See in Reader
update Ex 22 (#1938)
Co-authored-by: Benjamin Wright <benjamin.wright@unfoldingword.org> Co-authored-by: deferredreward <deferredreward@noreply.door43.org> Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/1938 Co-authored-by: Benjamin Wright <deferredreward@noreply.door43.org> Co-committed-by: Benjamin Wright <deferredreward@noreply.door43.org>
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@ -1498,7 +1498,7 @@ EXO 20 24 zmc4 figs-activepassive אַזְכִּ֣יר אֶת־שְׁמִ֔י
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EXO 20 26 qm1b figs-explicit וְלֹֽא־תַעֲלֶ֥ה בְמַעֲלֹ֖ת עַֽל־מִזְבְּחִ֑י 1 You must not go up to my altar on steps If you need to connect this statement more explicitly to the previous statements regarding building the alter you could add a phrase about building steps. Alternate translation: “Do not build steps up to the altar and go up to it on those steps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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EXO 20 26 e28y figs-activepassive אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־תִגָּלֶ֥ה עֶרְוָתְךָ֖ עָלָֽיו 1 You must not go up to my altar on steps This could be stated in an active manner. Alternate translation: “so that you do not expose your nakedness over it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 20 26 h2qd עֶרְוָתְךָ֖ 1 your nakedness “your private parts”
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EXO 21 intro dnd3 0 # Exodus 21 General Notes<br><br>This chapter begins to give the Israelite civil case law, that is, the explanation of how to apply the principles condensed in the ten commandments.<br><br>## Structure:<br>- 1: Introduction<br>- 2-6: Laws regarding male slaves<br>- 7-11: Laws regarding female slaves<br>- 12-17: Capital crimes<br>- 18-36: Liability laws<br> - 18-27: Regarding human violence<br> - 28-36: Regarding damage done by or to animals<br><br>## Translation issues in this chapter<br><br>### Hypothetical situations<br>Throughout the case law a hypothetical situation is introduced with “when” or “if,” then there is a description of the situation, then there is the penalty or action to be taken in those situations. A hypothetical person may be introduced with “anyone” or “whoever.” Most verses for the next several chapters will have these hypothetical situations. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]] Translators familiar with Hebrew may want to notice that, generally, major divisions are introduced by כִּי (ki) and minor divisions within a topic are introduced by אִם (’im).<br><br>### Daughters sold as servants<br>The section from [verses 7-11](../21/07.md) may be some what confusing because a daughter that is sold as a servant is seamlessly connected to her becoming someone’s wife.<br><br>### Ransom payment<br>In [verse 30](../21/30.md) a man whose bull killed someone may evade the death penalty by paying a ransom price, but the conditions for that happening are not clear.
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EXO 21 intro dnd3 0 # Exodus 21 General Notes<br><br>This chapter begins to give the Israelite civil case law, that is, the explanation of how to apply the principles condensed in the ten commandments.<br><br>## Structure:<br>- 1: Introduction<br>- 2-6: Laws regarding male slaves<br>- 7-11: Laws regarding female slaves<br>- 12-17: Capital crimes<br>- 18-36: Liability laws<br> - 18-27: Regarding human violence<br> - 28-36: Regarding damage done by or to animals<br><br>## Translation issues in this chapter<br><br>### Hypothetical situations<br>Throughout the case law a hypothetical situation is introduced with “when” or “if,” then there is a description of the situation, then there is the penalty or action to be taken in those situations. A hypothetical person may be introduced with “anyone” or “whoever.” Most verses for the next several chapters will have these hypothetical situations. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]] Translators familiar with Hebrew may want to notice that, generally, major divisions are introduced by כִּי (ki) and minor divisions within a topic are introduced by אִם (’im).<br><br><br>### Passive construction<br>Many portions of these situations are written in the passive voice. Some languages may have to change all or some of these to active voice. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]].<br><br><br>### Daughters sold as servants<br>The section from [verses 7-11](../21/07.md) may be some what confusing because a daughter that is sold as a servant is seamlessly connected to her becoming someone’s wife.<br><br>### Ransom payment<br>In [verse 30](../21/30.md) a man whose bull killed someone may evade the death penalty by paying a ransom price, but the conditions for that happening are not clear.
