לָלֶ֨כֶת֙ בְּתוֹרַ֣ת הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 to walk in God’s law This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “to live by God’s law” or “to obey God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 10 29 p6ry figs-activepassive אֲשֶׁ֣ר נִתְּנָ֔ה בְּיַ֖ד מֹשֶׁ֣ה עֶֽבֶד־הָֽאֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 which was given by Moses the servant of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which Moses the servant of God had given to Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 10 29 p6ry figs-activepassive אֲשֶׁ֣ר נִתְּנָ֔ה בְּיַ֖ד מֹשֶׁ֣ה עֶֽבֶד־הָֽאֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 which was given by Moses the servant of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which Moses the servant of God had given to Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 10 29 ny6b וְלִשְׁמ֣וֹר 1 to observe “to follow”
NEH 10 30 t8sp 0 General Information: In these verses, the people describe the content of the oath they were making in [Nehemiah 10:29](../10/29.md).
NEH 10 30 s4sx figs-explicit לֹא־נִתֵּ֥ן בְּנֹתֵ֖ינוּ לְעַמֵּ֣י הָאָ֑רֶץ וְאֶת־בְּנֹ֣תֵיהֶ֔ם לֹ֥א נִקַּ֖ח לְבָנֵֽינוּ 1 would not give our daughters to the people of the land or take their daughters for our sons This means that they would not allow their sons and daughters to marry them. Alternate translation: “would not give our daughters to marry the people of the land, and we would not take their daughters to marry our sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 10 30 s4sx figs-explicit לֹא־נִתֵּ֥ן בְּנֹתֵ֖ינוּ לְעַמֵּ֣י הָאָ֑רֶץ וְאֶת־בְּנֹ֣תֵיהֶ֔ם לֹ֥א נִקַּ֖ח לְבָנֵֽינוּ 1 would not give our daughters to the people of the land or take their daughters for our sons This means that they would not allow their sons and daughters to marry them. Alternate translation: “would not give our daughters to marry the people of the land, and we would not take their daughters to marry our sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 10 30 iqq1 figs-explicit לְעַמֵּ֣י הָאָ֑רֶץ 1 the people of the land This refers to the people who live in their land who do not worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the people of this land who do not worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 10 30 lx8c figs-exclusive לֹא־נִתֵּ֥ן…לֹ֥א נִקַּ֖ח 1 We promised…we would not give… or take The pronoun “we” here includes Nehemiah and the Jewish people, but not the reader of this book. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
NEH 10 31 m39f figs-exclusive לֹא־נִקַּ֥ח…וְנִטֹּ֛שׁ 1 We also promised…we would not buy…we will let…we will cancel The pronoun “we” here includes Nehemiah and the Jewish people, but not the reader of this book. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
NEH 10 30 lx8c figs-exclusive לֹא־נִתֵּ֥ן…לֹ֥א נִקַּ֖ח 1 We promised…we would not give… or take The pronoun “we” here includes Nehemiah and the Jewish people, but not the reader of this book. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
NEH 10 31 m39f figs-exclusive לֹא־נִקַּ֥ח…וְנִטֹּ֛שׁ 1 We also promised…we would not buy…we will let…we will cancel The pronoun “we” here includes Nehemiah and the Jewish people, but not the reader of this book. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
NEH 10 31 hf7z figs-idiom וְנִטֹּ֛שׁ 1 we will let our fields rest This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “we will not plow our fields” or “we will not grow anything in our fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
NEH 10 31 ur3t וּמַשָּׁ֥א כָל־יָֽד 1 we will cancel all debts This means that they will not require that people pay them what they owe. Alternate translation: “we will cancel all debts that people owe us” or “we will tell people that they no longer have to pay us back”
NEH 10 31 ur3t וּמַשָּׁ֥א כָל־יָֽד 1 we will cancel all debts This means that they will not require that people pay them what they owe. Alternate translation: “we will cancel all debts that people owe us” or “we will tell people that they no longer have to pay us back”
NEH 10 32 bh3h 0 General Information: In these verses, the people continue describing the content of the oath they were making in [Nehemiah 10:29](../10/29.md).
NEH 10 32 h9gt וְהֶעֱמַ֤דְנוּ עָלֵ֨ינוּ֙ מִצְוֺ֔ת 1 We accepted the commands “We promised to obey the command”
NEH 10 32 ljm2 figs-exclusive וְהֶעֱמַ֤דְנוּ עָלֵ֨ינוּ֙ 1 We accepted The pronoun “we” here includes all the Israelites including Nehemiah except for the priest and Levites, and does not include the reader of this book (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
@ -755,29 +755,29 @@ NEH 10 37 j9sj 0 General Information: In these verses, the people continue des
NEH 10 37 s7s2 figs-exclusive נָבִ֤יא 1 We will bring…We will bring The pronoun “we” here includes Nehemiah and the Israelites except for the priests and the Levites, and also does not include the reader of this book (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
NEH 10 37 rk7x עֲרִיסֹתֵ֣ינוּ 1 our dough Possible meanings are that this refers to 1) dough made from coarse flour, 2) coarse flour, or 3) ground grain.
NEH 10 37 uc2w figs-ellipsis תִּיר֣וֹשׁ וְיִצְהָ֗ר 1 the new wine and the oil The words “first of” are understood from the begininng of the sentnces. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “the first of the new wine and of the oil” or “the best of the new wine and of the oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 10 37 e92l לִשְׁכ֣וֹת בֵּית־אֱלֹהֵ֔ינוּ 1 the storerooms of the house of our God “the places where things are stored in the temple”
NEH 10 37 e92l לִשְׁכ֣וֹת בֵּית־אֱלֹהֵ֔ינוּ 1 the storerooms of the house of our God “the places where things are stored in the temple”
NEH 10 37 r776 figs-synecdoche וּמַעְשַׂ֥ר אַדְמָתֵ֖נוּ 1 the tithes from our soil Here “our soil” refers to everything that is grown in the ground. Alternate translation: “the tithes of what we grow in the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
NEH 10 38 by9z figs-activepassive בַּעְשֵׂ֣ר 1 they receive the tithes This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people give them the tithes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 10 38 eb51 translate-fraction אֶת־מַעֲשַׂ֤ר 1 a tenth This means one part out of ten equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
NEH 10 38 eb51 translate-fraction אֶת־מַעֲשַׂ֤ר 1 a tenth This means one part out of ten equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
NEH 10 38 zl4a הַלְּשָׁכ֖וֹת לְבֵ֥ית הָאוֹצָֽר 1 the storerooms of the treasury “the storerooms in the temple”
NEH 10 39 qzf8 0 General Information: In these verses, the people finish describing the content of the oath they were making in [Nehemiah 10:29](../10/29.md).
NEH 10 39 ss5h figs-activepassive אֶל־הַ֠לְּשָׁכוֹת 1 the storerooms where the articles of the sanctuary are kept This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the rooms where the priests keep the things that are used in the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 10 39 u1sq וְלֹ֥א נַעֲזֹ֖ב אֶת־בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ 1 We will not neglect the house of our God This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “We will care for the temple”
NEH 10 39 ss5h figs-activepassive אֶל־הַ֠לְּשָׁכוֹת 1 the storerooms where the articles of the sanctuary are kept This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the rooms where the priests keep the things that are used in the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 10 39 u1sq וְלֹ֥א נַעֲזֹ֖ב אֶת־בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ 1 We will not neglect the house of our God This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “We will care for the temple”
NEH 10 39 b23h figs-exclusive נַעֲזֹ֖ב 1 We will The pronoun “we” here includes Nehemiah and all the people of Israel but does not include the reader of this book. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
NEH 11 intro xja1 0 # Nehemiah 11 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The places where the Jews lived<br><br>Some people lived in Jerusalem, but most people lived in villages and towns away from Jerusalem. They lived there in order to farm the land raise their animals. The city with its walls was there to provide all of the people with protection if enemies attacked them.<br>
NEH 11 1 e2yg הָ֠עָם הִפִּ֨ילוּ גוֹרָל֜וֹת 1 the people cast lots “the people threw marked stones”
NEH 11 1 beq5 לְהָבִ֣יא׀ אֶחָ֣ד מִן־הָעֲשָׂרָ֗ה 1 to bring one of ten “to bring one family out of every ten families”
NEH 11 1 beq5 לְהָבִ֣יא׀ אֶחָ֣ד מִן־הָעֲשָׂרָ֗ה 1 to bring one of ten “to bring one family out of every ten families”
NEH 11 3 l7mb בַּאֲחֻזָּתוֹ֙ בְּעָ֣רֵיהֶ֔ם יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל 1 on his own land, including some Israelites “on his own land: Israelites”
NEH 11 4 n2a7 מִבְּנֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה וּמִבְּנֵ֣י בִנְיָמִ֑ן 1 some of the descendants of Judah and some of the descendants of Benjamin “some of the people of Judah and some of the people of Benjamin”
NEH 11 4 nm8y מִבְּנֵ֣י יְ֠הוּדָה 1 The people from Judah included: “From the descendants of Judah:”
NEH 11 4 wl7r translate-names יְהוּדָ֖ה…בִנְיָמִ֑ן…יְ֠עֲתָיָ֨ה…עֻזִּיָּ֜ה…זְכַרְיָ֧ה…אֲמַרְיָ֛ה…שְׁפַטְיָ֥ה…מַהֲלַלְאֵ֖ל…פָֽרֶץ 1 Judah…Benjamin…Athaiah…Uzziah…Zechariah…Amariah…Shephatiah…Mahalalel…Perez These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 4 vx6k מִבְּנֵי־פָֽרֶץ 1 a descendant of Perez “from the descendants of Perez”
NEH 11 4 vx6k מִבְּנֵי־פָֽרֶץ 1 a descendant of Perez “from the descendants of Perez”
NEH 11 5 l727 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, Nehemiah continues to list the provincial officers who lived in Jerusalem.
NEH 11 5 ml8b translate-names וּמַעֲשֵׂיָ֣ה…בָּר֣וּךְ…כָּל־חֹ֠זֶה…חֲזָיָ֨ה…עֲדָיָ֧ה…יוֹיָרִ֛יב…זְכַרְיָ֖ה 1 Maaseiah…Baruch…Kol-Hozeh…Hazaiah…Adaiah…Joiarib…Zechariah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 5 ml8b translate-names וּמַעֲשֵׂיָ֣ה…בָּר֣וּךְ…כָּל־חֹ֠זֶה…חֲזָיָ֨ה…עֲדָיָ֧ה…יוֹיָרִ֛יב…זְכַרְיָ֖ה 1 Maaseiah…Baruch…Kol-Hozeh…Hazaiah…Adaiah…Joiarib…Zechariah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 5 dxb8 הַשִּׁלֹנִֽי 1 Shilonite This refers to a person who comes from the town of Shiloh.
NEH 11 6 y8t2 translate-names פֶ֕רֶץ 1 Perez This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 6 hcr6 translate-numbers כָּל־…בִּירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֛וֹת שִׁשִּׁ֥ים וּשְׁמֹנָ֖ה 1 All…were 468 “All…were four hundred and sixty-eight.” Perez had 468 descendants who lived in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
NEH 11 6 ej3g אַנְשֵׁי־חָֽיִל 1 They were outstanding men “They were courageous men” or “They were valiant men”
NEH 11 6 ej3g אַנְשֵׁי־חָֽיִל 1 They were outstanding men “They were courageous men” or “They were valiant men”
NEH 11 7 m8mp 0 Connecting Statement: In these verses, Nehemiah continues to list the provincial officers who lived in Jerusalem.
NEH 11 7 md67 וְאֵ֖לֶּה בְּנֵ֣י 1 These are the descendants “These are some of the descendants.” Your language may need to specify that this is not a list of every descendant.
NEH 11 7 w8c5 translate-names בִנְיָמִ֑ן סַלֻּ֡א…מְשֻׁלָּ֡ם…יוֹעֵ֡ד…פְּדָיָה֩…ק֨וֹלָיָ֧ה…מַעֲשֵׂיָ֛ה…אִֽיתִיאֵ֖ל…יְשַֽׁעְיָֽה 1 Benjamin…Sallu…Meshullam…Joed…Pedaiah…Kolaiah…Maaseiah…Ithiel…Jeshaiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 21 vct4 translate-names בָּעֹ֑פֶל 1 Ophel This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 22 l3ba וּפְקִ֤יד 1 The chief officer over “The overseer of”
NEH 11 22 rr5e translate-names עֻזִּ֤י…בָּנִי֙…חֲשַׁבְיָ֔ה…מַתַּנְיָ֖ה…מִיכָ֑א…אָסָף֙ 1 Uzzi…Bani…Hashabiah…Mattaniah…Mika…Asaph These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 23 km8l כִּֽי־מִצְוַ֥ת הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ עֲלֵיהֶ֑ם 1 They were under orders from the king “The king had told them what to do”
NEH 11 23 a9fz figs-activepassive וַאֲמָנָ֥ה עַל־הַמְשֹׁרְרִ֖ים 1 firm orders were given for the singers This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the king had told them specifically what to do about the singers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 11 23 km8l כִּֽי־מִצְוַ֥ת הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ עֲלֵיהֶ֑ם 1 They were under orders from the king “The king had told them what to do”
NEH 11 23 a9fz figs-activepassive וַאֲמָנָ֥ה עַל־הַמְשֹׁרְרִ֖ים 1 firm orders were given for the singers This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the king had told them specifically what to do about the singers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 11 24 aee9 translate-names וּפְתַֽחְיָ֨ה…מְשֵֽׁיזַבְאֵ֜ל…זֶ֤רַח…יְהוּדָה֙ 1 Pethahiah…Meshezabel…Zerah…Judah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 24 dqa4 לְיַ֣ד הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ לְכָל־דָּבָ֖ר לָעָֽם 1 at the king’s side in all matters concerning the people “at the Persian king’s side as an adviser in all matters concerning the Jewish people”
NEH 11 24 dqa4 לְיַ֣ד הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ לְכָל־דָּבָ֖ר לָעָֽם 1 at the king’s side in all matters concerning the people “at the Persian king’s side as an adviser in all matters concerning the Jewish people”
NEH 11 25 rg1f translate-names בְּקִרְיַ֤ת הָֽאַרְבַּע֙…וּבְדִיבֹן֙…וּבִֽיקַּבְצְאֵ֖ל 1 Kiriath Arba…Dibon…Jekabzeel These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 26 d9f4 translate-names וּבְיֵשׁ֥וּעַ וּבְמוֹלָדָ֖ה וּבְבֵ֥ית פָּֽלֶט 1 Jeshua…Moladah…Beth Pelet These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 27 nu5z translate-names וּבַחֲצַ֥ר שׁוּעָ֛ל וּבִבְאֵ֥ר שֶׁ֖בַע 1 Hazar Shual…Beersheba These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 28 dl5v translate-names וּבְצִֽקְלַ֥ג וּבִמְכֹנָ֖ה 1 Ziklag…Mekonah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 29 t41a translate-names וּבְעֵ֥ין רִמּ֛וֹן וּבְצָרְעָ֖ה וּבְיַרְמֽוּ 1 Enrimmon…Zorah…Jarmuth These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 30 vn2z translate-names זָנֹ֤חַ עֲדֻלָּם֙…לָכִישׁ֙…עֲזֵקָ֖ה…מִבְּאֵֽר־שֶׁ֖בַע…גֵּֽיא־הִנֹּֽם 1 Zanoah…Adullam…Lachish…Azekah…Beersheba…Valley of Hinnom These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 30 vn2z translate-names זָנֹ֤חַ עֲדֻלָּם֙…לָכִישׁ֙…עֲזֵקָ֖ה…מִבְּאֵֽר־שֶׁ֖בַע…גֵּֽיא־הִנֹּֽם 1 Zanoah…Adullam…Lachish…Azekah…Beersheba…Valley of Hinnom These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 30 mzq1 וַיַּחֲנ֥וּ 1 they lived Here “they” refers to the people of Judah.
NEH 11 31 n61t וּבְנֵ֥י בִנְיָמִ֖ן מִגָּ֑בַע מִכְמָ֣שׂ וְעַיָּ֔ה 1 The people of Benjamin also lived from Geba onward, at Mikmash and Aija “The people of Benjamin lived in Geba, Mikmash and Aija”
NEH 11 31 uha3 translate-names מִגָּ֑בַע מִכְמָ֣שׂ וְעַיָּ֔ה וּבֵֽית 1 Geba…Mikmash…Aija…Bethel These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 33 jwf7 translate-names חָצ֥וֹר׀ רָמָ֖ה גִּתָּֽיִם 1 Hazor, Ramah, Gittaim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 34 e1ls translate-names חָדִ֥יד צְבֹעִ֖ים נְבַלָּֽט 1 Hadid, Zeboim, Neballat These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 35 qu5n translate-names גֵּ֥י הַחֲרָשִֽׁים 1 the valley of craftsmen Possible meanings are 1) this is a description of Ono or 2) it is “Craftsmen’s Valley” or “the Valley of Craftsmen,” another name for Ono, or 3) it is a different place from Ono, “and the Valley of Craftsmen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 11 36 y212 figs-activepassive וּמִן־הַלְוִיִּ֔ם מַחְלְק֥וֹת יְהוּדָ֖ה לְבִנְיָמִֽין 1 Some of the Levites who lived in Judah were assigned to the people of Benjamin It is not clear who assigned these Levites to live with the people of Benjamin. Alternate translation: “They assigned some of the Levites who lived in Judah to serve the people of Benjamin” or “The officials assigned some of the Levites who lived in Judah to serve the people of Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 11 36 y212 figs-activepassive וּמִן־הַלְוִיִּ֔ם מַחְלְק֥וֹת יְהוּדָ֖ה לְבִנְיָמִֽין 1 Some of the Levites who lived in Judah were assigned to the people of Benjamin It is not clear who assigned these Levites to live with the people of Benjamin. Alternate translation: “They assigned some of the Levites who lived in Judah to serve the people of Benjamin” or “The officials assigned some of the Levites who lived in Judah to serve the people of Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
NEH 12 intro xmt3 0 # Nehemiah 12 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Dedication of the wall<br><br>In the ancient Near East, it was common to dedicate an important structure to a god. When it was completed, the wall was dedicated to Yahweh. Long lists of people are present, indicating that “everyone” was present for this and praised Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br>
NEH 12 1 ixs5 אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָל֛וּ 1 who came up “who arrived from Babylonia”
NEH 12 1 b4x7 עִם־זְרֻבָּבֶ֥ל 1 with Zerubbabel “under the leadership of Zerubbabel”
NEH 12 1 b4x7 עִם־זְרֻבָּבֶ֥ל 1 with Zerubbabel “under the leadership of Zerubbabel”
NEH 12 1 b8ry translate-names זְרֻבָּבֶ֥ל…שְׁאַלְתִּיאֵ֖ל וְיֵשׁ֑וּעַ שְׂרָיָ֥ה יִרְמְיָ֖ה עֶזְרָֽא 1 Zerubbabel…Shealtiel…Jeshua…Seraiah…Jeremiah…Ezra These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 1 myj6 figs-explicit וְיֵשׁ֑וּעַ 1 Jeshua The original readers would have understood that Jeshua was the high priest. Alternate translation: “Jeshua the high priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 12 2 p4ml translate-names אֲמַרְיָ֥ה מַלּ֖וּךְ חַטּֽוּשׁ 1 Amariah…Malluk…Hattush These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 9 nnn1 translate-names וּבַקְבֻּֽקְיָ֨ה וענו 1 Bakbukiah…Unni These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 9 nhn4 לְנֶגְדָּ֖ם לְמִשְׁמָרֽוֹת 1 stood opposite them during the service Possible meanings are 1) this was during a worship service and these were two groups of singers or other worshipers, or 2) these groups guarded the temple at different times, or “took turns guarding the temple.”
NEH 12 10 ri33 translate-names וְיֵשׁ֖וּעַ…יֽוֹיָקִ֑ים…אֶלְיָשִׁ֔יב…יוֹיָדָֽע 1 Jeshua…Joiakim…Eliashib…Joiada These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 10 xd69 figs-explicit וְיֵשׁ֖וּעַ הוֹלִ֣יד אֶת־יֽוֹיָקִ֑ים 1 Jeshua was the father of Joiakim This is the same Jeshua named in [Nehemiah 12:1](../12/01.md). The original readers would have understood that Jeshua was the high priest. Alternate translation: “Jeshua the high priest was the father of Joiakim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 12 10 xd69 figs-explicit וְיֵשׁ֖וּעַ הוֹלִ֣יד אֶת־יֽוֹיָקִ֑ים 1 Jeshua was the father of Joiakim This is the same Jeshua named in [Nehemiah 12:1](../12/01.md). The original readers would have understood that Jeshua was the high priest. Alternate translation: “Jeshua the high priest was the father of Joiakim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 12 11 a7yv translate-names וְיוֹיָדָע֙…יוֹנָתָ֔ן…יַדּֽוּעַ 1 Joiada…Jonathan…Jaddua These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 12 j9qv translate-names יֽוֹיָקִ֔ים…מְרָיָ֔ה…חֲנַנְיָֽה 1 Joiakim…Meraiah…Hananiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 12 vv32 translate-names לִשְׂרָיָ֣ה…לְיִרְמְיָ֖ה 1 Seraiah…Jeremiah These are names of families named after men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 21 v16d translate-names חֲשַׁבְיָ֔ה…נְתַנְאֵֽל 1 Hashabiah…Nethanel These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 21 vwp6 translate-names לְחִלְקִיָּ֣ה…לִֽידַֽעְיָ֖ה 1 Hilkiah…Jedaiah These are all names of families that are named after men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 22 snj3 translate-names אֶלְיָשִׁ֜יב יוֹיָדָ֤ע וְיוֹחָנָן֙ וְיַדּ֔וּעַ 1 Eliashib…Joiada, Johanan…Jaddua names of men (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 22 cr6d עַל־מַלְכ֖וּת דָּרְיָ֥וֶשׁ 1 during the reign of Darius Another possible meaning is “until the reign of Darius”
NEH 12 23 q9hz כְּתוּבִ֕ים עַל־סֵ֖פֶר דִּבְרֵ֣י 1 recorded in the book of the annals This may refer to the Book of Chronicles. The scribes wrote the words in the verses above in a book that recorded the events of each day.
NEH 12 23 d2rp וְעַד־יְמֵ֖י יֽוֹחָנָ֥ן בֶּן־אֶלְיָשִֽׁיב 1 up to the days of Johanan son of Eliashib The records in the temple recorded only up until Johanan.
NEH 12 22 cr6d עַל־מַלְכ֖וּת דָּרְיָ֥וֶשׁ 1 during the reign of Darius Another possible meaning is “until the reign of Darius”
NEH 12 23 q9hz כְּתוּבִ֕ים עַל־סֵ֖פֶר דִּבְרֵ֣י 1 recorded in the book of the annals This may refer to the Book of Chronicles. The scribes wrote the words in the verses above in a book that recorded the events of each day.
NEH 12 23 d2rp וְעַד־יְמֵ֖י יֽוֹחָנָ֥ן בֶּן־אֶלְיָשִֽׁיב 1 up to the days of Johanan son of Eliashib The records in the temple recorded only up until Johanan.
NEH 12 24 kx4z translate-names חֲשַׁבְיָ֨ה שֵֽׁרֵבְיָ֜ה וְיֵשׁ֤וּעַ…קַדְמִיאֵל֙ 1 Hashabiah, Sherebiah…Jeshua…Kadmiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 24 d373 לְנֶגְדָּ֔ם לְהַלֵּ֣ל לְהוֹד֔וֹת בְּמִצְוַ֖ת דָּוִ֣יד אִישׁ־הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים מִשְׁמָ֖ר לְעֻמַּ֥ת מִשְׁמָֽר 1 who stood opposite them to give praise and to give thanks, responding section by section This refers to how they sang some of their songs in worship. A leader or one group would sing a phrase, then one or two groups that “stood opposite them” would sing a phrase in response.
NEH 12 24 d373 לְנֶגְדָּ֔ם לְהַלֵּ֣ל לְהוֹד֔וֹת בְּמִצְוַ֖ת דָּוִ֣יד אִישׁ־הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים מִשְׁמָ֖ר לְעֻמַּ֥ת מִשְׁמָֽר 1 who stood opposite them to give praise and to give thanks, responding section by section This refers to how they sang some of their songs in worship. A leader or one group would sing a phrase, then one or two groups that “stood opposite them” would sing a phrase in response.
NEH 12 24 dl8r בְּמִצְוַ֖ת דָּוִ֣יד 1 obedience to the command of David King David had commanded the Levites how they were to organize and lead worship.
NEH 12 25 p55l translate-names מַתַּנְיָ֧ה וּבַקְבֻּֽקְיָ֛ה עֹבַדְיָ֥ה מְשֻׁלָּ֖ם טַלְמ֣וֹן עַקּ֑וּב 1 Mattaniah, Bakbukiah, Obadiah, Meshullam, Talmon, and Akkub These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 26 wk2z translate-names יוֹיָקִ֥ים…יֵשׁ֖וּעַ…יוֹצָדָ֑ק…נְחֶמְיָ֣ה…וְעֶזְרָ֥א 1 Joiakim…Jeshua…Jozadak…Nehemiah…Ezra These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 27 e63y וּבַחֲנֻכַּ֞ת חוֹמַ֣ת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֗ם 1 At the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem Possible meanings are 1) “At the time when they dedicated the wall of Jerusalem” or 2) “So that the dedication of Jerusalem’s wall could take place.”
NEH 12 27 s6xv translate-unknown מְצִלְתַּ֖יִם 1 cymbals two thin, round metal plates that are hit together to make a loud sound (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
NEH 12 29 lnm1 translate-names וּמִבֵּית֙ הַגִּלְגָּ֔ל…גֶּ֖בַע וְעַזְמָ֑וֶת 1 Beth Gilgal…Geba and Azmaveth These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 31 zsj6 אֶת־שָׂרֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 the leaders of Judah the leaders of the people who lived in the region of Judah
NEH 12 31 zsj6 אֶת־שָׂרֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 the leaders of Judah the leaders of the people who lived in the region of Judah
NEH 12 32 ni9q translate-names הוֹשַׁ֣עְיָ֔ה 1 Hoshaiah These are the names of males. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 33 x16d translate-names וַעֲזַרְיָ֥ה עֶזְרָ֖א וּמְשֻׁלָּֽם 1 Azariah, Ezra, Meshullam These are the names of males. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 34 t5un translate-names יְהוּדָה֙ וּבִנְיָמִ֔ןוּֽשְׁמַֽעְיָ֖ה וְיִרְמְיָֽה 1 Judah, Benjamin, Shemaiah, Jeremiah These are the names of males. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 35 h1hm translate-names זְכַרְיָ֨ה…יֽוֹנָתָ֜ן…שְׁמַֽעְיָ֗ה…מַתַּנְיָה֙…מִ֣יכָיָ֔ה…זַכּ֖וּר…אָסָֽף 1 Zechariah…Jonathan…Shemaiah…Mattaniah…Micaiah…Zaccur…Asaph These are the names of males. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 35 cp3q וּמִבְּנֵ֥י הַכֹּהֲנִ֖ים בַּחֲצֹצְר֑וֹת זְכַרְיָ֨ה 1 some of the priests’ sons with trumpets, and Zechariah Some versions read, “from among the priests with trumpets, Zechariah”
NEH 12 35 q33v זְכַרְיָ֨ה בֶן־יֽוֹנָתָ֜ן בֶּן־שְׁמַֽעְיָ֗ה בֶּן־מַתַּנְיָה֙ בֶּן־מִ֣יכָיָ֔ה בֶּן־זַכּ֖וּר בֶּן־אָסָֽף 1 Zechariah son of Jonathan son of Shemaiah son of Mattaniah son of Micaiah son of Zaccur son of Asaph All of the names after “Zechariah” are the ancestors of Zechariah. This list connects Zechariah with the famous singer Asaph. “Zechariah who was the son of Jonathan, who was the son of Shemaiah, who was the son of Mattaniah, who was the son of Micaiah, who was the son of Zaccur son of Asaph”
NEH 12 35 q33v זְכַרְיָ֨ה בֶן־יֽוֹנָתָ֜ן בֶּן־שְׁמַֽעְיָ֗ה בֶּן־מַתַּנְיָה֙ בֶּן־מִ֣יכָיָ֔ה בֶּן־זַכּ֖וּר בֶּן־אָסָֽף 1 Zechariah son of Jonathan son of Shemaiah son of Mattaniah son of Micaiah son of Zaccur son of Asaph All of the names after “Zechariah” are the ancestors of Zechariah. This list connects Zechariah with the famous singer Asaph. “Zechariah who was the son of Jonathan, who was the son of Shemaiah, who was the son of Mattaniah, who was the son of Micaiah, who was the son of Zaccur son of Asaph”
NEH 12 36 kmk3 translate-names שְֽׁמַעְיָ֡ה וַעֲזַרְאֵ֡ל מִֽלֲלַ֡י גִּֽלֲלַ֡י מָעַ֞י נְתַנְאֵ֤ל וִֽיהוּדָה֙ חֲנָ֔נִי…דָּוִ֖יד…וְעֶזְרָ֥א 1 Zechariah…Shemaiah, Azarel, Milalai, Gilalai, Maai, Nethanel, Judah, Hanani…David…Ezra These are the names of males. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 36 n2tl וְעֶזְרָ֥א הַסּוֹפֵ֖ר לִפְנֵיהֶֽ 1 Ezra the scribe was in front of them “Ezra the scribe was leading them”
NEH 12 37 c38r שַׁ֨עַר הָעַ֜יִן…שַׁ֥עַר הַמַּ֖יִם 1 Fountain Gate…Water Gate These are the names of openings in the wall.
@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ NEH 12 38 t11k וַאֲנִ֣י אַחֲרֶ֑יהָ 1 I followed them Ne
NEH 12 38 j2zn translate-names לְמִגְדַּ֣ל הַתַּנּוּרִ֔ים 1 Tower of Ovens This is the name of a tall structure where people kept watch for danger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 38 a5ww הַחוֹמָ֥ה הָרְחָבָֽה 1 Broad Wall This is a name for part of the wall.
NEH 12 39 v1ni translate-names וּמִגְדַּ֤ל חֲנַנְאֵל֙ וּמִגְדַּ֣ל הַמֵּאָ֔ה 1 Tower of Hananel…Tower of the Hundred These are the names of tall structures where people kept watch for danger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 39 v264 לְשַֽׁעַר־אֶ֠פְרַיִם…שַׁ֨עַר הַיְשָׁנָ֜ה…שַׁ֣עַר הַדָּגִ֗ים…שַׁ֣עַר הַצֹּ֑אן…בְּשַׁ֖עַר הַמַּטָּרָֽה 1 Gate of Ephraim…Old Gate…Fish Gate…Sheep Gate…Gate of the Guard These are the names of openings in the wall.
NEH 12 39 v264 לְשַֽׁעַר־אֶ֠פְרַיִם…שַׁ֨עַר הַיְשָׁנָ֜ה…שַׁ֣עַר הַדָּגִ֗ים…שַׁ֣עַר הַצֹּ֑אן…בְּשַׁ֖עַר הַמַּטָּרָֽה 1 Gate of Ephraim…Old Gate…Fish Gate…Sheep Gate…Gate of the Guard These are the names of openings in the wall.
NEH 12 40 ai1v וַאֲנִ֕י 1 I also took my place Nehemiah is speaking here. Alternate translation: “I, Nehemiah, also took my place”
NEH 12 41 s4t8 translate-names אֶלְיָקִ֡ים מַעֲשֵׂיָ֡ה מִ֠נְיָמִין מִיכָיָ֧ה אֶלְיוֹעֵינַ֛י זְכַרְיָ֥ה חֲנַנְיָ֖ה 1 Eliakim…Maaseiah…Miniamin…Micaiah…Elioenai…Zechariah…Hananiah These are the names of males who were the priests at that time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 12 41 bnz5 בַּחֲצֹצְרֽוֹת 1 with the trumpets Possible meanings are 1) only the first seven priests listed from Eliakim to Hananiah carried trumpets or 2) all 15 priests listed from Eliakim to Ezer carried trumpets.
@ -912,7 +912,7 @@ NEH 12 43 jgp9 שִׂמְּחָם֙ שִׂמְחָ֣ה 1 rejoice with great
NEH 12 43 p5fe figs-metonymy וַתִּשָּׁמַ֛ע שִׂמְחַ֥ת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם מֵרָחֽוֹק 1 So the joy of Jerusalem could be heard far away “The joy of Jerusalem” here is a metonym for “the sound that the people of Jerusalem made.” This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people far away from Jerusalem could hear the sound that the people of Jerusalem made as they celebrated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 12 44 fsb6 figs-activepassive וַיִּפָּקְד֣וּ בַיּוֹם֩ הַה֨וּא אֲנָשִׁ֜ים עַל 1 men were appointed to be in charge This can be stated in active form. It is not clear who appointed the men. Alternate translation: “they appointed men to be in charge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 12 44 bnw2 לָא֨וֹצָר֥וֹת 1 the contributions things the people gave to the priests
NEH 12 44 g347 כִּ֚י שִׂמְחַ֣ת יְהוּדָ֔ה עַל־הַכֹּהֲנִ֥ים וְעַל־הַלְוִיִּ֖ם 1 For Judah rejoiced over the priests and the Levites It seems that the people appointed the men because the people of Judah were grateful for the priests and Levites who were serving.
NEH 12 44 g347 כִּ֚י שִׂמְחַ֣ת יְהוּדָ֔ה עַל־הַכֹּהֲנִ֥ים וְעַל־הַלְוִיִּ֖ם 1 For Judah rejoiced over the priests and the Levites It seems that the people appointed the men because the people of Judah were grateful for the priests and Levites who were serving.
NEH 12 44 g9pg figs-explicit הָעֹמְדִֽים 1 who were standing before them The Levites and priests were not just standing, they were serving in their roles. The meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “who were standing before them serving God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 12 45 lm4j וְהַשֹּׁעֲרִ֑ים 1 gatekeepers These were people assigned to each gate, responsible to control access to the city or temple, as well as to open and close the gates at times and for reasons set by the administrator. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 7:1](../07/01.md).
NEH 12 46 py1c ראש הַמְשֹׁ֣רְרִ֔ים 1 there were directors of singers This sentence tells why the people did what they did in [Nehemiah 12:45](../12/45.md) and gives us more information about the time when David told people how to worship at the temple.
@ -921,45 +921,45 @@ NEH 12 47 mu9s נֹֽתְנִ֛ים מְנָי֛וֹת 1 They set aside the por
NEH 12 47 e72p לִבְנֵ֥י אַהֲרֹֽן 1 the descendants of Aaron the priests in Israel, who descended from Aaron, the brother of Moses
NEH 13 intro tm5a 0 # Nehemiah 13 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem<br><br>Nehemiah was eager to make sure that the Jews kept their promise to obey the law. When he returned from Persia, he found many things wrong: one of the store rooms in the temple had been converted into a guest room for Tobiah, the Levites had not received their portions for working in the temple, people were working on the Sabbath, and many had married heathen wives. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])<br>
NEH 13 1 k9za בְּאָזְנֵ֣י הָעָ֑ם 1 in the hearing of the people “so that the people could hear it”
NEH 13 1 j6si יָב֨וֹא…בִּקְהַ֥ל הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים עַד־עוֹלָֽם 1 should come into the assembly of God, forever “should ever come into the assembly of God”
NEH 13 1 j6si יָב֨וֹא…בִּקְהַ֥ל הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים עַד־עוֹלָֽם 1 should come into the assembly of God, forever “should ever come into the assembly of God”
NEH 13 2 tf8z כִּ֣י 1 This was because “They could not come into the assembly because”
NEH 13 4 bq8k figs-activepassive אֶלְיָשִׁיב֙ הַכֹּהֵ֔ן נָת֖וּן 1 Eliashib the priest was appointed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they appointed Eliashib the priest” or “the leaders appointed Eliashib the priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 13 4 adq9 קָר֖וֹב לְטוֹבִיָּֽה 1 He was related to Tobiah “Eliashib and Tobiah worked closely together”
NEH 13 4 c9hf אֶלְיָשִׁיב֙…לְטוֹבִיָּֽה 1 Eliashib…Tobiah These are the names of men.
NEH 13 5 xi14 וַיַּ֨עַשׂ ל֜וֹ לִשְׁכָּ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֗ה 1 Eliashib prepared for Tobiah a large storeroom “Eliashib prepared a large storeroom for Tobiah to use”
NEH 13 5 v2in וְהַשֹּׁעֲרִ֑ים 1 gatekeepers people assigned to each gate, responsible to control access to the city or temple, as well as to open and close the gates at times and for reasons set by the administrator. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 7:1](../07/01.md).
NEH 13 6 hxp8 וּבְכָל־זֶ֕ה לֹ֥א הָיִ֖יתִי בִּֽירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 But in all this time I was not in Jerusalem “During the time all this was happening, I was away from Jerusalem”
NEH 13 6 hxp8 וּבְכָל־זֶ֕ה לֹ֥א הָיִ֖יתִי בִּֽירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 But in all this time I was not in Jerusalem “During the time all this was happening, I was away from Jerusalem”
NEH 13 6 dpk4 לֹ֥א הָיִ֖יתִי 1 I was not Here “I” refers to Nehemiah.
