diff --git a/en_tn_01-GEN.tsv b/en_tn_01-GEN.tsv index 6df753cdc..c2b37b29c 100644 --- a/en_tn_01-GEN.tsv +++ b/en_tn_01-GEN.tsv @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote GEN front intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of Genesis

1. From the Creation to the Tower of Babel
- The account of the creation of the heavens and the earth (1:1–4:26)
- The account of Adam (5:1–6:8)
- The account of Noah (6:9–11:9)
- The account of Shem (11:10–11:26)
- The account of Terah (11:27–11:32)
1. The accounts of the Patriarchs
- The account of Abraham (12:1-25:11)
- The account of Ishmael (25:12–25:18)
- The account of Isaac, focusing on Jacob (25:19–35:29)
- The account of Esau (36:1–37:1)
- The account of Jacob, focusing on Joseph (37:2–50:26)

### What is Genesis about?

Genesis begins with the early years of creation. It tells about God creating heaven, earth, and the first humans. It also tells about the first time humans sinned. This caused humans to be separated from God and to eventually die. Genesis 1-11 briefly tells about other important events that occurred over many hundreds of years. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])

Genesis is also about the beginning of God's people. Genesis 12-50 tells about how God remained faithful to Abraham and his descendants. Abraham's descendants became known as the Hebrews and later as the Israelites. These people would worship Yahweh and be his people.

Genesis ends with Abraham's descendants living in Egypt with the hope of returning one day to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

### How should the title of this book be translated?

"Genesis" means "beginning," so translators should express this idea in their title. Titles such as "The Beginning of Things" may be suitable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### Who wrote Genesis?

The writers of both the Old and New Testaments presented Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Genesis. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What are the covenants mentioned in Genesis?

A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill.

God made three covenants in Genesis. In the covenant with Adam, God promised to bless Adam and cause him to prosper. Adam was not allowed to eat fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. God promised that Adam would die if he disobeyed what he commanded.

In the covenant with Noah, God promised to never again destroy the world with a flood.

In the covenant with Abraham, God promised to make Abraham's descendants into a great nation. He also promised to protect them and to give them a land of their own.

### What was God's purpose for the book of Genesis?

The book of Genesis says that God created a very good world. However, the world became cursed because human beings began to sin. But Genesis shows that God continues to have complete control over the world.

Genesis also describes the start of God's plan to bless the whole world again. This is shown when God makes a covenant with Abraham. With this covenant, God chose Abraham and his descendants to be his people. God promised to bless the world through Abraham's descendants.

### What was the custom for inheritance as described by Genesis?

There are several passages in Genesis that show the customs of a father who is about to die passing on a blessing to his son. Abraham blessed his son, Isaac, and made him the ancestor of the people of Israel. However, Ishmael, Abraham's other son, did not receive that same divine blessing. Likewise, Isaac's older son Esau did not receive the blessing. Isaac's younger son, Jacob, received it instead. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])

Also, it was the custom for a man to divide among his sons his material wealth and land. All his sons received equal portions except the oldest son. The firstborn son received twice as much. His portion was called a double portion. Esau gave up his right to receive the double portion.

### How does Genesis present sin and evil?

Genesis presents sin as doing things that are against God’s word and God's ways. It presents evil as the opposite of good.

Sin and evil have affected all people. This started when Adam disobeyed God in the Garden of Eden.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What is one way in which Genesis marks the beginning of important sections?

Genesis uses one Hebrew phrase that the ULT translates as "this is the record of," "these were the events concerning," or "these were the descendants of." The information in these sections may have come from sources much older than Moses. These passages are 2:4; 5:1; 6:9; 10:1; 11:10, 27; 25:12, 19; 36:1, 9; 37:2.

If the translator wants to translate in only two ways, we recommend for most passages a phrase such as, "this is the record about" or "this is information about." Some passages will be better translated, however, as "These were the descendants of."