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EXO 21 1 xxf4 1 you must set before them Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. There is no quote break between chapters.
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EXO 21 1 hhf7 תָּשִׂ֖ים 1 you must set before them “you must give” or “you must tell”
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EXO 21 1 ddql figs-metonymy לִפְנֵיהֶֽם 1 you must set before them Here, **faces** figuratively represents the presence of the nation. Alternate translation: “before them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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@ -1509,6 +1509,7 @@ EXO 21 3 pfn3 בְּגַפּ֥וֹ …בְּגַפּ֣וֹ 1 by hi
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EXO 21 3 e467 אִם־בַּ֤עַל אִשָּׁה֙ ה֔וּא 1 if he is married “if he was married when he became a slave” or “if he came as a married man”
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EXO 21 5 yj8x אָמֹ֤ר יֹאמַר֙ 1 plainly says “makes a statement”
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EXO 21 5 jqh4 לֹ֥א אֵצֵ֖א חָפְשִֽׁי 1 I will not go out free “I do not want my master to set me free”
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EXO 21 6 vnjk figs-metonymy הָ֣אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 bore his ear through The word for **God** at its most literal means “great ones.” Here it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. Texts other than the standard Hebrew text support this reading. See [Exodus 22:8-9](../22/08.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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EXO 21 6 z8x1 וְרָצַ֨ע … אֶת־אָזְנוֹ֙ 1 bore his ear through “will put a hole in his ear”
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EXO 21 6 xpd3 בַּמַּרְצֵ֔עַ 1 awl a pointed tool used to make a hole
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EXO 21 6 k6ev לְעֹלָֽם 1 for life “until the end of his life” or “until he dies”
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@ -1571,67 +1572,68 @@ EXO 21 36 fkx2 figs-activepassive א֣וֹ נוֹדַ֗ע 1 if it was known This
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EXO 21 36 v64b נַגָּ֥ח הוּא֙ מִתְּמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם 1 a habit of goring in time past “had gored other animals before”
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EXO 21 36 ix8h figs-explicit לֹ֥א יִשְׁמְרֶ֖נּוּ בְּעָלָ֑יו 1 its owner has not kept it in This means that the owner did not keep his ox safely where it could not wander to hit other animals. This can be clearly stated in the translation. Alternate translation: “and its owner did not keep it inside a fence” or “and its owner did not tie it securely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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EXO 21 36 dcv2 figs-explicit שַׁלֵּ֨ם יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם שׁוֹר֙ תַּ֣חַת הַשּׁ֔וֹר 1 he must surely pay ox for ox The owner of the ox that killed must give an ox to the man who lost his ox. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “the owner of the ox that killed must surely give a living ox to the owner of the ox that died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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EXO 22 intro f9vb 0 # Exodus 22 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Justice in society<br>The rules and laws of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God’s chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. In this chapter, the purpose of these laws often focuses on minimizing the people’s desire for vengeance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])
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EXO 22 intro f9vb 0 # Exodus 22 General Notes<br><br>## Translation issues in this chapter<br><br>### Hypothetical situations<br>Throughout the case law a hypothetical situation is introduced with “when” or “if,” then there is a description of the situation, then there is the penalty or action to be taken in those situations. A hypothetical person may be introduced with “anyone” or “whoever.” Most verses for the next several chapters will have these hypothetical situations. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]] Translators familiar with Hebrew may want to notice that, generally, major divisions are introduced by כִּי (ki) and minor divisions within a topic are introduced by אִם (’im).<br><br><br>### Passive construction<br>Many portions of these situations are written in the passive voice. Some languages may have to change all or some of these to active voice. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]].
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EXO 22 1 syx5 1 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel.