NEH 13 7 up8j נִשְׁכָּ֔ה בְּחַצְרֵ֖י בֵּ֥ית הָאֱלֹהִֽים 1 a storeroom in the courts of the house of God This was a room which had previously been purified to store offering supplies ([Nehemiah 13:5](../13/05.md)).
NEH 13 10 k9k6 figs-explicit מְנָי֥וֹת הַלְוִיִּ֖ם לֹ֣א נִתָּ֑נָה 1 the Levites’ portions had not been given to them The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. This can also be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people had not been bringing into the storerooms their tithes and offerings of food for the temple priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 13 10 f2ng וַיִּבְרְח֧וּ אִישׁ־לְשָׂדֵ֛הוּ הַלְוִיִּ֥ם וְהַמְשֹׁרְרִ֖ים עֹשֵׂ֥י הַמְּלָאכָֽה 1 they had run away, each to his own field, the Levites and the singers who did the work “the Levites and the singers who did the work had left the temple, each one going to his own field”
NEH 13 11 mx4v figs-rquestion מַדּ֖וּעַ נֶעֱזַ֣ב בֵּית־הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 Why is the house of God neglected? Nehemiah uses a rhetorical question to challenge or even ridicule the officials who had not done their work. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have neglected the house of God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 13 12 a9ux figs-metonymy וְכָל־יְהוּדָ֗ה 1 all Judah The name of the land is a metonym for the people of the land. This is probably a generalization. Alternate translation: “all the people who lived in Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
NEH 13 10 f2ng וַיִּבְרְח֧וּ אִישׁ־לְשָׂדֵ֛הוּ הַלְוִיִּ֥ם וְהַמְשֹׁרְרִ֖ים עֹשֵׂ֥י הַמְּלָאכָֽה 1 they had run away, each to his own field, the Levites and the singers who did the work “the Levites and the singers who did the work had left the temple, each one going to his own field”
NEH 13 11 mx4v figs-rquestion מַדּ֖וּעַ נֶעֱזַ֣ב בֵּית־הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 Why is the house of God neglected? Nehemiah uses a rhetorical question to challenge or even ridicule the officials who had not done their work. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have neglected the house of God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 13 12 a9ux figs-metonymy וְכָל־יְהוּדָ֗ה 1 all Judah The name of the land is a metonym for the people of the land. This is probably a generalization. Alternate translation: “all the people who lived in Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
NEH 13 13 mu7f translate-names שֶׁלֶמְיָ֨ה…וְצָד֣וֹק…וּפְדָיָה֙…חָנָ֥ן…זַכּ֖וּר…מַתַּנְיָ֑ה 1 Shelemiah…Zadok…Pedaiah…Hanan…Zaccur…Mattaniah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 13 13 e8x3 figs-activepassive נֶאֱמָנִים֙ נֶחְשָׁ֔בוּ 1 they were counted as trustworthy This can be translated in active form. The abstract noun “trustworthy” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I knew that I could trust them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
NEH 13 14 v861 זָכְרָה־לִּ֥י אֱלֹהַ֖י עַל־זֹ֑את 1 Call me to mind, my God, concerning this “My God, remember me concerning this”
NEH 13 15 cp44 figs-metonymy דֹּֽרְכִֽים־גִּתּ֣וֹת 1 treading winepresses The word “winepresses” is a metonym for the grapes that were in the winepresses. The people were walking on grapes to get the juice out of them to make wine. Alternate translation: “walking on grapes in winepresses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 13 14 v861 זָכְרָה־לִּ֥י אֱלֹהַ֖י עַל־זֹ֑את 1 Call me to mind, my God, concerning this “My God, remember me concerning this”
NEH 13 15 cp44 figs-metonymy דֹּֽרְכִֽים־גִּתּ֣וֹת 1 treading winepresses The word “winepresses” is a metonym for the grapes that were in the winepresses. The people were walking on grapes to get the juice out of them to make wine. Alternate translation: “walking on grapes in winepresses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 13 15 z3xh דֹּֽרְכִֽים 1 treading walking on something to crush or press it
NEH 13 16 yvh1 translate-names וְהַצֹּרִים֙ 1 Tyre This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 13 17 w5nr figs-rquestion מָֽה־הַדָּבָ֨ר הָרָ֤ע הַזֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אַתֶּ֣ם עֹשִׂ֔ים וּֽמְחַלְּלִ֖ים אֶת־י֥וֹם הַשַּׁבָּֽת 1 What is this evil thing you are doing, profaning the Sabbath day? Nehemiah is using a rhetorical question to scold the leaders of Judah. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are doing an evil thing by profaning the Sabbath day.” or “God will punish you for doing this evil thing, for profaning the Sabbath day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 13 18 ge49 figs-rquestion הֲל֨וֹא כֹ֤ה עָשׂוּ֙ אֲבֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם וַיָּבֵ֨א אֱלֹהֵ֜ינוּ עָלֵ֗ינוּ אֵ֚ת כָּל־הָרָעָ֣ה הַזֹּ֔את וְעַ֖ל הָעִ֣יר הַזֹּ֑את 1 Did not your fathers do this? Did not our God bring all this evil on us and on this city? Nehemiah is using these rhetorical questions to scold the leaders of Judah. These questions can be combined and translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that your fathers did this, and that is why God brought all this evil on us and on this city.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 13 17 w5nr figs-rquestion מָֽה־הַדָּבָ֨ר הָרָ֤ע הַזֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אַתֶּ֣ם עֹשִׂ֔ים וּֽמְחַלְּלִ֖ים אֶת־י֥וֹם הַשַּׁבָּֽת 1 What is this evil thing you are doing, profaning the Sabbath day? Nehemiah is using a rhetorical question to scold the leaders of Judah. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are doing an evil thing by profaning the Sabbath day.” or “God will punish you for doing this evil thing, for profaning the Sabbath day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 13 18 ge49 figs-rquestion הֲל֨וֹא כֹ֤ה עָשׂוּ֙ אֲבֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם וַיָּבֵ֨א אֱלֹהֵ֜ינוּ עָלֵ֗ינוּ אֵ֚ת כָּל־הָרָעָ֣ה הַזֹּ֔את וְעַ֖ל הָעִ֣יר הַזֹּ֑את 1 Did not your fathers do this? Did not our God bring all this evil on us and on this city? Nehemiah is using these rhetorical questions to scold the leaders of Judah. These questions can be combined and translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that your fathers did this, and that is why God brought all this evil on us and on this city.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 13 19 p31h וַיְהִ֡י כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר צָֽלֲלוּ֩ שַׁעֲרֵ֨י יְרוּשָׁלִַ֜ם לִפְנֵ֣י הַשַּׁבָּ֗ת 1 As soon as it became dark…before the Sabbath “When the sun went down…and it was time for the Sabbath to begin”
NEH 13 19 vk4t figs-activepassive וַיִּסָּגְר֣וּ הַדְּלָת֔וֹת וָאֹ֣מְרָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א יִפְתָּח֔וּם עַ֖ד אַחַ֣ר הַשַּׁבָּ֑ת 1 that the doors be shut and that they should not be opened until This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the guards shut the doors and not open them until” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 13 19 wy3q figs-activepassive לֹא־יָב֥וֹא מַשָּׂ֖א 1 no load could be brought in This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one could bring in things they wanted to sell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 13 20 s2hv וּמֹכְרֵ֧י כָל־מִמְכָּ֛ר 1 sellers of all kinds of wares “people who had brought many different things they wanted to sell”
NEH 13 19 wy3q figs-activepassive לֹא־יָב֥וֹא מַשָּׂ֖א 1 no load could be brought in This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one could bring in things they wanted to sell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
NEH 13 20 s2hv וּמֹכְרֵ֧י כָל־מִמְכָּ֛ר 1 sellers of all kinds of wares “people who had brought many different things they wanted to sell”
NEH 13 21 hi84 figs-rquestion מַדּ֜וּעַ אַתֶּ֤ם לֵנִים֙ נֶ֣גֶד הַחוֹמָ֔ה 1 Why do you camp outside the wall? Nehemiah uses a rhetorical question to rebuke merchants and to emphasize his command. This question can be translated as a statement. The full meaning of this statement can also be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You are camping outside the wall against what I commanded.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 13 21 hfv7 figs-metonymy יָ֖ד אֶשְׁלַ֣ח בָּכֶ֑ם 1 I will lay hands on you! The word “hands” is a metonym for forceful action. Alternate translation: “I will send you away by force!” or “I will remove you by force!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
NEH 13 22 mis6 גַּם־זֹאת֙ זָכְרָה־לִּ֣י אֱלֹהַ֔י 1 Call me to mind for this also, my God “My God, remember me concerning this also.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Nehemiah 13:14](../13/14.md).
NEH 13 22 mis6 גַּם־זֹאת֙ זָכְרָה־לִּ֣י אֱלֹהַ֔י 1 Call me to mind for this also, my God “My God, remember me concerning this also.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Nehemiah 13:14](../13/14.md).
NEH 13 23 zxc2 0 Connecting Statement: These verses introduce the action that follows.
NEH 13 23 jp2w figs-explicit אֶת־הַיְּהוּדִים֙ הֹשִׁ֗יבוּ נָשִׁים֙ אשדודיות עמוניות מוֹאֲבִיּֽוֹת 1 Jews that had married women of Ashdod, Ammon, and Moab “Jews that had married foreign women.” God had forbidden intermarriage. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 13 23 jp2w figs-explicit אֶת־הַיְּהוּדִים֙ הֹשִׁ֗יבוּ נָשִׁים֙ אשדודיות עמוניות מוֹאֲבִיּֽוֹת 1 Jews that had married women of Ashdod, Ammon, and Moab “Jews that had married foreign women.” God had forbidden intermarriage. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
NEH 13 23 l9c2 translate-names אשדודיות 1 Ashdod This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 13 23 b4nt translate-names עמוניות מוֹאֲבִיּֽוֹת 1 Ammon…Moab These are the names of nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 13 24 w247 וּבְנֵיהֶ֗ם חֲצִי֙ 1 Half of their children “As a result, half of their children”
NEH 13 25 dzu5 וָאָרִ֤יב עִמָּם֙ 1 I confronted them “I spoke directly to them about what they had done”
NEH 13 25 hg44 וָאַכֶּ֥ה מֵהֶ֛ם 1 I hit some of them Nehemiah hit some of them with his hands.
NEH 13 25 gzx6 וָאַשְׁבִּיעֵ֣ם בֵּֽאלֹהִ֗ים 1 I made them swear by God “I made them say a promise before God”
NEH 13 26 l9xm figs-rquestion הֲל֣וֹא עַל־אֵ֣לֶּה חָטָֽא־שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה מֶ֣לֶךְ 1 Did not Solomon king of Israel sin on account of these women? Nehemiah uses a rhetorical question to scold the men. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that Solomon king of Israel sinned on account of these women.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 13 27 vp56 figs-rquestion וְלָכֶ֣ם הֲנִשְׁמַ֗ע לַעֲשֹׂת֙ אֵ֣ת כָּל־הָרָעָ֤ה הַגְּדוֹלָה֙ הַזֹּ֔את לִמְעֹ֖ל בֵּֽאלֹהֵ֑ינוּ לְהֹשִׁ֖יב נָשִׁ֥ים נָכְרִיּֽוֹת 1 Should we then listen to you and do all this great evil, and act treacherously against our God by marrying foreign women? Nehemiah uses a rhetorical question to scold the men. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We will not listen to you or do this great evil or act treacherously against our God by marrying foreign women.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 13 26 l9xm figs-rquestion הֲל֣וֹא עַל־אֵ֣לֶּה חָטָֽא־שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה מֶ֣לֶךְ 1 Did not Solomon king of Israel sin on account of these women? Nehemiah uses a rhetorical question to scold the men. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that Solomon king of Israel sinned on account of these women.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 13 27 vp56 figs-rquestion וְלָכֶ֣ם הֲנִשְׁמַ֗ע לַעֲשֹׂת֙ אֵ֣ת כָּל־הָרָעָ֤ה הַגְּדוֹלָה֙ הַזֹּ֔את לִמְעֹ֖ל בֵּֽאלֹהֵ֑ינוּ לְהֹשִׁ֖יב נָשִׁ֥ים נָכְרִיּֽוֹת 1 Should we then listen to you and do all this great evil, and act treacherously against our God by marrying foreign women? Nehemiah uses a rhetorical question to scold the men. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We will not listen to you or do this great evil or act treacherously against our God by marrying foreign women.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
NEH 13 28 dft4 translate-names יוֹיָדָ֤ע…אֶלְיָשִׁיב֙…לְסַנְבַלַּ֣ט 1 Joiada…Eliashib…Sanballat These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 13 28 f8ak translate-names הַחֹרֹנִ֑י 1 the Horonite This refers to a person from the city of Beth Horon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
NEH 13 28 rhs8 וָאַבְרִיחֵ֖הוּ מֵעָלָֽי 1 I caused him to flee from my presence “I chased him away” or “I made him leave Jerusalem”
@ -969,4 +969,4 @@ NEH 13 30 gd16 וְטִֽהַרְתִּ֖ים 1 Thus I cleansed them “I
NEH 13 30 s3y9 וָאַעֲמִ֧ידָה מִשְׁמָר֛וֹת לַכֹּהֲנִ֥ים וְלַלְוִיִּ֖ם 1 established the duties of the priests and the Levites “told the priests and Levites what they were to do”
NEH 13 31 vl4a וּלְקֻרְבַּ֧ן הָעֵצִ֛ים 1 I provided for the wood offering “I arranged for a supply of wood for the wood offerings”
NEH 13 31 sh91 וְלַבִּכּוּרִ֑ים 1 for the firstfruits “for the offering of firstfruits at harvest time”
NEH 13 31 ae94 זָכְרָה־לִּ֥י אֱלֹהַ֖י לְטוֹבָֽה 1 Call me to mind, my God, for good “Think about all I have done, my God, and bless me because of the good things I have done.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Nehemiah 13:14](../13/14.md).
NEH 13 31 ae94 זָכְרָה־לִּ֥י אֱלֹהַ֖י לְטוֹבָֽה 1 Call me to mind, my God, for good “Think about all I have done, my God, and bless me because of the good things I have done.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Nehemiah 13:14](../13/14.md).
1
Book
Chapter
Verse
ID
SupportReference
OrigQuote
Occurrence
GLQuote
OccurrenceNote
2
NEH
front
intro
k2y2
0
# Introduction to Nehemiah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Nehemiah<br><br>1. Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem and inspects the walls (1:1-2:20)<br>1. The people rebuild the walls of Jerusalem (3:1-4:23)<br>1. Nehemiah helps the poor and provides an unselfish example (5:1–19)<br>1. Enemies try to slow down the work, but the people finish the walls (6:1–19)<br>1. Nehemiah lists the people who returned from exile (7:6–73)<br>1. Ezra reads the Law of Yahweh and the people respond (8:1-10:39)<br>1. Nehemiah lists the people who lived in and around Jerusalem (11:1–36)<br>1. Nehemiah lists the priests and Levites (12:1–26)<br>1. The people dedicate the walls of Jerusalem (12:27–47)<br>1. Nehemiah corrects problems (13:1–31)<br><br>### What is the Book of Nehemiah about?<br><br>A Jew named Nehemiah lived in Persia and worked for King Artaxerxes. Nehemiah received a report that the walls around Jerusalem were broken down. Nehemiah returned to Jerusalem to help rebuild the city walls. The walls around the city helped protect the city against armies and invaders.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>The Book of Nehemiah is named for a Jewish leader named Nehemiah. Translators can use the traditional title “Nehemiah.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The Book about Nehemiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Why were Israelites not allowed to marry people from other nations?<br><br>Foreigners worshiped many false gods. Yahweh did not allow his people to marry foreigners. He knew this would cause the people of Israel to worship false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>### Did all of the people of Israel return to their homeland?<br><br>Many of the Jews remained in Babylon instead of returning to the Promised Land. Many of them were successful in Babylon and desired to remain there. However, this meant that they were unable to worship Yahweh in Jerusalem as their ancestors had done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How does the Book of Nehemiah use the term “Israel”?<br><br>The Book of Nehemiah uses the term “Israel” to refer to the kingdom of Judah. It was mostly made up of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. The other ten tribes had ended their loyalty to any kings descended from David. God allowed the Assyrians to conquer the other ten tribes and take them into exile. As a result, they mixed with other people groups and did not return to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])<br><br>### Are the events in the Book of Nehemiah told in the order that they actually happened?<br><br>Some of the events in the Book of Nehemiah are not told in the order they actually happened. Translators should pay attention to notes that signal when events are probably out of order.<br>
3
NEH
1
intro
y5jf
0
# Nehemiah 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### “The words of Nehemiah son of Hacaliah:”<br>This phrase serves as an introduction to this entire book.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br>This chapter is a single long record of Nehemiah’s repentance on behalf of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### I<br>While the author of this book is probably Ezra, the word “I” always refers to Nehemiah.<br><br>### Israel<br>It is uncertain to whom “Israel” refers. It probably does not refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. Neither does it likely refer to the twelve tribes of Israel. Instead, it is probably a reference to Israel in the sense of the surviving people group. At Nehemiah’s time, this people group exclusively comprised the tribe of Judah because the other tribes had already been scattered throughout the entire Near East, where they lost their identity, for the most part.<br>
4
NEH
1
1
bi9h
translate-names
נְחֶמְיָ֖ה…חֲכַלְיָ֑ה
1
Nehemiah…Hakaliah
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5
NEH
1
1
qd3e
translate-hebrewmonths
בְחֹֽדֶשׁ־ כסלובְחֹֽדֶשׁ־כסלו
1
in the month of Kislev
“Kislev” is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of November and the first part of December on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6
NEH
1
1
hn28
figs-explicit
שְׁנַ֣ת עֶשְׂרִ֔ים
1
in the twentieth year
Nehemiah is referring to the number of years that Artaxerxes had been reigning as king. Alternate translation: “in the twentieth year of the reign of Artaxerxes, King of Persia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
7
NEH
1
1
g6dl
בְּשׁוּשַׁ֥ן הַבִּירָֽה׃
1
fortress of Susa
This was one of the royal cities of Persian kings, located in the country of Elam. It was a large, fortified city with high walls surrounding it.
8
NEH
1
2
f2ab
translate-names
חֲנָ֜נִי
1
Hanani
This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
the Jews who had escaped, the remnant of the Jews who were there
These two phrases refer to the same group of people. Possible meanings are 1) the few Jews who were taken as exiles to Babylon but escaped and returned to live in Jerusalem or 2) the few Jews who had escaped from those who were trying to take them into exile in Babylon and so remained in Jerusalem. Since it is unclear from where they escaped, it may be best not to specify in the translation. Alternate translation: “the Jews who had escaped the exile and who remained in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12
NEH
1
3
igf2
וַיֹּאמְרוּ֮ לִי֒
1
They said to me
Here “They” refers to Hanani and the other people who had come from Judah.
13
NEH
1
3
y1zg
figs-explicit
בַּמְּדִינָ֔ה
1
the province
Here “province” refers to Judah as an administrative district under the Persian Empire. Alternate translation: “the province of Judah” or “Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
the wall of Jerusalem has been broken open, and its gates have been set on fire
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “armies have broken open the wall of Jerusalem and have set its gates on fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
16
NEH
1
5
pf2l
יְהוָה֙
1
Yahweh
This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
17
NEH
1
5
zc64
figs-123person
לְאֹהֲבָ֖יו וּלְשֹׁמְרֵ֥י מִצְוֺתָֽיו
1
who love him and keep his commandments
Since Nehemiah is speaking to Yahweh, the pronouns “him” and “his” can be translated as “you” and “your.” Alternate translation: “who love you and keep your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
18
NEH
1
6
g947
figs-metaphor
וְֽעֵינֶ֪יךָ פְתֻוּח֟וֹת
1
open your eyes
“look at me.” Here “open your eyes” is a metaphor that represents paying attention to someone. Alternate translation: “pay attention to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
“so that you may hear the prayer that I, your servant, am praying.” The word “servant” refers to Nehemiah. This is how a person would address his superior in order to show humility and respect.
20
NEH
1
6
v8gx
figs-merism
הַיּוֹם֙ יוֹמָ֣ם וָלַ֔יְלָה
1
day and night
By saying that he prays both during the day and during the night, Nehemiah emphasizes the frequency of his prayers. Alternate translation: “all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
The pronouns “you” and “your” refer to God and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
25
NEH
1
8
b6qh
figs-you
אַתֶּ֣ם תִּמְעָ֔לוּ אֲנִ֕י אָפִ֥יץ אֶתְכֶ֖ם
1
If you act unfaithfully…scatter you
The pronouns “you” and “your” are plural and refer to the Israelite people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
26
NEH
1
8
evf5
figs-metaphor
אָפִ֥יץ אֶתְכֶ֖ם בָּעַמִּֽים
1
I will scatter you among the nations
Yahweh speaks of causing the Israelite people to live in other nations as if he scattered them like one would scatter seeds. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to live among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
The pronouns “you” and “your” are plural and refer to the Israelite people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
28
NEH
1
9
f8jz
figs-idiom
בִּקְצֵ֤ה הַשָּׁמַ֨יִם֙
1
under the farthest skies
Yahweh speaks of places on the earth that are very far away as being “under the farthest skies.” Alternate translation: “to places very far away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
This phrase refers to Jerusalem, where the temple was located. Alternate translation: “to Jerusalem, where I have chosen…remain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “where I have chosen to dwell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
31
NEH
1
10
u4a8
0
General Information:
Nehemiah continues his prayer.
32
NEH
1
10
w4qw
וְהֵ֥ם
1
Now
This word is used here to mark a break in Nehemiah’s prayer. Here he begins to make his request based on Yahweh’s promise.
Here “hand” represents strength or power. Together, these two phrases form a doublet that emphasizes the intensity of Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “by your great power and by your mighty strength” or “by your very powerful strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
35
NEH
1
11
jjm7
תְּפִלַּ֨ת עַבְדְּךָ֜
1
the prayer of your servant
Here “servant” refers to Nehemiah. This is how a person would address his superior in order to show humility and respect. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 1:6](../01/06.md).
36
NEH
1
11
j433
תְּפִלַּ֣ת עֲבָדֶ֗יךָ
1
the prayer of your servants
Here “servants” refers to the rest of the Israelite people who would have been praying for Yahweh to act on behalf of his people and on behalf of Jerusalem.
Here “him” refers to Nehemiah, who refers to himself in the third person to express his humility before God, and “this man” refers to Artaxerxes, the king of Persia.
39
NEH
1
11
r7af
figs-metaphor
לִפְנֵ֖י הָאִ֣ישׁ הַזֶּ֑ה
1
in the sight of this man
Nehemiah speaks of the king’s attitude or disposition as if it were how the king viewed something. Alternate translation: “grant that the king will have mercy on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
40
NEH
1
11
h9hl
writing-background
וַאֲנִ֛י הָיִ֥יתִי מַשְׁקֶ֖ה לַמֶּֽלֶךְ
1
I served as cupbearer to the king
This is background information about Nehemiah’s role in the king’s court. Your language may have a special way to mark background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
44
NEH
2
1
k1vf
writing-background
וְלֹא
1
Now
This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Nehemiah tells background information about his demeanor before the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
45
NEH
2
2
n5wy
וַיֹּאמֶר֩ לִ֨י הַמֶּ֜לֶךְ
1
But the king
“So the king”
46
NEH
2
2
ue51
figs-synecdoche
מַדּ֣וּעַ׀ פָּנֶ֣יךָ רָעִ֗ים
1
Why is your face so sad
Here Nehemiah is referred to by his face because the face shows one’s emotions. Alternate translation: “Why are you so sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
This speaks of Nehemiah being sad as if his heart were sad, since the heart is often considered the center of emotions. Alternate translation: “You must be very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
48
NEH
2
2
eyt8
וָאִירָ֖א הַרְבֵּ֥ה מְאֹֽד
1
Then I became very much afraid
As Nehemiah prepares to answer, he is afraid because he does not know how the king will respond.
49
NEH
2
3
qz4i
figs-hyperbole
הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ לְעוֹלָ֣ם יִחְיֶ֑ה
1
May the king live forever
Nehemiah is showing honor to King Artaxerxes. Here “forever” is an exaggeration that refers to a long life. Alternate translation: “Long live the king” or “May the king have a long life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
Here Nehemiah uses this rhetorical question to tell the king that he has a reason to be sad. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have very good reasons to be sad.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “fire has destroyed its gates” or “our enemy has burned its gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
53
NEH
2
5
uv1p
וָאֹמַ֣ר לַמֶּ֔לֶךְ
1
I replied to the king
“Then I replied to the king”
54
NEH
2
5
u2zy
עַבְדְּךָ֖
1
your servant
Nehemiah refers to himself this way to show his submission to the king.
55
NEH
2
5
ae4b
figs-metaphor
לְפָנֶ֑יךָ
1
in your sight
Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
56
NEH
2
5
df8l
עִ֛יר קִבְר֥וֹת אֲבֹתַ֖י
1
the city of my fathers’ tombs
“the city where my ancestors are buried”
57
NEH
2
5
l6nj
figs-synecdoche
וְאֶבְנֶֽנָּה
1
that I may rebuild it
Nehemiah does not plan to do all of the building himself, but he will be the leader of the work. Alternate translation: “that I and my people may rebuild it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
God’s “good hand” represents his “favor.” Alternate translation: “God’s favor was upon me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
62
NEH
2
10
yz8p
translate-names
סַנְבַלַּ֣ט הַחֹרֹנִ֗י
1
Sanballat the Horonite
Sanballat is the name of a man, and the Horonites were a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
63
NEH
2
10
eh4c
translate-names
וְטֽוֹבִיָּה֙ הָעֶ֣בֶד הָֽעַמֹּנִ֔י
1
Tobiah the Ammonite servant
This man was likely a freed slave now serving as an officer in Ammon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
64
NEH
2
10
vb3p
וַיִּשְׁמַ֞ע
1
heard this
“heard that I had arrived”
65
NEH
2
12
s7mw
figs-metonymy
נֹתֵ֣ן אֶל־ לִבִּ֔י נֹתֵ֣ן אֶל־לִבִּ֔י
1
had put into my heart
Here Nehemiah’s “heart” refers to his thoughts and will. Alternate translation: “had inspired me” or “had led me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
66
NEH
2
12
wd63
וּבְהֵמָה֙ אֵ֣ין עִמִּ֔י
1
There was no animal with me
“There were no animals with me”
67
NEH
2
13
g1be
figs-123person
0
General Information:
A few men accompanied Nehemiah on this inspection, but he speaks in the first person because he was the primary person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
which had been broken open, and the wooden gates were destroyed by fire
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which Israel’s enemies had broken open, and the wooden gates which their enemies had destroyed with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
The other men with Nehemiah also followed him. Alternate translation: “So we went up…and we turned back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
73
NEH
2
15
b637
בְּשַׁ֥עַר הַגַּ֖יְא
1
by the Valley Gate
“through the Valley Gate”
74
NEH
2
16
xd75
figs-explicit
וּלְיֶ֨תֶר֙ עֹשֵׂ֣ה הַמְּלָאכָ֔ה
1
the rest who did the work
This refers to the men who would later rebuild the walls. Alternate translation: “the others who would later do the work of rebuilding the walls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
75
NEH
2
17
we6m
figs-you
אַתֶּ֤ם רֹאִים֙ הָרָעָה֙
1
You see the trouble
Here “you” is plural, referring to all the people mentioned in [Nehemiah 2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
76
NEH
2
17
f468
figs-activepassive
וּשְׁעָרֶ֖יהָ נִצְּת֣וּ בָאֵ֑שׁ
1
its gates have been destroyed by fire
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “how our enemies destroyed its gates by fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
God’s “good hand” represents his “favor.” Alternate translation: “my God’s favor was upon me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
79
NEH
2
18
h3cj
figs-idiom
נָק֣וּם וּבָנִ֔ינוּ
1
rise up and build
This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “begin building” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
80
NEH
2
18
y6ui
figs-idiom
וַיְחַזְּק֥וּ יְדֵיהֶ֖ם לַטּוֹבָֽה
1
So they strengthened their hands for the good work
The phrase “strengthened their hands” means to prepare to do something. Alternate translation: “So they prepared do this good work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
81
NEH
2
19
et87
translate-names
סַנְבַלַּ֨ט…טֹבִיָּ֣ה
1
Sanballat…Tobiah
These are the names of men. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 2:10](./10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
82
NEH
2
19
cxe8
translate-names
וְגֶ֨שֶׁם֙
1
Geshem
This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
What are you doing? Are you rebelling against the king?
These rhetorical questions are used to mock Nehemiah. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “You are acting foolishly! You should not be rebelling against the king!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
84
NEH
2
19
u8ri
הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ
1
the king
This refers to Artaxerses, the king of Persia.
85
NEH
2
20
iv9x
figs-idiom
נָק֣וּם וּבָנִ֑ינוּ
1
will arise and build
This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “will begin rebuilding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
But you have no share, no right, and no historic claim in Jerusalem
“But you have no share, legal right, or religious claim to Jerusalem”
87
NEH
3
intro
dfw6
0
# Nehemiah 03 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Priests<br>The priests worked on rebuilding the city. Normally, the priests were exempt from this type of work. Because they helped, it emphasizes that this is a holy work and something done for Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Cooperation<br>Everyone worked on this project. Many names are mentioned to emphasize the cooperation between the different families. Each was given a section of the wall to rebuild.<br>
Hananiah repaired the wall as well. Alternate translation: “next to him Hananiah, a maker of perfumes, repaired the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
113
NEH
3
8
y25y
הָרַקָּחִ֑ים
1
perfumes
liquid substances that people put on their body in small amounts to smell pleasant
114
NEH
3
9
m5at
translate-names
רְפָיָ֣ה…ח֔וּר
1
Rephaiah…Hur
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
115
NEH
3
9
avu2
שַׂ֕ר
1
ruler
leader or chief administrator
120
NEH
3
11
jy16
figs-ellipsis
מִדָּ֣ה שֵׁנִ֗ית הֶחֱזִיק֙
1
repaired another section
These words refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “repaired another section of the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
121
NEH
3
12
e9p4
translate-names
שַׁלּוּם֙…הַלּוֹחֵ֔שׁ
1
Shallum…Hallohesh
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
122
NEH
3
12
wml3
figs-ellipsis
הֶחֱזִ֗יק
1
repaired, along with his daughters
These phrase refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “repaired another section of the wall…repaired the wall, along with his daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
leader or chief administrator. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 3:9](../03/09.md).
125
NEH
3
12
b6fx
translate-fraction
חֲצִ֖י פֶּ֣לֶךְ
1
half the district
“Half” means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
126
NEH
3
13
itt7
translate-names
חָנוּן֮
1
Hanun
This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
134
NEH
3
13
kw6h
translate-bdistance
וְאֶ֤לֶף אַמָּה֙
1
a thousand cubits
“1,000 cubits.” This may be written in modern measurements. Alternate translation: “460 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
135
NEH
3
13
r9e4
שַׁ֥עַר הָשֲׁפֽוֹת
1
the Dung Gate
Presumably, refuse was removed from the city through this gate. Try to translate this expression as a name, not just as a description.
136
NEH
3
14
w494
translate-names
מַלְכִּיָּ֣ה…רֵכָ֔ב
1
Malkijah…Recab
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
This means that the wall was beside the Pool of Siloam. Alternate translation: “the wall that surrounded the Pool of Siloam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
145
NEH
3
16
x774
translate-names
נְחֶמְיָ֣ה
1
Nehemiah
This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
This is a different man named Nehemiah from the person who authored this book.
148
NEH
3
16
kmx6
שַׂ֕ר
1
ruler
leader or chief administrator. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 3:9](../03/09.md).
149
NEH
3
16
sc4c
translate-fraction
חֲצִ֖י פֶּ֣לֶךְ
1
half the district
“Half” means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
150
NEH
3
16
ngr2
translate-names
בֵּֽית־ צ֑וּרבֵּֽית־צ֑וּר
1
Beth Zur
These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
151
NEH
3
16
c5bs
figs-ellipsis
הֶחֱזִיק֙…עַד־ נֶ֨גֶד֙הֶחֱזִיק֙…עַד־נֶ֨גֶד֙
1
repaired to the place
These phrases refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “repaired the wall up to the place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
152
NEH
3
16
u2s6
הַגִּבֹּרִֽים
1
mighty men
“warriors”
153
NEH
3
17
str7
translate-names
רְח֣וּם…בָּנִ֑י עַל־…חֲשַׁבְיָ֛ה
1
Rehum…Bani…Hashabiah
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
154
NEH
3
17
l6vw
translate-names
קְעִילָ֖ה
1
Keilah
This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
157
NEH
3
18
h5qz
figs-ellipsis
אַחֲרָיו֙ הֶחֱזִ֣יקוּ אֲחֵיהֶ֔ם
1
After him their countrymen repaired
These words refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “Next to him their countrymen repaired the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
158
NEH
3
18
b6sj
אַחֲרָיו֙
1
After him
“Next to him”
159
NEH
3
18
gc2h
translate-names
בַּוַּ֖י…חֵנָדָ֑ד
1
Binnui…Henadad
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
162
NEH
3
19
yt87
figs-ellipsis
וַיְחַזֵּ֨ק…מִדָּ֣ה שֵׁנִ֑ית
1
repaired another section
These words refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “repaired another section of the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
163
NEH
3
19
f6if
translate-names
עֵ֧זֶר…יֵשׁ֛וּעַ
1
Ezer…Jeshua
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
164
NEH
3
19
g2y6
translate-names
הַמִּצְפָּ֖ה
1
Mizpah
This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
“in front of the steps that went up to the armory”
167
NEH
3
19
xtj9
הַנֶּ֖שֶׁק
1
armory
the place where weapons are kept
168
NEH
3
20
a7k9
אַחֲרָ֨יו
1
After him
“Next to him”
194
NEH
3
29
q9qb
figs-ellipsis
הֶחֱזִ֛יק
1
repaired the section…east gate, repaired
These phrases refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “repaired the section of the wall…east gate, repaired the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
195
NEH
3
29
rvu2
אַחֲרָ֧יו
1
After them
“Next to them”
196
NEH
3
29
n271
translate-names
צָד֥וֹק…אִמֵּ֖ר…שְׁמַֽעְיָ֣ה…שְׁכַנְיָ֔ה
1
Zadok…Immer…Shemaiah…Shecaniah
These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
Shemaiah son of Shecaniah, the keeper of the east gate
Shemaiah was the keeper of the east gate, not Shecaniah.
198
NEH
3
29
e9mh
שֹׁמֵ֖ר שַׁ֥עַר הַמִּזְרָֽח
1
the keeper of the east gate
“the person who looked after the east gate” or “the person who opened and closed the east gate”
199
NEH
3
30
x9q4
figs-ellipsis
הֶחֱזִ֜יק
1
repaired another section…repaired opposite
These phrases refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “priests repaired the wall…repaired the section of the wall…east gate, repaired the wall…repaired another section of the wall…repaired the wall opposite” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
200
NEH
3
30
s2s5
אחרי
1
After him
“Next to him”
204
NEH
3
31
ifp5
אחרי
1
After him
“Next to him”
205
NEH
3
31
d33p
translate-names
מַלְכִּיָּה֙
1
Malkijah
This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
206
NEH
3
31
uuc7
הַצֹּ֣רְפִ֔י
1
goldsmiths
A goldsmith is a person who makes gold jewelry and other gold objects.
207
NEH
3
31
lb9z
figs-ellipsis
הֶחֱזִ֗יק…עַד־ בֵּ֥יתהֶחֱזִ֗יק…עַד־בֵּ֥ית
1
repaired to the house
These words refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “repaired the wall to the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
208
NEH
3
31
ye2u
וְהָרֹכְלִ֑ים
1
merchants
“sellers” or “traders”
209
NEH
3
31
r6sv
עֲלִיַּ֥ת
1
upper living chambers
the higher-level rooms where people stayed
210
NEH
3
32
p1kr
figs-ellipsis
הֶחֱזִ֥יקוּ
1
merchants repaired
These words refer to repairing the wall. Alternate translation: “merchants repaired the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
214
NEH
4
1
vfu4
translate-names
סַנְבַלַּ֗ט
1
Sanballat
This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
215
NEH
4
1
s6td
figs-metaphor
וַיִּ֣חַר ל֔וֹ וַיִּכְעַ֖ס
1
it burned within him, and he was furiously angry
Here “it” refers to Sanballat’s realization that the Jews are rebuilding the walls. This speaks of Sanballat becoming very angry as if his anger were a burning fire. Alternate translation: “he became furiously angry” or “he became very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
216
NEH
4
2
v3qv
לִפְנֵ֣י אֶחָ֗יו
1
In the presence of his brothers
“In the presence of his kinsmen” or “In the presence of his clan”
What are these feeble…Will they restore…Will they offer…Will they finish the work in a day?