### Why are the beginnings of some narrative sections in Genesis difficult to translate?

Often in Genesis, the author first summarizes what is about to happen. Then in the following verses, the author tells the details of what happened. Probable examples of this style occur in Gen. 1:1, 6:22, 18:1, 21:1 and 22:1.

However, in many languages, it is preferred to write summaries at the end of a narrative. In this case, translators may choose a different approach. For example, in Gen. 1:1 ("In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth"), translators may decide to translate like this: "This is about how God made the heavens and the earth in the beginning."

### What is the difference between "people," "peoples," and "people groups"?

The word "people" refers to all the individuals who belong to a group, such as "the people of Israel." The word "peoples" (used in the ULT) refers to multiple groups of people. Each people group might speak their own language, have their own customs, and worships their own gods. Some different peoples in the ancient Near East were those of Israel, Egypt, Edom, Moab, and Ammon.

The expression "people groups" (used in the UST) means the same thing as "peoples" in the ULT. The translator should use the most equivalent term that is common in the project language.

### What is the relationship between individuals and peoples that have similar names?

Many individuals in Genesis eventually had large numbers of descendants who were called after their ancestor's name. For example, Cush was the name of an individual. But, "Cush" also became the name of nation that his descendants formed. They were called "Cushites." If possible, when translating these names, the translator should make the individual's name and the nation's name similar. Examples of this are "Cush" and "Cushite" or "Moab" and "Moabite." Otherwise, the translator may say, "the descendants of Cush" or "the descendants of Moab."

### What do the phrases "to this day" or "of today" mean?

These phrases were used by the narrator to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" and "of today" refer to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written," or, "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in Gen. 19:37, 19:38, 22:14, 26:33, 32:32, 35:20, 47:26, 48:18.
-GEN 1 intro zb6f 0 # Genesis 01 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter presents the first account of God creating the world. There is a pattern to this account: "God said ... God saw that it was good ... This was evening and morning, the first day." Translators should preserve this pattern in their versions.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The universe

This account of creation is told within the framework of ancient Hebrew ideas about the universe: the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Over the earth was something like a vast dome, called "an expanse between the waters" (1:6), on top of which was more water. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.

#### Evening and morning

Genesis 1 presents the ancient Hebrew idea of a day: it begins with sunset, lasts through the night and continues through the daylight hours until the next sunset. This pattern should be preserved in translation, even if readers in the project language define "day" differently.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "In the beginning"

Some languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But "very long ago" is different from "in the beginning," and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly.

#### "God said, 'Let there be'"

This expression occurs often in this chapter. It can be difficult to translate, because God is not shown as talking to a particular person. If God is talking to a thing, it is something not yet in existence. Translators should find the most natural way in the project language to signal the idea that God spoke things into existence; he created the world and the things in it by simply commanding that they should exist.
+GEN 1 intro zb6f 0 # Genesis 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter presents the first account of God creating the world. There is a pattern to this account: "God said ... God saw that it was good ... This was evening and morning, the first day." Translators should preserve this pattern in their versions.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The universe

This account of creation is told within the framework of ancient Hebrew ideas about the universe: the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Over the earth was something like a vast dome, called "an expanse between the waters" (1:6), on top of which was more water. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.

### Evening and morning

Genesis 1 presents the ancient Hebrew idea of a day: it begins with sunset, lasts through the night and continues through the daylight hours until the next sunset. This pattern should be preserved in translation, even if readers in the project language define "day" differently.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "In the beginning"

Some languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But "very long ago" is different from "in the beginning," and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly.