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EXO 22 2 mt43 figs-activepassive 1 If a thief is found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If anyone finds a thief” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 2 e98x 1 breaking in “using force to come into a house”
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EXO 22 2 gt5f figs-activepassive 1 if he is struck so that he dies This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if anyone strikes the thief so that he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 2 fq57 1 no guilt for murder will attach to anyone on his account “no one will be guilty of murdering him”
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EXO 22 3 vym5 1 if the sun has risen before he breaks in “if it is light before he breaks in” or “if he breaks in and it is after sunrise”
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EXO 22 3 nl2i 1 guilt for murder will attach to the person who kills him “the person who kills him will be guilty of murder”
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EXO 22 3 f4w4 1 make restitution “pay for what he stole”
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EXO 22 3 c5yl figs-activepassive 1 he must be sold for his theft This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: “you must sell him as a slave in order to pay for what he stole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 4 k926 figs-activepassive 1 If the stolen animal is found alive in his possession This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If they find that he still has the live animal that he stole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 4 g5kg 1 pay back double pay two animals for every animal that he took
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EXO 22 5 j24t 1 If a man grazes his livestock “If a man lets his animals eat plants”
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EXO 22 5 ty82 1 it grazes “it eats plants”
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EXO 22 5 jrb3 1 he must make restitution “he must pay back the owner of that field”
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EXO 22 6 x6aj 1 If a fire breaks out and spreads in thorns “If someone starts a fire and it spreads in thorns”
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EXO 22 6 i4ma 1 spreads in thorns “moves along the ground through dry plants”
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EXO 22 6 u1pa 1 stacked grain This is grain that has been cut and tied in bundles. “bundled grain” or “harvested grain”
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EXO 22 6 r2cf 1 standing grain This is grain that has not been cut, but it is ready to be harvested.
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EXO 22 6 w6ku 1 a field is consumed “fire consumes a field” or “fire destroys a field”
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EXO 22 6 j398 1 must surely make restitution “must certainly pay for the grain that the fire destroyed”
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EXO 22 7 jw3v 1 for safe keeping “to watch over it” or “to keep it safe”
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EXO 22 7 na9h figs-activepassive 1 if it is stolen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if someone steals it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 7 z7zu 1 thief someone who steals something
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EXO 22 7 x2sh figs-activepassive 1 if the thief is found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if you find the thief” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 1 onm0 grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical כִּ֤י יִגְנֹֽב־אִישׁ֙ שׁ֣וֹר אוֹ־שֶׂ֔ה וּטְבָח֖וֹ א֣וֹ מְכָר֑וֹ 1 General Information: This is the first of many hypothetical situations in this chapter, introduced by “when” or **if,** which you will encounter over the next several chapters. See the [introduction](../22/intro.md). You will need to translate these consistently in a manner that expresses that these situations have not happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
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EXO 22 1 bc03 translate-numbers חֲמִשָּׁ֣ה …וְאַרְבַּע 1 General Information: 5 … 4 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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EXO 22 2 mt43 figs-activepassive אִם־בַּמַּחְתֶּ֛רֶת יִמָּצֵ֥א הַגַּנָּ֖ב 1 If a thief is found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If anyone finds a thief while he is breaking in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 2 e98x בַּמַּחְתֶּ֛רֶת 1 breaking in “while using force to come into a house”
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EXO 22 2 gt5f figs-activepassive וְהֻכָּ֣ה וָמֵ֑ת 1 if he is struck so that he dies This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if anyone strikes the thief so that he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 2 fq57 אֵ֥ין ל֖וֹ דָּמִֽים 1 no guilt for murder will attach to anyone on his account “no one will be guilty of murdering him”
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EXO 22 3 vym5 אִם־זָרְחָ֥ה הַשֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ עָלָ֖יו 1 if the sun has risen before he breaks in “if it is light before he breaks in” or “if he breaks in and it is after sunrise”
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EXO 22 3 c5yl figs-activepassive וְנִמְכַּ֖ר בִּגְנֵבָתֽוֹ 1 he must be sold for his theft This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: “you must sell him as a slave in order to pay for what he stole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 4 k926 figs-activepassive אִֽם־הִמָּצֵא֩ תִמָּצֵ֨א בְיָד֜וֹ הַגְּנֵבָ֗ה…חַיִּ֑ים 1 If the stolen animal is found alive in his possession This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If they find that he still has the live animal that he stole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 4 g5kg שְׁנַ֖יִם יְשַׁלֵּֽם 1 pay back double The meaning of **compensate double** is not entirely clear. Most interpretations follow the UST, that is, two animals total must be given, the stolen one and one more. Some interpret double to mean the thief must pay two animals for every animal that he took, so three total. It would be best to leave double as ambiguous as possible. Alternate translation: “he must compensate twice what he stole”