Sanballat poses these questions to mock the Jews. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “These feeble Jews can accomplish nothing. They will never restore the city for themselves. They will not offer sacrifices. They will not finish the work in a day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
218
NEH
4
2
r9lb
הַיְּהוּדִ֥ים הָאֲמֵלָלִ֖ים
1
feeble Jews
“weak Jews”
219
NEH
4
2
uk3w
figs-metaphor
בַיּ֔וֹם
1
in a day
This speaks of not finishing something quickly by saying that it cannot be accomplished in a day. Alternate translation: “quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
Will they bring to life the stones from the piles of rubble after they were burned?
Sanballat also poses this question to mock the Jews. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “They will not bring to life again the stones from piles of rubble that were burned.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
bring to life the stones from the piles of rubble after they were burned
This speaks of the people rebuilding the city as if they were bring it back to life. Alternate translation: “restore the city and rebuild its walls from the useless stones that were burned and turned into rubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
222
NEH
4
2
b96n
figs-activepassive
מֵעֲרֵמ֥וֹת הֶעָפָ֖ר וְהֵ֥מָּה שְׂרוּפֽוֹת
1
from the piles of rubble after they were burned
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “from piles of rubble that someone had burned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
223
NEH
4
3
alw5
translate-names
וְטוֹבִיָּ֥ה
1
Tobiah
This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
If only a fox went up on what they are building, it would break down their stone wall
Sanaballat mocks the wall and exaggerates how weak it is by saying that a fox could knock it down. Alternate translation: “That wall they are building is so weak that even if a little fox climbed up on it, their stone wall would fall to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
Here the word “we” refers to the Jews. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Hear, our God, for our enemies despise us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
227
NEH
4
4
pgh8
figs-activepassive
וּתְנֵ֥ם לְבִזָּ֖ה בְּאֶ֥רֶץ שִׁבְיָֽה
1
give them up to be plundered
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let their enemies rob them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
The phrase “their taunts” refers to Sanballat’s and Tobiah’s insults. Here the word “heads” refers to the whole people. Alternate translation: “Turn their taunts onto themselves” or “Cause their insulting words to mock themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
229
NEH
4
5
ae62
0
Connecting Statement:
Nehemiah continues the prayer he began in verse 4.
Nehemiah continues the prayer he began with the words “Hear, our God” in verse 4. You may show that this is a prayer by making it a direct quote. “Then I prayed, ‘Hear, our God,…they are prisoners. Do not cover…the builders to anger.’”
231
NEH
4
5
zz8h
figs-metaphor
וְאַל־ תְּכַס֙ עַלוְאַל־תְּכַס֙ עַל
1
Do not cover over
This speaks of a forgiving a person’s sins as if they were a object that could be physically hidden. Alternate translation: “Do not forgive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
232
NEH
4
5
k9rw
עֲוֺנָ֔ם וְחַטָּאתָ֖ם מִלְּפָנֶ֣יךָ אַל
1
do not erase their sin from before you
This speaks of forgetting a person’s sins as if they were something written that could be erased. Alternate translation: “do not forget their sins
all the wall was joined together to half its height
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we joined the wall together and it was half its total height” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
236
NEH
4
6
ef8p
translate-fraction
עַד־ חֶצְיָ֑הּעַד־חֶצְיָ֑הּ
1
half its height
“Half” means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
237
NEH
4
7
gsb7
figs-metaphor
וַיִּ֥חַר לָהֶ֖ם מְאֹֽד
1
a great anger burned within them
This speaks of the people being very angry as if their anger were something that burned inside them. Alternate translation: “they became very angry” or “they became enraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
238
NEH
4
8
b6im
figs-metonymy
בִּירוּשָׁלִָ֑ם
1
against Jerusalem
Here “Jerusalem” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “against the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
239
NEH
4
9
vz1d
וַנַּעֲמִ֨יד מִשְׁמָ֧ר עֲלֵיהֶ֛ם
1
set a guard as protection
“put men around the wall to guard the city”
240
NEH
4
10
vc8h
וְהֶעָפָ֖ר הַרְבֵּ֑ה
1
There is too much rubble
Rubble is “burned stone” or “broken rock” or “unusable stone.”
They will not know or see until we come among them
“They will not see us coming until we are beside them”
242
NEH
4
12
q1mv
figs-hyperbole
מִכָּל־ הַמְּקֹמ֖וֹתמִכָּל־הַמְּקֹמ֖וֹת
1
from all directions
This represents many directions. The word “all” is an exaggeration for represents “many.” Alternate translation: “from many directions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
243
NEH
4
12
t8f2
figs-metonymy
וַיֹּ֤אמְרוּ לָ֨נוּ֙ עֶ֣שֶׂר פְּעָמִ֔ים
1
spoke to us ten times
Here the number 10 is used to represent “many.” Alternate translation: “spoke to us many times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
This refers to several people from each family, this likely does not include the women and children. Alternate translation: “I positioned people from each family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
246
NEH
4
15
puc1
וַיְהִ֞י כַּֽאֲשֶׁר
1
It came about
“It happened that”
247
NEH
4
15
qxa7
figs-activepassive
נ֣וֹדַֽע לָ֔נוּ
1
their plans were known to us
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we knew about their plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
248
NEH
4
16
gh9g
נְעָרַי֮ עֹשִׂ֣ים בַּמְּלָאכָה֒
1
my servants worked
“my young men worked”
249
NEH
4
16
f9in
translate-fraction
חֲצִ֣י נְעָרַי֮ …חֶצְיָ֗ם
1
half of my servants…half of them
“Half” means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
Everyone worked with one hand, and with the other hand he held his weapon
This is an exaggeration. They did not always work with only one hand, but they always had their weapon with them so that they were prepared to protect themselves and those around them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
252
NEH
4
19
yn7h
וָאֹמַ֞ר
1
I said
Here “I” refers to Nehemiah.
253
NEH
4
19
xi9g
הַחֹרִ֤ים…הַסְּגָנִים֙
1
the nobles…the officials
These are the leaders referred to in [Nehemiah 4:16](../04/16.md).
254
NEH
4
19
agy3
הַמְּלָאכָ֥ה הַרְבֵּ֖ה
1
The work is great
Here the word “great” means “large-scale” or “huge.”
255
NEH
4
20
tm9s
figs-metonymy
אֶת־ ק֣וֹל הַשּׁוֹפָ֔ראֶת־ק֣וֹל הַשּׁוֹפָ֔ר
1
the trumpet sound
This refers to someone blowing a trumpet. Alternate translation: “someone blowing a trumpet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
256
NEH
4
21
ca45
translate-fraction
וְחֶצְיָ֗ם
1
Half of them
Here “Half” means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
257
NEH
4
21
w4uu
מֵעֲל֣וֹת הַשַּׁ֔חַר עַ֖ד צֵ֥את הַכּוֹכָבִֽים
1
from the rising of the dawn until the coming out of the stars
This refers to the whole day, while it is light outside. Alternate translation: “from the first light of day until the very beginning of the night”
258
NEH
4
21
jl3h
figs-metonymy
מֵעֲל֣וֹת הַשַּׁ֔חַר
1
the rising of the dawn
It is the point in time that the sun rises that is “dawn.” Here the sun rising is spoken of as if the “dawn” rose. Alternate translation: “the rising of the sun” or “dawn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
259
NEH
4
22
r87p
בְּת֣וֹךְ יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם
1
in the middle of Jerusalem
“within Jerusalem”
260
NEH
4
23
v2e1
פֹשְׁטִ֖ים בְּגָדֵ֑ינוּ
1
changed our clothes
“took off our clothes”
261
NEH
5
intro
k7pb
0
# Nehemiah 05 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Equality<br><br>The rich made money from the poor. The rich oppressed the poor by charging interest on loans. Because Nehemiah wanted to treat everyone fairly, he did not collect any taxes from them. This chapter also emphasizes that it was wrong to enslave a fellow Jew. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])<br><br>### Governor<br>Nehemiah was a governmental leader in Jerusalem, but he was not a king. Jerusalem had a great deal of independence, but it was under the authority of the Persian king. The term “governor” reflects this idea, but a different term may be used in translation.<br>
Then the men and their wives raised a great outcry against their fellow Jews
Since they were working on the wall, the workers did not have enough time to work to buy and grow food for their families. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
263
NEH
5
1
czx5
הָעָ֛ם וּנְשֵׁיהֶ֖ם
1
the men and their wives
This refers to the men who were working on building the wall.
264
NEH
5
1
zmb8
figs-abstractnouns
צַעֲקַ֥ת…גְּדוֹלָ֑ה
1
raised a great outcry
The word “outcry” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “cried out loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
“We are having to pledge” or “We are having to give in pledge”
267
NEH
5
5
rdp9
figs-activepassive
וְיֵ֨שׁ מִבְּנֹתֵ֤ינוּ נִכְבָּשׁוֹת֙
1
Some of our daughters have already been enslaved
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “We have already sold some of our daughters into slavery” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
But it is not in our power to help it because other men now own our fields and our vineyards
Since the mens’ fields and vineyards are not in their possession, they are unable to produce the money they need to support their families. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “But we are unable to change this situation because other men now own our fields and our vineyards which we need to support our lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
269
NEH
5
5
jr7j
figs-idiom
וְאֵ֣ין לְאֵ֣ל יָדֵ֔נוּ
1
it is not in our power
This is an idiom which means that they do not have the resources to do something. Alternate translation: “we are unable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
The word “outcry” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “when I heard them cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
You are exacting interest, each from his own brother
Every Jew would have known that it is wrong under the Law to charge interest to another Jew. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Each of you is charging interest to your own brother, and that is wrong under the Law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
272
NEH
5
7
r7yl
figs-explicit
וָאֶתֵּ֥ן עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם קְהִלָּ֥ה גְדוֹלָֽה
1
I held a great assembly against them
This means that he brought together a large group of people and brought these charges against them. The meaning of statement this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “I held a great assembly and brought these charges against them” or “I held them on trial in front of the assembly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
but you even sell your brothers that they may be sold back to us
This means that they are selling their family members, both men and women, as slaves to their fellow Jews. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Now you are selling your own people to be slaves of your fellow Jews, so that they might later sell them back to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
274
NEH
5
8
kn82
figs-activepassive
הַנִּמְכָּרִ֤ים לַגּוֹיִם֙
1
who had been sold to the nations
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who people had sold as slaves to the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
Should you not walk in the fear of our God to prevent the taunts of the nations that are our enemies?
This is a rhetorical question that Nehemiah is using to scold the nobles. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should walk in the fear of our God to prevent the taunts of the nations that are our enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
278
NEH
5
9
v6ux
figs-idiom
הֲל֞וֹא בְּיִרְאַ֤ת אֱלֹהֵ֨ינוּ֙ תֵּלֵ֔כוּ
1
walk in the fear of our God
This is and idiom. Here “walk” refers to a person’s behavior and the way he lives. Alternate translation: “live your life in a way that honors God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
279
NEH
5
9
s7qt
figs-abstractnouns
מֵחֶרְפַּ֖ת הַגּוֹיִ֥ם אוֹיְבֵֽינוּ
1
the taunts of the nations that are our enemies
The word “taunt” means “slander” or “mockery” and it can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “the nations who are our enemies from taunting us” or “the enemy nations from mocking us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
280
NEH
5
10
xbp5
נֹשִׁ֥ים
1
lending
borrowing or giving something to someone expecting repayment
281
NEH
5
10
j3dq
אֶת־ הַמַּשָּׁ֥א הַזֶּֽאֶת־הַמַּשָּׁ֥א הַזֶּֽ
1
loans
This is any money, food, or property that one person could let another person borrow in order to repay debts. The borrower would then be indebted to the lender.
282
NEH
5
11
vkz7
וּמְאַ֨ת
1
percentage
A part of the value of the loan that the borrower was charged in interest.
283
NEH
5
11
dim5
אַתֶּ֖ם נֹשִׁ֥ים בָּהֶֽם
1
you exacted from them
“you charged them” or “you made them pay”
284
NEH
5
12
e9y2
וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ
1
Then they said
Here “they” refers to the Jewish leaders.
286
NEH
5
12
i1gi
וָֽאַשְׁבִּיעֵ֔ם
1
made them swear
Here the word “them” refers to the Jewish leaders.
287
NEH
5
12
e2yv
וָאֶקְרָא֙
1
Then I called
“I” refers to Nehemiah.
288
NEH
5
13
neg1
translate-symaction
חָצְנִ֣י נָעַ֗רְתִּי
1
I shook out the fold of my robe
“I shook out the pockets of my robe.” Many times in the Old Testament, oaths were physically demonstrated as a witness to what was promised. Nehemiah is demonstrating to the Jewish leaders what will happen if they break the promise they had made. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
So may God shake out of his house…So may he be shaken out and emptied
Here Nehemiah speaks of God taking away all of a man’s possessions as if God were shaking him out of his home and possessions like Nehemiah shook out his robe. Alternate translation: “So may God take away from every man who does not keep his promise all of his possessions and his home like I have taken everything out of the fold of my robe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
from the twentieth year until the thirty-second year
“from the 20th year until the 32 year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
292
NEH
5
14
i31d
לְאַרְתַּחְשַׁ֣סְתְּא הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ
1
of Artaxerxes the king
“that Artaxerxes was king”
293
NEH
5
14
ga6u
translate-numbers
שָׁנִ֖ים שְׁתֵּ֣ים עֶשְׂרֵ֑ה
1
twelve years
“12 years” or “during those 12 years.” Nehemiah is restating the number of years to emphasize that he did this continually for the full time he was governor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
294
NEH
5
14
nqt2
לֶ֥חֶם הַפֶּ֖חָה
1
the food provided for the governor
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “ate the food that the people provided for the governor”
295
NEH
5
15
uu9k
וְהַפַּחוֹת֩ הָרִאשֹׁנִ֨ים
1
former governors
“previous governors” or “governors from the past.” Nehemiah was not the first governor of Judah.
At my table were the Jews…from among the nations who were around us
Nehemiah was responsible for providing food for all of these people. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Also, every day I was responsible to feed at our table the Jews and the officials, 150 people; and we also fed the visitors who came from other countries around us (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
304
NEH
5
17
w7i4
עַל־ שֻׁלְחָנִֽיעַל־שֻׁלְחָנִֽי
1
my table
This refers to the governor’s table. It was a communal table for the community and for discussion of issues.
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Each day I told my servants to prepare” or “Each day I told my servants to serve us the meat from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
yet for all this I did not demand the food allowance of the governor
“yet I never asked for the governor’s food allowance”
309
NEH
5
19
mil3
figs-idiom
לְטוֹבָ֑ה
1
for good
This idiom is a request for God to reward him with good things because of the good that he has done for the people. Alternate translation: “and reward me” or “cause good to happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
310
NEH
6
intro
k4df
0
# Nehemiah 06 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The building of the wall is completed in this chapter.<br><br>The ULT sets the lines in 6:6-7 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Miracle<br><br>Completing this city wall in only fifty-two days was considered proof that God had helped the Jews, especially given the opposition that they had experienced from the people in surrounding areas.<br>
311
NEH
6
1
gd7c
translate-names
לְסַנְבַלַּ֣ט וְ֠טוֹבִיָּה
1
Sanballat…Tobiah
These are the names of men. See how you translated them in [Nehemiah 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
312
NEH
6
1
bxn2
translate-names
וּלְגֶ֨שֶׁם
1
Geshem
This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
Nehemiah supervised the rebuilding of the wall and did not build it by himself. Alternate translation: “we had rebuilt the wall…we had not yet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
314
NEH
6
1
ap2q
figs-ellipsis
פָּ֑רֶץ
1
any sections
This refers to sections of the wall. Alternate translation: “any sections of the wall” or “any gaps in the city wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
315
NEH
6
2
n5nu
figs-idiom
וַיִּשְׁלַ֨ח…אֵלַ֣י
1
sent to me
This means that they sent a messenger with a message. Alternate translation: “sent a messenger to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
316
NEH
6
2
rbv9
translate-names
אוֹנ֑וֹ
1
Ono
This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
317
NEH
6
3
d84v
figs-synecdoche
מְלָאכָ֤ה גְדוֹלָה֙ אֲנִ֣י עֹשֶׂ֔ה
1
I am doing a great work
Nehemiah supervised the rebuilding of the wall. He did not build it by himself. Alternate translation: “We are doing a great work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
Why should the work stop while I leave it and come down to you?
This rhetorical question is used to challenge Sanballat’s request. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I cannot let the work stop and come down to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
319
NEH
6
3
t9gf
וְיָרַדְתִּ֖י אֲלֵיכֶֽם
1
down to you
The word “down” is used here because the plain of Ono where they were requesting Nehemiah to come is at a lower elevation than Jerusalem.
Sanballat sent his servant to me in the same way the fifth time
Identifying this message separately means it is distinct in some way from the previous four messages and, therefore, should be noted. Alternate translation: “ Sanballat sent his servant to me in the same way yet again” or “Sanballat sent his servant to me to deliver a fifth message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
321
NEH
6
5
s6ag
וְאִגֶּ֥רֶת פְּתוּחָ֖ה
1
an open letter
The letter was an unsealed diplomatic communication. This was an insult to the recipient because the courier was free to read it and spread its contents among the people of the region.
322
NEH
6
5
rx5j
figs-metonymy
בְּיָדֽוֹ
1
in his hand
This means he had the letter in his possession, but he did not necessarily carry it in his hand at all times. Alternate translation: “in his possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
323
NEH
6
6
wy84
figs-activepassive
בַּגּוֹיִ֤ם נִשְׁמָע֙
1
It is reported among the nations
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The rumor in the region is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
“None of the things you have written have occurred”
329
NEH
6
8
ds1y
figs-metonymy
כִּ֥י מִֽלִּבְּךָ֖ אַתָּ֥ה בוֹדָֽאם
1
for within your heart you invented them
Here the “heart” refers to the “mind,” that is, to one’s desires and thoughts. Alternate translation: “for within your mind you invented them” or “for you have made this up in your own imagination” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
330
NEH
6
9
p45k
כִּ֣י כֻלָּ֗ם מְיָֽרְאִ֤ים אוֹתָ֨נוּ֙
1
For they all wanted to make us afraid
Here “they” refers to Nehemiah’s enemies, Sanballat, Tobiah, Geshem, and their followers. The word “us” refers to the Jews.
This is a descriptive phrase that means that they are stopping their work on the wall. Alternate translation: “The workers on the wall will stop doing the work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
332
NEH
6
9
j1dj
figs-synecdoche
חַזֵּ֥ק אֶת־ יָדָֽיחַזֵּ֥ק אֶת־יָדָֽי
1
strengthen my hands
Here Nehemiah requests for God to strengthen him by asking him to strengthen his “hands.” Alternate translation: “strengthen me” or “give me courage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
333
NEH
6
10
ybj6
translate-names
שְֽׁמַֽעְיָ֧ה…דְּלָיָ֛ה…מְהֵֽיטַבְאֵ֖ל
1
Shemaiah…Delaiah…Mehetabel
These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
334
NEH
6
10
k8xd
figs-activepassive
וְה֣וּא עָצ֑וּר
1
who was confined in his home
The writer does not give the reason for him being confined, so it is best to say that he was staying at home using the most general words possible. Alternate translation: “who could not leave his house” or “whom the authorities had ordered to stay in his house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
Would a man like me run away? Would a man like me go into the temple just so he could save his own life?
Nehemiah uses these rhetorical questions to emphasize that he will not do what Shemaiah has suggested. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “A man like me would not run away. A man like me would not go into the temple just to hide to stay alive.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
336
NEH
6
12
s2sf
כִּ֤י הַנְּבוּאָה֙ דִּבֶּ֣ר עָלַ֔י
1
but that he had prophesied against me
“but that he had prophesied in order to oppose me”
337
NEH
6
13
b27k
וְחָטָ֑אתִי
1
and sin
Using the temple as a place to hide was sinful. It may be helpful to make this explicit. Alternate translation: “and sin by misusing the temple”
338
NEH
6
13
ji1g
figs-idiom
לְשֵׁ֣ם רָ֔ע
1
a bad name
This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “so that they could give me a bad reputation” or “so that they could give a bad report about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
359
NEH
7
1
lk9v
הַשּׁוֹעֲרִ֥ים
1
gatekeepers
people assigned to each gate, responsible to control access to the city or temple, as well as to open and close the gates at times and for reasons set by the administrator
360
NEH
7
1
f8ks
וְהַמְשֹׁרְרִ֖ים
1
singers
vocal musicians who led in worship, in processions, and ceremonies, producing music and chants that emphasized and enhanced the occasion
361
NEH
7
2
ykr9
translate-names
חֲנָ֣נִי…חֲנַנְיָ֛ה
1
Hanani…Hananiah
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
Do not open the gates of Jerusalem until the sun is hot. While the gatekeepers are on guard, you may shut the doors and bar them
Possible meanings are 1) these actions were done by Hanani and Hananiah or 2) these actions were done by Hanani and Hananiah with the help of the gatekeepers or 3) the gatekeepers did these actions under the direction of Hanani and Hananiah.
While the gatekeepers are on guard, you may shut the doors and bar them
“Shut the doors and bar them while the gatekeepers are still on guard”
369
NEH
7
3
mir9
מִשְׁמְרוֹת֙
1
gatekeepers
See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 7:1](../07/01.md)
371
NEH
7
3
he4e
וְהַעֲמֵ֗יד מִשְׁמְרוֹת֙ יֹשְׁבֵ֣י יְרוּשָׁלִַ֔ם
1
Appoint guards from those who live in Jerusalem
“Assign guards from those people who live in Jerusalem”
372
NEH
7
3
wf26
בְּמִשְׁמָר֔וֹ
1
guard station
“guard post” or “guard duty place”
373
NEH
7
4
y6y8
figs-activepassive
וְאֵ֥ין בָּתִּ֖ים בְּנוּיִֽם
1
no houses had yet been rebuilt
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people had not yet rebuilt the houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
Here Nehemiah’s “heart” refers to his thoughts and will. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 2:12](../02/12.md). Alternate translation: “inspired me” or “led me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
375
NEH
7
5
pzu6
לְהִתְיַחֵ֑שׂ
1
to enroll them
“to list and register them”
376
NEH
7
5
avw2
סֵ֤פֶר הַיַּ֨חַשׂ֙
1
the book of the genealogy
This was a book that no longer exists.
377
NEH
7
5
bz2p
figs-activepassive
וָאֶמְצָ֖א כָּת֥וּב בּֽוֹ
1
found the following written in it
This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “found that someone had written the following in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
400
NEH
7
19
iy74
translate-names
בִגְוָ֔
1
Bigvai
This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
401
NEH
7
20
d5wk
translate-names
עָדִ֔ין
1
Adin
This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
402
NEH
7
21
mxg1
translate-names
אָטֵ֥ר
1
Ater
This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
The writer has shortened this sentence. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Ater, who is a descendant of Hezekiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
404
NEH
7
22
r3ee
translate-names
חָשֻׁ֔ם
1
Hashum
This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
405
NEH
7
23
yyf7
translate-numbers
0
Connecting Statement:
Nehemiah is continuing to recount the number of people who returned from exile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
406
NEH
7
23
v6eh
translate-names
בֵצָ֔י
1
Bezai
This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
407
NEH
7
24
j9rb
translate-names
חָרִ֔יף
1
Hariph
This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
408
NEH
7
25
sj6p
translate-names
גִבְע֖וֹן
1
Gibeon
This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
These are the names of places in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
410
NEH
7
27
xmr1
translate-numbers
0
Connecting Statement:
Nehemiah is continuing to recount the number of people who returned from exile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
411
NEH
7
27
v2tb
translate-names
עֲנָת֔וֹת
1
Anathoth
This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
412
NEH
7
28
b1sd
translate-names
בֵית־ עַזְמָ֖וֶתבֵית־עַזְמָ֖וֶת
1
Beth Azmaveth
This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
413
NEH
7
29
y9ek
translate-names
קִרְיַ֤ת יְעָרִים֙ כְּפִירָ֣ה וּבְאֵר֔וֹת
1
Kiriath Jearim, Kephirah, and Beeroth
This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
414
NEH
7
30
ncc2
translate-names
הָֽרָמָה֙ וָגָ֔בַע
1
Ramah and Geba
These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
415
NEH
7
31
i39d
translate-numbers
0
Connecting Statement:
Nehemiah is continuing to recount the number of people who returned from exile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
416
NEH
7
31
ty2q
translate-names
מִכְמָ֔ס
1
Michmas
This is the name of a place. (See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
417
NEH
7
32
b4qw
translate-names
בֵֽית־ אֵל֙ וְהָעָ֔יבֵֽית־אֵל֙ וְהָעָ֔י
1
Bethel and Ai
This is the name of a place. (See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
418
NEH
7
33
dbu1
translate-names
נְב֛וֹ
1
Nebo
This is the name of a place. (See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
419
NEH
7
34
d1vy
translate-names
עֵילָ֣ם
1
Elam
This is the name of a place. (See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
420
NEH
7
35
wz53
translate-numbers
0
Connecting Statement:
Nehemiah is continuing to recount the number of people who returned from exile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
463
NEH
7
64
m2qd
אֵ֗לֶּה בִּקְשׁ֧וּ כְתָבָ֛ם הַמִּתְיַחְשִׂ֖ים
1
These sought their records among those enrolled by their genealogy
“They sought their written genealogical records” or “They searched their written genealogical records”
464
NEH
7
64
n9vy
אֵ֗לֶּה בִּקְשׁ֧וּ
1
These sought
“These” refers to the descendants of Hobaiah, Hakkoz and Barzillai ([Nehemiah 7:63](../07/63.md)).
465
NEH
7
64
bl4n
figs-activepassive
וְלֹ֣א נִמְצָ֑א
1
but they could not be found
This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “but they could not find their records” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
This can be translated in active form. The abstract noun “priesthood” can be translated as the verb “work as priests.” Alternate translation: “the governor treated them as if they were unclean and did not allow them to work as priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
467
NEH
7
65
qnn2
figs-activepassive
עַ֛ד עֲמֹ֥ד הַכֹּהֵ֖ן לְאוּרִ֥ים וְתוּמִּֽים
1
until there rose up a priest with Urim and Thummim
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until a priest with Urim and Thummim approved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
468
NEH
7
65
cij9
translate-unknown
לְאוּרִ֥ים וְתוּמִּֽים
1
Urim and Thummim
These were sacred stones that the high priest carried on his breastplate and used at times to determine God’s will. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
469
NEH
7
66
t4xj
translate-numbers
0
Connecting Statement:
Nehemiah is continuing to recount the number of people who returned from exile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
“four hundred and thirty-five…six thousand seven hundred and twenty.” These are numbers of animals brought back. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
474
NEH
7
70
e1e9
רָאשֵׁ֣י הָֽאָב֔וֹת
1
the heads of ancestors’ families
“the chief patriarchs” or “the leaders of the clans”
See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 7:1](../07/01.md).
485
NEH
7
73
a2ub
וְהַמְשֹׁרְרִ֨ים
1
singers
See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 7:1](../07/01.md).
486
NEH
7
73
jaj3
figs-explicit
וּמִן־ הָעָ֧םוּמִן־הָעָ֧ם
1
some of the people
The implied information is that this refers to some of the Israelites who were not priests or other temple workers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
487
NEH
7
73
znc4
וְכָל־ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖לוְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל
1
all Israel
Possible meanings are: 1) all the groups of Israelites that are listed in this verse or 2) the rest of the Israelites who did not work in the temple.
488
NEH
7
73
n26r
translate-ordinal
הַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י
1
the seventh month
“month 7.” This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of September and the first part of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
489
NEH
7
73
gdj2
בְּעָרֵיהֶֽם
1
were settled in their cities
“lived in their own cities”
490
NEH
8
intro
w38v
0
# Nehemiah 08 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Reading of the law<br><br>During the exile, the Hebrew language was no longer spoken. Only the priests and Levites still understood it. Ezra read the book of the law to the people in Hebrew and the Levites walked among the crowd translating it into Aramaic for the people to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>### Festival of Shelters<br><br>After they heard Ezra read the law of Moses, the people obeyed it by making temporary shelters for themselves with tree branches. They did this to remember that their ancestors slept in shelters when they came out of slavery in Egypt.<br>
The word “all” is a generalization that indicates the people as a whole came together. Alternate translation: “The people gathered all together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
492
NEH
8
1
f6t8
שַֽׁעַר־ הַמָּ֑יִםשַֽׁעַר־הַמָּ֑יִם
1
Water Gate
This was the name of a large opening or doorway in the wall.
This would have been all or part of the first five books of the Old Testament.
494
NEH
8
2
id7q
translate-hebrewmonths
בְּי֥וֹם אֶחָ֖ד לַחֹ֥דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִֽי
1
On the first day of the seventh month
This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day of the seventh month is near the middle of September on Western calendars. Alternate translation: “On day 1 of month 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people
The abstract noun “sight” can be expressed with the verb “see.” Alternate translation: “Everyone saw Ezra open the book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
The abstract noun “thanks” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Ezra thanked Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
making it clear with interpretation and giving the meaning
The abstract nouns “interpretation” and “meaning” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “clearly interpreting and explaining it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
This is a generalization that indicates there was great weeping among the people. Alternate translation: “For the people wept greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
508
NEH
8
10
smq2
figs-explicit
אִכְל֨וּ מַשְׁמַנִּ֜ים וּשְׁת֣וּ מַֽמְתַקִּ֗ים
1
eat the fat and have something sweet to drink
The implied information is that the people were told to feast on rich food and sweet drinks. Alternate translation: “eat rich food and drink something sweet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
509
NEH
8
10
ach1
figs-activepassive
וְאַל־ תֵּ֣עָצֵ֔בוּוְאַל־תֵּ֣עָצֵ֔בוּ
1
Do not be grieved
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
The abstract nouns “joy” and “strength” can be expressed as verbs or adjectives. Alternate translation: “rejoicing in Yahweh will protect you” or “being joyful in Yahweh will be your strong refuge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
511
NEH
8
11
sxx6
הַ֔סּוּ
1
Hush!
“Be quiet!” or “Be silent!”
512
NEH
8
11
fjz6
figs-activepassive
וְאַל־ תֵּעָצֵֽבוּוְאַל־תֵּעָצֵֽבוּ
1
Do not be grieved
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
513
NEH
8
12
z1gc
figs-abstractnouns
וְלַעֲשׂ֖וֹת שִׂמְחָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֑ה
1
celebrate with great joy
The abstract noun “joy” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “rejoice greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
514
NEH
8
12
xsf5
figs-activepassive
בַּדְּבָרִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוֹדִ֖יעוּ לָהֶֽם
1
the words that were made known to them
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the words that he declared to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
515
NEH
8
13
uj5j
translate-ordinal
וּבַיּ֣וֹם הַשֵּׁנִ֡י
1
On the second day
“On day 2” or “On the next day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
524
NEH
8
16
krx4
שַׁ֣עַר הַמַּ֔יִם…שַׁ֥עַר אֶפְרָֽיִם
1
Water Gate…Gate of Ephraim
These are names of large openings or doorways in the wall.
525
NEH
8
16
b74m
וּבִרְח֖וֹב שַׁ֥עַר אֶפְרָֽיִם
1
in the square at the Gate of Ephraim
“in the open place by the Gate of Ephraim”
526
NEH
8
17
n31n
מִימֵי֩ יֵשׁ֨וּעַ
1
For since the days of Joshua
“From the days of Joshua”
527
NEH
8
17
e32u
translate-names
בִּן־ נ֥וּןבִּן־נ֥וּן
1
son of Nun
“Nun” here is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
528
NEH
8
17
wyd6
figs-abstractnouns
וַתְּהִ֥י שִׂמְחָ֖ה גְּדוֹלָ֥ה מְאֹֽד
1
their joy was very great
The abstract noun “joy” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the people were very joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
529
NEH
8
18
g9rl
figs-idiom
י֣וֹם׀ בְּי֔וֹם
1
day by day
This idiom means “each day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
The implied information is that it was during the entire week of the festival. Alternate translation: “from the first day to the last day of the week” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
531
NEH
8
18
c1cp
וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־ חָג֙וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־חָג֙
1
They kept the festival
“They made a feast” or “They celebrated the festival”
532
NEH
8
18
er1u
translate-ordinal
וּבַיּ֧וֹם הַשְּׁמִינִ֛י
1
on the eighth day
“on day 8” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
533
NEH
8
18
sfx4
עֲצֶ֖רֶת
1
solemn assembly
This was a special religious gathering.
534
NEH
8
18
cey3
figs-explicit
כַּמִּשְׁפָּֽט
1
in obedience to the decree
The implied information is that “the decree” was the command of Yahweh about how the Festival of Shelters was to end. Alternate translation: “as God had commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
535
NEH
9
intro
sj1h
0
# Nehemiah 09 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter and the next one form a single section.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prayer to God<br><br>The people prayed and thanked God for his care for them and the blessings he gave to them. They also confessed their sin of disobeying him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>### Learning from their ancestor’s mistakes<br>This chapter teaches that the Jews learned from the mistakes of their ancestors. They became determined to worship Yahweh alone, to not intermarry with other peoples, and to worship Yahweh as the law of Moses instructed them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>### Recalling the great power of God<br>It was common to recall the great things God did for Israel. This is a reminder to Israel of God’s power. It is intended to bring the people to repentance and proper worship of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br>
“the twenty-fourth day of the seventh month” This is near the middle of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
they were wearing sackcloth, and they put dust on their heads
This was in order to show how sorry they were for the wrong things they and their ancestors had done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
539
NEH
9
2
xbs1
זֶ֣רַע יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל
1
The descendants of Israel
“The Israelites”
540
NEH
9
2
qx58
וַיִּבָּֽדְלוּ֙…מִכֹּ֖ל בְּנֵ֣י נֵכָ֑ר
1
separated themselves from all the foreigners
“no longer had anything to do with those who were not Israelites”
the highest heavens, with all their host…the host of heaven worship you
A host is an army. The “host of heaven” speaks in a metaphor of the many stars as if they were an army. The stars in turn are a metaphor for the many angels. The stars worshiping Yahweh is a metaphor for the angels worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
553
NEH
9
7
id6f
0
Connecting Statement:
The Levites continue their prayer before all the people.
The heart, the inner being of the person, represents the person. Alternate translation: “You saw that he was completely faithful to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
The implied information is that God was moved to action because of the Israelites’ cries for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
560
NEH
9
10
ge61
figs-explicit
וַ֠תִּתֵּן אֹתֹ֨ת וּמֹֽפְתִ֜ים בְּפַרְעֹ֤ה
1
signs and wonders against Pharaoh
The plagues tested Pharaoh’s heart, and they became a witness against his hardness of heart. Alternate translation: “signs and wonders that testified against Pharaoh” or “signs and wonders that condemned Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
561
NEH
9
10
i7c3
וּבְכָל־ עַ֣ם אַרְצ֔וֹוּבְכָל־עַ֣ם אַרְצ֔וֹ
1
all the people of his land
“all the Egyptians”
562
NEH
9
10
s54a
הֵזִ֖ידוּ עֲלֵיהֶ֑ם
1
acted with arrogance against them
“were arrogant toward the Israelites” or “mistreated God’s chosen people”
you made a name for yourself which stands to this day
Here “name” represents a reputation. Alternate translation: “you made yourself famous and even now people still remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
564
NEH
9
11
n7jm
0
Connecting Statement:
In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
you…threw those who pursued them into the depths, as a stone into deep waters
In this simile, the writer describes God throwing the Egyptians into the sea as easily as a person would throw a stone into water, and the stone would disappear under the water completely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
567
NEH
9
12
n4i2
0
Connecting Statement:
In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
568
NEH
9
12
m7vx
הִנְחִיתָ֖ם
1
You led them
Yahweh led the Israelites.
569
NEH
9
13
z2ds
figs-idiom
יָרַ֔דְתָּ
1
you came down
When God talks with his people, he is often described as “coming down” or “coming down from heaven.” This is a descriptive way of saying that God appeared to that person. Alternate translation: “you appeared” or “you came down from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
572
NEH
9
14
h9f4
figs-doublet
וּמִצְו֤וֹת וְחֻקִּים֙ וְתוֹרָ֔ה
1
commandments…statutes…law
Each of these three words refers to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
573
NEH
9
16
g6tt
0
Connecting Statement:
In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
574
NEH
9
16
m753
וְהֵ֥ם וַאֲבֹתֵ֖ינוּ
1
they and our ancestors
the Israelites at the time of Moses and the people of Israel after the time of Moses
they appointed a leader to return to their slavery
The Israelites would know that this referred to their ancestors wanting to return to Egypt. Alternate translation: “they appointed a leader to take them back to Egypt where they had been slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
579
NEH
9
17
p6nm
figs-metaphor
וְאַתָּה֩ אֱל֨וֹהַּ סְלִיח֜וֹת
1
who is full of forgiveness
The desire to forgive is spoken of as if it were a liquid that could fill a container. Alternate translation: “who is ready to forgive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
580
NEH
9
17
c986
figs-metaphor
וְרַב־ וחסדוְרַב־וחסד
1
abounding in steadfast love
Love is spoken of as if it were a food crop that Yahweh could share with people. Alternate translation: “loves his people very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
581
NEH
9
18
hw32
0
Connecting Statement:
In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 9:12](../09/12.md).