### "God said, 'Let there be'"

This expression occurs often in this chapter. It can be difficult to translate, because God is not shown as talking to a particular person. If God is talking to a thing, it is something not yet in existence. Translators should find the most natural way in the project language to signal the idea that God spoke things into existence; he created the world and the things in it by simply commanding that they should exist.
GEN 1 1 f2mg 0 In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth "This is about how God made the heavens and the earth in the beginning." This statement summarizes the rest of the chapter. Some languages translate it as "A very long time ago God created the heavens and the earth." Translate it in a way that shows this actually happened and is not just a folk story. GEN 1 1 d49e 0 In the beginning This refers to the start of the world and everything in it. GEN 1 1 sk34 0 the heavens and the earth "the sky, the ground, and everything in them" @@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ GEN 1 31 re3q 0 Behold, it "This is true and important: it" GEN 1 31 r2m5 0 it was very good Now when God looked at everything he had made, it was "very good. "See how you translated "it was good" in [Genesis 1:10](../01/10.md). GEN 1 31 stn7 figs-merism 0 evening and morning This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) GEN 1 31 vqp1 0 the sixth day This refers to the sixth day that the universe existed. See how you translated "the first day" in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way. -GEN 2 intro nfp7 0 # Genesis 02 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Gen. 2:1-3 ends the first creation account, begun in the previous chapter. The second creation account, beginning in 2:4, is very different, using a more natural, story-telling style instead of following a set formula using repeated phrases. Translators should try to imitate this difference in their versions.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The second creation account in Gen. 2:4-25

Gen. 2:4-25 presents an account of creation from a different viewpoint than the one given in Gen. 1:1-2:3. This second account should be regarded as filling out the first account, not as conflicting with it.

#### Yahweh, the name of God

"Yahweh," the personal name of God in the Old Testament, appears for the first time in this chapter. Translators must decide how to represent it in their versions. For 2,000 years, it has been traditional for many Christians to represent it with the term "the Lord." Indeed, it is demanded by Roman Catholics for their Bible versions to continue doing this. Of course, the disadvantage of using "the Lord" is that this is a title for God, not a personal name. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]])

Translators who are not producing versions for Roman Catholics can consider transliterating the name "Yahweh," approximating the name as best as their project languages allow.

Or translators can consider using expressions for the supreme god that might exist in their project languages, such as, "The Great One," "The Ruler of All," "The One who Never Sleeps," etc. Of course, these are descriptive titles, not personal names, so they suffer from the same disadvantages that "the Lord" has.

Translators can also consider pairing a transliteration of "Yahweh" with a meaningful title for the supreme god in the project language. Whatever solution is found should be followed consistently when the name "Yahweh" occurs in the Scriptures.

#### The Garden of Eden

This was not a vegetable garden or cultivated field. Instead, it was probably a large area of land with fruit trees and other plants bearing leaves, etc., that were good to eat. A river flowed out from the Garden of Eden, giving the impression that the Garden was a holy place; in the ancient Near East, temples had gardens and waterways. In Rev. 22:1-2, the throne of God in the New Jerusalem is pictured with a river flowing out from it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
+GEN 2 intro nfp7 0 # Genesis 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Gen. 2:1-3 ends the first creation account, begun in the previous chapter. The second creation account, beginning in 2:4, is very different, using a more natural, story-telling style instead of following a set formula using repeated phrases. Translators should try to imitate this difference in their versions.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The second creation account in Gen. 2:4-25

Gen. 2:4-25 presents an account of creation from a different viewpoint than the one given in Gen. 1:1-2:3. This second account should be regarded as filling out the first account, not as conflicting with it.

### Yahweh, the name of God

"Yahweh," the personal name of God in the Old Testament, appears for the first time in this chapter. Translators must decide how to represent it in their versions. For 2,000 years, it has been traditional for many Christians to represent it with the term "the Lord." Indeed, it is demanded by Roman Catholics for their Bible versions to continue doing this. Of course, the disadvantage of using "the Lord" is that this is a title for God, not a personal name. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]])

Translators who are not producing versions for Roman Catholics can consider transliterating the name "Yahweh," approximating the name as best as their project languages allow.