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EXO 22 5 j24t יַבְעֶר…וּבִעֵ֖ר 1 If a man grazes his livestock “causes to eat plants … and it eats plants”
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EXO 22 5 nlxc grammar-collectivenouns בְּעִיר֔וֹ 1 If a man grazes his livestock **Livestock** is a collective singular noun that could refer to cows, goats, sheep, or basically any domesticated animals. In some languages you will need to translate it as a plural. Alternate translation: see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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EXO 22 5 jrb3 יְשַׁלֵּֽם 1 he must make restitution “he must pay back the owner of that field”
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EXO 22 6 x6aj figs-activepassive כִּֽי־תֵצֵ֨א אֵ֜שׁ וּמָצְאָ֤ה קֹצִים֙ וְנֶאֱכַ֣ל 1 If a fire breaks out and spreads in thorns **Breaks out** and **consumes** can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If someone starts a fire and it spreads in thorns and it consumes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 6 i4ma וּמָצְאָ֤ה קֹצִים֙ 1 spreads in thorns “and moves along the ground through dry plants”
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EXO 22 6 u1pa translate-unknown גָּדִ֔ישׁ 1 stacked grain This is grain that has been cut and tied in bundles. Alternate translation: “bundled grain” or “harvested grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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EXO 22 6 r2cf translate-unknown הַקָּמָ֖ה 1 standing grain This is grain that has not been cut, but it is ready to be harvested. Alternate translation: “the grain still in the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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EXO 22 7 jw3v לִשְׁמֹ֔ר 1 for safe keeping “to watch over it” or “to keep it safe”
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EXO 22 7 na9h figs-activepassive וְגֻנַּ֖ב 1 if it is stolen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if someone steals it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 7 x2sh figs-activepassive אִם־יִמָּצֵ֥א הַגַּנָּ֖ב 1 if the thief is found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if you find the thief” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 8 lwg5 1 come before the judges to see whether “come before the judges so that they can find out if”
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EXO 22 8 f774 figs-idiom 1 has put his own hand on his neighbor’s property This is an idiom. If you have a way of saying this in your language, you can use it here. Alternate translation: “has stolen his neighbor’s property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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EXO 22 9 p7ab 1 the claim of both parties must come before the judges The judges must listen to both people who claim that item belongs to them and the judges will decide who is guilty.
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EXO 22 11 gl7t figs-activepassive 1 an oath to Yahweh must be taken by them both Only the man who is accused of stealing the animal must swear the oath. The owner of the lost animal must accept the oath that has been sworn. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the man who was caring for the animal must swear an oath before Yahweh and the owner must accept that oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 12 yw3w figs-activepassive 1 But if it was stolen from him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But if someone stole the animal from him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 13 b313 figs-activepassive 1 If an animal was torn in pieces This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But if a wild beast tore the animal in pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 13 pc6i figs-activepassive 1 He will not have to pay for what was torn This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will not have to pay for the animal that the wild beast destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 14 h8yw 1 must surely make restitution “must certainly repay with another animal” or “must certainly pay the owner for the animal”
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EXO 22 15 g3zw figs-activepassive 1 if the animal was hired This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if someone rented the animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 15 r792 figs-explicit 1 it will be paid for by its hiring fee The one who borrowed the animal will not have to pay the owner anything more than the hiring or rental fee. This fee will pay for the loss of the animal. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “the money that someone paid to rent the animal will cover the loss of the animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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EXO 22 15 f9w9 1 hiring fee “rental fee” or “money paid to rent the animal”
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EXO 22 16 a8s8 1 a man seduces a virgin who is not engaged “a man persuades a virgin who is not engaged that she wants to sleep with him”
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EXO 22 16 th2m 1 not engaged “not promised to be married”
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EXO 22 16 g24h figs-euphemism 1 if he lies with her Lying with someone is a euphemism for having sex. Alternate translation: “if he has sex with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
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EXO 22 16 x33y 1 bride wealth “dowry” or “bride price”
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EXO 22 17 y2xz 1 him, he These pronouns refer back to the man who seduced the virgin.