585
NEH
9
20
buh1
0
Connecting Statement:
In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
586
NEH
9
20
e7m4
וְרוּחֲךָ֨ הַטּוֹבָ֔ה…וּמַנְךָ֙…וּמַ֛יִם
1
Your good Spirit…your manna…water
The writer changes the usual word order to emphasize the good things Yahweh gave his people. Your language may have another way of emphasizing these items.
The law is spoken of as if it were a worthless item that a person could throw away. Alternate translation: “They considered your law worthless and paid no attention to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
you gave them into the hand of their enemies, who made them suffer
Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “you allowed their enemies to defeat them and cause them to suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
you sent them rescuers who rescued them out of the hand of their enemies
Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “you sent people to stop their enemies from harming them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
609
NEH
9
28
u77m
0
Connecting Statement:
In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
Here “they” refers to the Israelites and “you” to Yahweh.
611
NEH
9
28
puz2
figs-metonymy
וַתַּֽעַזְבֵ֞ם בְּיַ֤ד אֹֽיְבֵיהֶם֙
1
you abandoned them to the hand of their enemies
Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “you abandoned them and allow their enemies to defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
your decrees which give life to anyone who obeys them
Yahweh himself is spoken of as if he were the decrees themselves. Alternate translation: “you even though you give life to everyone who obeys your decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
They gave the stubborn shoulder-blade and stiffened their neck
These are images of an ox refusing to allow its owner to put a yoke on its shoulders. Here they are a metaphor that represents the people being stubborn. Alternate translation: “They became stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
615
NEH
9
30
sj6k
0
Connecting Statement:
In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
616
NEH
9
30
tqa5
figs-metonymy
וַֽתִּתְּנֵ֔ם בְּיַ֖ד עַמֵּ֥י הָאֲרָצֹֽת
1
you gave them into the hand of the neighboring peoples
Here “hand” represents power or control. See how you translated these words in [Nehemiah 9:27](../09/27.md). Alternate translation: “you allowed the neighboring peoples to defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
617
NEH
9
30
ym8i
וַֽתִּתְּנֵ֔ם
1
you gave
Yahweh gave
618
NEH
9
31
cl3n
לֹֽא־ עֲשִׂיתָ֥ם כָּלָ֖הלֹֽא־עֲשִׂיתָ֥ם כָּלָ֖ה
1
you did not make a complete end of them
“you did not destroy them”
619
NEH
9
32
j1rz
0
Connecting Statement:
In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
The phrase “come on us” speaks of bad things that happen as if they are people who cause harm. Alternate translation: “harm…we have suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
622
NEH
9
33
pl1f
figs-personification
הַבָּ֣א עָלֵ֑ינוּ
1
everything that has come on us
The phrase “come on us” speaks of bad things that happen as if they are people who cause harm. Alternate translation: “everything we have suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
623
NEH
9
35
af8m
0
Connecting Statement:
In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
“while they enjoyed the good things you gave them”
625
NEH
9
35
ibf9
לֹ֣א עֲבָד֑וּךָ
1
they did not serve you
“they were not obedient to your law or teaching”
626
NEH
9
36
q7xj
0
Connecting Statement:
In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
627
NEH
9
36
qh7f
וְאֶת־ טוּבָ֔הּוְאֶת־טוּבָ֔הּ
1
its good gifts
“all the good things in it” or “all the good things we can get from it”
628
NEH
9
37
q3dz
וּתְבוּאָתָ֣הּ מַרְבָּ֗ה לַמְּלָכִ֛ים
1
The rich yield from our land goes to the kings
“We pay tribute to kings for working our own land”
629
NEH
9
37
x15l
מֹשְׁלִ֤ים
1
They rule
The kings rule.
630
NEH
9
38
g7s3
0
Connecting Statement:
In these verses, the Levites continue to praise Yahweh in the presence of the people of Israel.
631
NEH
9
38
t4ag
וּבְכָל־ זֹ֕אתוּבְכָל־זֹ֕את
1
Because of all this
because the people had disobeyed and Yahweh had punished them
632
NEH
9
38
xee9
וְעַל֙ הֶֽחָת֔וּם
1
On the sealed document are the names
The reader should understand that the men wrote their names on the document before it was sealed.
633
NEH
10
intro
m17y
0
# Nehemiah 10 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter concludes the passage beginning in chapter 9.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The vow<br><br>By signing this document, the people vowed or agreed to obey God, not to buy things on the Sabbath and to pay their temple tax. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br>
634
NEH
10
1
ijh7
0
Connecting Statement:
Here begins a list of the people whose names were on the sealed document.
The names of these people were written on the documents. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “On the sealed documents were the names of Nehemiah…Zedekiah” or “On the sealed documents were the names of the following people: Nehemiah…Zedekiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
636
NEH
10
1
j4ny
הַחֲתוּמִ֑ים
1
sealed documents
The documents were sealed after the names had been signed on the documents.
637
NEH
10
1
mu7u
figs-pronouns
נְחֶמְיָ֧ה
1
Nehemiah
Some people believe that Nehemiah wrote this book and is speaking of himself as if he were someone else because this is an official list. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
638
NEH
10
1
r4sg
translate-names
חֲכַלְיָ֖ה
1
Hakaliah
This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
730
NEH
10
29
l6ns
אֲחֵיהֶם֮ אַדִּירֵיהֶם֒
1
their brothers, their nobles
“their fellow brothers the nobles” or “their brothers the leaders.” These phrases refer to the same people.
731
NEH
10
29
x6i9
figs-metaphor
וּבָאִ֞ים בְּאָלָ֣ה וּבִשְׁבוּעָ֗ה
1
bound themselves with both a curse and an oath
This speaks of the people taking an oath and a curse as if the oath and the curse were a rope that physically bound them. Alternate translation: “swore themselves to an oath and a curse” or “they took an oath and called for a curse to come on themselves if they failed to keep it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
732
NEH
10
29
k971
figs-idiom
לָלֶ֨כֶת֙ בְּתוֹרַ֣ת הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים
1
to walk in God’s law
This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “to live by God’s law” or “to obey God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which Moses the servant of God had given to Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
734
NEH
10
29
ny6b
וְלִשְׁמ֣וֹר
1
to observe
“to follow”
735
NEH
10
30
t8sp
0
General Information:
In these verses, the people describe the content of the oath they were making in [Nehemiah 10:29](../10/29.md).
would not give our daughters to the people of the land or take their daughters for our sons
This means that they would not allow their sons and daughters to marry them. Alternate translation: “would not give our daughters to marry the people of the land, and we would not take their daughters to marry our sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
737
NEH
10
30
iqq1
figs-explicit
לְעַמֵּ֣י הָאָ֑רֶץ
1
the people of the land
This refers to the people who live in their land who do not worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the people of this land who do not worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
738
NEH
10
30
lx8c
figs-exclusive
לֹא־ נִתֵּ֥ן…לֹ֥א נִקַּ֖חלֹא־נִתֵּ֥ן…לֹ֥א נִקַּ֖ח
1
We promised…we would not give… or take
The pronoun “we” here includes Nehemiah and the Jewish people, but not the reader of this book. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
739
NEH
10
31
m39f
figs-exclusive
לֹא־ נִקַּ֥ח…וְנִטֹּ֛שׁלֹא־נִקַּ֥ח…וְנִטֹּ֛שׁ
1
We also promised…we would not buy…we will let…we will cancel
The pronoun “we” here includes Nehemiah and the Jewish people, but not the reader of this book. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “we will not plow our fields” or “we will not grow anything in our fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
742
NEH
10
31
ur3t
וּמַשָּׁ֥א כָל־ יָֽדוּמַשָּׁ֥א כָל־יָֽד
1
we will cancel all debts
This means that they will not require that people pay them what they owe. Alternate translation: “we will cancel all debts that people owe us” or “we will tell people that they no longer have to pay us back”
743
NEH
10
32
bh3h
0
General Information:
In these verses, the people continue describing the content of the oath they were making in [Nehemiah 10:29](../10/29.md).
744
NEH
10
32
h9gt
וְהֶעֱמַ֤דְנוּ עָלֵ֨ינוּ֙ מִצְוֺ֔ת
1
We accepted the commands
“We promised to obey the command”
745
NEH
10
32
ljm2
figs-exclusive
וְהֶעֱמַ֤דְנוּ עָלֵ֨ינוּ֙
1
We accepted
The pronoun “we” here includes all the Israelites including Nehemiah except for the priest and Levites, and does not include the reader of this book (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
755
NEH
10
37
s7s2
figs-exclusive
נָבִ֤יא
1
We will bring…We will bring
The pronoun “we” here includes Nehemiah and the Israelites except for the priests and the Levites, and also does not include the reader of this book (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
756
NEH
10
37
rk7x
עֲרִיסֹתֵ֣ינוּ
1
our dough
Possible meanings are that this refers to 1) dough made from coarse flour, 2) coarse flour, or 3) ground grain.
757
NEH
10
37
uc2w
figs-ellipsis
תִּיר֣וֹשׁ וְיִצְהָ֗ר
1
the new wine and the oil
The words “first of” are understood from the begininng of the sentnces. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “the first of the new wine and of the oil” or “the best of the new wine and of the oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
“the places where things are stored in the temple”
759
NEH
10
37
r776
figs-synecdoche
וּמַעְשַׂ֥ר אַדְמָתֵ֖נוּ
1
the tithes from our soil
Here “our soil” refers to everything that is grown in the ground. Alternate translation: “the tithes of what we grow in the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
760
NEH
10
38
by9z
figs-activepassive
בַּעְשֵׂ֣ר
1
they receive the tithes
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people give them the tithes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
761
NEH
10
38
eb51
translate-fraction
אֶת־ מַעֲשַׂ֤ראֶת־מַעֲשַׂ֤ר
1
a tenth
This means one part out of ten equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
762
NEH
10
38
zl4a
הַלְּשָׁכ֖וֹת לְבֵ֥ית הָאוֹצָֽר
1
the storerooms of the treasury
“the storerooms in the temple”
763
NEH
10
39
qzf8
0
General Information:
In these verses, the people finish describing the content of the oath they were making in [Nehemiah 10:29](../10/29.md).
764
NEH
10
39
ss5h
figs-activepassive
אֶל־ הַ֠לְּשָׁכוֹתאֶל־הַ֠לְּשָׁכוֹת
1
the storerooms where the articles of the sanctuary are kept
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the rooms where the priests keep the things that are used in the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “We will care for the temple”
766
NEH
10
39
b23h
figs-exclusive
נַעֲזֹ֖ב
1
We will
The pronoun “we” here includes Nehemiah and all the people of Israel but does not include the reader of this book. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
767
NEH
11
intro
xja1
0
# Nehemiah 11 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The places where the Jews lived<br><br>Some people lived in Jerusalem, but most people lived in villages and towns away from Jerusalem. They lived there in order to farm the land raise their animals. The city with its walls was there to provide all of the people with protection if enemies attacked them.<br>
This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the king had told them specifically what to do about the singers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
817
NEH
11
24
aee9
translate-names
וּפְתַֽחְיָ֨ה…מְשֵֽׁיזַבְאֵ֜ל…זֶ֤רַח…יְהוּדָה֙
1
Pethahiah…Meshezabel…Zerah…Judah
These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
The people of Benjamin also lived from Geba onward, at Mikmash and Aija
“The people of Benjamin lived in Geba, Mikmash and Aija”
827
NEH
11
31
uha3
translate-names
מִגָּ֑בַע מִכְמָ֣שׂ וְעַיָּ֔ה וּבֵֽית
1
Geba…Mikmash…Aija…Bethel
These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
830
NEH
11
33
jwf7
translate-names
חָצ֥וֹר׀ רָמָ֖ה גִּתָּֽיִם
1
Hazor, Ramah, Gittaim
These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
831
NEH
11
34
e1ls
translate-names
חָדִ֥יד צְבֹעִ֖ים נְבַלָּֽט
1
Hadid, Zeboim, Neballat
These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
832
NEH
11
35
qu5n
translate-names
גֵּ֥י הַחֲרָשִֽׁים
1
the valley of craftsmen
Possible meanings are 1) this is a description of Ono or 2) it is “Craftsmen’s Valley” or “the Valley of Craftsmen,” another name for Ono, or 3) it is a different place from Ono, “and the Valley of Craftsmen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
Some of the Levites who lived in Judah were assigned to the people of Benjamin
It is not clear who assigned these Levites to live with the people of Benjamin. Alternate translation: “They assigned some of the Levites who lived in Judah to serve the people of Benjamin” or “The officials assigned some of the Levites who lived in Judah to serve the people of Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
834
NEH
12
intro
xmt3
0
# Nehemiah 12 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Dedication of the wall<br><br>In the ancient Near East, it was common to dedicate an important structure to a god. When it was completed, the wall was dedicated to Yahweh. Long lists of people are present, indicating that “everyone” was present for this and praised Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br>
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
838
NEH
12
1
myj6
figs-explicit
וְיֵשׁ֑וּעַ
1
Jeshua
The original readers would have understood that Jeshua was the high priest. Alternate translation: “Jeshua the high priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
839
NEH
12
2
p4ml
translate-names
אֲמַרְיָ֥ה מַלּ֖וּךְ חַטּֽוּשׁ
1
Amariah…Malluk…Hattush
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
847
NEH
12
9
nnn1
translate-names
וּבַקְבֻּֽקְיָ֨ה וענו
1
Bakbukiah…Unni
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
848
NEH
12
9
nhn4
לְנֶגְדָּ֖ם לְמִשְׁמָרֽוֹת
1
stood opposite them during the service
Possible meanings are 1) this was during a worship service and these were two groups of singers or other worshipers, or 2) these groups guarded the temple at different times, or “took turns guarding the temple.”
849
NEH
12
10
ri33
translate-names
וְיֵשׁ֖וּעַ…יֽוֹיָקִ֑ים…אֶלְיָשִׁ֔יב…יוֹיָדָֽע
1
Jeshua…Joiakim…Eliashib…Joiada
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
This is the same Jeshua named in [Nehemiah 12:1](../12/01.md). The original readers would have understood that Jeshua was the high priest. Alternate translation: “Jeshua the high priest was the father of Joiakim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
851
NEH
12
11
a7yv
translate-names
וְיוֹיָדָע֙…יוֹנָתָ֔ן…יַדּֽוּעַ
1
Joiada…Jonathan…Jaddua
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
852
NEH
12
12
j9qv
translate-names
יֽוֹיָקִ֔ים…מְרָיָ֔ה…חֲנַנְיָֽה
1
Joiakim…Meraiah…Hananiah
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
853
NEH
12
12
vv32
translate-names
לִשְׂרָיָ֣ה…לְיִרְמְיָ֖ה
1
Seraiah…Jeremiah
These are names of families named after men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
874
NEH
12
21
v16d
translate-names
חֲשַׁבְיָ֔ה…נְתַנְאֵֽל
1
Hashabiah…Nethanel
These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
875
NEH
12
21
vwp6
translate-names
לְחִלְקִיָּ֣ה…לִֽידַֽעְיָ֖ה
1
Hilkiah…Jedaiah
These are all names of families that are named after men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
876
NEH
12
22
snj3
translate-names
אֶלְיָשִׁ֜יב יוֹיָדָ֤ע וְיוֹחָנָן֙ וְיַדּ֔וּעַ
1
Eliashib…Joiada, Johanan…Jaddua
names of men (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
who stood opposite them to give praise and to give thanks, responding section by section
This refers to how they sang some of their songs in worship. A leader or one group would sing a phrase, then one or two groups that “stood opposite them” would sing a phrase in response.
882
NEH
12
24
dl8r
בְּמִצְוַ֖ת דָּוִ֣יד
1
obedience to the command of David
King David had commanded the Levites how they were to organize and lead worship.
Zechariah son of Jonathan son of Shemaiah son of Mattaniah son of Micaiah son of Zaccur son of Asaph
All of the names after “Zechariah” are the ancestors of Zechariah. This list connects Zechariah with the famous singer Asaph. “Zechariah who was the son of Jonathan, who was the son of Shemaiah, who was the son of Mattaniah, who was the son of Micaiah, who was the son of Zaccur son of Asaph”
These are the names of males who were the priests at that time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
907
NEH
12
41
bnz5
בַּחֲצֹצְרֽוֹת
1
with the trumpets
Possible meanings are 1) only the first seven priests listed from Eliakim to Hananiah carried trumpets or 2) all 15 priests listed from Eliakim to Ezer carried trumpets.
912
NEH
12
43
p5fe
figs-metonymy
וַתִּשָּׁמַ֛ע שִׂמְחַ֥ת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם מֵרָחֽוֹק
1
So the joy of Jerusalem could be heard far away
“The joy of Jerusalem” here is a metonym for “the sound that the people of Jerusalem made.” This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people far away from Jerusalem could hear the sound that the people of Jerusalem made as they celebrated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
913
NEH
12
44
fsb6
figs-activepassive
וַיִּפָּקְד֣וּ בַיּוֹם֩ הַה֨וּא אֲנָשִׁ֜ים עַל
1
men were appointed to be in charge
This can be stated in active form. It is not clear who appointed the men. Alternate translation: “they appointed men to be in charge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
For Judah rejoiced over the priests and the Levites
It seems that the people appointed the men because the people of Judah were grateful for the priests and Levites who were serving.
916
NEH
12
44
g9pg
figs-explicit
הָעֹמְדִֽים
1
who were standing before them
The Levites and priests were not just standing, they were serving in their roles. The meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “who were standing before them serving God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
917
NEH
12
45
lm4j
וְהַשֹּׁעֲרִ֑ים
1
gatekeepers
These were people assigned to each gate, responsible to control access to the city or temple, as well as to open and close the gates at times and for reasons set by the administrator. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 7:1](../07/01.md).
918
NEH
12
46
py1c
ראש הַמְשֹׁ֣רְרִ֔ים
1
there were directors of singers
This sentence tells why the people did what they did in [Nehemiah 12:45](../12/45.md) and gives us more information about the time when David told people how to worship at the temple.
921
NEH
12
47
e72p
לִבְנֵ֥י אַהֲרֹֽן
1
the descendants of Aaron
the priests in Israel, who descended from Aaron, the brother of Moses
922
NEH
13
intro
tm5a
0
# Nehemiah 13 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem<br><br>Nehemiah was eager to make sure that the Jews kept their promise to obey the law. When he returned from Persia, he found many things wrong: one of the store rooms in the temple had been converted into a guest room for Tobiah, the Levites had not received their portions for working in the temple, people were working on the Sabbath, and many had married heathen wives. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])<br>
This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they appointed Eliashib the priest” or “the leaders appointed Eliashib the priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
927
NEH
13
4
adq9
קָר֖וֹב לְטוֹבִיָּֽה
1
He was related to Tobiah
“Eliashib and Tobiah worked closely together”
928
NEH
13
4
c9hf
אֶלְיָשִׁיב֙…לְטוֹבִיָּֽה
1
Eliashib…Tobiah
These are the names of men.
929
NEH
13
5
xi14
וַיַּ֨עַשׂ ל֜וֹ לִשְׁכָּ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֗ה
1
Eliashib prepared for Tobiah a large storeroom
“Eliashib prepared a large storeroom for Tobiah to use”
930
NEH
13
5
v2in
וְהַשֹּׁעֲרִ֑ים
1
gatekeepers
people assigned to each gate, responsible to control access to the city or temple, as well as to open and close the gates at times and for reasons set by the administrator. See how you translated this in [Nehemiah 7:1](../07/01.md).
“During the time all this was happening, I was away from Jerusalem”
932
NEH
13
6
dpk4
לֹ֥א הָיִ֖יתִי
1
I was not
Here “I” refers to Nehemiah.
933
NEH
13
7
up8j
נִשְׁכָּ֔ה בְּחַצְרֵ֖י בֵּ֥ית הָאֱלֹהִֽים
1
a storeroom in the courts of the house of God
This was a room which had previously been purified to store offering supplies ([Nehemiah 13:5](../13/05.md)).
934
NEH
13
10
k9k6
figs-explicit
מְנָי֥וֹת הַלְוִיִּ֖ם לֹ֣א נִתָּ֑נָה
1
the Levites’ portions had not been given to them
The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. This can also be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people had not been bringing into the storerooms their tithes and offerings of food for the temple priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
Nehemiah uses a rhetorical question to challenge or even ridicule the officials who had not done their work. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have neglected the house of God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
937
NEH
13
12
a9ux
figs-metonymy
וְכָל־ יְהוּדָ֗הוְכָל־יְהוּדָ֗ה
1
all Judah
The name of the land is a metonym for the people of the land. This is probably a generalization. Alternate translation: “all the people who lived in Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
939
NEH
13
13
e8x3
figs-activepassive
נֶאֱמָנִים֙ נֶחְשָׁ֔בוּ
1
they were counted as trustworthy
This can be translated in active form. The abstract noun “trustworthy” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I knew that I could trust them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
The word “winepresses” is a metonym for the grapes that were in the winepresses. The people were walking on grapes to get the juice out of them to make wine. Alternate translation: “walking on grapes in winepresses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
942
NEH
13
15
z3xh
דֹּֽרְכִֽים
1
treading
walking on something to crush or press it
943
NEH
13
16
yvh1
translate-names
וְהַצֹּרִים֙
1
Tyre
This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
What is this evil thing you are doing, profaning the Sabbath day?
Nehemiah is using a rhetorical question to scold the leaders of Judah. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are doing an evil thing by profaning the Sabbath day.” or “God will punish you for doing this evil thing, for profaning the Sabbath day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
Did not your fathers do this? Did not our God bring all this evil on us and on this city?
Nehemiah is using these rhetorical questions to scold the leaders of Judah. These questions can be combined and translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that your fathers did this, and that is why God brought all this evil on us and on this city.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
that the doors be shut and that they should not be opened until
This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the guards shut the doors and not open them until” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
948
NEH
13
19
wy3q
figs-activepassive
לֹא־ יָב֥וֹא מַשָּׂ֖אלֹא־יָב֥וֹא מַשָּׂ֖א
1
no load could be brought in
This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one could bring in things they wanted to sell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
“people who had brought many different things they wanted to sell”
950
NEH
13
21
hi84
figs-rquestion
מַדּ֜וּעַ אַתֶּ֤ם לֵנִים֙ נֶ֣גֶד הַחוֹמָ֔ה
1
Why do you camp outside the wall?
Nehemiah uses a rhetorical question to rebuke merchants and to emphasize his command. This question can be translated as a statement. The full meaning of this statement can also be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You are camping outside the wall against what I commanded.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
951
NEH
13
21
hfv7
figs-metonymy
יָ֖ד אֶשְׁלַ֣ח בָּכֶ֑ם
1
I will lay hands on you!
The word “hands” is a metonym for forceful action. Alternate translation: “I will send you away by force!” or “I will remove you by force!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
Jews that had married women of Ashdod, Ammon, and Moab
“Jews that had married foreign women.” God had forbidden intermarriage. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
955
NEH
13
23
l9c2
translate-names
אשדודיות
1
Ashdod
This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
956
NEH
13
23
b4nt
translate-names
עמוניות מוֹאֲבִיּֽוֹת
1
Ammon…Moab
These are the names of nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
957
NEH
13
24
w247
וּבְנֵיהֶ֗ם חֲצִי֙
1
Half of their children
“As a result, half of their children”
958
NEH
13
25
dzu5
וָאָרִ֤יב עִמָּם֙
1
I confronted them
“I spoke directly to them about what they had done”
Did not Solomon king of Israel sin on account of these women?
Nehemiah uses a rhetorical question to scold the men. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that Solomon king of Israel sinned on account of these women.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
Should we then listen to you and do all this great evil, and act treacherously against our God by marrying foreign women?
Nehemiah uses a rhetorical question to scold the men. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We will not listen to you or do this great evil or act treacherously against our God by marrying foreign women.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
963
NEH
13
28
dft4
translate-names
יוֹיָדָ֤ע…אֶלְיָשִׁיב֙…לְסַנְבַלַּ֣ט
1
Joiada…Eliashib…Sanballat
These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
964
NEH
13
28
f8ak
translate-names
הַחֹרֹנִ֑י
1
the Horonite
This refers to a person from the city of Beth Horon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
965
NEH
13
28
rhs8
וָאַבְרִיחֵ֖הוּ מֵעָלָֽי
1
I caused him to flee from my presence
“I chased him away” or “I made him leave Jerusalem”
“Think about all I have done, my God, and bless me because of the good things I have done.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Nehemiah 13:14](../13/14.md).
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
JOL front intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Joel<br><br>1. The land ruined; the day of Yahweh is coming (1:1–2:11)<br>- Locusts and drought (1:1–20)<br>- The day of Yahweh (2:1–11)<br>1. Yahweh restores his people (2:12-32)<br>- The people should turn to Yahweh, for he will pity them (2:12–27)<br>- The Spirit of Yahweh, wonders, and salvation (2:28–32)<br>1. Yahweh will judge the nations (3:1-21)<br>- Yahweh judges the nations (3:1–16)<br>- Yahweh dwells in Zion (3:17–21)<br><br>### What is the Book of Joel about?<br><br>The main idea in the Book of Joel is “the day of Yahweh.” This expression is found five times (1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:21, 3:14).<br><br>The people of Israel looked forward to “the day of Yahweh” as a day that Yahweh would judge the nations around them. But Joel warns that Yahweh would also judge Israel for being unfaithful to him. After judging them, Yahweh will restore his people.<br><br>Joel’s message applies to the people of God in the church age. For Yahweh says, “I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh” and “everyone who calls on Yahweh will be saved” (2:28 and 2:32, quoted by Peter in Acts 2:17 and 2:21).<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>The traditional title of this book is “The Book of Joel” or just “Joel.” Translators may also call it the “The Book about Joel” or “The Sayings of Joel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Joel?<br><br>This book contains the prophecies of an Israelite named Joel, son of Pethuel. The book does not tell when Joel prophesied.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2?<br><br>Locust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. In Chapters 1 and 2, Joel described locust attacks using military terms. He may have been speaking of enemy invaders coming and destroying the land its people.<br><br>There are various names for locusts in the original language of the Old Testament. It is uncertain whether these refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms.<br><br>Joel also described a drought in Chapter 2. It might have been a real lack of rain. Or Joel may have been speaking of either enemy invaders or Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations.<br><br>Translators should simply translate the locust attacks and drought as Joel described them and not worry about the various possible meanings.<br><br>### What did Joel prophesy about the future for God’s people?<br><br>Joel prophesied that God will defeat Israel’s enemies, rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and rule as victorious king over the whole world. At the same time, God will give his Spirit to all his people, and they will receive messages from him in dreams and visions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel?<br><br>All of the text in the Book of Joel is poetry. The ULT presents it in this way. The UST, however, presents the text as prose. Translators may choose to use prose in their versions. Translators who want to translate the book as poetry should read about poetry and parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])<br>
JOL 1 intro q2ev 0 # Joel 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Joel is written in poetic form and with striking imagery. The ULT is written in poetic form, but the UST has been transferred to a prose form. If possible, use the poetic form to communicate the meaning of this book in order to stay closer to the original meaning of the text.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Locusts<br>This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and they progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of the whole land of Israel.<br><br>It was common for farmers in the ancient Near East to experience large locust swarms that would come and eat all crops in their fields. Joel might be describing such attacks in this first chapter. Because Joel uses military terms and images to describe these locust attacks, his descriptions might represent enemy invaders who would come and destroy the land its people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>The author also uses rhetorical questions that communicate surprise and alarm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br>
JOL 1 1 qry6 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: God speaks through Joel to the people of Israel using poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOL 1 1 er8g figs-idiom דְּבַר־יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֔ה אֶל־יוֹאֵ֖ל 1 the word of Yahweh that came to Joel This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Joel. Alternate translation: “the message Yahweh gave to Joel” or “the message Yahweh spoke to Joel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOL 1 1 er8g figs-idiom דְּבַר־יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֔ה אֶל־יוֹאֵ֖ל 1 the word of Yahweh that came to Joel This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Joel. Alternate translation: “the message Yahweh gave to Joel” or “the message Yahweh spoke to Joel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOL 1 1 qwp8 יְהוָה֙ 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
JOL 1 2 t74n figs-rquestion הֶהָ֤יְתָה זֹּאת֙ בִּֽימֵיכֶ֔ם וְאִ֖ם בִּימֵ֥י אֲבֹֽתֵיכֶֽם 1 Has anything like this happened in your days or in the days of your ancestors? Joel is preparing the elders to listen to what he has to say. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing like this has ever happened before either to you or to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOL 1 4 m68u translate-unknown הַגָּזָם֙ 1 the swarming locust large groups of insects like grasshoppers that fly together and eat large areas of food crops (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
JOL 1 4 ny2z הַגָּזָם֙…הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה…הַיָּ֑לֶק…הֶחָסִֽיל 1 swarming locust…great locust…grasshopper…caterpillar These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language.
JOL 1 5 zk2a 0 General Information: God warns the people of Israel about the coming locust army.
JOL 1 5 l1nq figs-parallelism שִׁכּוֹרִים֙ וּבְכ֔וּ וְהֵילִ֖לוּ כָּל־שֹׁ֣תֵי יָ֑יִן 1 you drunkards, and weep! Wail, all you drinkers of wine If your language has only one word for “weep” and “wail,” you can combine the lines: “you people who love wine should cry out in sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOL 1 5 l1nq figs-parallelism שִׁכּוֹרִים֙ וּבְכ֔וּ וְהֵילִ֖לוּ כָּל־שֹׁ֣תֵי יָ֑יִן 1 you drunkards, and weep! Wail, all you drinkers of wine If your language has only one word for “weep” and “wail,” you can combine the lines: “you people who love wine should cry out in sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOL 1 6 qm8j figs-metaphor גוֹי֙ 1 a nation The locust swarm is like an invading army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 1 6 jn1q שִׁנָּיו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י 1 His teeth…he has the teeth The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
JOL 1 6 mpz6 figs-parallelism שִׁנָּיו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י אַרְיֵ֔ה וּֽמְתַלְּע֥וֹת לָבִ֖יא לֽוֹ 1 His teeth are the teeth of a lion, and he has the teeth of a lioness. These two lines share similar meanings. The reference to the locusts’ teeth being as sharp as lions’ teeth emphasize how fierce they are as they eat all of the crops of the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 2 2 qmb9 figs-doublet י֧וֹם חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וַאֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 day of darkness and gloom The words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize that the darkness will be very dark. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day that is full of darkness” or “day of terrible judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 2 st7t וַאֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 gloom total or partial darkness
JOL 2 2 pcr6 figs-doublet י֤וֹם עָנָן֙ וַעֲרָפֶ֔ל 1 day of clouds and thick darkness This phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both “clouds” and “thick darkness” refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day full of dark storm clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 2 h3d1 figs-simile כְּשַׁ֖חַר פָּרֻ֣שׂ עַל־הֶֽהָרִ֑ים עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְעָצ֔וּם 1 Like the dawn that spreads on the mountains, a large and mighty army is approaching When direct sunlight shines on a mountain at dawn, it begins at the top and spreads to the bottom. When an army comes over a mountain range, it comes over the top and spreads out as it comes down. Alternate translation: “A large, mighty army comes over the mountains into the land. They spread over the land like the light from the rising sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOL 2 2 h3d1 figs-simile כְּשַׁ֖חַר פָּרֻ֣שׂ עַל־הֶֽהָרִ֑ים עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְעָצ֔וּם 1 Like the dawn that spreads on the mountains, a large and mighty army is approaching When direct sunlight shines on a mountain at dawn, it begins at the top and spreads to the bottom. When an army comes over a mountain range, it comes over the top and spreads out as it comes down. Alternate translation: “A large, mighty army comes over the mountains into the land. They spread over the land like the light from the rising sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOL 2 2 ekb8 figs-metaphor עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְעָצ֔וּם 1 a large and mighty army The words “large” and “mighty” share similar meanings here and emphasize that the army will be very strong. The word “army” could possibly be 1) a metaphor for a swarm of locusts or 2) referring to a human army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JOL 2 3 xcv4 0 General Information: Joel’s description of the coming army continues.
JOL 2 3 fly5 figs-metaphor לְפָנָיו֙ אָ֣כְלָה אֵ֔שׁ 1 A fire is consuming everything in front of it A fire destroys everything as it moves, and the “army” ([Joel 2:2](../02/02.md)), whether of humans or of locusts, destroys everything as it moves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 2 3 z5iu figs-metaphor וְאַחֲרָ֖יו תְּלַהֵ֣ט לֶֽהָבָ֑ה 1 behind it a flame is burning After a wall of flame goes through dry land and burns the dryest and smallest fuel, there will still be flames as the larger and less dry fuel burns, (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 2 3 yne4 figs-simile כְּגַן־עֵ֨דֶן הָאָ֜רֶץ 1 land is like the garden of Eden The garden of Eden was a beautiful place, and the land was beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOL 2 3 yne4 figs-simile כְּגַן־עֵ֨דֶן הָאָ֜רֶץ 1 land is like the garden of Eden The garden of Eden was a beautiful place, and the land was beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOL 2 4 ex3a 0 General Information: The description continues with the noises of an army of horses.
JOL 2 4 ztn5 figs-simile כְּמַרְאֵ֥ה סוּסִ֖ים מַרְאֵ֑הוּ 1 The army’s appearance is like horses The head of a locust looks like a small horse head. The army is fast, and horses are fast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOL 2 4 fdt4 translate-unknown סוּסִ֖ים 1 horses A large, strong, fast animal with four legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
JOL 2 11 mi1t וַֽיהוָ֗ה נָתַ֤ן קוֹלוֹ֙ 1 Yahweh raises his voice “Yahweh speaks loudly” to give commands.
JOL 2 11 tzv4 figs-hendiadys גָד֧וֹל…וְנוֹרָ֥א מְאֹ֖ד 1 great and very terrible In this phrase both descriptions mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “greatly terrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
JOL 2 11 vht4 figs-rquestion וּמִ֥י יְכִילֶֽנּוּ 1 Who can survive it? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will be strong enough to survive Yahweh’s judgment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOL 2 12 d1i9 figs-metonymy שֻׁ֥בוּ עָדַ֖י בְּכָל־לְבַבְכֶ֑ם 1 Return to me with all your heart The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Alternate translation: “Turn away from your sins and be totally devoted to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 13 d1sf figs-metonymy וְקִרְע֤וּ לְבַבְכֶם֙ וְאַל־בִּגְדֵיכֶ֔ם 1 Tear your heart and not only your garments The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Tearing one’s clothes is an outward act of shame or repentance. Alternate translation: “Change your way of thinking; do not just tear your garments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 13 wfp5 figs-abstractnouns וְרַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 abundant in covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always loves faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOL 2 12 d1i9 figs-metonymy שֻׁ֥בוּ עָדַ֖י בְּכָל־לְבַבְכֶ֑ם 1 Return to me with all your heart The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Alternate translation: “Turn away from your sins and be totally devoted to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 13 d1sf figs-metonymy וְקִרְע֤וּ לְבַבְכֶם֙ וְאַל־בִּגְדֵיכֶ֔ם 1 Tear your heart and not only your garments The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Tearing one’s clothes is an outward act of shame or repentance. Alternate translation: “Change your way of thinking; do not just tear your garments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 13 wfp5 figs-abstractnouns וְרַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 abundant in covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always loves faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOL 2 13 e3gw וְנִחָ֖ם עַל 1 turn from stop
JOL 2 14 a2av figs-rquestion יָשׁ֣וּב וְנִחָ֑ם וְהִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָיו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָנֶ֔סֶךְ לַיהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם 1 Will he perhaps turn…God? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps Yahweh will turn from his anger…God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOL 2 14 xys3 וְהִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָיו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָנֶ֔סֶךְ 1 leave a blessing behind him, a grain offering and a drink offering “leave behind him a blessing—that is, a grain offering and a drink offering.” The blessing is that plenty of grain and grapes will ripen, and so the people will be able to offer grain and drink offerings.
JOL 2 16 jzj1 מֵחֻפָּתָֽהּ 1 bridal chambers rooms, usually in the parents’ houses, where brides would wait for their wedding ceremonies
JOL 2 17 fek9 וְאַל־תִּתֵּ֨ן נַחֲלָתְךָ֤ לְחֶרְפָּה֙ 1 do not make your inheritance into an object of scorn “do not allow your inheritance to become people whom the other nations regard as worthless”
JOL 2 17 fek9 וְאַל־תִּתֵּ֨ן נַחֲלָתְךָ֤ לְחֶרְפָּה֙ 1 do not make your inheritance into an object of scorn “do not allow your inheritance to become people whom the other nations regard as worthless”
JOL 2 17 kqr6 figs-metaphor נַחֲלָתְךָ֤ 1 your inheritance Here the people of Israel are spoken of as God’s inheritance. Alternate translation: “your special people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 2 17 ey9s figs-rquestion לָ֚מָּה יֹאמְר֣וּ בָֽעַמִּ֔ים אַיֵּ֖ה אֱלֹהֵיהֶֽם 1 Why should they say among the nations, ‘Where is their God?’ This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Other nations should not be able to say, ‘Their God does not help them.’” or “Other nations should not be able to say that the God of Israel has abandoned his people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOL 2 18 xeg7 לְאַרְצ֑וֹ 1 his land “the nation of Israel”
JOL 2 20 v9xy הַיָּם֙ הַקַּדְמֹנִ֔י 1 the eastern sea the Dead Sea
JOL 2 20 ue9y הַיָּ֣ם הָאַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 the western sea the Mediterranean Sea
JOL 2 20 k6n8 הִגְדִּ֖יל לַעֲשֽׂוֹת 1 he has done great things That is, Yahweh has done great things. Another possible meaning is that the writer speaks of the invading army, “it has done very bad things.”