Or translators can consider using expressions for the supreme god that might exist in their project languages, such as, "The Great One," "The Ruler of All," "The One who Never Sleeps," etc. Of course, these are descriptive titles, not personal names, so they suffer from the same disadvantages that "the Lord" has.

Translators can also consider pairing a transliteration of "Yahweh" with a meaningful title for the supreme god in the project language. Whatever solution is found should be followed consistently when the name "Yahweh" occurs in the Scriptures.

### The Garden of Eden

This was not a vegetable garden or cultivated field. Instead, it was probably a large area of land with fruit trees and other plants bearing leaves, etc., that were good to eat. A river flowed out from the Garden of Eden, giving the impression that the Garden was a holy place; in the ancient Near East, temples had gardens and waterways. In Rev. 22:1-2, the throne of God in the New Jerusalem is pictured with a river flowing out from it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
GEN 2 1 c32g 0 the heavens "the sky" or "the skies" GEN 2 1 u4a2 0 and all the living things that filled them "and all the many living things that are in them" or "and all the crowds of living things in them" GEN 2 1 yv5z figs-activepassive 0 were finished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God had finished creating them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ GEN 2 24 tr8p figs-idiom 0 they will become one flesh This idiom speaks of sexu GEN 2 25 h8mq 0 They were both naked The word "they" refers to the man and the woman that God had created. GEN 2 25 t8n2 0 naked "not wearing clothing" GEN 2 25 ir9e 0 but were not ashamed "they were not ashamed about being naked" -GEN 3 intro j7i3 0 # Genesis 03 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter continues the second creation account that began in Gen. 2:4. But a new section of this account begins in 3:1. The ULT reads, "Now the serpent was more shrewd than any other beast of the field which Yahweh God had made," because this is how the Scriptures introduce the serpent into the account. However, many languages prefer different ways to introduce new characters or things into stories, for example, "One of the wild animals made by God was the serpent" or "This is about the serpent, one of the wild animals that God had made."

Scholars typically refer to the events of this chapter as "the fall" or "the fall of man" because sin is introduced into creation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Curses

In this chapter, God curses the man, the woman, and the serpent for their sins. In general, cursing is calling down God's punishment on someone or something. In this chapter, however, it is God himself who is doing the cursing. Of course, he does not call down punishment on the man, the woman, and the serpent from someone else. Instead, he is promising that he himself will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])

#### Serpent
Most scholars believe that the serpent is Satan, even though his name is not used in this chapter. There are other places in Scripture where the serpent is used as an image for Satan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]))
+GEN 3 intro j7i3 0 # Genesis 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter continues the second creation account that began in Gen. 2:4. But a new section of this account begins in 3:1. The ULT reads, "Now the serpent was more shrewd than any other beast of the field which Yahweh God had made," because this is how the Scriptures introduce the serpent into the account. However, many languages prefer different ways to introduce new characters or things into stories, for example, "One of the wild animals made by God was the serpent" or "This is about the serpent, one of the wild animals that God had made."

Scholars typically refer to the events of this chapter as "the fall" or "the fall of man" because sin is introduced into creation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Curses

In this chapter, God curses the man, the woman, and the serpent for their sins. In general, cursing is calling down God's punishment on someone or something. In this chapter, however, it is God himself who is doing the cursing. Of course, he does not call down punishment on the man, the woman, and the serpent from someone else. Instead, he is promising that he himself will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])