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EXO 22 19 y3qy figs-euphemism 1 Whoever lies with an animal This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Whoever has sexual relations with an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
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EXO 22 20 n4nh figs-activepassive 1 Yahweh must be completely destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you must completely destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 21 kr35 1 wrong a foreigner “mistreat a foreigner” or “cheat a foreigner”
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EXO 22 22 djh3 figs-doublenegatives 1 You must not mistreat any widow or fatherless child This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “You must treat all widows and fatherless children fairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
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EXO 22 22 v3i8 1 widow “woman whose husband has died”
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EXO 22 22 l2ih 1 fatherless child “orphan” or “child with no parents”
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EXO 22 24 sx9h figs-metonymy 1 I will kill you with the sword To be killed “with the sword” is a metonym that means a person will die violently, or perhaps fighting in a war. Alternate translation: “you will die a violent death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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EXO 22 25 v5je 1 a moneylender “one who lends money”
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EXO 22 25 g3ry 1 charge him interest “charge him extra money for borrowing” or “charge him extra money for the loan”
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EXO 22 26 vsk2 1 garment in pledge “coat as collateral” or “coat as a guarantee to repay the loan”
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EXO 22 27 wi2m 1 only covering “only coat” or “only garment to keep him warm”
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EXO 22 27 x7zb figs-rquestion 1 What else can he sleep in? This question adds emphasis. You can translate it as a strong statement. Alternate translation: “He will have nothing to wear while he sleeps!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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EXO 22 28 eel2 1 You must not blaspheme me, God “Do not insult God” or “Do not speak evil about God”
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EXO 22 28 tdj6 1 nor curse a ruler “and do not ask God to do bad things to a ruler”
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EXO 22 29 p8nk figs-doublenegatives 1 You must not hold back offerings This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: “You must bring all of your offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
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EXO 22 29 m4yq 1 give to me the firstborn of your sons “dedicate your firstborn sons to me”
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EXO 22 30 cya6 1 do the same with “dedicate to me the firstborn of”
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EXO 22 30 j345 translate-numbers 1 For seven days This can be written as a numeral. Alternate translation: “For 7 days after they are born” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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EXO 22 30 m4wq translate-numbers 1 the eighth day This can be written as a numeral. Alternate translation: “day number 8” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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EXO 22 30 l9vh 1 give them to me “dedicate them to me”
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EXO 22 8 c812 figs-metonymy הָֽאֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 come before the judges to see whether The word for **God** at its most literal means “great ones.” Here and in the [next verse](../22/09.md) it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. See [Exodus 21:6](../21/06.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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EXO 22 8 f774 figs-metonymy שָׁלַ֛ח יָד֖וֹ בִּמְלֶ֥אכֶת רֵעֵֽהוּ 1 has put his own hand on his neighbor’s property This is an idiom. If you have a way of saying this in your language, you can use it here. Alternate translation: “has stolen his neighbor’s property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) revisit
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EXO 22 9 p7ab דְּבַר…דְּבַר 1 “dispute”
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EXO 22 9 fgz1 כִּי־ה֣וּא זֶ֔ה 1 the claim of both parties must come before the judges “This is mine” or “This is my missing property”
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EXO 22 9 m31k figs-metonymy הָֽאֱלֹהִ֔ים …אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 the claim of both parties must come before the judges The word for **God** at its most literal means “great ones.” Here and in the [previous verse](../22/08.md) it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. See [Exodus 21:6](../21/06.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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EXO 22 10 9rut figs-activepassive נִשְׁבַּ֥ר אוֹ־נִשְׁבָּ֖ה 1 the claim of both parties must come before the judges These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: see UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 10 hzow נִשְׁבָּ֖ה 1 the claim of both parties must come before the judges This means something more like a wild animal takes the ox or sheep away (to eat) than someone stealing it. See [verse 12](../22/12.md) for cases where the animal is stolen while in another’s care.