JOL 2 21 g3z3 figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאִ֖י אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 Do not fear, land Joel speaks to the people of the land as if he were speaking to the land itself. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
JOL 2 22 n9lm figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאוּ֙ בַּהֲמ֣וֹת שָׂדַ֔י 1 Do not fear, beasts of the field Joel speaks to people who own livestock as if he were speaking to the animals themselves. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people who own livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
JOL 2 21 g3z3 figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאִ֖י אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 Do not fear, land Joel speaks to the people of the land as if he were speaking to the land itself. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
JOL 2 22 n9lm figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאוּ֙ בַּהֲמ֣וֹת שָׂדַ֔י 1 Do not fear, beasts of the field Joel speaks to people who own livestock as if he were speaking to the animals themselves. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people who own livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
JOL 2 22 t5ty figs-metonymy דָשְׁא֖וּ נְא֣וֹת מִדְבָּ֑ר 1 the pastures of the wilderness will sprout The pastures are a metonym for the plants that grow in the pastures. Alternate translation: “plants good for food will sprout in the pastures in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 23 xlq6 נָתַ֥ן…וַיּ֣וֹרֶד לָכֶ֗ם גֶּ֛שֶׁם 1 he will…bring down showers for you “he will…cause much rain to fall so that you will live well”
JOL 2 23 vnx8 מוֹרֶ֥ה וּמַלְק֖וֹשׁ 1 autumn rain and the spring rain the first rains of the rainy season in early December and the last rains in April and May
JOL 2 24 gw97 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh begins a long speech to the Israelites.
JOL 2 24 p8u1 הַיְקָבִ֖ים 1 vats large containers for liquids
JOL 2 25 k6bd אֶת־הַשָּׁנִ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ אָכַ֣ל הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה 1 the years of crops that the swarming locust has eaten “the crops that you took care of for years and that the swarming locusts have eaten”
JOL 2 25 k6bd אֶת־הַשָּׁנִ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ אָכַ֣ל הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה 1 the years of crops that the swarming locust has eaten “the crops that you took care of for years and that the swarming locusts have eaten”
JOL 2 25 e81a הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה הַיֶּ֖לֶק וְהֶחָסִ֣יל וְהַגָּזָ֑ם 1 swarming locust…the great locust, the devouring locust, and the destroying locust These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language. See how you translated this in [Joel 1:4](../01/04.md).
JOL 2 26 qw24 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
JOL 2 26 jy17 figs-metonymy וְהִלַּלְתֶּ֗ם אֶת־שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 praise the name of Yahweh The name is a metonym for the person, specifically his reputation. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh” or “praise Yahweh because everyone knows he is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 26 x2qr figs-123person שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵיכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֥ה עִמָּכֶ֖ם לְהַפְלִ֑יא 1 the name of Yahweh…who has done wonders Yahweh speaks of himself by name to show that he will certainly do as he has said. Alternate translation: “my name…because I have done wonders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JOL 2 26 jy17 figs-metonymy וְהִלַּלְתֶּ֗ם אֶת־שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 praise the name of Yahweh The name is a metonym for the person, specifically his reputation. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh” or “praise Yahweh because everyone knows he is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 26 x2qr figs-123person שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵיכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֥ה עִמָּכֶ֖ם לְהַפְלִ֑יא 1 the name of Yahweh…who has done wonders Yahweh speaks of himself by name to show that he will certainly do as he has said. Alternate translation: “my name…because I have done wonders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JOL 2 28 h1ph 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
JOL 2 28 p6xw וְהָיָ֣ה אַֽחֲרֵי־כֵ֗ן אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ 1 It will come about afterward that I “This is what I will do after that: I”
JOL 2 28 mc8b figs-metaphor אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ אֶת־רוּחִי֙ עַל־כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh Yahweh speaks of the Spirit as if he were speaking of water. AT” “I will give my Spirit generously to all flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 2 28 ny8x figs-synecdoche כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 all flesh Here “flesh” represents people. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JOL 2 28 p6xw וְהָיָ֣ה אַֽחֲרֵי־כֵ֗ן אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ 1 It will come about afterward that I “This is what I will do after that: I”
JOL 2 28 mc8b figs-metaphor אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ אֶת־רוּחִי֙ עַל־כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh Yahweh speaks of the Spirit as if he were speaking of water. AT” “I will give my Spirit generously to all flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 2 28 ny8x figs-synecdoche כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 all flesh Here “flesh” represents people. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JOL 2 30 c326 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
JOL 2 30 fxj8 figs-metonymy דָּ֣ם וָאֵ֔שׁ וְתִֽימֲר֖וֹת עָשָֽׁן 1 blood, fire, and pillars of smoke “blood” is symbolizing the death of people. Alternate translation: “death, fire and pillars of smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 31 e1db הַשֶּׁ֨מֶשׁ֙ יֵהָפֵ֣ךְ לְחֹ֔שֶׁךְ 1 The sun will turn into darkness “The sun will no longer give light”
JOL 2 31 fc5h figs-metonymy וְהַיָּרֵ֖חַ לְדָ֑ם 1 the moon into blood Here the word “blood” refers to the color red. You can supply the verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the moon will turn red like blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JOL 2 32 xyf3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
JOL 2 32 w6nv וְהָיָ֗ה כֹּ֧ל 1 It will be that everyone “This is what will happen: everyone”
JOL 2 32 t1vg figs-metonymy כֹּ֧ל אֲשֶׁר־יִקְרָ֛א בְּשֵׁ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה יִמָּלֵ֑ט 1 everyone who calls on the name of Yahweh will be saved The name is a metonym for the person. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save everyone who calls on his name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOL 2 32 k5zj figs-doublet בְּהַר־צִיּ֨וֹן וּבִירוּשָׁלִַ֜ם 1 on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem These refer to the same place. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JOL 2 32 t1vg figs-metonymy כֹּ֧ל אֲשֶׁר־יִקְרָ֛א בְּשֵׁ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה יִמָּלֵ֑ט 1 everyone who calls on the name of Yahweh will be saved The name is a metonym for the person. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save everyone who calls on his name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOL 2 32 k5zj figs-doublet בְּהַר־צִיּ֨וֹן וּבִירוּשָׁלִַ֜ם 1 on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem These refer to the same place. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JOL 2 32 j194 figs-ellipsis וּבַ֨שְּׂרִידִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה קֹרֵֽא 1 among the survivors, those whom Yahweh calls The phrase “there will be” is understood from earlier in the sentence. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “among the survivors there will be those whom Yahweh calls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JOL 2 32 e73u 1 survivors people who live through a terrible event like a war or a disaster
JOL 3 intro jcn7 0 # Joel 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>There is a change in focus in this chapter from the people of Israel to her enemies. The events of this chapters also contain many prophecies about the events of the end of this world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Israel<br>The mention of Israel in this chapter is probably a reference to the people of Judah and not the northern kingdom of Israel. It is also possible this is a reference to the people of Israel as a whole.<br>
JOL 3 1 b14f 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
JOL 3 1 zy3s figs-doublet בַּיָּמִ֥ים הָהֵ֖מָּה וּבָעֵ֣ת הַהִ֑יא 1 in those days and at that time The phrase “at that time” means the same thing as and intensifies the phrase “in those days.” Alternate translation: “in those very days” or “at that very time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JOL 3 1 c3ys אֲשֶׁ֥ר אשוב אֶת־שְׁב֥וּת יְהוּדָ֖ה וִירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 when I return the exiles of Judah and Jerusalem “When I send the exiles back to Judah and Jerusalem”
JOL 3 1 c3ys אֲשֶׁ֥ר אשוב אֶת־שְׁב֥וּת יְהוּדָ֖ה וִירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 when I return the exiles of Judah and Jerusalem “When I send the exiles back to Judah and Jerusalem”
JOL 3 2 xs2u עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Valley of Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat.
JOL 3 2 idt3 figs-doublet עַמִּ֨י וְנַחֲלָתִ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 my people and my inheritance Israel These two phrases emphasize how Yahweh views Israel as his own precious people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, who are my inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JOL 3 3 z4y6 figs-explicit וַיִּתְּנ֤וּ הַיֶּ֨לֶד֙ בַּזּוֹנָ֔ה וְהַיַּלְדָּ֛ה מָכְר֥וּ בַיַּ֖יִן וַיִּשְׁתּֽוּ 1 traded a boy for a prostitute, and sold a girl for wine so they could drink These are examples of the kinds of things they did and do not indicate what they did to two particular children. Alternate translation: “and did things like trading a boy for a prostitute and selling a girl for wine, so they could drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOL 3 4 k66w 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
JOL 3 4 qj6v figs-rquestion וְ֠גַם מָה־אַתֶּ֥ם לִי֙ צֹ֣ר וְצִיד֔וֹן וְכֹ֖ל גְּלִיל֣וֹת פְּלָ֑שֶׁת 1 why are you angry at me…Philistia? Yahweh is encouraging the people of Judah, who can hear him, by scolding the people of Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia, who cannot hear him, as if they can. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. These words can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you have no right to be angry at me…Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOL 3 4 qj6v figs-rquestion וְ֠גַם מָה־אַתֶּ֥ם לִי֙ צֹ֣ר וְצִיד֔וֹן וְכֹ֖ל גְּלִיל֣וֹת פְּלָ֑שֶׁת 1 why are you angry at me…Philistia? Yahweh is encouraging the people of Judah, who can hear him, by scolding the people of Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia, who cannot hear him, as if they can. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. These words can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you have no right to be angry at me…Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOL 3 4 xaa9 figs-rquestion הַגְּמ֗וּל אַתֶּם֙ מְשַׁלְּמִ֣ים עָלָ֔י 1 Will you repay me? “Will you get revenge on me?” God uses this question to make the people think about what they are doing. Alternate translation: “You think you can get revenge on me, but you cannot.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOL 3 4 ns7f figs-synecdoche קַ֣ל מְהֵרָ֔ה אָשִׁ֥יב גְּמֻלְכֶ֖ם בְּרֹאשְׁכֶֽם 1 I will immediately return your retribution on your own head Here the word “head” refers to the person. Yahweh will make them suffer the pain they wanted him to suffer. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to suffer the retribution that you tried to put on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOL 3 4 wdm3 גְּמֻלְכֶ֖ם 1 retribution “revenge” or “payback”
JOL 3 7 d8mh 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
JOL 3 7 dc6d figs-explicit מִן־הַ֨מָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁר־מְכַרְתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖ם שָׁ֑מָּה 1 out of the place where you sold them The people of Israel will leave the places where they were slaves and come back to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOL 3 7 dc6d figs-explicit מִן־הַ֨מָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁר־מְכַרְתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖ם שָׁ֑מָּה 1 out of the place where you sold them The people of Israel will leave the places where they were slaves and come back to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOL 3 7 uh32 וַהֲשִׁבֹתִ֥י גְמֻלְכֶ֖ם 1 return payment “give back what you deserve”
JOL 3 8 pww6 figs-metonymy וּמָכַרְתִּ֞י אֶת־בְּנֵיכֶ֣ם וְאֶת־בְּנֽוֹתֵיכֶ֗ם בְּיַד֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 I will sell your sons and your daughters, by the hand of the people of Judah The hand can be a metonym for the power the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “I will have the people of Judah sell your sons and your daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JOL 3 8 pww6 figs-metonymy וּמָכַרְתִּ֞י אֶת־בְּנֵיכֶ֣ם וְאֶת־בְּנֽוֹתֵיכֶ֗ם בְּיַד֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 I will sell your sons and your daughters, by the hand of the people of Judah The hand can be a metonym for the power the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “I will have the people of Judah sell your sons and your daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JOL 3 8 t9jc translate-names לִשְׁבָאיִ֖ם 1 Sabeans the people of the land of Sabea (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JOL 3 9 ih66 figs-irony 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel. Here he begins an ironic call to the nations to prepare for a war in which Yahweh will completely destroy the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
JOL 3 9 d6ny הָעִ֨ירוּ֙ הַגִּבּוֹרִ֔ים 1 rouse the mighty men “make the mighty men ready for action”
JOL 3 10 ze4m אִתֵּיכֶם֙ 1 plowshares tools that are used to break up the soil in order to plant crops
JOL 3 10 epv7 וּמַזְמְרֹֽתֵיכֶ֖ם 1 pruning knives knives that are used to cut off small branches
JOL 3 11 iq6r 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
JOL 3 11 rp2a figs-irony ע֣וּשׁוּ וָבֹ֧אוּ כָֽל־הַגּוֹיִ֛ם מִסָּבִ֖יב וְנִקְבָּ֑צוּ שָׁ֕מָּה 1 Hurry and come…together there These words continue the ironic call to battle that begins in [Joel 3:9](../03/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
JOL 3 11 rp2a figs-irony ע֣וּשׁוּ וָבֹ֧אוּ כָֽל־הַגּוֹיִ֛ם מִסָּבִ֖יב וְנִקְבָּ֑צוּ שָׁ֕מָּה 1 Hurry and come…together there These words continue the ironic call to battle that begins in [Joel 3:9](../03/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
JOL 3 11 p5mc figs-explicit וְנִקְבָּ֑צוּ 1 gather yourselves together The purpose of the gathering is for battle. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather yourselves together for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOL 3 11 e3ig הַֽנְחַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה גִּבּוֹרֶֽיךָ 1 Yahweh, bring down your mighty warriors Possible meanings are 1) Joel is telling the people of Judah that this is what they are to “proclaim among the nations” ([Joel 3:9](../03/09.md)) or 2) Joel interrupts the words of Yahweh and prays a short prayer.
JOL 3 12 b1jw 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
JOL 3 12 ul2y הַגּוֹיִ֔ם…אֶת־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֖ם מִסָּבִֽיב 1 Let the nations wake themselves…all the surrounding nations The words “the nations” and “the surrounding nations” refer to the same nations, those that surround Judah. Yahweh will judge them in the Valley of Jehoshaphat for what they have done to Jerusalem.
JOL 3 12 ul2y הַגּוֹיִ֔ם…אֶת־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֖ם מִסָּבִֽיב 1 Let the nations wake themselves…all the surrounding nations The words “the nations” and “the surrounding nations” refer to the same nations, those that surround Judah. Yahweh will judge them in the Valley of Jehoshaphat for what they have done to Jerusalem.
JOL 3 12 pq55 עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Valley of Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat. See how you translated this in [Joel 3:2](../03/02.md).
JOL 3 13 hq7f figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל…מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Put in the sickle…the winepress is full Possible meanings are that Yahweh speaks of completely destroying the nations as if 1) he were harvesting all the grapes and all the grain or 2) he were harvesting quickly, while the grain and grapes are ripe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 3 13 iw8d figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל כִּ֥י בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe Yahweh speaks of making war against the nations as if he were using a sharp tool to harvest a field of ripe crops. If your readers will not understand the word “sickle,” you may use the word for any sharp tool that your people use for harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 3 13 i8r2 figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל 1 Put in the sickle “Swing the sickle to cut the grain.” This is a metaphor for a soldier using a sword to kill people, but it is best to use the word for a sharp tool used in harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 3 13 zx33 מַגָּ֔ל 1 sickle a long curved knife that people use for cutting grain
JOL 3 13 rua7 בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 the harvest is ripe “the grain is ready to be harvested”
JOL 3 13 tz4a figs-metaphor בֹּ֤אֽוּ רְדוּ֙ כִּֽי־מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Come, crush the grapes, for the winepress is full Yahweh speaks of the nations as if they were many grapes in a winepress, ready for people to crush them by stepping on them. Alternate translation: “Come, completely destroy the nations, for they are many, and they are helpless to resist you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 3 13 tz4a figs-metaphor בֹּ֤אֽוּ רְדוּ֙ כִּֽי־מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Come, crush the grapes, for the winepress is full Yahweh speaks of the nations as if they were many grapes in a winepress, ready for people to crush them by stepping on them. Alternate translation: “Come, completely destroy the nations, for they are many, and they are helpless to resist you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 3 13 haw5 figs-metaphor הֵשִׁ֨יקוּ֙ הַיְקָבִ֔ים כִּ֥י רַבָּ֖ה רָעָתָֽם 1 The vats overflow, for their wickedness is enormous Yahweh speaks of the nations’ wickedness as if it were the juice that flows from the winepress into storage containers, and more juice flows into the vats than they can contain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 3 14 y2ge הֲמוֹנִ֣ים הֲמוֹנִ֔ים 1 a tumult, a tumult A tumult is noise caused by a large crowd. This is repeated to show that it will be very noisy from all the people.
JOL 3 14 r3ir בְּעֵ֖מֶק הֶֽחָר֑וּץ…בְּעֵ֖מֶק הֶחָרֽוּץ 1 Valley of Judgment…Valley of Judgment This phrase is repeated to show that the judgment will certainly happen.
@ -164,14 +164,14 @@ JOL 3 18 kj6z 0 General Information: God continues to speak about the day of t
JOL 3 18 y22f וְהָיָה֩ בַיּ֨וֹם הַה֜וּא…הֶהָרִ֣ים 1 It will come about on that day that the mountains “This is what will happen on that day: the mountains” Translate “It will come about” as in [Joel 2:28](../02/28.md).
JOL 3 18 m6v9 figs-hyperbole יִטְּפ֧וּ הֶהָרִ֣ים עָסִ֗יס 1 the mountains will drip with sweet wine “sweet wine will drip from the mountains.” This is an exaggeration to show that the land is very fertile. Alternate translation: “On the mountains there will be vineyards that produce plenty of sweet wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
JOL 3 18 yj7w figs-metaphor וְהַגְּבָעוֹת֙ תֵּלַ֣כְנָה חָלָ֔ב 1 the hills will flow with milk “milk will flow from the hills.” The land being very fertile is spoken of as if the hills would flow with milk. Alternate translation: “on the hills your cattle and goats will produce plenty of milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 3 18 l5yu וְכָל־אֲפִיקֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה יֵ֣לְכוּ מָ֑יִם 1 all the brooks of Judah will flow with water “water will flow through all the brooks of Judah”
JOL 3 18 k6qq וְהִשְׁקָ֖ה אֶת־נַ֥חַל הַשִּׁטִּֽים 1 water the Valley of Shittim “will send water to the Valley of Shittim”
JOL 3 18 l5yu וְכָל־אֲפִיקֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה יֵ֣לְכוּ מָ֑יִם 1 all the brooks of Judah will flow with water “water will flow through all the brooks of Judah”
JOL 3 18 k6qq וְהִשְׁקָ֖ה אֶת־נַ֥חַל הַשִּׁטִּֽים 1 water the Valley of Shittim “will send water to the Valley of Shittim”
JOL 3 18 f69l translate-names הַשִּׁטִּֽים 1 Shittim This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “Acacia Trees.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JOL 3 19 la92 מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לִשְׁמָמָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה 1 Egypt will become an abandoned devastation “Everyone will leave Egypt and no one will live there”
JOL 3 19 au36 וֶאֱד֕וֹם לְמִדְבַּ֥ר שְׁמָמָ֖ה תִּֽהְיֶ֑ה 1 Edom will become an abandoned wilderness “Everyone will leave Edom and it will look like no people have ever lived there”
JOL 3 19 c2r8 מֵֽחֲמַס֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 because of the violence done to the people of Judah “because of the violent things Egypt and Edom did to the people of Judah”
JOL 3 19 t6ay figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁר־שָׁפְכ֥וּ דָם־נָקִ֖יא בְּאַרְצָֽם 1 because they shed innocent blood in their land The word “they” refers to “Edom” and “Egypt” and is a metonym for the people of Egypt and Edom. The words “innocent blood” are a metonym for innocent people whom they have killed. Alternate translation: “because the people of Egypt and the people of Edom killed innocent people in the land of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 3 19 t6ay figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁר־שָׁפְכ֥וּ דָם־נָקִ֖יא בְּאַרְצָֽם 1 because they shed innocent blood in their land The word “they” refers to “Edom” and “Egypt” and is a metonym for the people of Egypt and Edom. The words “innocent blood” are a metonym for innocent people whom they have killed. Alternate translation: “because the people of Egypt and the people of Edom killed innocent people in the land of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 3 20 y198 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak about the day of the Lord.
JOL 3 20 gi4z figs-activepassive וִיהוּדָ֖ה לְעוֹלָ֣ם תֵּשֵׁ֑ב 1 Judah will be inhabited forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will live in Judah forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOL 3 20 f72t figs-activepassive וִירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם לְד֥וֹר וָדֽוֹר 1 Jerusalem will be inhabited from generation to generation This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “generation after generation, people will live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOL 3 21 dj9s figs-metonymy וְנִקֵּ֖יתִי דָּמָ֣ם לֹֽא־נִקֵּ֑יתִי 1 I will avenge their blood that I have not yet avenged Blood is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: “I will punish the enemies who killed the people of Israel and still have not been punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 3 21 dj9s figs-metonymy וְנִקֵּ֖יתִי דָּמָ֣ם לֹֽא־נִקֵּ֑יתִי 1 I will avenge their blood that I have not yet avenged Blood is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: “I will punish the enemies who killed the people of Israel and still have not been punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2
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# Introduction to Joel<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Joel<br><br>1. The land ruined; the day of Yahweh is coming (1:1–2:11)<br>- Locusts and drought (1:1–20)<br>- The day of Yahweh (2:1–11)<br>1. Yahweh restores his people (2:12-32)<br>- The people should turn to Yahweh, for he will pity them (2:12–27)<br>- The Spirit of Yahweh, wonders, and salvation (2:28–32)<br>1. Yahweh will judge the nations (3:1-21)<br>- Yahweh judges the nations (3:1–16)<br>- Yahweh dwells in Zion (3:17–21)<br><br>### What is the Book of Joel about?<br><br>The main idea in the Book of Joel is “the day of Yahweh.” This expression is found five times (1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:21, 3:14).<br><br>The people of Israel looked forward to “the day of Yahweh” as a day that Yahweh would judge the nations around them. But Joel warns that Yahweh would also judge Israel for being unfaithful to him. After judging them, Yahweh will restore his people.<br><br>Joel’s message applies to the people of God in the church age. For Yahweh says, “I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh” and “everyone who calls on Yahweh will be saved” (2:28 and 2:32, quoted by Peter in Acts 2:17 and 2:21).<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>The traditional title of this book is “The Book of Joel” or just “Joel.” Translators may also call it the “The Book about Joel” or “The Sayings of Joel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Joel?<br><br>This book contains the prophecies of an Israelite named Joel, son of Pethuel. The book does not tell when Joel prophesied.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2?<br><br>Locust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. In Chapters 1 and 2, Joel described locust attacks using military terms. He may have been speaking of enemy invaders coming and destroying the land its people.<br><br>There are various names for locusts in the original language of the Old Testament. It is uncertain whether these refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms.<br><br>Joel also described a drought in Chapter 2. It might have been a real lack of rain. Or Joel may have been speaking of either enemy invaders or Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations.<br><br>Translators should simply translate the locust attacks and drought as Joel described them and not worry about the various possible meanings.<br><br>### What did Joel prophesy about the future for God’s people?<br><br>Joel prophesied that God will defeat Israel’s enemies, rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and rule as victorious king over the whole world. At the same time, God will give his Spirit to all his people, and they will receive messages from him in dreams and visions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel?<br><br>All of the text in the Book of Joel is poetry. The ULT presents it in this way. The UST, however, presents the text as prose. Translators may choose to use prose in their versions. Translators who want to translate the book as poetry should read about poetry and parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])<br>
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# Joel 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Joel is written in poetic form and with striking imagery. The ULT is written in poetic form, but the UST has been transferred to a prose form. If possible, use the poetic form to communicate the meaning of this book in order to stay closer to the original meaning of the text.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Locusts<br>This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and they progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of the whole land of Israel.<br><br>It was common for farmers in the ancient Near East to experience large locust swarms that would come and eat all crops in their fields. Joel might be describing such attacks in this first chapter. Because Joel uses military terms and images to describe these locust attacks, his descriptions might represent enemy invaders who would come and destroy the land its people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>The author also uses rhetorical questions that communicate surprise and alarm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br>
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General Information:
God speaks through Joel to the people of Israel using poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Joel. Alternate translation: “the message Yahweh gave to Joel” or “the message Yahweh spoke to Joel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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יְהוָה֙
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Yahweh
This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
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פְּתוּאֵֽל
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Pethuel
Joel’s father (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
Has anything like this happened in your days or in the days of your ancestors?
Joel is preparing the elders to listen to what he has to say. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing like this has ever happened before either to you or to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10
JOL
1
4
m68u
translate-unknown
הַגָּזָם֙
1
the swarming locust
large groups of insects like grasshoppers that fly together and eat large areas of food crops (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language.
12
JOL
1
5
zk2a
0
General Information:
God warns the people of Israel about the coming locust army.
you drunkards, and weep! Wail, all you drinkers of wine
If your language has only one word for “weep” and “wail,” you can combine the lines: “you people who love wine should cry out in sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
14
JOL
1
6
qm8j
figs-metaphor
גוֹי֙
1
a nation
The locust swarm is like an invading army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15
JOL
1
6
jn1q
שִׁנָּיו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י
1
His teeth…he has the teeth
The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
His teeth are the teeth of a lion, and he has the teeth of a lioness.
These two lines share similar meanings. The reference to the locusts’ teeth being as sharp as lions’ teeth emphasize how fierce they are as they eat all of the crops of the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
44
JOL
2
2
qmb9
figs-doublet
י֧וֹם חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וַאֲפֵלָ֗ה
1
day of darkness and gloom
The words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize that the darkness will be very dark. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day that is full of darkness” or “day of terrible judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
45
JOL
2
2
st7t
וַאֲפֵלָ֗ה
1
gloom
total or partial darkness
46
JOL
2
2
pcr6
figs-doublet
י֤וֹם עָנָן֙ וַעֲרָפֶ֔ל
1
day of clouds and thick darkness
This phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both “clouds” and “thick darkness” refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day full of dark storm clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
Like the dawn that spreads on the mountains, a large and mighty army is approaching
When direct sunlight shines on a mountain at dawn, it begins at the top and spreads to the bottom. When an army comes over a mountain range, it comes over the top and spreads out as it comes down. Alternate translation: “A large, mighty army comes over the mountains into the land. They spread over the land like the light from the rising sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
48
JOL
2
2
ekb8
figs-metaphor
עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְעָצ֔וּם
1
a large and mighty army
The words “large” and “mighty” share similar meanings here and emphasize that the army will be very strong. The word “army” could possibly be 1) a metaphor for a swarm of locusts or 2) referring to a human army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
49
JOL
2
3
xcv4
0
General Information:
Joel’s description of the coming army continues.
50
JOL
2
3
fly5
figs-metaphor
לְפָנָיו֙ אָ֣כְלָה אֵ֔שׁ
1
A fire is consuming everything in front of it
A fire destroys everything as it moves, and the “army” ([Joel 2:2](../02/02.md)), whether of humans or of locusts, destroys everything as it moves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
51
JOL
2
3
z5iu
figs-metaphor
וְאַחֲרָ֖יו תְּלַהֵ֣ט לֶֽהָבָ֑ה
1
behind it a flame is burning
After a wall of flame goes through dry land and burns the dryest and smallest fuel, there will still be flames as the larger and less dry fuel burns, (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
52
JOL
2
3
yne4
figs-simile
כְּגַן־ עֵ֨דֶן הָאָ֜רֶץכְּגַן־עֵ֨דֶן הָאָ֜רֶץ
1
land is like the garden of Eden
The garden of Eden was a beautiful place, and the land was beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
53
JOL
2
4
ex3a
0
General Information:
The description continues with the noises of an army of horses.
54
JOL
2
4
ztn5
figs-simile
כְּמַרְאֵ֥ה סוּסִ֖ים מַרְאֵ֑הוּ
1
The army’s appearance is like horses
The head of a locust looks like a small horse head. The army is fast, and horses are fast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
55
JOL
2
4
fdt4
translate-unknown
סוּסִ֖ים
1
horses
A large, strong, fast animal with four legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
66
JOL
2
11
mi1t
וַֽיהוָ֗ה נָתַ֤ן קוֹלוֹ֙
1
Yahweh raises his voice
“Yahweh speaks loudly” to give commands.
67
JOL
2
11
tzv4
figs-hendiadys
גָד֧וֹל…וְנוֹרָ֥א מְאֹ֖ד
1
great and very terrible
In this phrase both descriptions mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “greatly terrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
68
JOL
2
11
vht4
figs-rquestion
וּמִ֥י יְכִילֶֽנּוּ
1
Who can survive it?
This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will be strong enough to survive Yahweh’s judgment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Alternate translation: “Turn away from your sins and be totally devoted to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Tearing one’s clothes is an outward act of shame or repentance. Alternate translation: “Change your way of thinking; do not just tear your garments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
71
JOL
2
13
wfp5
figs-abstractnouns
וְרַב־ חֶ֔סֶדוְרַב־חֶ֔סֶד
1
abundant in covenant faithfulness
The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always loves faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps Yahweh will turn from his anger…God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
leave a blessing behind him, a grain offering and a drink offering
“leave behind him a blessing—that is, a grain offering and a drink offering.” The blessing is that plenty of grain and grapes will ripen, and so the people will be able to offer grain and drink offerings.
75
JOL
2
16
jzj1
מֵחֻפָּתָֽהּ
1
bridal chambers
rooms, usually in the parents’ houses, where brides would wait for their wedding ceremonies
do not make your inheritance into an object of scorn
“do not allow your inheritance to become people whom the other nations regard as worthless”
77
JOL
2
17
kqr6
figs-metaphor
נַחֲלָתְךָ֤
1
your inheritance
Here the people of Israel are spoken of as God’s inheritance. Alternate translation: “your special people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
Why should they say among the nations, ‘Where is their God?’
This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Other nations should not be able to say, ‘Their God does not help them.’” or “Other nations should not be able to say that the God of Israel has abandoned his people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
79
JOL
2
18
xeg7
לְאַרְצ֑וֹ
1
his land
“the nation of Israel”
86
JOL
2
20
v9xy
הַיָּם֙ הַקַּדְמֹנִ֔י
1
the eastern sea
the Dead Sea
87
JOL
2
20
ue9y
הַיָּ֣ם הָאַֽחֲר֑וֹן
1
the western sea
the Mediterranean Sea
88
JOL
2
20
k6n8
הִגְדִּ֖יל לַעֲשֽׂוֹת
1
he has done great things
That is, Yahweh has done great things. Another possible meaning is that the writer speaks of the invading army, “it has done very bad things.”
89
JOL
2
21
g3z3
figs-apostrophe
אַל־ תִּֽירְאִ֖י אֲדָמָ֑האַל־תִּֽירְאִ֖י אֲדָמָ֑ה
1
Do not fear, land
Joel speaks to the people of the land as if he were speaking to the land itself. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
Joel speaks to people who own livestock as if he were speaking to the animals themselves. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people who own livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
91
JOL
2
22
t5ty
figs-metonymy
דָשְׁא֖וּ נְא֣וֹת מִדְבָּ֑ר
1
the pastures of the wilderness will sprout
The pastures are a metonym for the plants that grow in the pastures. Alternate translation: “plants good for food will sprout in the pastures in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
92
JOL
2
23
xlq6
נָתַ֥ן…וַיּ֣וֹרֶד לָכֶ֗ם גֶּ֛שֶׁם
1
he will…bring down showers for you
“he will…cause much rain to fall so that you will live well”
93
JOL
2
23
vnx8
מוֹרֶ֥ה וּמַלְק֖וֹשׁ
1
autumn rain and the spring rain
the first rains of the rainy season in early December and the last rains in April and May
swarming locust…the great locust, the devouring locust, and the destroying locust
These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language. See how you translated this in [Joel 1:4](../01/04.md).
98
JOL
2
26
qw24
0
General Information:
Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
The name is a metonym for the person, specifically his reputation. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh” or “praise Yahweh because everyone knows he is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
Yahweh speaks of himself by name to show that he will certainly do as he has said. Alternate translation: “my name…because I have done wonders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
101
JOL
2
28
h1ph
0
General Information:
Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
Yahweh speaks of the Spirit as if he were speaking of water. AT” “I will give my Spirit generously to all flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
104
JOL
2
28
ny8x
figs-synecdoche
כָּל־ בָּשָׂ֔רכָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר
1
all flesh
Here “flesh” represents people. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
105
JOL
2
30
c326
0
General Information:
Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
106
JOL
2
30
fxj8
figs-metonymy
דָּ֣ם וָאֵ֔שׁ וְתִֽימֲר֖וֹת עָשָֽׁן
1
blood, fire, and pillars of smoke
“blood” is symbolizing the death of people. Alternate translation: “death, fire and pillars of smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
107
JOL
2
31
e1db
הַשֶּׁ֨מֶשׁ֙ יֵהָפֵ֣ךְ לְחֹ֔שֶׁךְ
1
The sun will turn into darkness
“The sun will no longer give light”
108
JOL
2
31
fc5h
figs-metonymy
וְהַיָּרֵ֖חַ לְדָ֑ם
1
the moon into blood
Here the word “blood” refers to the color red. You can supply the verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the moon will turn red like blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
109
JOL
2
32
xyf3
0
General Information:
Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
everyone who calls on the name of Yahweh will be saved
The name is a metonym for the person. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save everyone who calls on his name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
These refer to the same place. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
113
JOL
2
32
j194
figs-ellipsis
וּבַ֨שְּׂרִידִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה קֹרֵֽא
1
among the survivors, those whom Yahweh calls
The phrase “there will be” is understood from earlier in the sentence. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “among the survivors there will be those whom Yahweh calls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
114
JOL
2
32
e73u
1
survivors
people who live through a terrible event like a war or a disaster
115
JOL
3
intro
jcn7
0
# Joel 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>There is a change in focus in this chapter from the people of Israel to her enemies. The events of this chapters also contain many prophecies about the events of the end of this world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Israel<br>The mention of Israel in this chapter is probably a reference to the people of Judah and not the northern kingdom of Israel. It is also possible this is a reference to the people of Israel as a whole.<br>
116
JOL
3
1
b14f
0
General Information:
Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
117
JOL
3
1
nha5
כִּ֗י הִנֵּ֛ה
1
Behold
“Listen” or “Pay attention”
118
JOL
3
1
zy3s
figs-doublet
בַּיָּמִ֥ים הָהֵ֖מָּה וּבָעֵ֣ת הַהִ֑יא
1
in those days and at that time
The phrase “at that time” means the same thing as and intensifies the phrase “in those days.” Alternate translation: “in those very days” or “at that very time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
“When I send the exiles back to Judah and Jerusalem”
120
JOL
3
2
xs2u
עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט
1
Valley of Jehoshaphat
Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat.
121
JOL
3
2
idt3
figs-doublet
עַמִּ֨י וְנַחֲלָתִ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙
1
my people and my inheritance Israel
These two phrases emphasize how Yahweh views Israel as his own precious people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, who are my inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
traded a boy for a prostitute, and sold a girl for wine so they could drink
These are examples of the kinds of things they did and do not indicate what they did to two particular children. Alternate translation: “and did things like trading a boy for a prostitute and selling a girl for wine, so they could drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
123
JOL
3
4
k66w
0
General Information:
Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
Yahweh is encouraging the people of Judah, who can hear him, by scolding the people of Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia, who cannot hear him, as if they can. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. These words can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you have no right to be angry at me…Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
125
JOL
3
4
xaa9
figs-rquestion
הַגְּמ֗וּל אַתֶּם֙ מְשַׁלְּמִ֣ים עָלָ֔י
1
Will you repay me?