### Serpent
Most scholars believe that the serpent is Satan, even though his name is not used in this chapter. There are other places in Scripture where the serpent is used as an image for Satan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]))
GEN 3 1 m3hl 0 Now The writer is beginning a new part of the story. GEN 3 1 v5dp 0 more shrewd "more cunning" or "smarter at getting what he wanted by telling lies" GEN 3 1 bp3b figs-rquestion 0 Has God really said, 'You ... garden'? The snake is pretending to be surprised that God has made this rule. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "I am surprised that God said, 'You ... garden.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ GEN 3 23 dri1 0 to cultivate This means to what is needed so that plants grow GEN 3 24 lwk4 0 So God drove the man out of the garden "God forced the man to leave the garden." This refers to the event in [Genesis 3:23](../03/23.md), where it says "Yahweh God sent him out of the garden of Eden." God did not send the man out a second time. GEN 3 24 jgc5 0 in order to guard the way to the tree of life "in order to stop people from going to the tree of life" GEN 3 24 uuj7 0 flaming sword Possible meanings are 1) a sword that had flames coming from it or 2) a fire that was shaped like a sword. Languages that do not have swords could use another weapon such as a spear or arrow. -GEN 4 intro a2f7 0 # Genesis 04 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Most of the text in this chapter is prose, but 4:23-24 is poetry. If the translator should put these two verses into poetic form, or at least into elegant speech, different from the rest of the chapter.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Vengeance

The theme of vengeance is important in this chapter. Ancient Hebrew society allowed for people to seek revenge if a relative was murdered. After Cain murdered his brother Abel, he thought that he would be helpless against this danger because he had been driven away from God's protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])

The theme of vengeance continues with the words of Lamech, who had killed someone for injuring him:
"I have killed a man for wounding me, a young man for bruising me. If Cain is avenged seven times as much, truly Lamech will be avenged seventy-seven times as much" (Gen. 4:23b-24).
+GEN 4 intro a2f7 0 # Genesis 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Most of the text in this chapter is prose, but 4:23-24 is poetry. If the translator should put these two verses into poetic form, or at least into elegant speech, different from the rest of the chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Vengeance

The theme of vengeance is important in this chapter. Ancient Hebrew society allowed for people to seek revenge if a relative was murdered. After Cain murdered his brother Abel, he thought that he would be helpless against this danger because he had been driven away from God's protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])