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EXO 22 11 gl7t figs-activepassive שְׁבֻעַ֣ת יְהוָ֗ה תִּהְיֶה֙ בֵּ֣ין שְׁנֵיהֶ֔ם… וְלָקַ֥ח בְּעָלָ֖יו 1 an oath to Yahweh must be taken by them both Only the man who is accused of stealing the animal must swear the oath. The owner of the lost animal must accept the oath that has been sworn. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the man who was caring for the animal must swear an oath before Yahweh … and the owner must accept that oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 12 yw3w figs-activepassive וְאִם־גָּנֹ֥ב יִגָּנֵ֖ב מֵעִמּ֑וֹ 1 But if it was stolen from him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But if someone stole the animal from him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 13 b313 figs-activepassive אִם־טָרֹ֥ף יִטָּרֵ֖ף 1 If an animal was torn in pieces This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But if a wild beast tore the animal in pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 14 h8yw שַׁלֵּ֥ם יְשַׁלֵּֽם 1 must surely make restitution “must certainly repay with another animal” or “must certainly pay the owner for the animal”
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EXO 22 14 wu3u figs-activepassive וְנִשְׁבַּ֣ר אוֹ־מֵ֑ת 1 must surely make restitution These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: see UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 15 g3zw figs-activepassive אִם־שָׂכִ֣יר 1 if the animal was hired This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if someone rented the animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 15 r792 figs-explicit בָּ֖א בִּשְׂכָרֽוֹ 1 it will be paid for by its hiring fee The one who borrowed the animal will not have to pay the owner anything more than the hiring or rental fee. This fee will pay for the loss of the animal. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “the money that someone paid to rent the animal will cover the loss of the animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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EXO 22 15 f9w9 בִּשְׂכָרֽוֹ 1 hiring fee “for its rental fee” or “for the money paid to rent the animal”
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EXO 22 16 a8s8 וְכִֽי־יְפַתֶּ֣ה אִ֗ישׁ בְּתוּלָ֛ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־אֹרָ֖שָׂה 1 a man seduces a virgin who is not engaged “a man persuades a virgin who is not engaged that she wants to sleep with him”
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EXO 22 16 th2m לֹא־אֹרָ֖שָׂה 1 not engaged “not promised to be married”
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EXO 22 16 g24h figs-euphemism וְשָׁכַ֣ב 1 if he lies with her Lying with someone is a euphemism for having sex. Alternate translation: “if he has sex with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
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EXO 22 16 x33y מָהֹ֛ר יִמְהָרֶ֥נָּה 1 bride wealth The **bride price** was money paid to the family to compensate for the loss of their daughter.