“Will you get revenge on me?” God uses this question to make the people think about what they are doing. Alternate translation: “You think you can get revenge on me, but you cannot.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
I will immediately return your retribution on your own head
Here the word “head” refers to the person. Yahweh will make them suffer the pain they wanted him to suffer. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to suffer the retribution that you tried to put on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
127
JOL
3
4
wdm3
גְּמֻלְכֶ֖ם
1
retribution
“revenge” or “payback”
128
JOL
3
7
d8mh
0
General Information:
Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
The people of Israel will leave the places where they were slaves and come back to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
I will sell your sons and your daughters, by the hand of the people of Judah
The hand can be a metonym for the power the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “I will have the people of Judah sell your sons and your daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
133
JOL
3
8
t9jc
translate-names
לִשְׁבָאיִ֖ם
1
Sabeans
the people of the land of Sabea (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
134
JOL
3
9
ih66
figs-irony
0
General Information:
Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel. Here he begins an ironic call to the nations to prepare for a war in which Yahweh will completely destroy the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
135
JOL
3
9
d6ny
הָעִ֨ירוּ֙ הַגִּבּוֹרִ֔ים
1
rouse the mighty men
“make the mighty men ready for action”
137
JOL
3
10
ze4m
אִתֵּיכֶם֙
1
plowshares
tools that are used to break up the soil in order to plant crops
138
JOL
3
10
epv7
וּמַזְמְרֹֽתֵיכֶ֖ם
1
pruning knives
knives that are used to cut off small branches
139
JOL
3
11
iq6r
0
General Information:
Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
These words continue the ironic call to battle that begins in [Joel 3:9](../03/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
141
JOL
3
11
p5mc
figs-explicit
וְנִקְבָּ֑צוּ
1
gather yourselves together
The purpose of the gathering is for battle. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather yourselves together for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
142
JOL
3
11
e3ig
הַֽנְחַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה גִּבּוֹרֶֽיךָ
1
Yahweh, bring down your mighty warriors
Possible meanings are 1) Joel is telling the people of Judah that this is what they are to “proclaim among the nations” ([Joel 3:9](../03/09.md)) or 2) Joel interrupts the words of Yahweh and prays a short prayer.
143
JOL
3
12
b1jw
0
General Information:
Yahweh finishes the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
Let the nations wake themselves…all the surrounding nations
The words “the nations” and “the surrounding nations” refer to the same nations, those that surround Judah. Yahweh will judge them in the Valley of Jehoshaphat for what they have done to Jerusalem.
145
JOL
3
12
pq55
עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט
1
Valley of Jehoshaphat
Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat. See how you translated this in [Joel 3:2](../03/02.md).
146
JOL
3
13
hq7f
figs-metaphor
שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל…מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת
1
Put in the sickle…the winepress is full
Possible meanings are that Yahweh speaks of completely destroying the nations as if 1) he were harvesting all the grapes and all the grain or 2) he were harvesting quickly, while the grain and grapes are ripe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
147
JOL
3
13
iw8d
figs-metaphor
שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל כִּ֥י בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר
1
Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe
Yahweh speaks of making war against the nations as if he were using a sharp tool to harvest a field of ripe crops. If your readers will not understand the word “sickle,” you may use the word for any sharp tool that your people use for harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
148
JOL
3
13
i8r2
figs-metaphor
שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל
1
Put in the sickle
“Swing the sickle to cut the grain.” This is a metaphor for a soldier using a sword to kill people, but it is best to use the word for a sharp tool used in harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
149
JOL
3
13
zx33
מַגָּ֔ל
1
sickle
a long curved knife that people use for cutting grain
Yahweh speaks of the nations as if they were many grapes in a winepress, ready for people to crush them by stepping on them. Alternate translation: “Come, completely destroy the nations, for they are many, and they are helpless to resist you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
152
JOL
3
13
haw5
figs-metaphor
הֵשִׁ֨יקוּ֙ הַיְקָבִ֔ים כִּ֥י רַבָּ֖ה רָעָתָֽם
1
The vats overflow, for their wickedness is enormous
Yahweh speaks of the nations’ wickedness as if it were the juice that flows from the winepress into storage containers, and more juice flows into the vats than they can contain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
153
JOL
3
14
y2ge
הֲמוֹנִ֣ים הֲמוֹנִ֔ים
1
a tumult, a tumult
A tumult is noise caused by a large crowd. This is repeated to show that it will be very noisy from all the people.
154
JOL
3
14
r3ir
בְּעֵ֖מֶק הֶֽחָר֑וּץ…בְּעֵ֖מֶק הֶחָרֽוּץ
1
Valley of Judgment…Valley of Judgment
This phrase is repeated to show that the judgment will certainly happen.
164
JOL
3
18
y22f
וְהָיָה֩ בַיּ֨וֹם הַה֜וּא…הֶהָרִ֣ים
1
It will come about on that day that the mountains
“This is what will happen on that day: the mountains” Translate “It will come about” as in [Joel 2:28](../02/28.md).
165
JOL
3
18
m6v9
figs-hyperbole
יִטְּפ֧וּ הֶהָרִ֣ים עָסִ֗יס
1
the mountains will drip with sweet wine
“sweet wine will drip from the mountains.” This is an exaggeration to show that the land is very fertile. Alternate translation: “On the mountains there will be vineyards that produce plenty of sweet wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
166
JOL
3
18
yj7w
figs-metaphor
וְהַגְּבָעוֹת֙ תֵּלַ֣כְנָה חָלָ֔ב
1
the hills will flow with milk
“milk will flow from the hills.” The land being very fertile is spoken of as if the hills would flow with milk. Alternate translation: “on the hills your cattle and goats will produce plenty of milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
The word “they” refers to “Edom” and “Egypt” and is a metonym for the people of Egypt and Edom. The words “innocent blood” are a metonym for innocent people whom they have killed. Alternate translation: “because the people of Egypt and the people of Edom killed innocent people in the land of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
174
JOL
3
20
y198
0
General Information:
Yahweh continues to speak about the day of the Lord.
175
JOL
3
20
gi4z
figs-activepassive
וִיהוּדָ֖ה לְעוֹלָ֣ם תֵּשֵׁ֑ב
1
Judah will be inhabited forever
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will live in Judah forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
176
JOL
3
20
f72t
figs-activepassive
וִירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם לְד֥וֹר וָדֽוֹר
1
Jerusalem will be inhabited from generation to generation
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “generation after generation, people will live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
I will avenge their blood that I have not yet avenged
Blood is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: “I will punish the enemies who killed the people of Israel and still have not been punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
OBA front intro jrz8 0 # Introduction to Obadiah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Obadiah<br><br>1. Yahweh will judge Edom (1:1-16)<br>- Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:1–9)<br>- Why Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:10–14)<br>1. Yahweh will judge the nations (1:15–16)<br>1. Yahweh will deliver his people (1:17–21)<br><br>### What is the Book of Obadiah about?<br><br>After Babylon destroyed Jerusalem, the Edomites captured fleeing Jews. Then they gave these Jews over to Babylon. The Book of Obadiah is about Yahweh judging the Edomites for harming his people. This book would be comforting to the exiled people of Judah.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally titled “The Book of Obadiah” or just “Obadiah.” Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as “The Sayings of Obadiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Obadiah?<br><br>The prophet Obadiah probably wrote this book. We know nothing more about Obadiah. His name in Hebrew means “Servant of Yahweh.”<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was Edom’s relationship to Israel?<br><br>Obadiah referred to Edom as Israel’s brother. This is because the Edomites descended from Esau, and the Israelites descended from Jacob. Jacob and Esau were brothers. This made Edom betraying Israel much worse.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How do I translate the concept of “pride”?<br><br>The Book of Obadiah speaks of the pride of Edom. This meant that the Edomites thought their enemies or Yahweh could not defeat them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/proud]])<br>
OBA 1 1 xm1w חֲז֖וֹן עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה 1 The vision of Obadiah This is the title of the book. Here “vision” is used in the general sense of a message from Yahweh, rather than to indicate how Obadiah received the message. Alternate translation: “The message of Obadiah” or “The prophesy of Obadiah”
OBA 1 1 sv9x כֹּֽה־אָמַר֩ אֲדֹנָ֨י יְהוִ֜ה לֶאֱד֗וֹם 1 The Lord Yahweh says this concerning Edom This tells the reader that the entire book is a message about Edom.
OBA 1 1 sv9x כֹּֽה־אָמַר֩ אֲדֹנָ֨י יְהוִ֜ה לֶאֱד֗וֹם 1 The Lord Yahweh says this concerning Edom This tells the reader that the entire book is a message about Edom.
OBA 1 1 s7if יְהוִ֜ה 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
OBA 1 1 r27r figs-activepassive וְצִיר֙…שֻׁלָּ֔ח 1 an ambassador has been sent This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has sent an ambassador” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
OBA 1 1 pez6 ק֛וּמוּ 1 Rise up “Stand up.” This phrase is used to tell people to get ready.
OBA 1 2 ch1u figs-activepassive בָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽד 1 you will be greatly despised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of other nations will hate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
OBA 1 3 i96n 0 General Information: Obadiah’s vision concerning Edom continues.
OBA 1 3 qpw7 figs-metonymy זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ הִשִּׁיאֶ֔ךָ 1 The pride of your heart has deceived you The “heart” was associated with emotions. The Edomites’ pride caused them to be deceived about their security. Alternate translation: “Your pride has deceived you” or “Your pride causes you think you are safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 3 q6sz בְחַגְוֵי־סֶּ֖לַע 1 in the clefts of the rock “in the cracks in the rock.” This here has the sense of a place that is protected because it is surrounded by rocks.
OBA 1 3 q6sz בְחַגְוֵי־סֶּ֖לַע 1 in the clefts of the rock “in the cracks in the rock.” This here has the sense of a place that is protected because it is surrounded by rocks.
OBA 1 3 k9sw מְר֣וֹם שִׁבְתּ֑וֹ 1 in your lofty home “in your home that was built in a high place”
OBA 1 3 r5zj figs-idiom אֹמֵ֣ר בְּלִבּ֔וֹ 1 say in your heart Here “in your heart” is an idiom that means “to yourself.” Alternate translation: “say to yourselves” or “think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
OBA 1 3 i2hx figs-rquestion מִ֥י יוֹרִדֵ֖נִי אָֽרֶץ 1 Who will bring me down to the ground? This question expresses that the Edomites were proud and felt safe. Alternate translation: “No one can bring me down to the ground.” or “I am safe from all attackers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
OBA 1 4 xn9f figs-hyperbole אִם־תַּגְבִּ֣יהַּ כַּנֶּ֔שֶׁר וְאִם־בֵּ֥ין כּֽוֹכָבִ֖ים שִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑ךָ 1 Though you soar high like the eagle and though your nest is set among the stars Both of these exaggerations say that Edom is built in a very high place by saying it is built much higher than possible. Alternate translation: “And I tell you that even if you had wings and could fly higher than eagles fly, and if you could make your homes among the stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
OBA 1 4 xn9f figs-hyperbole אִם־תַּגְבִּ֣יהַּ כַּנֶּ֔שֶׁר וְאִם־בֵּ֥ין כּֽוֹכָבִ֖ים שִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑ךָ 1 Though you soar high like the eagle and though your nest is set among the stars Both of these exaggerations say that Edom is built in a very high place by saying it is built much higher than possible. Alternate translation: “And I tell you that even if you had wings and could fly higher than eagles fly, and if you could make your homes among the stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
OBA 1 4 bbu3 figs-idiom מִשָּׁ֥ם אוֹרִֽידְךָ֖ 1 I will bring you down from there Pride is associated with height while humility is associated with being low. To “bring down” is an idiom that means to humble someone. Alternate translation: “I will humble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
OBA 1 5 y8jh 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom.
OBA 1 5 w86v figs-rquestion אִם־גַּנָּבִ֤ים בָּאֽוּ־לְךָ֙…הֲל֥וֹא יִגְנְב֖וּ דַּיָּ֑ם 1 If thieves came to you…would they not steal only as much as they needed? This question is used to imply that Yahweh’s punishment of Edom would be worse than what thieves would do when they steal. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “If thieves came to you…they would only steal as much as they needed, but I will take everything from you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 5 q1pg figs-hendiadys אִם־גַּנָּבִ֤ים בָּאֽוּ־לְךָ֙ אִם־שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָה 1 If thieves came to you, if robbers came by night These two phrases mean the same thing and are used to emphasize people who steal. They can be combined. Alternate translation: “When thieves break into someone’s house during the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
OBA 1 5 w64v אִם־שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָה 1 if robbers came by night “or if robbers came during the night”
OBA 1 5 w86v figs-rquestion אִם־גַּנָּבִ֤ים בָּאֽוּ־לְךָ֙…הֲל֥וֹא יִגְנְב֖וּ דַּיָּ֑ם 1 If thieves came to you…would they not steal only as much as they needed? This question is used to imply that Yahweh’s punishment of Edom would be worse than what thieves would do when they steal. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “If thieves came to you…they would only steal as much as they needed, but I will take everything from you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 5 q1pg figs-hendiadys אִם־גַּנָּבִ֤ים בָּאֽוּ־לְךָ֙ אִם־שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָה 1 If thieves came to you, if robbers came by night These two phrases mean the same thing and are used to emphasize people who steal. They can be combined. Alternate translation: “When thieves break into someone’s house during the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
OBA 1 5 w64v אִם־שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָה 1 if robbers came by night “or if robbers came during the night”
OBA 1 5 mt7z שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי 1 robbers people who steal things from other people
OBA 1 5 b93f אֵ֣יךְ נִדְמֵ֔יתָה 1 how you will be ruined! Yahweh adds this phrase in the middle of another sentence to express that the punishment of Edom is shocking. Alternate translation: “you are completely destroyed!”
OBA 1 5 k12c figs-rquestion אִם־בֹּֽצְרִים֙ בָּ֣אוּ לָ֔ךְ הֲל֖וֹא יַשְׁאִ֥ירוּ עֹלֵלֽוֹת 1 If grape gatherers came to you, would they not leave the gleanings? This question is used to imply that Yahweh’s punishment of Edom would be more thorough than what grape gatherers would do when they harvest grapes. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “If grape gatherers came to you, they would leave some grapes, but I will take everything from you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 5 k12c figs-rquestion אִם־בֹּֽצְרִים֙ בָּ֣אוּ לָ֔ךְ הֲל֖וֹא יַשְׁאִ֥ירוּ עֹלֵלֽוֹת 1 If grape gatherers came to you, would they not leave the gleanings? This question is used to imply that Yahweh’s punishment of Edom would be more thorough than what grape gatherers would do when they harvest grapes. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “If grape gatherers came to you, they would leave some grapes, but I will take everything from you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 6 zsf7 figs-activepassive אֵ֚יךְ נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ עֵשָׂ֔ו נִבְע֖וּ מַצְפֻּנָֽיו 1 How Esau has been ransacked, his hidden treasures will be searched out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Ah, enemies have stolen everything from Esau; they have found his hidden treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
OBA 1 6 m9p3 עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 Esau The people of Edom were the descendants of Esau. Therefore, in this book “Edom” and “Esau” refer to the same group of people.
OBA 1 6 lf9t נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ 1 has been ransacked This means the enemies have search through Esau’s things, taken everything valuable, and left everything else in a mess or damaged.
OBA 1 7 xk3q 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom.
OBA 1 7 a612 כֹּ֚ל אַנְשֵׁ֣י בְרִיתֶ֔ךָ…אַנְשֵׁ֣י שְׁלֹמֶ֑ךָ לַחְמְךָ֗ 1 All the men of your alliance…The men who were at peace with you…They who eat your bread All three of these phrases refer to Edom’s allies.
OBA 1 7 n3t6 בְרִיתֶ֔ךָ 1 your alliance The word “your” refers to the nation of Edom.
OBA 1 7 cr88 עַֽד־הַגְּב֣וּל שִׁלְּח֗וּךָ 1 will send you on your way to the border “will send you out of their land.” The people of Edom will try to take refuge in the land of their allies, but their allies will not let the people of Edom stay in their land.
OBA 1 7 cr88 עַֽד־הַגְּב֣וּל שִׁלְּח֗וּךָ 1 will send you on your way to the border “will send you out of their land.” The people of Edom will try to take refuge in the land of their allies, but their allies will not let the people of Edom stay in their land.
OBA 1 7 rc1i אֵ֥ין תְּבוּנָ֖ה בּֽוֹ 1 There is no understanding in him. Possible meanings are 1) the allies say this about Edom. Alternate translation: “They say, ‘Edom does not understand anything.’” or 2) this is a statement about the betrayal of the allies. Alternate translation: “No one can understand why they did this.”
OBA 1 8 i4rg figs-rquestion הֲל֛וֹא בַּיּ֥וֹם הַה֖וּא נְאֻם־יְהוָ֑ה וְהַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽאֱד֔וֹם וּתְבוּנָ֖ה מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 Will I not on that day,” says Yahweh, “destroy…mountain of Esau? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize the certainty of the destruction of Edom. Alternate translation: “‘On that day,’ says Yahweh, ‘I surely will destroy…mountain of Esau.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
OBA 1 8 i4rg figs-rquestion הֲל֛וֹא בַּיּ֥וֹם הַה֖וּא נְאֻם־יְהוָ֑ה וְהַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽאֱד֔וֹם וּתְבוּנָ֖ה מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 Will I not on that day,” says Yahweh, “destroy…mountain of Esau? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize the certainty of the destruction of Edom. Alternate translation: “‘On that day,’ says Yahweh, ‘I surely will destroy…mountain of Esau.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
OBA 1 8 z8tf מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 the mountain of Esau Most of the land of Esau was mountains, so this is one way of referring to the land of Edom.
OBA 1 9 e7d9 וְחַתּ֥וּ גִבּוֹרֶ֖יךָ 1 Your mighty men will be dismayed “Your strong warriors will be afraid”
OBA 1 9 qvg3 translate-names תֵּימָ֑ן 1 Teman This is the name of a region in the land of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
OBA 1 9 ljv4 figs-activepassive לְמַ֧עַן יִכָּֽרֶת־אִ֛ישׁ מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָׂ֖ו מִקָּֽטֶל 1 so that every man may be cut off from the mountain of Esau by slaughter This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that there will be no more people in the mountains of Esau because enemies killed them” or “so that they will slaughter every person in the mountain of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
OBA 1 9 ljv4 figs-activepassive לְמַ֧עַן יִכָּֽרֶת־אִ֛ישׁ מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָׂ֖ו מִקָּֽטֶל 1 so that every man may be cut off from the mountain of Esau by slaughter This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that there will be no more people in the mountains of Esau because enemies killed them” or “so that they will slaughter every person in the mountain of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
OBA 1 9 q6s7 יִכָּֽרֶת 1 be cut off “be destroyed”
OBA 1 10 ypi3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom.
OBA 1 10 ui6g figs-metonymy אָחִ֥יךָ יַעֲקֹ֖ב 1 your brother Jacob Here “Jacob” represents his descendants. Because Jacob was the brother of Esau, the people of Edom are spoken of as if they were the brothers of the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “your relatives who are the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 11 w6hj עֲמָֽדְךָ֣ מִנֶּ֔גֶד 1 stood aloof “watched and did nothing to help”
OBA 1 11 s38y זָרִ֖ים 1 strangers people from other nations
OBA 1 11 rtj8 חֵיל֑ 1 his wealth The word “his” refers to “Jacob,” which is another way of referring to the people of Israel.
OBA 1 11 i8sr figs-explicit וְעַל־יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יַדּ֣וּ גוֹרָ֔ל 1 cast lots for Jerusalem This phrase means “they cast lots to decide who would get the valuable things that they took from Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 11 s4y1 figs-explicit גַּם־אַתָּ֖ה כְּאַחַ֥ד מֵהֶֽם 1 you were like one of them “it was as though you were one of these strangers and foreigners.” This implies that they did not help the Israelites. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “you were like one of the enemies and did not help Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 11 i8sr figs-explicit וְעַל־יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יַדּ֣וּ גוֹרָ֔ל 1 cast lots for Jerusalem This phrase means “they cast lots to decide who would get the valuable things that they took from Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 11 s4y1 figs-explicit גַּם־אַתָּ֖ה כְּאַחַ֥ד מֵהֶֽם 1 you were like one of them “it was as though you were one of these strangers and foreigners.” This implies that they did not help the Israelites. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “you were like one of the enemies and did not help Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 12 axp9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom. Verses 12-14 consist of a series of negative commands that Yahweh gives to tell the people of Edom how not to treat the Israelites.
OBA 1 12 e7cd וְאַל־תֵּ֤רֶא 1 do not gloat over “do not be happy because of” or “do not take pleasure in”
OBA 1 12 q8md בְיוֹם־אָחִ֨יךָ֙ 1 your brother’s day Here “your brother” refers to the people of Israel because Jacob and Esau were brothers.
OBA 1 12 e7cd וְאַל־תֵּ֤רֶא 1 do not gloat over “do not be happy because of” or “do not take pleasure in”
OBA 1 12 q8md בְיוֹם־אָחִ֨יךָ֙ 1 your brother’s day Here “your brother” refers to the people of Israel because Jacob and Esau were brothers.
OBA 1 12 b6h1 בְּי֣וֹם נָכְר֔וֹ 1 the day of his misfortune “the time at which bad things happen to him”
OBA 1 12 f7lt בְּי֣וֹם 1 the day Each of the several occurrences of “day” refer to the time when Babylon attacked and destroyed Jerusalem.
OBA 1 12 lxg7 בְּי֣וֹם אָבְדָ֑ם 1 in the day of their destruction “at the time when their enemies destroy them”
OBA 1 12 b8al בְּי֥וֹם צָרָֽה 1 in the day of their distress “at the time when they suffer”
OBA 1 13 wg54 אֵידָ֔ם…בְּרָעָת֖וֹ 1 calamity…disaster…ruin These are all different translations of the same word. If your language has one word that can translate all three of these ideas, you could use it here.
OBA 1 13 f9q3 בְּרָעָת֖וֹ 1 over their affliction “because of the bad things that happen to them”
OBA 1 13 jz38 וְאַל־תִּשְׁלַ֥חְנָה בְחֵיל֖וֹ 1 do not loot their wealth “do not take their wealth” “or “do not steal their wealth”
OBA 1 13 jz38 וְאַל־תִּשְׁלַ֥חְנָה בְחֵיל֖וֹ 1 do not loot their wealth “do not take their wealth” “or “do not steal their wealth”
OBA 1 14 ixs7 הַפֶּ֔רֶק 1 crossroads a place where two roads come together
OBA 1 14 p7i1 לְהַכְרִ֖ית אֶת־פְּלִיטָ֑יו 1 to cut down his fugitives “to kill the people of Israel who are trying to escape” or “to catch those who were trying to escape”
OBA 1 14 qdx9 וְאַל־תַּסְגֵּ֥ר שְׂרִידָ֖יו 1 do not deliver up his survivors “do not capture those who are still alive and give them to their enemies”
OBA 1 14 p7i1 לְהַכְרִ֖ית אֶת־פְּלִיטָ֑יו 1 to cut down his fugitives “to kill the people of Israel who are trying to escape” or “to catch those who were trying to escape”
OBA 1 14 qdx9 וְאַל־תַּסְגֵּ֥ר שְׂרִידָ֖יו 1 do not deliver up his survivors “do not capture those who are still alive and give them to their enemies”
OBA 1 15 bb23 0 General Information: Yahweh concludes his message to Edom in verse 15. In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom.
OBA 1 15 fa9m כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֑ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ גְּמֻלְךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב בְּרֹאשֶֽׁךָ 1 For the day of Yahweh is near…will return on your own head Bible experts are not certain whether verse 15 goes with verse 14 as the end of the previous section, or goes with verse 16 as the beginning of the new section.
OBA 1 15 e5t7 כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֑ם 1 For the day of Yahweh is near upon all the nations “Soon the time will come when Yahweh will show all the nations that he is Lord”
OBA 1 15 fa9m כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֑ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ גְּמֻלְךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב בְּרֹאשֶֽׁךָ 1 For the day of Yahweh is near…will return on your own head Bible experts are not certain whether verse 15 goes with verse 14 as the end of the previous section, or goes with verse 16 as the beginning of the new section.
OBA 1 15 e5t7 כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֑ם 1 For the day of Yahweh is near upon all the nations “Soon the time will come when Yahweh will show all the nations that he is Lord”
OBA 1 15 rd8g figs-activepassive כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ 1 As you have done, it will be done to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will do to you the same things that you did to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
OBA 1 15 djk9 figs-idiom גְּמֻלְךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב בְּרֹאשֶֽׁךָ 1 your deeds will return on your own head Here “return on your own head” means they will be punished for those things. Alternate translation: “you will suffer the consequences for the things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
OBA 1 16 nf6s שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 For as you The word “you” is plural and probably refers to the people of Judah.
OBA 1 16 fu2y figs-metaphor כִּ֗י כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 as you have drunk The punishment that Judah received from the enemy nations is spoken of as if a bitter liquid that they drank. Alternate translation: “as you have drunk suffering” or “as I have punished you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 16 ujj9 הַ֣ר קָדְשִׁ֔י 1 my holy mountain This was a way of referring to Jerusalem.
OBA 1 16 qz7p figs-metaphor יִשְׁתּ֥וּ כָֽל־הַגּוֹיִ֖ם תָּמִ֑יד 1 so will all the nations drink continually Yahweh’s punishment of the other nations is spoken of as if it was a bitter liquid that he will cause them to drink continually. Alternate translation: “so all the nations will drink in suffering continually” or “so I will punish all of the nations without stopping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 16 qz7p figs-metaphor יִשְׁתּ֥וּ כָֽל־הַגּוֹיִ֖ם תָּמִ֑יד 1 so will all the nations drink continually Yahweh’s punishment of the other nations is spoken of as if it was a bitter liquid that he will cause them to drink continually. Alternate translation: “so all the nations will drink in suffering continually” or “so I will punish all of the nations without stopping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 16 a8v3 figs-metaphor וְשָׁת֣וּ וְלָע֔וּ וְהָי֖וּ כְּל֥וֹא הָיֽוּ 1 They will drink and swallow and it will be as though they had never existed Yahweh continues the metaphor of drinking punishment. Here “swallow” expresses that they will fully experience the punishment, with the result that it will destroy them completely. Alternate translation: “They will drink in my punishment fully until they cease to exist” or “I will continue to punish them fully until I completely destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 17 zi69 0 General Information: In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom.
OBA 1 17 cc36 figs-explicit פְלֵיטָ֖ה 1 those that escape These are the people of Jerusalem that are still alive after Yahweh has finished punishing the city. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “some of the Israelites who escape the punishment of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
OBA 1 17 y9pz וְהָ֣יָה קֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 it will be holy The word “it” refers to “mount Zion.”
OBA 1 17 b4sh figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב 1 the house of Jacob The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 18 rm2e figs-metaphor וְהָיָה֩ בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב אֵ֜שׁ וּבֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף לֶהָבָ֗ה 1 house of Jacob will be a fire…Joseph a flame Yahweh speaks of the houses of Jacob and Joseph as if they were fire because they will destroy Esau like a fire that quickly and completely burns up straw. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 18 rm2e figs-metaphor וְהָיָה֩ בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב אֵ֜שׁ וּבֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף לֶהָבָ֗ה 1 house of Jacob will be a fire…Joseph a flame Yahweh speaks of the houses of Jacob and Joseph as if they were fire because they will destroy Esau like a fire that quickly and completely burns up straw. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
OBA 1 18 hj8x לְקַ֔שׁ 1 stubble The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut.
OBA 1 18 bte3 וְדָלְק֥וּ 1 and they The word “they” refers to the house of Jacob and the house of Joseph.
OBA 1 18 jk84 וְדָלְק֥וּ בָהֶ֖ם 1 will burn them The word “them” refers to the descendants of Esau, who are the nation of Edom.
OBA 1 18 wf4e וְלֹֽא־יִֽהְיֶ֤ה שָׂרִיד֙ לְבֵ֣ית עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 There will be no survivors to the house of Esau “Not one person of the house of Esau will survive”
OBA 1 18 wf4e וְלֹֽא־יִֽהְיֶ֤ה שָׂרִיד֙ לְבֵ֣ית עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 There will be no survivors to the house of Esau “Not one person of the house of Esau will survive”
OBA 1 18 yt8j figs-metonymy לְבֵ֣ית עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 the house of Esau The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Esau’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
OBA 1 18 c5jr כִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה דִּבֵּֽר 1 for Yahweh has spoken it This is an oath formula that means it will certainly happen because Yahweh said it.
OBA 1 19 d241 0 General Information: In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom.
OBA 1 19 ep84 וְיָרְשׁ֨וּ הַנֶּ֜גֶב אֶת־הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֗ו 1 Those from the Negev will possess the mount of Esau “The Israelites in the Negev will take the land of the Edomites”
OBA 1 19 ep84 וְיָרְשׁ֨וּ הַנֶּ֜גֶב אֶת־הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֗ו 1 Those from the Negev will possess the mount of Esau “The Israelites in the Negev will take the land of the Edomites”
OBA 1 19 m7qk וְהַשְּׁפֵלָה֙ 1 those of the Shepelah This refers to Israelites in the western foothills of Israel who will capture the land of the Philistines in battle.
OBA 1 19 x15u וְיָרְשׁוּ֙ 1 They will possess Here “They” appears to refer to the people of Israel in general.
OBA 1 19 gup4 וּבִנְיָמִ֖ן 1 Benjamin will possess “the tribe of Benjamin will possess” or “the descendants of Benjamin will possess”
OBA 1 20 b7al 1 General Information: In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom.
OBA 1 20 xw8x וְגָלֻ֣ת הַֽחֵל־הַ֠זֶּה לִבְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל 1 The exiles of this host of the people of Israel Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the exiles taken to Assyria from the northern kingdom of Israel or 2) this refers to the people of Judah who lived outside of Jerusalem and were taken to exile in Babylon.
OBA 1 20 xw8x וְגָלֻ֣ת הַֽחֵל־הַ֠זֶּה לִבְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל 1 The exiles of this host of the people of Israel Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the exiles taken to Assyria from the northern kingdom of Israel or 2) this refers to the people of Judah who lived outside of Jerusalem and were taken to exile in Babylon.
OBA 1 20 t8hm הַֽחֵל 1 host a very large group of people
OBA 1 20 r8cn translate-names עַד־צָ֣רְפַ֔ת 1 as far as Zarephath Zarephath was a Phoenician city north of Israel on the coast of the Mediterranean between Tyre and Sidon. Alternate translation: “as far north as Zarephath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
OBA 1 20 r8cn translate-names עַד־צָ֣רְפַ֔ת 1 as far as Zarephath Zarephath was a Phoenician city north of Israel on the coast of the Mediterranean between Tyre and Sidon. Alternate translation: “as far north as Zarephath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
OBA 1 20 u5t1 וְגָלֻ֥ת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם 1 The exiles of Jerusalem This group is contrasted with either the Israelites from the northern kingdom, or with the people of Judah who lived outside of Jerusalem.
OBA 1 20 x6yt translate-names בִּסְפָרַ֑ד 1 Sepharad This is the name of a place whose location is unknown. Some experts suggest it refers to the city of Sardis in the region of Lydia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
OBA 1 21 j7nf וְעָל֤וּ מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ בְּהַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן לִשְׁפֹּ֖ט אֶת־הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו 1 Deliverers will go up to Mount Zion to rule over the hill country of Esau “Deliverers will go up to Jerusalem and rule over Edom from there”
OBA 1 21 j7nf וְעָל֤וּ מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ בְּהַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן לִשְׁפֹּ֖ט אֶת־הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו 1 Deliverers will go up to Mount Zion to rule over the hill country of Esau “Deliverers will go up to Jerusalem and rule over Edom from there”
OBA 1 21 hyg2 מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ 1 Deliverers Possible meanings are 1) this refers to various Israelite military leaders whom God will use to defeat the nation of Edom or 2) the text should read “Those who will be delivered” and refers to the returning Jewish exiles.
OBA 1 21 wy7x וְהָיְתָ֥ה לַֽיהוָ֖ה הַמְּלוּכָֽה 1 the kingdom will belong to Yahweh This phrase emphasizes that Yahweh will personally rule over the kingdom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be their king”
1
Book
Chapter
Verse
ID
SupportReference
OrigQuote
Occurrence
GLQuote
OccurrenceNote
2
OBA
front
intro
jrz8
0
# Introduction to Obadiah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Obadiah<br><br>1. Yahweh will judge Edom (1:1-16)<br>- Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:1–9)<br>- Why Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:10–14)<br>1. Yahweh will judge the nations (1:15–16)<br>1. Yahweh will deliver his people (1:17–21)<br><br>### What is the Book of Obadiah about?<br><br>After Babylon destroyed Jerusalem, the Edomites captured fleeing Jews. Then they gave these Jews over to Babylon. The Book of Obadiah is about Yahweh judging the Edomites for harming his people. This book would be comforting to the exiled people of Judah.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally titled “The Book of Obadiah” or just “Obadiah.” Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as “The Sayings of Obadiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Obadiah?<br><br>The prophet Obadiah probably wrote this book. We know nothing more about Obadiah. His name in Hebrew means “Servant of Yahweh.”<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was Edom’s relationship to Israel?<br><br>Obadiah referred to Edom as Israel’s brother. This is because the Edomites descended from Esau, and the Israelites descended from Jacob. Jacob and Esau were brothers. This made Edom betraying Israel much worse.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How do I translate the concept of “pride”?<br><br>The Book of Obadiah speaks of the pride of Edom. This meant that the Edomites thought their enemies or Yahweh could not defeat them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/proud]])<br>
3
OBA
1
1
xm1w
חֲז֖וֹן עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה
1
The vision of Obadiah
This is the title of the book. Here “vision” is used in the general sense of a message from Yahweh, rather than to indicate how Obadiah received the message. Alternate translation: “The message of Obadiah” or “The prophesy of Obadiah”
This tells the reader that the entire book is a message about Edom.
5
OBA
1
1
s7if
יְהוִ֜ה
1
Yahweh
This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
6
OBA
1
1
r27r
figs-activepassive
וְצִיר֙…שֻׁלָּ֔ח
1
an ambassador has been sent
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has sent an ambassador” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7
OBA
1
1
pez6
ק֛וּמוּ
1
Rise up
“Stand up.” This phrase is used to tell people to get ready.
13
OBA
1
2
ch1u
figs-activepassive
בָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽד
1
you will be greatly despised
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of other nations will hate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14
OBA
1
3
i96n
0
General Information:
Obadiah’s vision concerning Edom continues.
15
OBA
1
3
qpw7
figs-metonymy
זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ הִשִּׁיאֶ֔ךָ
1
The pride of your heart has deceived you
The “heart” was associated with emotions. The Edomites’ pride caused them to be deceived about their security. Alternate translation: “Your pride has deceived you” or “Your pride causes you think you are safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
16
OBA
1
3
q6sz
בְחַגְוֵי־ סֶּ֖לַעבְחַגְוֵי־סֶּ֖לַע
1
in the clefts of the rock
“in the cracks in the rock.” This here has the sense of a place that is protected because it is surrounded by rocks.
17
OBA
1
3
k9sw
מְר֣וֹם שִׁבְתּ֑וֹ
1
in your lofty home
“in your home that was built in a high place”
18
OBA
1
3
r5zj
figs-idiom
אֹמֵ֣ר בְּלִבּ֔וֹ
1
say in your heart
Here “in your heart” is an idiom that means “to yourself.” Alternate translation: “say to yourselves” or “think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
19
OBA
1
3
i2hx
figs-rquestion
מִ֥י יוֹרִדֵ֖נִי אָֽרֶץ
1
Who will bring me down to the ground?
This question expresses that the Edomites were proud and felt safe. Alternate translation: “No one can bring me down to the ground.” or “I am safe from all attackers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
Though you soar high like the eagle and though your nest is set among the stars
Both of these exaggerations say that Edom is built in a very high place by saying it is built much higher than possible. Alternate translation: “And I tell you that even if you had wings and could fly higher than eagles fly, and if you could make your homes among the stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
21
OBA
1
4
bbu3
figs-idiom
מִשָּׁ֥ם אוֹרִֽידְךָ֖
1
I will bring you down from there
Pride is associated with height while humility is associated with being low. To “bring down” is an idiom that means to humble someone. Alternate translation: “I will humble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
22
OBA
1
5
y8jh
0
General Information:
Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom.
If thieves came to you…would they not steal only as much as they needed?
This question is used to imply that Yahweh’s punishment of Edom would be worse than what thieves would do when they steal. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “If thieves came to you…they would only steal as much as they needed, but I will take everything from you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
These two phrases mean the same thing and are used to emphasize people who steal. They can be combined. Alternate translation: “When thieves break into someone’s house during the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
25
OBA
1
5
w64v
אִם־ שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָהאִם־שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָה
1
if robbers came by night
“or if robbers came during the night”
26
OBA
1
5
mt7z
שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי
1
robbers
people who steal things from other people
27
OBA
1
5
b93f
אֵ֣יךְ נִדְמֵ֔יתָה
1
how you will be ruined!
Yahweh adds this phrase in the middle of another sentence to express that the punishment of Edom is shocking. Alternate translation: “you are completely destroyed!”
If grape gatherers came to you, would they not leave the gleanings?
This question is used to imply that Yahweh’s punishment of Edom would be more thorough than what grape gatherers would do when they harvest grapes. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “If grape gatherers came to you, they would leave some grapes, but I will take everything from you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
How Esau has been ransacked, his hidden treasures will be searched out
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Ah, enemies have stolen everything from Esau; they have found his hidden treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
30
OBA
1
6
m9p3
עֵשָׂ֔ו
1
Esau
The people of Edom were the descendants of Esau. Therefore, in this book “Edom” and “Esau” refer to the same group of people.