The theme of vengeance continues with the words of Lamech, who had killed someone for injuring him:
"I have killed a man for wounding me, a young man for bruising me. If Cain is avenged seven times as much, truly Lamech will be avenged seventy-seven times as much" (Gen. 4:23b-24).
GEN 4 1 eg45 figs-euphemism 0 The man knew Eve This is a polite way of saying that the man had sexual relations with Eve. You may need to use another euphemism in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) GEN 4 1 vph2 0 The man "the human being" or "Adam" GEN 4 1 l6v2 0 I have produced a man The word for "man" typically describes an adult male, rather than a baby or child. If that would cause confusion, it could be translated as "manchild" or "boy" or "baby boy" or "son." @@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ GEN 4 25 y7i8 figs-explicit 0 said, "God has given me another son This is the r GEN 4 25 t9w6 translate-names 0 Seth Translators may add a footnote that says "This name sounds like the Hebrew word that means 'has given.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 4 26 aua4 figs-explicit 0 A son was born to Seth This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "Seth's wife bore him a son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GEN 4 26 i4rs figs-explicit 0 to call on the name of Yahweh This is the first time people called God by the name Yahweh. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "to worship God by using the name Yahweh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GEN 5 intro v62r 0 # Genesis 05 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter provides the first of many lists of descendants in the Bible. This is not a simple list, because the author makes comments about each person. Translators should format this text in the way that is clearest in the project language. Many may choose to introduce each new person in a separate paragraph, as the ULT and UST do.
+GEN 5 intro v62r 0 # Genesis 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter provides the first of many lists of descendants in the Bible. This is not a simple list, because the author makes comments about each person. Translators should format this text in the way that is clearest in the project language. Many may choose to introduce each new person in a separate paragraph, as the ULT and UST do.
GEN 5 1 wj9n 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the list of Adam's descendants. GEN 5 1 qwp1 figs-pronouns 0 in his own likeness This phrase means that God made mankind to be like him. This verse does not tell in what ways God made people to be like himself. God does not have a body, so it does not mean that people would look like God. See how "after our likeness" is translated in [Genesis 1:26](../01/26.md). Alternate translation: "to truly be like us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) GEN 5 2 j6nz figs-activepassive 0 when they were created This can be made active. Alternate translation: "when he created them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ GEN 5 30 ah2j translate-numbers 0 595 years "five hundred and ninety-five years GEN 5 31 kv28 translate-numbers 0 Lamech lived 777 years "Lamech lived seven hundred seventy-seven years." Lamech lived a total of 777 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) GEN 5 32 z148 0 he became the father of "he had his sons." This does not tell us whether the sons were born on the same day or in different years. GEN 5 32 n65e 0 Shem, Ham, and Japheth These sons may not be listed in the order of their birth. There is disagreement about which one was the oldest. Avoid translating this in a way that implies that the list is in the order of their ages. -GEN 6 intro ak78 0 # Genesis 06 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Beginning in 6:22, the author gives statements summarizing events he tells about again in the text that follows. In the next chapter, the author sometimes gives summary statements that introduce events for the first time. If these statements, and the surrounding events, are not carefully translated, readers can believe that the same events happened twice or three times instead of only one time. Translators should be careful not to give this impression.
+GEN 6 intro ak78 0 # Genesis 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Beginning in 6:22, the author gives statements summarizing events he tells about again in the text that follows. In the next chapter, the author sometimes gives summary statements that introduce events for the first time. If these statements, and the surrounding events, are not carefully translated, readers can believe that the same events happened twice or three times instead of only one time. Translators should be careful not to give this impression.
GEN 6 1 x6gk 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. GEN 6 1 dj4v figs-activepassive 0 daughters were born to them This can be active. Alternate translation: "the women bore daughters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) GEN 6 2 l1va 0 sons of God Translators could add a footnote saying: "It is not clear whether this refers to heavenly beings or human beings. In either case, they were beings that God created." Some believe these words refer to angels who rebelled against God, that is, evil spirits or demons. Others think this may refer to powerful political rulers, and others think this may refer to the descendants of Seth. @@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ GEN 6 20 msl4 0 to keep them alive "so you can keep them alive" GEN 6 21 w126 figs-you 0 yourself ... you These refer to Noah and are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) GEN 6 21 bbh4 0 food that is eaten "food that people and animals eat" GEN 6 22 df5r figs-parallelism 0 So Noah did this. According to all that God commanded him, so he did These two sentences mean the same thing. The second sentence explains the first and emphasizes that Noah obeyed God. These parallel sentences can be combined into one. Alternate translation: "So Noah did everything that God commanded him to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -GEN 7 intro n23k 0 # Genesis 07 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

In this chapter, the author continues his pattern of statements that summarize events already described, and of repeating events that have already happened. Again, careful translation is necessary so that readers do not think that the same events happened more than one time in the story. Special attention in this regard should be given to 7:5,10,13, and 17.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Clean animals and birds

Noah sacrificed to Yahweh some of the "clean" animals and birds that he had with him (8:20). These were animals and birds that the Hebrew people would later consider to be fit to eat and to sacrifice to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])

#### Water underneath and over the earth

The flood is presented as occurring because of rain pouring out of the sky and because of seawater rising from under the earth. This is because the ancient Hebrews pictured the earth as resting on top of the sea. They also pictured the sky as containing water above the earth that poured down through windows in the sky when God allowed it to rain. Translators should not try to change this picture in order to suit what readers believe about the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])
+GEN 7 intro n23k 0 # Genesis 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

In this chapter, the author continues his pattern of statements that summarize events already described, and of repeating events that have already happened. Again, careful translation is necessary so that readers do not think that the same events happened more than one time in the story. Special attention in this regard should be given to 7:5,10,13, and 17.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Clean animals and birds

Noah sacrificed to Yahweh some of the "clean" animals and birds that he had with him (8:20). These were animals and birds that the Hebrew people would later consider to be fit to eat and to sacrifice to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])