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EXO 22 17 y2xz writing-pronouns ל֑וֹ…יִשְׁקֹ֔ל 1 him, he These pronouns refer back to the man who seduced the virgin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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EXO 22 19 y3qy figs-euphemism כָּל־שֹׁכֵ֥ב עִם־בְּהֵמָ֖ה 1 Whoever lies with an animal This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Whoever has sexual relations with an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
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EXO 22 19 b807 figs-activepassive כָּל־שֹׁכֵ֥ב עִם־בְּהֵמָ֖ה מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת 1 Whoever lies with an animal **Be put to death** can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must surely execute whoever lies with an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 20 n4nh figs-activepassive יָֽחֳרָ֑ם …לְבַדּֽוֹ 1 Yahweh must be completely destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “alone, you must completely destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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EXO 22 21 kr35 לֹא־תוֹנֶ֖ה 1 wrong a foreigner “You must not mistreat a foreigner” or “You must not cheat a foreigner”
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EXO 22 21 eoa5 figs-explicit כִּֽי־גֵרִ֥ים הֱיִיתֶ֖ם בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 wrong a foreigner The Israelites are called to remember their previous condition, that they lived as foreign guests in Egypt. They came first to avoid the famine in Jacob and Joseph’s time and were dependent on the Egyptian hospitality. Later they were wronged and oppressed and they are not to do that to those who sojourn with them. You may need to make this explicit. Alternate translation: “for you were wronged and oppressed as sojourners in the land of Egypt” or “for you also depended on hospitality while you lived as sojourners in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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EXO 22 22 djh3 figs-doublenegatives כָּל־אַלְמָנָ֥ה וְיָת֖וֹם לֹ֥א תְעַנּֽוּן׃ 1 You must not mistreat any widow or fatherless child This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “You must treat all widows and fatherless children fairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
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EXO 22 22 v3i8 אַלְמָנָ֥ה 1 widow “woman whose husband has died”
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EXO 22 22 l2ih וְיָת֖וֹם 1 fatherless child “or child with no parents”
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EXO 22 24 zszz figs-idiom וְחָרָ֣ה אַפִּ֔י 1 fatherless child This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh will be angry. Alternate translation: “and I will became very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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EXO 22 24 sx9h figs-metonymy בֶּחָ֑רֶב 1 I will kill you with the sword To be killed **with the sword** is a metonym that means a person will die violently, or perhaps fighting in a war. Alternate translation: “you will die a violent death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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EXO 22 25 v5je כְּנֹשֶׁ֑ה 1 a moneylender “like one who lends money”
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EXO 22 25 g3ry לֹֽא־תְשִׂימ֥וּן עָלָ֖יו נֶֽשֶׁךְ 1 charge him interest “you must not charge him extra money for borrowing” or “you must not charge him extra money for the loan”
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EXO 22 27 wi2m כְסוּתוֹ֙ לְבַדָּ֔הּ 1 only covering “is his only coat” or “is his only garment to keep him warm”
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EXO 22 27 x7zb figs-rquestion בַּמֶּ֣ה יִשְׁכָּ֔ב 1 What else can he sleep in? This question adds emphasis. You can translate it as a strong statement. Alternate translation: “He will have nothing to wear while he sleeps!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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EXO 22 28 eel2 אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֹ֣א תְקַלֵּ֑ל 1 You must not blaspheme me, God “Do not insult God” or “Do not speak evil about God”
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EXO 22 28 tdj6 וְנָשִׂ֥יא בְעַמְּךָ֖ לֹ֥א תָאֹֽר 1 nor curse a ruler “and do not ask God to do bad things to a ruler”
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EXO 22 29 p8nk figs-doublenegatives לֹ֣א תְאַחֵ֑ר 1 You must not hold back offerings This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: “You must bring all of your offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
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EXO 22 30 j345 translate-numbers שִׁבְעַ֤ת 1 For seven days This can be written as a numeral. Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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EXO 22 30 m4wq translate-ordinal בַּיּ֥וֹם הַשְּׁמִינִ֖י 1 the eighth day This can be written as a numeral. Alternate translation: “on day number 8” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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EXO 23 intro hk5t 0 # Exodus 23 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Justice in society<br>The rules and laws of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God’s chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### Celebrations of feasts and festivals<br>The people of Israel were required to celebrate certain feasts and festivals. These were part of the law of Moses and some are described in this chapter. Their purpose was to worship Yahweh and to remember the great things Yahweh has done for them.
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EXO 23 1 we1y 1 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel.
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EXO 23 1 y1a3 1 dishonest witness This is the same as a lying or false witness.
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Reference in New Issue