31
OBA
1
6
lf9t
נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ
1
has been ransacked
This means the enemies have search through Esau’s things, taken everything valuable, and left everything else in a mess or damaged.
32
OBA
1
7
xk3q
0
General Information:
Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom.
“will send you out of their land.” The people of Edom will try to take refuge in the land of their allies, but their allies will not let the people of Edom stay in their land.
36
OBA
1
7
rc1i
אֵ֥ין תְּבוּנָ֖ה בּֽוֹ
1
There is no understanding in him.
Possible meanings are 1) the allies say this about Edom. Alternate translation: “They say, ‘Edom does not understand anything.’” or 2) this is a statement about the betrayal of the allies. Alternate translation: “No one can understand why they did this.”
Will I not on that day,” says Yahweh, “destroy…mountain of Esau?
Yahweh uses this question to emphasize the certainty of the destruction of Edom. Alternate translation: “‘On that day,’ says Yahweh, ‘I surely will destroy…mountain of Esau.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
38
OBA
1
8
z8tf
מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו
1
the mountain of Esau
Most of the land of Esau was mountains, so this is one way of referring to the land of Edom.
39
OBA
1
9
e7d9
וְחַתּ֥וּ גִבּוֹרֶ֖יךָ
1
Your mighty men will be dismayed
“Your strong warriors will be afraid”
40
OBA
1
9
qvg3
translate-names
תֵּימָ֑ן
1
Teman
This is the name of a region in the land of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
so that every man may be cut off from the mountain of Esau by slaughter
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that there will be no more people in the mountains of Esau because enemies killed them” or “so that they will slaughter every person in the mountain of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
42
OBA
1
9
q6s7
יִכָּֽרֶת
1
be cut off
“be destroyed”
43
OBA
1
10
ypi3
0
General Information:
Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom.
44
OBA
1
10
ui6g
figs-metonymy
אָחִ֥יךָ יַעֲקֹ֖ב
1
your brother Jacob
Here “Jacob” represents his descendants. Because Jacob was the brother of Esau, the people of Edom are spoken of as if they were the brothers of the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “your relatives who are the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
47
OBA
1
11
w6hj
עֲמָֽדְךָ֣ מִנֶּ֔גֶד
1
stood aloof
“watched and did nothing to help”
48
OBA
1
11
s38y
זָרִ֖ים
1
strangers
people from other nations
49
OBA
1
11
rtj8
חֵיל֑
1
his wealth
The word “his” refers to “Jacob,” which is another way of referring to the people of Israel.
This phrase means “they cast lots to decide who would get the valuable things that they took from Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
“it was as though you were one of these strangers and foreigners.” This implies that they did not help the Israelites. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “you were like one of the enemies and did not help Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
52
OBA
1
12
axp9
0
General Information:
Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom. Verses 12-14 consist of a series of negative commands that Yahweh gives to tell the people of Edom how not to treat the Israelites.
53
OBA
1
12
e7cd
וְאַל־ תֵּ֤רֶאוְאַל־תֵּ֤רֶא
1
do not gloat over
“do not be happy because of” or “do not take pleasure in”
54
OBA
1
12
q8md
בְיוֹם־ אָחִ֨יךָ֙בְיוֹם־אָחִ֨יךָ֙
1
your brother’s day
Here “your brother” refers to the people of Israel because Jacob and Esau were brothers.
55
OBA
1
12
b6h1
בְּי֣וֹם נָכְר֔וֹ
1
the day of his misfortune
“the time at which bad things happen to him”
56
OBA
1
12
f7lt
בְּי֣וֹם
1
the day
Each of the several occurrences of “day” refer to the time when Babylon attacked and destroyed Jerusalem.
57
OBA
1
12
lxg7
בְּי֣וֹם אָבְדָ֑ם
1
in the day of their destruction
“at the time when their enemies destroy them”
58
OBA
1
12
b8al
בְּי֥וֹם צָרָֽה
1
in the day of their distress
“at the time when they suffer”
59
OBA
1
13
wg54
אֵידָ֔ם…בְּרָעָת֖וֹ
1
calamity…disaster…ruin
These are all different translations of the same word. If your language has one word that can translate all three of these ideas, you could use it here.
“do not capture those who are still alive and give them to their enemies”
65
OBA
1
15
bb23
0
General Information:
Yahweh concludes his message to Edom in verse 15. In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom.
For the day of Yahweh is near…will return on your own head
Bible experts are not certain whether verse 15 goes with verse 14 as the end of the previous section, or goes with verse 16 as the beginning of the new section.
For the day of Yahweh is near upon all the nations
“Soon the time will come when Yahweh will show all the nations that he is Lord”
68
OBA
1
15
rd8g
figs-activepassive
כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ
1
As you have done, it will be done to you
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will do to you the same things that you did to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
69
OBA
1
15
djk9
figs-idiom
גְּמֻלְךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב בְּרֹאשֶֽׁךָ
1
your deeds will return on your own head
Here “return on your own head” means they will be punished for those things. Alternate translation: “you will suffer the consequences for the things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
70
OBA
1
16
nf6s
שְׁתִיתֶם֙
1
For as you
The word “you” is plural and probably refers to the people of Judah.
71
OBA
1
16
fu2y
figs-metaphor
כִּ֗י כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙
1
as you have drunk
The punishment that Judah received from the enemy nations is spoken of as if a bitter liquid that they drank. Alternate translation: “as you have drunk suffering” or “as I have punished you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
Yahweh’s punishment of the other nations is spoken of as if it was a bitter liquid that he will cause them to drink continually. Alternate translation: “so all the nations will drink in suffering continually” or “so I will punish all of the nations without stopping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
74
OBA
1
16
a8v3
figs-metaphor
וְשָׁת֣וּ וְלָע֔וּ וְהָי֖וּ כְּל֥וֹא הָיֽוּ
1
They will drink and swallow and it will be as though they had never existed
Yahweh continues the metaphor of drinking punishment. Here “swallow” expresses that they will fully experience the punishment, with the result that it will destroy them completely. Alternate translation: “They will drink in my punishment fully until they cease to exist” or “I will continue to punish them fully until I completely destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
75
OBA
1
17
zi69
0
General Information:
In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom.
76
OBA
1
17
cc36
figs-explicit
פְלֵיטָ֖ה
1
those that escape
These are the people of Jerusalem that are still alive after Yahweh has finished punishing the city. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “some of the Israelites who escape the punishment of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
77
OBA
1
17
y9pz
וְהָ֣יָה קֹ֑דֶשׁ
1
it will be holy
The word “it” refers to “mount Zion.”
78
OBA
1
17
b4sh
figs-metonymy
בֵּ֣ית יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב
1
the house of Jacob
The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
Yahweh speaks of the houses of Jacob and Joseph as if they were fire because they will destroy Esau like a fire that quickly and completely burns up straw. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
80
OBA
1
18
hj8x
לְקַ֔שׁ
1
stubble
The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut.
81
OBA
1
18
bte3
וְדָלְק֥וּ
1
and they
The word “they” refers to the house of Jacob and the house of Joseph.
82
OBA
1
18
jk84
וְדָלְק֥וּ בָהֶ֖ם
1
will burn them
The word “them” refers to the descendants of Esau, who are the nation of Edom.
“Not one person of the house of Esau will survive”
84
OBA
1
18
yt8j
figs-metonymy
לְבֵ֣ית עֵשָׂ֔ו
1
the house of Esau
The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Esau’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
85
OBA
1
18
c5jr
כִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה דִּבֵּֽר
1
for Yahweh has spoken it
This is an oath formula that means it will certainly happen because Yahweh said it.
86
OBA
1
19
d241
0
General Information:
In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom.
Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the exiles taken to Assyria from the northern kingdom of Israel or 2) this refers to the people of Judah who lived outside of Jerusalem and were taken to exile in Babylon.
93
OBA
1
20
t8hm
הַֽחֵל
1
host
a very large group of people
94
OBA
1
20
r8cn
translate-names
עַד־ צָ֣רְפַ֔תעַד־צָ֣רְפַ֔ת
1
as far as Zarephath
Zarephath was a Phoenician city north of Israel on the coast of the Mediterranean between Tyre and Sidon. Alternate translation: “as far north as Zarephath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
95
OBA
1
20
u5t1
וְגָלֻ֥ת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם
1
The exiles of Jerusalem
This group is contrasted with either the Israelites from the northern kingdom, or with the people of Judah who lived outside of Jerusalem.
96
OBA
1
20
x6yt
translate-names
בִּסְפָרַ֑ד
1
Sepharad
This is the name of a place whose location is unknown. Some experts suggest it refers to the city of Sardis in the region of Lydia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
Deliverers will go up to Mount Zion to rule over the hill country of Esau
“Deliverers will go up to Jerusalem and rule over Edom from there”
98
OBA
1
21
hyg2
מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙
1
Deliverers
Possible meanings are 1) this refers to various Israelite military leaders whom God will use to defeat the nation of Edom or 2) the text should read “Those who will be delivered” and refers to the returning Jewish exiles.
99
OBA
1
21
wy7x
וְהָיְתָ֥ה לַֽיהוָ֖ה הַמְּלוּכָֽה
1
the kingdom will belong to Yahweh
This phrase emphasizes that Yahweh will personally rule over the kingdom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be their king”
Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
JON front intro hk4p 0 # Introduction to Jonah<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Jonah<br><br>1. Jonah tries to run away from Yahweh (1:1-2:10)<br> - Jonah disobeys Yahweh’s first call to go to Nineveh (1:1–3)<br> - Jonah and the Gentile sailors (1:4–16)<br> - Yahweh provides a large fish to swallow Jonah, and he prays and is rescued (1:17–2:10)<br>1. Jonah in Nineveh (3:1-4:11)<br> - Yahweh again calls Jonah to go to Nineveh, and Jonah proclaims Yahweh’s message (3:1–4)<br> - Nineveh repents (3:5-9)<br> - Yahweh decides not to destroy Nineveh (3:10)<br> - Jonah is very angry with Yahweh (4:1–3)<br> - Yahweh teaches Jonah about grace and mercy (4:4–11)<br><br>### What is the Book of Jonah about?<br><br>Jonah, son of Amittai, was a prophet from Gath Hepher (2 Kings 14:25). This book tells about what happened to Jonah. It tells how Yahweh shows mercy and grace to Gentiles. It also tells how the Ninevites repented and called out to Yahweh for mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>Yahweh sent Jonah to warn the people of Nineveh that he was ready to punish them. Yahweh said that if they would repent he would not harm them. However, Jonah was an Israelite and he did not want the Ninevites to repent. So Jonah tried to sail away in the opposite direction instead of doing what Yahweh told him to do. But Yahweh stopped him by sending a storm and a large fish to swallow him.<br><br>Jonah repented and warned the Ninevites. As a result, Yahweh taught him that he is concerned about all people, not just the Israelites.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally titled ***The Book of Jonah*** or just ***Jonah***. Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as ***The Book about Jonah***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Jonah?<br><br>Jonah was probably involved in the writing of this book. However, scholars do not know who actually wrote it.<br><br>Jonah lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He prophesied sometime between 800 and 750 B.C. during the reign of King Jeroboam II.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the nation of Assyria?<br><br>During the time of Jonah, Assyria was the most powerful kingdom in the ancient Near East. Nineveh was the capital city of Assyria.<br><br>Assyria was cruel to its enemies. Eventually, Yahweh punished the Assyrians for the wicked things they did.<br><br>### Did Assyria convert to Judaism?<br><br>Some scholars think that the Assyrians started worshiping Yahweh alone. However, most scholars think they continued to worship other false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br>
JON 1 intro xvp2 0 # Jonah 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The narrative of this chapter starts abruptly. This could cause difficulty for the translator. The translator should not attempt to smooth this introduction unless absolutely necessary.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Miracle<br><br>In verse [Jonah 17](./17.md), there is the mention of **a great fish**. It may be difficult to imagine a sea creature big enough to swallow a man whole and who then survives for three days and nights inside. Translators should not try to explain miraculous events in an attempt to make it easier to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Situational irony<br><br>There is an ironic situation in this chapter. Jonah is a prophet of God and should endeavor to do God’s will. Instead, he is running away from God. Although the Gentile sailors are not Israelites, they act out of faith and fear of Yahweh when sending Jonah to a certain death by throwing him overboard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Sea<br><br>People in the ancient Near East also saw the sea as chaotic and did not trust it. Some of the gods they worshiped were gods of the sea. Jonah’s people, the Hebrews, feared the sea greatly. However, Jonah’s fear of Yahweh was not enough to keep him from going into a ship and sailing to get away from Yahweh. His actions are contrasted by the actions of the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Implicit information<br><br>Even though no one knows for sure where Tarshish was, the writer assumes that the reader knows that Jonah had to face away from Nineveh to go there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
JON 1 1 jdr1 writing-newevent וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This phrase introduces the first half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the second half of the story (3:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 1 1 ll6c figs-idiom וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 1 1 qa3z דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 the word of Yahweh ***the message of Yahweh***
JON 1 1 jdr1 writing-newevent וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This phrase introduces the first half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the second half of the story (3:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 1 1 ll6c figs-idiom וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 1 1 qa3z דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 the word of Yahweh ***the message of Yahweh***
JON 1 1 s6av יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
JON 1 1 jv8c translate-names אֲמִתַּ֖י 1 Amittai This is the name of Jonah’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JON 1 2 x5ua ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה הָעִ֥יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֖ה 1 Get up and go to Nineveh, the great city ***Go to the important city of Nineveh***
JON 1 2 x5ua ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה הָעִ֥יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֖ה 1 Get up and go to Nineveh, the great city ***Go to the important city of Nineveh***
JON 1 2 v2xt figs-idiom ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ 1 Get up and go This is a common expression for traveling to distant places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 1 2 jqz9 figs-metonymy וּקְרָ֣א עָלֶ֑יהָ 1 speak out against it God is referring to the people of the city. Alternate translation: “warn the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JON 1 2 rki2 עָלְתָ֥ה רָעָתָ֖ם לְפָנָֽ 1 their wickedness has risen up before me ***I know they have been continually sinning***
@ -19,28 +19,28 @@ JON 1 3 pz67 וַיִּתֵּ֨ן שְׂכָרָ֜הּ 1 So he paid the f
JON 1 3 g5xp וַיֵּ֤רֶד בָּהּ֙ 1 went down into it ***got on the ship***
JON 1 3 i6bi עִמָּהֶם֙ 1 with them The word **them** refers to the others who were going on the ship.
JON 1 3 sw66 figs-metonymy מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהוָֽה 1 from the presence of Yahweh Here Yahweh is represented by his presence. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JON 1 4 jdr2 writing-newevent וַֽיהוָ֗ה הֵטִ֤יל רֽוּחַ־גְּדוֹלָה֙ אֶל־הַיָּ֔ם 1 But Yahweh sent out a great wind on the sea This clause introduces the new event of Yahweh’s response to Jonah running away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 1 4 jdr2 writing-newevent וַֽיהוָ֗ה הֵטִ֤יל רֽוּחַ־גְּדוֹלָה֙ אֶל־הַיָּ֔ם 1 But Yahweh sent out a great wind on the sea This clause introduces the new event of Yahweh’s response to Jonah running away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 1 4 jl77 figs-activepassive לְהִשָּׁבֵֽר 1 to be broken up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to break apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JON 1 5 d13r הַמַּלָּחִ֗ים 1 the sailors the men who worked on the ship
JON 1 5 u2bj אֱלֹהָיו֒ 1 his own god Here **god** refers to false gods and idols that people worship.
JON 1 5 sh1b וַיָּטִ֨לוּ אֶת־הַכֵּלִ֜ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר בָּֽאֳנִיָּה֙ 1 They threw the cargo that was in the ship ***The men threw the heavy things off the ship***. This was done to keep the ship from sinking.
JON 1 5 sh1b וַיָּטִ֨לוּ אֶת־הַכֵּלִ֜ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר בָּֽאֳנִיָּה֙ 1 They threw the cargo that was in the ship ***The men threw the heavy things off the ship***. This was done to keep the ship from sinking.
JON 1 5 tg27 לְהָקֵ֖ל מֵֽעֲלֵיהֶ֑ם 1 to lighten it Making the ship lighter would make if float better. Alternate translation: “to help the ship float better”
JON 1 5 uzt4 writing-background וְיוֹנָ֗ה יָרַד֙ אֶל־יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה 1 But Jonah had gone down into the innermost parts of the ship Jonah did this before the storm started. (See: [[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
JON 1 5 uzt4 writing-background וְיוֹנָ֗ה יָרַד֙ אֶל־יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה 1 But Jonah had gone down into the innermost parts of the ship Jonah did this before the storm started. (See: [[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
JON 1 5 f63r יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה 1 the innermost parts of the ship ***inside the ship***
JON 1 5 g4y4 וַיִּשְׁכַּ֖ב וַיֵּרָדַֽם 1 and had lain down and was deeply asleep ***and was lying there fast asleep*** or ***and was lying there and sleeping deeply***. For this reason, the storm did not wake him up.
JON 1 6 laa3 וַיִּקְרַ֤ב אֵלָיו֙ רַ֣ב הַחֹבֵ֔ל וַיֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹ 1 So the captain came to him and said to him ***The man in charge of the ship went to Jonah and said***
JON 1 6 yx7e figs-rquestion מַה־לְּךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑ם 1 What are you doing sleeping? ***Why are you sleeping?*** He used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah. Alternate translation: “Stop sleeping!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 1 6 yx7e figs-rquestion מַה־לְּךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑ם 1 What are you doing sleeping? ***Why are you sleeping?*** He used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah. Alternate translation: “Stop sleeping!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 1 6 bd4f figs-idiom ק֚וּם 1 Get up! This refers to doing some activity. For Jonah, the Captain is telling him to wake up and pray to his god for safe passage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 1 6 k7a5 figs-idiom קְרָ֣א אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ 1 Call upon your god! ***Pray to your god!*** **Call** refers to getting the attention of someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 1 6 k7a5 figs-idiom קְרָ֣א אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ 1 Call upon your god! ***Pray to your god!*** **Call** refers to getting the attention of someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 1 6 sk7i figs-explicit אוּלַ֞י יִתְעַשֵּׁ֧ת הָאֱלֹהִ֛ים לָ֖נוּ וְלֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 Maybe your god will notice us and we will not perish The implicit information that Jonah’s god might save them could be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Maybe your god will hear and save us so that we will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 1 7 sc57 וַיֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗הוּ 1 They all said to each other ***The sailors all said to each other***
JON 1 7 sc57 וַיֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗הוּ 1 They all said to each other ***The sailors all said to each other***
JON 1 7 l5xq לְכוּ֙ וְנַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת וְנֵ֣דְעָ֔ה בְּשֶׁלְּמִ֛י הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 Come, let us cast lots, so that we may know on whose account this evil is happening to us ***We should cast lots to know who has caused this trouble***. The men believed that the gods would control how the lots fell in order to tell them what they wanted to know. This was a form of divination.
JON 1 7 d726 הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את 1 this evil This refers to the terrible storm.
JON 1 7 at67 וַיִּפֹּ֥ל הַגּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־יוֹנָֽה 1 the lot fell to Jonah ***the lot showed that Jonah was the guilty person***
JON 1 7 at67 וַיִּפֹּ֥ל הַגּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־יוֹנָֽה 1 the lot fell to Jonah ***the lot showed that Jonah was the guilty person***
JON 1 8 wkh6 וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֔יו 1 Then they said to him ***Then the men who were working on the ship said to Jonah***
JON 1 8 e7wb הַגִּידָה־נָּ֣א לָ֔נוּ בַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר לְמִי־הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 Please tell us on whose account this evil is happening to us ***Who caused this bad thing that is happening to us?***
JON 1 8 e7wb הַגִּידָה־נָּ֣א לָ֔נוּ בַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר לְמִי־הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 Please tell us on whose account this evil is happening to us ***Who caused this bad thing that is happening to us?***
JON 1 9 wav5 יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י הַשָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ אֲנִ֣י יָרֵ֔א 1 I fear Yahweh, the God of heaven The word **fear** refers to Jonah having a deep respect for God.
JON 1 10 peg3 figs-rquestion מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ 1 What is this that you have done? The men on the ship used this rhetorical question to show how angry they were at Jonah. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 1 10 peg3 figs-rquestion מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ 1 What is this that you have done? The men on the ship used this rhetorical question to show how angry they were at Jonah. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 1 10 us1r figs-metonymy מִלִּפְנֵ֤י יְהוָה֙ 1 from the presence of Yahweh Here Yahweh is represented by his presence. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JON 1 10 hw1p figs-explicit כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָהֶֽם 1 because he had told them What he told them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “because he had said to them, ‘I am trying to get away from Yahweh.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 1 11 kb4c וַיֹּאמְר֤וּ אֵלָיו֙ 1 Then they said to him ***Then the men on the ship said to Jonah*** or ***Then the sailors said to Jonah***
JON 1 13 lcd3 figs-explicit וַיַּחְתְּר֣וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֗ים לְהָשִׁ֛יב אֶל־ הַיַּבָּשָׁ֖ה 1 Nevertheless, the men rowed hard to get back to the land The men did not want to throw Jonah into the sea, so they rowed hard as if they were digging into the water to get back to land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 1 13 m3iq הַיָּ֔ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵ֖ר 1 the sea was becoming more and more violent ***the storm became worse, and the waves became bigger***
JON 1 14 ap77 וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ 1 Therefore they cried out ***Because of this*** or ***Because the sea became more violent***
JON 1 14 q2xq וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ אֶל־יְהוָ֜ה 1 Therefore they cried out to Yahweh ***Therefore the men prayed to Yahweh***
JON 1 14 q2xq וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ אֶל־יְהוָ֜ה 1 Therefore they cried out to Yahweh ***Therefore the men prayed to Yahweh***
JON 1 14 jdr3 figs-exclamations אָנָּ֤ה 1 Ah! In this context, the word **Ah!** shows intense desperation. Represent this emotion in the most natural way for your language. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
JON 1 14 wz6z אָנָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ אַל־ נָ֣א נֹאבְדָ֗ה בְּנֶ֨פֶשׁ֙ הָאִ֣ישׁ הַזֶּ֔ה 1 O Yahweh, we beg you, do not let us perish on account of the soul of this man ***O Yahweh, please do not kill us because we caused this man to die*** or ***O Yahweh, we are going to cause this man to die. But please do not kill us***
JON 1 14 vv5t figs-metaphor וְאַל־תִּתֵּ֥ן עָלֵ֖ינוּ דָּ֣ם נָקִ֑יא 1 and do not accuse us of shedding innocent blood ***and please do not blame us for his death*** or ***and do not consider us guilty when this man dies***. The author speaks of guilt as if it were an object that can be placed on top of a person. It refers to making that person accountable for their actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 1 14 vv5t figs-metaphor וְאַל־תִּתֵּ֥ן עָלֵ֖ינוּ דָּ֣ם נָקִ֑יא 1 and do not accuse us of shedding innocent blood ***and please do not blame us for his death*** or ***and do not consider us guilty when this man dies***. The author speaks of guilt as if it were an object that can be placed on top of a person. It refers to making that person accountable for their actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 1 15 l9cf וַיַּעֲמֹ֥ד הַיָּ֖ם מִזַּעְפּֽוֹ 1 the sea stopped raging ***the sea stopped moving violently*** or ***the sea became calm***
JON 1 16 r3gs וַיִּֽירְא֧וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים יִרְאָ֥ה גְדוֹלָ֖ה אֶת־ יְהוָ֑ה 1 Then the men feared Yahweh with a great fear ***Then the men became greatly awed at Yahweh’s power***
JON 1 17 q87y 0 General Information: Some versions number this verse as the first verse of chapter 2. You may want to number the verses according to the main version that your language group uses.
JON 1 17 jdr4 writing-newevent וַיְמַ֤ן יְהוָה֙ דָּ֣ג גָּד֔וֹל לִבְלֹ֖עַ אֶת־יוֹנָ֑ה 1 Now Yahweh had prepared a great fish to swallow Jonah, This clause introduces the next part of the story, where Yahweh saves Jonah from the sea, and Jonah prays. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 1 17 jdr4 writing-newevent וַיְמַ֤ן יְהוָה֙ דָּ֣ג גָּד֔וֹל לִבְלֹ֖עַ אֶת־יוֹנָ֑ה 1 Now Yahweh had prepared a great fish to swallow Jonah, This clause introduces the next part of the story, where Yahweh saves Jonah from the sea, and Jonah prays. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 1 17 fle4 writing-newevent וַיְמַ֤ן 1 Now…had prepared The word **Now** is used in English to introduce a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 1 17 cjb6 שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה יָמִ֖ים וּשְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה לֵילֽוֹת 1 three days and three nights ***three days and nights***
JON 2 intro ae4k 0 # Jonah 02 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins with a prayer by Jonah, and many translators have chosen to set it apart by setting its lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Translators can follow this practice, but they are not obligated to.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sea<br><br>This chapter contains many terms from the sea.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Poetry<br><br>Prayers in Scripture often contain a poetic form. Poetry frequently uses metaphors to communicate something with a special meaning. For example, since Jonah was in a fish in the sea, being trapped is compared to a prison. Jonah is overwhelmed by the depth of the sea and expresses this by speaking about at the **base of the mountains** and in the **belly of Sheol**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br><br>Scholars are divided over whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine or whether he was trying to save his life. In light of his attitude in chapter 4, it is uncertain if he was genuinely repentant. If possible, it is best for translators to avoid making a definitive stance on whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br>
JON 2 1 alr2 יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהָ֑יו 1 Yahweh his God This means ***Yahweh, the God he worshiped***. The word **his** does not mean that Jonah owned God.
JON 2 2 al5b וַיֹּ֗אמֶר 1 He said ***Jonah said***
JON 2 2 s7fi קָ֠רָאתִי מִצָּ֥רָה לִ֛י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה 1 I called out to Yahweh from my distress ***I prayed to Yahweh about my great trouble***. Even though Jonah was praying to Yahweh, he used Yahweh’s name here and not ***you***. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I called out to you about my distress”
JON 2 2 s7fi קָ֠רָאתִי מִצָּ֥רָה לִ֛י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה 1 I called out to Yahweh from my distress ***I prayed to Yahweh about my great trouble***. Even though Jonah was praying to Yahweh, he used Yahweh’s name here and not ***you***. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I called out to you about my distress”
JON 2 2 wdr4 וַֽיַּעֲנֵ֑נִי 1 he answered me ***Yahweh responded to me*** or ***he helped me***
JON 2 2 w8wn figs-metaphor מִבֶּ֧טֶן שְׁא֛וֹל 1 from the belly of Sheol ***from the center of Sheol*** or ***from the deep part of Sheol***. Possible meanings are 1) Jonah was speaking as being in the belly of the whale was being in Sheol or 2) Jonah believed that he was about to die and go to Sheol or 3) He spoke as if he already had died and gone there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 2 3 bz4y figs-parallelism מְצוּלָה֙ בִּלְבַ֣ב יַמִּ֔ים 1 into the depths, into the heart of the seas Jonah uses two similar phrases to speak of the vastness of the ocean he was in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JON 2 4 jdr5 grammar-connect-words-phrases וַאֲנִ֣י 1 But as for me, This expression in English shows that there is a contrast between the actions of Yahweh, which Jonah had just talked about, and his own response. Alternate translation: “Then I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
JON 2 4 x1w9 figs-activepassive נִגְרַ֖שְׁתִּי 1 I am driven out ssion in English shows that there is a contrast between the people Jonah had just spoken about and himself. They paid attention to useless gods, but he would worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “But I”
JON 2 4 z1yx figs-synecdoche מִנֶּ֣גֶד עֵינֶ֑יךָ 1 from before your eyes Here Yahweh is represented by his **eyes**. Alternate translation: “from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JON 2 4 b8vk אַ֚ךְ אוֹסִ֣יף לְהַבִּ֔יט אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 yet I will again look toward your holy temple Jonah has hope that, in spite of all he is going through, he will see the temple.
JON 2 4 b8vk אַ֚ךְ אוֹסִ֣יף לְהַבִּ֔יט אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 yet I will again look toward your holy temple Jonah has hope that, in spite of all he is going through, he will see the temple.
JON 2 5 abc2 figs-parallelism אֲפָפ֤וּנִי מַ֨יִם֙ עַד־ נֶ֔פֶשׁ תְּה֖וֹם יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי 1 The waters surrounded me up to my soul; the deep swirled around me; Jonah uses two similar phrases to speak of his hopeless situation as he was drowning in the sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JON 2 5 rf4b מַ֨יִם֙ 1 The waters **The waters** refers to the sea.
JON 2 5 ca31 נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 my soul Some versions understand the Hebrew word in this expression to mean ***my life***. In that interpretation, the waters were about to take away Jonah’s life.
JON 2 6 dc3r figs-metaphor וַתַּ֧עַל מִשַּׁ֛חַת חַיַּ֖י 1 Yet you brought up my life from the pit Jonah speaks of the place of the dead as if it were a pit. Alternate translation: “But you saved my life from the place of the dead” or “But you saved me from the place where the dead people are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 2 6 i3mx יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽי 1 Yahweh, my God! In some languages, it may be more natural to put this at the beginning of the sentence or next to the word **you**.
JON 2 7 jdr6 grammar-connect-time-simultaneous בְּהִתְעַטֵּ֤ף עָלַי֙ נַפְשִׁ֔י 1 When my soul fainted within me, Jonahs says that he remembered Yahweh when he had lost hope of being rescued from the sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
JON 2 7 l2b6 אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי 1 I remembered Yahweh Since Jonah was praying to Yahweh, it might be more clear in some languages to say “I thought about you, Yahweh” or “Yahweh, I thought about you.”
JON 2 7 ue9g figs-metaphor וַתָּב֤וֹא אֵלֶ֨יךָ֙ תְּפִלָּתִ֔י אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 then my prayer came to you, to your holy temple Jonah speaks as if his prayers could travel to God and his temple. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 2 8 u1l9 מְשַׁמְּרִ֖ים הַבְלֵי־שָׁ֑וְא 1 Those who give attention to useless idols ***People who pay attention to useless gods***
JON 2 7 l2b6 אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי 1 I remembered Yahweh Since Jonah was praying to Yahweh, it might be more clear in some languages to say “I thought about you, Yahweh” or “Yahweh, I thought about you.”
JON 2 7 ue9g figs-metaphor וַתָּב֤וֹא אֵלֶ֨יךָ֙ תְּפִלָּתִ֔י אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 then my prayer came to you, to your holy temple Jonah speaks as if his prayers could travel to God and his temple. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 2 8 u1l9 מְשַׁמְּרִ֖ים הַבְלֵי־שָׁ֑וְא 1 Those who give attention to useless idols ***People who pay attention to useless gods***
JON 2 8 fac9 חַסְדָּ֖ם יַעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 forsake loving faithfulness ***are rejecting you, who would be faithful to them***
JON 2 9 q3yb grammar-connect-words-phrases וַאֲנִ֗י 1 But as for me, This expression in English shows that there is a contrast between the people Jonah had just spoken about and himself. They paid attention to useless gods, but he would worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “But I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
JON 2 9 nfd2 בְּק֤וֹל תּוֹדָה֙ אֶזְבְּחָה־לָּ֔ךְ 1 I will sacrifice to you with a voice of thanksgiving This means that Jonah would thank God while he offered a sacrifice to him. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully.
JON 2 9 nfd2 בְּק֤וֹל תּוֹדָה֙ אֶזְבְּחָה־לָּ֔ךְ 1 I will sacrifice to you with a voice of thanksgiving This means that Jonah would thank God while he offered a sacrifice to him. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully.
JON 2 9 r4j4 figs-abstractnouns יְשׁוּעָ֖תָה לַיהוָֽה 1 Salvation is from Yahweh This can be reworded so that the abstract noun **salvation** is expressed as the verb ***save***. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who saves people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JON 2 10 dz3j אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָֽׁה 1 upon the dry land ***upon the ground*** or ***onto the shore***
JON 2 10 dz3j אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָֽׁה 1 upon the dry land ***upon the ground*** or ***onto the shore***
JON 3 intro z3ut 0 # Jonah 03 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah’s life.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Animals<br><br>According to the king’s proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Size of Nineveh<br><br>When the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase ***three days’ journey*** is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah’s day, cities were not as big as they are today. So although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities.<br><br>### God repenting or relenting<br><br>The last verse of this chapter says, **So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it**. This concept of God changing His mind may be troubling for some translators and people may struggle to understand it. God’s character is consistent. This whole book is written from a human viewpoint and so it is hard to understand the mind of God.<br><br>Yahweh is just and merciful so even though God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, God’s plan is always to punish evil. Later in history this nation did fall and was destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br>
JON 3 1 jdr7 writing-newevent וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This phrase introduces the second half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the first half of the story (1:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 3 1 xj6n figs-idiom וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. See how you translated this in [1:1](../01/01/ll6c). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 3 2 ve4i ק֛וּם לֵ֥ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה 1 Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city ***Go to the important city of Nineveh***
JON 3 1 jdr7 writing-newevent וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This phrase introduces the second half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the first half of the story (1:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 3 1 xj6n figs-idiom וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. See how you translated this in [1:1](../01/01/ll6c). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 3 2 ve4i ק֛וּם לֵ֥ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה 1 Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city ***Go to the important city of Nineveh***
JON 3 2 cl3b figs-idiom ק֛וּם 1 Get up This refers to leaving the place one is at. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 3 2 ir79 וִּקְרָ֤א אֵלֶ֨יהָ֙ אֶת־הַקְּרִיאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽיךָ 1 proclaim to it the message that I tell you ***tell the people what I tell you to tell them***
JON 3 3 k7k9 וַיָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה וַיֵּ֛לֶךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֶ֖ה כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 So Jonah got up and went to Nineveh, according to the word of Yahweh ***This time Jonah obeyed Yahweh and went to Nineveh***
JON 3 2 ir79 וִּקְרָ֤א אֵלֶ֨יהָ֙ אֶת־הַקְּרִיאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽיךָ 1 proclaim to it the message that I tell you ***tell the people what I tell you to tell them***
JON 3 3 k7k9 וַיָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה וַיֵּ֛לֶךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֶ֖ה כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 So Jonah got up and went to Nineveh, according to the word of Yahweh ***This time Jonah obeyed Yahweh and went to Nineveh***
JON 3 3 g4nk figs-metonymy כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 the word of Yahweh Here **word** represents Yahweh’s message. Alternate translation: “the message of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JON 3 3 j8x1 figs-idiom וַיָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה 1 So Jonah got up ***So Jonah left the beach***. The words **got up** refer to preparing to go somewhere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 3 3 dt1b writing-background וְנִֽינְוֵ֗ה הָיְתָ֤ה עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים׃ 1 Now Nineveh was a very large city, a journey of three days. This sentence gives background information about the city of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
JON 3 3 dt1b writing-background וְנִֽינְוֵ֗ה הָיְתָ֤ה עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים׃ 1 Now Nineveh was a very large city, a journey of three days. This sentence gives background information about the city of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
JON 3 3 ye82 figs-idiom עִיר־ גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 a very large city, a journey of three days ***a very large city that was three days across***. A person had to walk for three days to completely go through it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 3 4 r2al מַהֲלַ֖ךְ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֑ד וַיִּקְרָא֙ 1 after a journey of one day, and he cried out Possible meanings are 1) ***after Jonah walked a day’s journey he called out*** or 2) ***while Jonah walked on the first day, he called out***.
JON 3 4 e1b9 מַהֲלַ֖ךְ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֑ד 1 after a journey of one day ***after a day’s walk***. A day’s journey is the distance that people would normally travel in one day. Alternate translation: “after Jonah walked for one day”
JON 3 4 r94k וַיִּקְרָא֙ וַיֹּאמַ֔ר 1 and he called out and said ***and he proclaimed*** or ***and he shouted***
JON 3 4 q2nc translate-numbers אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם 1 40 days ***forty days*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
JON 3 5 e5lm figs-explicit וַיִּלְבְּשׁ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֔ים 1 and put on sackcloth Why people put on sackcloth can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “They also put on coarse cloth to show that they were sorry for having sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 3 5 isk5 מִגְּדוֹלָ֖ם וְעַד־קְטַנָּֽם 1 from the greatest of them down to the least of them ***from the most significant to the least significant people*** or ***including all the important people and all the unimportant people***
JON 3 5 isk5 מִגְּדוֹלָ֖ם וְעַד־קְטַנָּֽם 1 from the greatest of them down to the least of them ***from the most significant to the least significant people*** or ***including all the important people and all the unimportant people***
JON 3 6 pna3 הַדָּבָר֙ 1 word ***Jonah’s message***
JON 3 6 h9wz וַיָּ֨קָם֙ מִכִּסְא֔וֹ 1 He rose up from his throne ***He got up from his throne*** or ***He stood up from his throne***. The king left his throne to show that he was acting humbly.
JON 3 6 pvp7 מִכִּסְא֔וֹ 1 throne A throne is a chair that the king sits on. It shows that he is the king.
JON 3 7 v29b וַיַּזְעֵ֗ק וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙…לֵאמֹ֑ר 1 He proclaimed and said ***He sent out an official announcement that said*** or ***He sent his messengers to announce to the people in Nineveh***
JON 3 7 n5fn וּגְדֹלָ֖יו 1 nobles important men who helped the king rule the city
JON 3 7 xw6c הַבָּקָ֣ר וְהַצֹּ֗אן 1 herd nor flock This refers to two kinds of animals that people care for. Alternate translation: “cattle nor sheep”
JON 3 7 fw18 figs-explicit אַ֨ל־יִרְע֔וּ וּמַ֖יִם אַל־יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 Let them not eat, nor drink water ***They must not eat nor drink anything***. The reason they were not to eat or drink anything can be made explicit by adding ***in order to show that they are sorry for their sins***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 3 7 fw18 figs-explicit אַ֨ל־יִרְע֔וּ וּמַ֖יִם אַל־יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 Let them not eat, nor drink water ***They must not eat nor drink anything***. The reason they were not to eat or drink anything can be made explicit by adding ***in order to show that they are sorry for their sins***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 3 8 bmf5 figs-activepassive וְיִתְכַּסּ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֗ים הָֽאָדָם֙ וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 But let man and animal be covered with sackcloth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But let people and animals wear sackcloth” or “But let people cover themselves and their animals with sackcloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JON 3 8 x6ct וְיִתְכַּסּ֣וּ…הָֽאָדָם֙ וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 But let man and animal ***But let both***
JON 3 8 mzx6 וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 animal The word ***animal*** refers to animals that people own.
JON 3 8 jh7e figs-explicit וְיִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּחָזְקָ֑ה 1 let them cry out loudly to God ***pray earnestly to God***. What they were to pray for can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “let them cry out loudly to God and ask for mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 3 8 jh7e figs-explicit וְיִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּחָזְקָ֑ה 1 let them cry out loudly to God ***pray earnestly to God***. What they were to pray for can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “let them cry out loudly to God and ask for mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 3 8 n3ls הֶחָמָ֖ס אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּכַפֵּיהֶֽם 1 the violence that is in his hands This means ***the violent things that he does***. This refers to each of the people of Nineveh, and not to God.
JON 3 9 wbt6 figs-rquestion מִֽי־יוֹדֵ֣עַ 1 Who knows? The king used this rhetorical question to get the people to think about something that they might not have thought possible, that if they would stop sinning, God might not kill them. It could be translated as a statement: “We do not know”. Or it could be stated as a word and be part of the next sentence: “Perhaps”. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 3 9 wbt6 figs-rquestion מִֽי־יוֹדֵ֣עַ 1 Who knows? The king used this rhetorical question to get the people to think about something that they might not have thought possible, that if they would stop sinning, God might not kill them. It could be translated as a statement: “We do not know”. Or it could be stated as a word and be part of the next sentence: “Perhaps”. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 3 9 z3jj יָשׁ֔וּב וְנִחַ֖ם הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 God may turn and relent ***God may decide to do something different*** or ***God may not do what he said he will do***
JON 3 9 uvp9 וְלֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 so that we do not perish ***so we do not die***
JON 3 10 w3uu וַיַּ֤רְא הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ אֶֽת־מַ֣עֲשֵׂיהֶ֔ם 1 God saw their works ***God understood that they stopped doing evil actions***
JON 3 10 w3uu וַיַּ֤רְא הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ אֶֽת־מַ֣עֲשֵׂיהֶ֔ם 1 God saw their works ***God understood that they stopped doing evil actions***
JON 3 10 k8am figs-metaphor שָׁ֖בוּ מִדַּרְכָּ֣ם הָרָעָ֑ה 1 they turned from their evil The author speaks of the people stop sinning as if they turned their back to an object. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 3 10 i1gp figs-metaphor וַיִּנָּ֣חֶם הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים עַל־הָרָעָ֛ה אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּ֥ר לַעֲשׂוֹת־לָהֶ֖ם 1 So God relented concerning the disaster that he had said he would do to them Here God deciding not to do the punishment he had planned is spoken of is if he changed his mind. Alternate translation: “So God changed his thinking about the punishment that he had said he would do to them” or “Then God decided not to punish them as he had said he would” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 3 10 i1gp figs-metaphor וַיִּנָּ֣חֶם הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים עַל־הָרָעָ֛ה אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּ֥ר לַעֲשׂוֹת־לָהֶ֖ם 1 So God relented concerning the disaster that he had said he would do to them Here God deciding not to do the punishment he had planned is spoken of is if he changed his mind. Alternate translation: “So God changed his thinking about the punishment that he had said he would do to them” or “Then God decided not to punish them as he had said he would” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 3 10 it1a figs-explicit וְלֹ֥א עָשָֽׂה 1 and he did not do it What God did not do can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and he did not punish them” or “and he did not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 intro ys57 0 # Jonah 04 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Jonah continues the narrative while bringing the book to what seems like an unusual end. This emphasizes that the book is not really about Jonah. It is about God’s desire to be merciful on anyone, whether Jew or pagan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jonah’s anger<br><br>It is important to see the relationship between a prophet and Yahweh. Aprophet was to prophesy for Yahweh, and his words must come true. According to the law of Moses, if that did not happen, the penalty was death. When Jonah told the city of Nineveh that it was going to be destroyed in forty days, he was certain it was going to happen. When it did not happen, Jonah was angry with God because he hated the people of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br><br>As in other places, Jonah asks rhetorical questions to show how angry he was at Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>### Parallel to Mount Sinai<br><br>In verse 2, Jonah attributes a series of characteristics to God. A Jewish reader of this book would recognize this as a formula Moses used in speaking about God when he was meeting God on Mount Sinai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### God’s grace<br><br>When Jonah went outside the city, he got very hot and God graciously provided some relief through the plant. God was trying to teach Jonah through an object lesson. It is important for the reader to see this clearly. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])<br>
JON 4 1 jdr8 writing-newevent וַיֵּ֥רַע אֶל־יוֹנָ֖ה רָעָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֑ה וַיִּ֖חַר לֽוֹ׃ 1 But this was evil to Jonah—extremely evil—and he burned with anger. This sentence introduces the next part of the story where Jonah responds to God saving the city of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 4 1 jdr8 writing-newevent וַיֵּ֥רַע אֶל־יוֹנָ֖ה רָעָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֑ה וַיִּ֖חַר לֽוֹ׃ 1 But this was evil to Jonah—extremely evil—and he burned with anger. This sentence introduces the next part of the story where Jonah responds to God saving the city of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 4 1 abc3 figs-metaphor וַיִּ֖חַר 1 and burned with anger Here Jonah's anger is spoken of as if was a fire burning inside him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 4 2 q6bb figs-exclamations אָנָּ֤ה 1 Ah! In this context, the word **Ah!** shows intense frustration. Represent this emotion in the most natural way for your language. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
JON 4 2 k24b figs-rquestion אָנָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ הֲלוֹא־ זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗י עַד־ הֱיוֹתִי֙ עַל־ אַדְמָתִ֔י 1 O, Yahweh, was this not my word when I was in my country? Jonah used this rhetorical question to show God how angry he was. Also, what Jonah said when he was back in his own country can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Now Yahweh, when I was still in my own country I knew that if I warned the people of Nineveh, they would repent, and you would not destroy them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 2 jv5c וְרַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 and abundant in covenant faithfulness ***and very faithful*** or ***and you love people very much***
JON 4 2 wl7j וְנִחָ֖ם עַל־הָרָעָֽה 1 and one who relents from sending disaster This means ***and you say that you will send disaster on sinners, but then you decide not to***. Alternate translation: “and you decide not to punish people who sin”
JON 4 2 jv5c וְרַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 and abundant in covenant faithfulness ***and very faithful*** or ***and you love people very much***
JON 4 2 wl7j וְנִחָ֖ם עַל־הָרָעָֽה 1 and one who relents from sending disaster This means ***and you say that you will send disaster on sinners, but then you decide not to***. Alternate translation: “and you decide not to punish people who sin”
JON 4 3 dm5t figs-explicit קַח־ נָ֥א אֶת־ נַפְשִׁ֖י מִמֶּ֑נִּי 1 take my soul from me Jonah’s reason for wanting to die can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you will not destroy Nineveh as you said you would, please allow me to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 3 yk5v כִּ֛י ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי 1 for it is better for me to die than for me to live ***I would prefer to die than live*** or ***because I want to die. I do not want to live***
JON 4 4 eb4a figs-rquestion הַהֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽךְ 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger? God used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah for being angry about something he should not have been angry about. Alternate translation: “Your anger is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 4 5 q1f7 וַיֵּצֵ֤א יוֹנָה֙ מִן־הָעִ֔יר 1 Then Jonah went out of the city ***Then Jonah left the city of Nineveh***
JON 4 5 af46 מַה־יִּהְיֶ֖ה בָּעִֽיר 1 what might happen to the city ***what would become of the city***. Jonah wanted to see if God would destroy the city or not destroy it. Alternate translation: “what God would do to the city”
JON 4 6 i4r4 מֵעַ֣ל לְיוֹנָ֗ה לִֽהְי֥וֹת צֵל֙ עַל־רֹאשׁ֔וֹ 1 over Jonah so that it might be shade over his head ***over Jonah’s head for shade***
JON 4 5 q1f7 וַיֵּצֵ֤א יוֹנָה֙ מִן־הָעִ֔יר 1 Then Jonah went out of the city ***Then Jonah left the city of Nineveh***
JON 4 5 af46 מַה־יִּהְיֶ֖ה בָּעִֽיר 1 what might happen to the city ***what would become of the city***. Jonah wanted to see if God would destroy the city or not destroy it. Alternate translation: “what God would do to the city”
JON 4 6 i4r4 מֵעַ֣ל לְיוֹנָ֗ה לִֽהְי֥וֹת צֵל֙ עַל־רֹאשׁ֔וֹ 1 over Jonah so that it might be shade over his head ***over Jonah’s head for shade***
JON 4 6 t21k לְהַצִּ֥יל ל֖וֹ מֵרָֽעָת֑וֹ 1 to rescue him from his distress ***to protect Jonah from the heat of the sun***
JON 4 7 t7il וַיְמַ֤ן הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ תּוֹלַ֔עַת 1 But God prepared a worm ***But God sent a worm***
JON 4 7 rw7z וַתַּ֥ךְ אֶת־הַקִּֽיקָי֖וֹן 1 It attacked the plant ***The worm chewed the plant***
JON 4 7 rw7z וַתַּ֥ךְ אֶת־הַקִּֽיקָי֖וֹן 1 It attacked the plant ***The worm chewed the plant***
JON 4 7 d16m וַיִּיבָֽשׁ 1 so that it withered The plant became dry and died. Alternate translation: “so that the plant died”
JON 4 8 jdr9 grammar-connect-time-background וַיְהִ֣י׀ כִּזְרֹ֣חַ הַשֶּׁ֗מֶשׁ 1 It came about that when the sun rose, The hot wind from the east started blowing shortly after the sun rose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
JON 4 8 hmi4 figs-explicit וַיְמַ֨ן אֱלֹהִ֜ים ר֤וּחַ קָדִים֙ חֲרִישִׁ֔ית 1 God prepared a hot east wind God caused a hot wind from the east to blow on Jonah. If wind can only mean a cool or cold wind then you can try this. Alternate translation: “God sent a very hot warmth from the east to Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 8 mnu9 וַתַּ֥ךְ הַשֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ 1 the sun beat down ***the sun was very hot***
JON 4 8 u2pl figs-synecdoche עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה 1 on the head of Jonah Jonah may have felt the heat most on his head. Alternate translation: “on Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JON 4 8 u2pl figs-synecdoche עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה 1 on the head of Jonah Jonah may have felt the heat most on his head. Alternate translation: “on Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JON 4 8 z95v וַיִּתְעַלָּ֑ף 1 and he became faint ***and he became very weak*** or ***and he lost his strength***
JON 4 8 eln6 ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי 1 It is better for me to die than for me to live ***I would prefer to die than live*** or ***I want to die. I do not want to live***. See how you translated this in [4:3](../04/03/yk5v).
JON 4 9 a5f5 figs-rquestion הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant? God challenges Jonah for being angry that the plant died and yet wanted God to kill the people of Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Your anger about the plant dying is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 4 9 w24z figs-explicit הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant? Implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You should be more concerned about the people in Nineveh dying than about the plant dying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 9 h43a הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־לִ֖י עַד־מָֽוֶת 1 It is good for me to burn with anger, even to death. ***It is good that I am angry. Now I am angry enough to die!***
JON 4 9 a5f5 figs-rquestion הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant? God challenges Jonah for being angry that the plant died and yet wanted God to kill the people of Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Your anger about the plant dying is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 4 9 w24z figs-explicit הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant? Implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You should be more concerned about the people in Nineveh dying than about the plant dying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 9 h43a הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־לִ֖י עַד־מָֽוֶת 1 It is good for me to burn with anger, even to death. ***It is good that I am angry. Now I am angry enough to die!***
JON 4 10 gkz7 figs-explicit וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh said It may be helpful to say that Yahweh was speaking to Jonah. Alternate translation: “Yahweh said to Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 11 jdr0 grammar-connect-words-phrases וַֽאֲנִי֙ 1 So as for me, The expression in English shows a comparison between Jonah’s attitude toward the plant and Yahweh’s attitude toward the people of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
JON 4 11 ecl1 figs-rquestion וַֽאֲנִי֙ לֹ֣א אָח֔וּס עַל־ נִינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־ בָּ֡הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ מִֽשְׁתֵּים־ עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־ יָדַע֙ בֵּין־ יְמִינ֣וֹ לִשְׂמֹאל֔וֹ וּבְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה 1 So as for me, should I not have compassion for Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than 120,000 people who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand, and also many cattle? God used this question to emphasize his claim that he should have compassion on Nineveh. Alternate translation: “I certainly should have compassion for Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than 120,000 people who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand, and also many cattle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 4 11 dqi1 אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ 1 in which there are more than This can also be the beginning of a new sentence. Alternate translation: ***There are more than*** or ***It has more than***
JON 4 11 c3b7 translate-numbers מִֽשְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם 1 120,000 people ***one hundred and twenty thousand people*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
JON 4 11 j35h אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣וֹ לִשְׂמֹאל֔וֹ 1 who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand This may be a way of saying ***who cannot tell the difference between right and wrong***.
JON 4 11 dqi1 אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ 1 in which there are more than This can also be the beginning of a new sentence. Alternate translation: ***There are more than*** or ***It has more than***
JON 4 11 c3b7 translate-numbers מִֽשְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם 1 120,000 people ***one hundred and twenty thousand people*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
JON 4 11 j35h אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣וֹ לִשְׂמֹאל֔וֹ 1 who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand This may be a way of saying ***who cannot tell the difference between right and wrong***.
JON 4 11 q55i writing-background וּבְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה 1 and also many cattle The author is pointing out the depth of Nineveh’s repentance to the extent that Yahweh takes note of the beasts’ participation in the act of repentance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
1
Book
Chapter
Verse
ID
SupportReference
OrigQuote
Occurrence
GLQuote
OccurrenceNote
2
JON
front
intro
hk4p
0
# Introduction to Jonah<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Jonah<br><br>1. Jonah tries to run away from Yahweh (1:1-2:10)<br> - Jonah disobeys Yahweh’s first call to go to Nineveh (1:1–3)<br> - Jonah and the Gentile sailors (1:4–16)<br> - Yahweh provides a large fish to swallow Jonah, and he prays and is rescued (1:17–2:10)<br>1. Jonah in Nineveh (3:1-4:11)<br> - Yahweh again calls Jonah to go to Nineveh, and Jonah proclaims Yahweh’s message (3:1–4)<br> - Nineveh repents (3:5-9)<br> - Yahweh decides not to destroy Nineveh (3:10)<br> - Jonah is very angry with Yahweh (4:1–3)<br> - Yahweh teaches Jonah about grace and mercy (4:4–11)<br><br>### What is the Book of Jonah about?<br><br>Jonah, son of Amittai, was a prophet from Gath Hepher (2 Kings 14:25). This book tells about what happened to Jonah. It tells how Yahweh shows mercy and grace to Gentiles. It also tells how the Ninevites repented and called out to Yahweh for mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>Yahweh sent Jonah to warn the people of Nineveh that he was ready to punish them. Yahweh said that if they would repent he would not harm them. However, Jonah was an Israelite and he did not want the Ninevites to repent. So Jonah tried to sail away in the opposite direction instead of doing what Yahweh told him to do. But Yahweh stopped him by sending a storm and a large fish to swallow him.<br><br>Jonah repented and warned the Ninevites. As a result, Yahweh taught him that he is concerned about all people, not just the Israelites.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally titled ***The Book of Jonah*** or just ***Jonah***. Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as ***The Book about Jonah***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Jonah?<br><br>Jonah was probably involved in the writing of this book. However, scholars do not know who actually wrote it.<br><br>Jonah lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He prophesied sometime between 800 and 750 B.C. during the reign of King Jeroboam II.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the nation of Assyria?<br><br>During the time of Jonah, Assyria was the most powerful kingdom in the ancient Near East. Nineveh was the capital city of Assyria.<br><br>Assyria was cruel to its enemies. Eventually, Yahweh punished the Assyrians for the wicked things they did.<br><br>### Did Assyria convert to Judaism?<br><br>Some scholars think that the Assyrians started worshiping Yahweh alone. However, most scholars think they continued to worship other false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br>
3
JON
1
intro
xvp2
0
# Jonah 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The narrative of this chapter starts abruptly. This could cause difficulty for the translator. The translator should not attempt to smooth this introduction unless absolutely necessary.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Miracle<br><br>In verse [Jonah 17](./17.md), there is the mention of **a great fish**. It may be difficult to imagine a sea creature big enough to swallow a man whole and who then survives for three days and nights inside. Translators should not try to explain miraculous events in an attempt to make it easier to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Situational irony<br><br>There is an ironic situation in this chapter. Jonah is a prophet of God and should endeavor to do God’s will. Instead, he is running away from God. Although the Gentile sailors are not Israelites, they act out of faith and fear of Yahweh when sending Jonah to a certain death by throwing him overboard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Sea<br><br>People in the ancient Near East also saw the sea as chaotic and did not trust it. Some of the gods they worshiped were gods of the sea. Jonah’s people, the Hebrews, feared the sea greatly. However, Jonah’s fear of Yahweh was not enough to keep him from going into a ship and sailing to get away from Yahweh. His actions are contrasted by the actions of the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Implicit information<br><br>Even though no one knows for sure where Tarshish was, the writer assumes that the reader knows that Jonah had to face away from Nineveh to go there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
This phrase introduces the first half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the second half of the story (3:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6
JON
1
1
qa3z
דְּבַר־ יְהוָ֔הדְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה
1
the word of Yahweh
***the message of Yahweh***
7
JON
1
1
s6av
יְהוָ֔ה
1
Yahweh
This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
8
JON
1
1
jv8c
translate-names
אֲמִתַּ֖י
1
Amittai
This is the name of Jonah’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
***The man in charge of the ship went to Jonah and said***
32
JON
1
6
yx7e
figs-rquestion
מַה־ לְּךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑םמַה־לְּךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑ם
1
What are you doing sleeping?
***Why are you sleeping?*** He used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah. Alternate translation: “Stop sleeping!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
33
JON
1
6
bd4f
figs-idiom
ק֚וּם
1
Get up!
This refers to doing some activity. For Jonah, the Captain is telling him to wake up and pray to his god for safe passage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
34
JON
1
6
k7a5
figs-idiom
קְרָ֣א אֶל־ אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָקְרָ֣א אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ
1
Call upon your god!
***Pray to your god!*** **Call** refers to getting the attention of someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
Maybe your god will notice us and we will not perish
The implicit information that Jonah’s god might save them could be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Maybe your god will hear and save us so that we will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
Come, let us cast lots, so that we may know on whose account this evil is happening to us
***We should cast lots to know who has caused this trouble***. The men believed that the gods would control how the lots fell in order to tell them what they wanted to know. This was a form of divination.
Please tell us on whose account this evil is happening to us
***Who caused this bad thing that is happening to us?***
42
JON
1
9
wav5
יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י הַשָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ אֲנִ֣י יָרֵ֔א
1
I fear Yahweh, the God of heaven
The word **fear** refers to Jonah having a deep respect for God.
43
JON
1
10
peg3
figs-rquestion
מַה־ זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָמַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ
1
What is this that you have done?
The men on the ship used this rhetorical question to show how angry they were at Jonah. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
44
JON
1
10
us1r
figs-metonymy
מִלִּפְנֵ֤י יְהוָה֙
1
from the presence of Yahweh
Here Yahweh is represented by his presence. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
45
JON
1
10
hw1p
figs-explicit
כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָהֶֽם
1
because he had told them
What he told them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “because he had said to them, ‘I am trying to get away from Yahweh.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
46
JON
1
11
kb4c
וַיֹּאמְר֤וּ אֵלָיו֙
1
Then they said to him
***Then the men on the ship said to Jonah*** or ***Then the sailors said to Jonah***
Nevertheless, the men rowed hard to get back to the land
The men did not want to throw Jonah into the sea, so they rowed hard as if they were digging into the water to get back to land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
51
JON
1
13
m3iq
הַיָּ֔ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵ֖ר
1
the sea was becoming more and more violent
***the storm became worse, and the waves became bigger***
52
JON
1
14
ap77
וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ
1
Therefore they cried out
***Because of this*** or ***Because the sea became more violent***
In this context, the word **Ah!** shows intense desperation. Represent this emotion in the most natural way for your language. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
O Yahweh, we beg you, do not let us perish on account of the soul of this man
***O Yahweh, please do not kill us because we caused this man to die*** or ***O Yahweh, we are going to cause this man to die. But please do not kill us***
***and please do not blame us for his death*** or ***and do not consider us guilty when this man dies***. The author speaks of guilt as if it were an object that can be placed on top of a person. It refers to making that person accountable for their actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
57
JON
1
15
l9cf
וַיַּעֲמֹ֥ד הַיָּ֖ם מִזַּעְפּֽוֹ
1
the sea stopped raging
***the sea stopped moving violently*** or ***the sea became calm***
***Then the men became greatly awed at Yahweh’s power***
59
JON
1
17
q87y
0
General Information:
Some versions number this verse as the first verse of chapter 2. You may want to number the verses according to the main version that your language group uses.
Now Yahweh had prepared a great fish to swallow Jonah,
This clause introduces the next part of the story, where Yahweh saves Jonah from the sea, and Jonah prays. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
61
JON
1
17
fle4
writing-newevent
וַיְמַ֤ן
1
Now…had prepared
The word **Now** is used in English to introduce a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
62
JON
1
17
cjb6
שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה יָמִ֖ים וּשְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה לֵילֽוֹת
1
three days and three nights
***three days and nights***
63
JON
2
intro
ae4k
0
# Jonah 02 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins with a prayer by Jonah, and many translators have chosen to set it apart by setting its lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Translators can follow this practice, but they are not obligated to.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sea<br><br>This chapter contains many terms from the sea.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Poetry<br><br>Prayers in Scripture often contain a poetic form. Poetry frequently uses metaphors to communicate something with a special meaning. For example, since Jonah was in a fish in the sea, being trapped is compared to a prison. Jonah is overwhelmed by the depth of the sea and expresses this by speaking about at the **base of the mountains** and in the **belly of Sheol**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br><br>Scholars are divided over whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine or whether he was trying to save his life. In light of his attitude in chapter 4, it is uncertain if he was genuinely repentant. If possible, it is best for translators to avoid making a definitive stance on whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br>
64
JON
2
1
alr2
יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהָ֑יו
1
Yahweh his God
This means ***Yahweh, the God he worshiped***. The word **his** does not mean that Jonah owned God.
***I prayed to Yahweh about my great trouble***. Even though Jonah was praying to Yahweh, he used Yahweh’s name here and not ***you***. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I called out to you about my distress”
67
JON
2
2
wdr4
וַֽיַּעֲנֵ֑נִי
1
he answered me
***Yahweh responded to me*** or ***he helped me***
68
JON
2
2
w8wn
figs-metaphor
מִבֶּ֧טֶן שְׁא֛וֹל
1
from the belly of Sheol
***from the center of Sheol*** or ***from the deep part of Sheol***. Possible meanings are 1) Jonah was speaking as being in the belly of the whale was being in Sheol or 2) Jonah believed that he was about to die and go to Sheol or 3) He spoke as if he already had died and gone there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
69
JON
2
3
bz4y
figs-parallelism
מְצוּלָה֙ בִּלְבַ֣ב יַמִּ֔ים
1
into the depths, into the heart of the seas
Jonah uses two similar phrases to speak of the vastness of the ocean he was in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
74
JON
2
4
jdr5
grammar-connect-words-phrases
וַאֲנִ֣י
1
But as for me,
This expression in English shows that there is a contrast between the actions of Yahweh, which Jonah had just talked about, and his own response. Alternate translation: “Then I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
75
JON
2
4
x1w9
figs-activepassive
נִגְרַ֖שְׁתִּי
1
I am driven out
ssion in English shows that there is a contrast between the people Jonah had just spoken about and himself. They paid attention to useless gods, but he would worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “But I”
76
JON
2
4
z1yx
figs-synecdoche
מִנֶּ֣גֶד עֵינֶ֑יךָ
1
from before your eyes
Here Yahweh is represented by his **eyes**. Alternate translation: “from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
The waters surrounded me up to my soul; the deep swirled around me;
Jonah uses two similar phrases to speak of his hopeless situation as he was drowning in the sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
79
JON
2
5
rf4b
מַ֨יִם֙
1
The waters
**The waters** refers to the sea.
80
JON
2
5
ca31
נֶ֔פֶשׁ
1
my soul
Some versions understand the Hebrew word in this expression to mean ***my life***. In that interpretation, the waters were about to take away Jonah’s life.
84
JON
2
6
dc3r
figs-metaphor
וַתַּ֧עַל מִשַּׁ֛חַת חַיַּ֖י
1
Yet you brought up my life from the pit
Jonah speaks of the place of the dead as if it were a pit. Alternate translation: “But you saved my life from the place of the dead” or “But you saved me from the place where the dead people are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
85
JON
2
6
i3mx
יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽי
1
Yahweh, my God!
In some languages, it may be more natural to put this at the beginning of the sentence or next to the word **you**.
86
JON
2
7
jdr6
grammar-connect-time-simultaneous
בְּהִתְעַטֵּ֤ף עָלַי֙ נַפְשִׁ֔י
1
When my soul fainted within me,
Jonahs says that he remembered Yahweh when he had lost hope of being rescued from the sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
87
JON
2
7
l2b6
אֶת־ יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּיאֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי
1
I remembered Yahweh
Since Jonah was praying to Yahweh, it might be more clear in some languages to say “I thought about you, Yahweh” or “Yahweh, I thought about you.”
Jonah speaks as if his prayers could travel to God and his temple. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
***are rejecting you, who would be faithful to them***
91
JON
2
9
q3yb
grammar-connect-words-phrases
וַאֲנִ֗י
1
But as for me,
This expression in English shows that there is a contrast between the people Jonah had just spoken about and himself. They paid attention to useless gods, but he would worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “But I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
I will sacrifice to you with a voice of thanksgiving
This means that Jonah would thank God while he offered a sacrifice to him. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully.
93
JON
2
9
r4j4
figs-abstractnouns
יְשׁוּעָ֖תָה לַיהוָֽה
1
Salvation is from Yahweh
This can be reworded so that the abstract noun **salvation** is expressed as the verb ***save***. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who saves people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
94
JON
2
10
dz3j
אֶל־ הַיַּבָּשָֽׁהאֶל־הַיַּבָּשָֽׁה
1
upon the dry land
***upon the ground*** or ***onto the shore***
95
JON
3
intro
z3ut
0
# Jonah 03 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah’s life.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Animals<br><br>According to the king’s proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Size of Nineveh<br><br>When the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase ***three days’ journey*** is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah’s day, cities were not as big as they are today. So although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities.<br><br>### God repenting or relenting<br><br>The last verse of this chapter says, **So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it**. This concept of God changing His mind may be troubling for some translators and people may struggle to understand it. God’s character is consistent. This whole book is written from a human viewpoint and so it is hard to understand the mind of God.<br><br>Yahweh is just and merciful so even though God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, God’s plan is always to punish evil. Later in history this nation did fall and was destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br>
96
JON
3
1
jdr7
writing-newevent
וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־ יְהוָ֛הוַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה
1
The word of Yahweh came
This phrase introduces the second half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the first half of the story (1:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
97
JON
3
1
xj6n
figs-idiom
וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־ יְהוָ֛הוַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה
1
The word of Yahweh came
This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. See how you translated this in [1:1](../01/01/ll6c). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
***a very large city that was three days across***. A person had to walk for three days to completely go through it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
106
JON
3
4
r2al
מַהֲלַ֖ךְ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֑ד וַיִּקְרָא֙
1
after a journey of one day, and he cried out
Possible meanings are 1) ***after Jonah walked a day’s journey he called out*** or 2) ***while Jonah walked on the first day, he called out***.
107
JON
3
4
e1b9
מַהֲלַ֖ךְ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֑ד
1
after a journey of one day
***after a day’s walk***. A day’s journey is the distance that people would normally travel in one day. Alternate translation: “after Jonah walked for one day”
Why people put on sackcloth can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “They also put on coarse cloth to show that they were sorry for having sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
***They must not eat nor drink anything***. The reason they were not to eat or drink anything can be made explicit by adding ***in order to show that they are sorry for their sins***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But let people and animals wear sackcloth” or “But let people cover themselves and their animals with sackcloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
120
JON
3
8
x6ct
וְיִתְכַּסּ֣וּ…הָֽאָדָם֙ וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה
1
But let man and animal
***But let both***
121
JON
3
8
mzx6
וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה
1
animal
The word ***animal*** refers to animals that people own.
***pray earnestly to God***. What they were to pray for can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “let them cry out loudly to God and ask for mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
123
JON
3
8
n3ls
הֶחָמָ֖ס אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּכַפֵּיהֶֽם
1
the violence that is in his hands
This means ***the violent things that he does***. This refers to each of the people of Nineveh, and not to God.
124
JON
3
9
wbt6
figs-rquestion
מִֽי־ יוֹדֵ֣עַמִֽי־יוֹדֵ֣עַ
1
Who knows?
The king used this rhetorical question to get the people to think about something that they might not have thought possible, that if they would stop sinning, God might not kill them. It could be translated as a statement: “We do not know”. Or it could be stated as a word and be part of the next sentence: “Perhaps”. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
125
JON
3
9
z3jj
יָשׁ֔וּב וְנִחַ֖ם הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים
1
God may turn and relent
***God may decide to do something different*** or ***God may not do what he said he will do***
So God relented concerning the disaster that he had said he would do to them
Here God deciding not to do the punishment he had planned is spoken of is if he changed his mind. Alternate translation: “So God changed his thinking about the punishment that he had said he would do to them” or “Then God decided not to punish them as he had said he would” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
130
JON
3
10
it1a
figs-explicit
וְלֹ֥א עָשָֽׂה
1
and he did not do it
What God did not do can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and he did not punish them” or “and he did not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
131
JON
4
intro
ys57
0
# Jonah 04 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Jonah continues the narrative while bringing the book to what seems like an unusual end. This emphasizes that the book is not really about Jonah. It is about God’s desire to be merciful on anyone, whether Jew or pagan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jonah’s anger<br><br>It is important to see the relationship between a prophet and Yahweh. Aprophet was to prophesy for Yahweh, and his words must come true. According to the law of Moses, if that did not happen, the penalty was death. When Jonah told the city of Nineveh that it was going to be destroyed in forty days, he was certain it was going to happen. When it did not happen, Jonah was angry with God because he hated the people of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br><br>As in other places, Jonah asks rhetorical questions to show how angry he was at Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>### Parallel to Mount Sinai<br><br>In verse 2, Jonah attributes a series of characteristics to God. A Jewish reader of this book would recognize this as a formula Moses used in speaking about God when he was meeting God on Mount Sinai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### God’s grace<br><br>When Jonah went outside the city, he got very hot and God graciously provided some relief through the plant. God was trying to teach Jonah through an object lesson. It is important for the reader to see this clearly. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])<br>
But this was evil to Jonah—extremely evil—and he burned with anger.
This sentence introduces the next part of the story where Jonah responds to God saving the city of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
133
JON
4
1
abc3
figs-metaphor
וַיִּ֖חַר
1
and burned with anger
Here Jonah's anger is spoken of as if was a fire burning inside him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
134
JON
4
2
q6bb
figs-exclamations
אָנָּ֤ה
1
Ah!
In this context, the word **Ah!** shows intense frustration. Represent this emotion in the most natural way for your language. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
O, Yahweh, was this not my word when I was in my country?
Jonah used this rhetorical question to show God how angry he was. Also, what Jonah said when he was back in his own country can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Now Yahweh, when I was still in my own country I knew that if I warned the people of Nineveh, they would repent, and you would not destroy them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
136
JON
4
2
jv5c
וְרַב־ חֶ֔סֶדוְרַב־חֶ֔סֶד
1
and abundant in covenant faithfulness
***and very faithful*** or ***and you love people very much***
137
JON
4
2
wl7j
וְנִחָ֖ם עַל־ הָרָעָֽהוְנִחָ֖ם עַל־הָרָעָֽה
1
and one who relents from sending disaster
This means ***and you say that you will send disaster on sinners, but then you decide not to***. Alternate translation: “and you decide not to punish people who sin”
Jonah’s reason for wanting to die can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you will not destroy Nineveh as you said you would, please allow me to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
139
JON
4
3
yk5v
כִּ֛י ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי
1
for it is better for me to die than for me to live
***I would prefer to die than live*** or ***because I want to die. I do not want to live***
140
JON
4
4
eb4a
figs-rquestion
הַהֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽךְ
1
Is it good for you to burn with anger?
God used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah for being angry about something he should not have been angry about. Alternate translation: “Your anger is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
***what would become of the city***. Jonah wanted to see if God would destroy the city or not destroy it. Alternate translation: “what God would do to the city”
The plant became dry and died. Alternate translation: “so that the plant died”
148
JON
4
8
jdr9
grammar-connect-time-background
וַיְהִ֣י׀ כִּזְרֹ֣חַ הַשֶּׁ֗מֶשׁ
1
It came about that when the sun rose,
The hot wind from the east started blowing shortly after the sun rose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
149
JON
4
8
hmi4
figs-explicit
וַיְמַ֨ן אֱלֹהִ֜ים ר֤וּחַ קָדִים֙ חֲרִישִׁ֔ית
1
God prepared a hot east wind
God caused a hot wind from the east to blow on Jonah. If wind can only mean a cool or cold wind then you can try this. Alternate translation: “God sent a very hot warmth from the east to Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
150
JON
4
8
mnu9
וַתַּ֥ךְ הַשֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ
1
the sun beat down
***the sun was very hot***
151
JON
4
8
u2pl
figs-synecdoche
עַל־ רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖העַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה
1
on the head of Jonah
Jonah may have felt the heat most on his head. Alternate translation: “on Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
152
JON
4
8
z95v
וַיִּתְעַלָּ֑ף
1
and he became faint
***and he became very weak*** or ***and he lost his strength***
153
JON
4
8
eln6
ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי
1
It is better for me to die than for me to live
***I would prefer to die than live*** or ***I want to die. I do not want to live***. See how you translated this in [4:3](../04/03/yk5v).
Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant?
God challenges Jonah for being angry that the plant died and yet wanted God to kill the people of Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Your anger about the plant dying is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant?
Implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You should be more concerned about the people in Nineveh dying than about the plant dying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
It is good for me to burn with anger, even to death.
***It is good that I am angry. Now I am angry enough to die!***
157
JON
4
10
gkz7
figs-explicit
וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה
1
Yahweh said
It may be helpful to say that Yahweh was speaking to Jonah. Alternate translation: “Yahweh said to Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
158
JON
4
11
jdr0
grammar-connect-words-phrases
וַֽאֲנִי֙
1
So as for me,
The expression in English shows a comparison between Jonah’s attitude toward the plant and Yahweh’s attitude toward the people of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
So as for me, should I not have compassion for Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than 120,000 people who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand, and also many cattle?
God used this question to emphasize his claim that he should have compassion on Nineveh. Alternate translation: “I certainly should have compassion for Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than 120,000 people who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand, and also many cattle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand
This may be a way of saying ***who cannot tell the difference between right and wrong***.
163
JON
4
11
q55i
writing-background
וּבְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה
1
and also many cattle
The author is pointing out the depth of Nineveh’s repentance to the extent that Yahweh takes note of the beasts’ participation in the act of repentance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
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