### Water underneath and over the earth

The flood is presented as occurring because of rain pouring out of the sky and because of seawater rising from under the earth. This is because the ancient Hebrews pictured the earth as resting on top of the sea. They also pictured the sky as containing water above the earth that poured down through windows in the sky when God allowed it to rain. Translators should not try to change this picture in order to suit what readers believe about the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])
GEN 7 1 n13c 0 General Information: The events in this chapter take place after Noah built the ark, gathered the food, and put it in the ark. GEN 7 1 iml7 figs-go 0 Come ... into the ark "Enter ... into the ark." Many translations read "Go ... into the ark." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) GEN 7 1 lh4z figs-you 0 you The word "you" refers to Noah and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ GEN 7 23 wvw2 figs-activepassive 0 They were all destroyed This can be stated i GEN 7 23 pnx5 0 from the earth "so they were no longer on the earth" GEN 7 23 drq1 0 those with him "the people and animals that were with him" GEN 7 23 g46l 0 were left "remained" or "lived" or "remained alive" -GEN 8 intro z61w 0 # Genesis 08 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:22, which is part of what Yahweh was telling Noah.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Flood waters
The waters receded after this great flood. Because there was so much water, and it came from God, it is described in a unique way.

#### The mountains of Ararat
It is unclear where Ararat was located. Many people believe it is located in the modern country of Turkey.
+GEN 8 intro z61w 0 # Genesis 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:22, which is part of what Yahweh was telling Noah.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Flood waters
The waters receded after this great flood. Because there was so much water, and it came from God, it is described in a unique way.

### The mountains of Ararat
It is unclear where Ararat was located. Many people believe it is located in the modern country of Turkey.
GEN 8 1 vs3j 0 considered Noah "remembered Noah" or "decided to help Noah" GEN 8 1 xtv9 0 ark This refers to a very large box that would be able to float on water even in a very bad storm. See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:14](../06/14.md). Alternate translation: "a large boat" or "a ship" or "a barge" GEN 8 2 zi8q figs-activepassive 0 The fountains of the deep and the windows of heaven were closed "The water stopped coming out of the ground and the rain stopped falling." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God closed the fountains of the deep and the windows of heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ GEN 8 22 v7fe figs-merism 0 cold and heat, summer and winter These expressions GEN 8 22 wu43 0 summer the hot, dry time of the year GEN 8 22 t9hn 0 winter the cool, wet or snowy time of the year GEN 8 22 vy7b figs-doublenegatives 0 will not cease "will not cease to exist" or "will not cease to occur." This can be expressed in a positive manner. Alternate translation: "will continue" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -GEN 9 intro at1n 0 # Genesis 09 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers or songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of 9:6-7, which is the poetic part of the quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. They also set apart 9:25-27, which contains two quotations.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:6 and 9:25-27.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Man's relationship to animals
There is a noticeable shift in man's relationship with the animals on the earth. Before the flood, there apparently was harmony between man and the animals. After the flood, the animals fear man and man is permitted to eat the animals, something he was not allowed to do previously. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

#### Life in the blood
This chapter introduces the concept that there is life in the blood of an animal and in man. In Hebrew thought, blood represents the life present in a living thing. This is an image used throughout Scripture. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])

#### Covenant with Noah
God made a covenant with Noah. This covenant was an unconditional promise God made to never destroy the whole world with a flood. Rainbows are a perpetual sign of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

#### A father's nakedness
In Noah's culture, it was unacceptable to see a father's nakedness. It was wrong for Ham to show his brothers their father's nakedness. Ham's actions were insulting or disrespectful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth"
This is a command that God gives. He expects Noah to obey him.
+GEN 9 intro at1n 0 # Genesis 09 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers or songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of 9:6-7, which is the poetic part of the quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. They also set apart 9:25-27, which contains two quotations.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:6 and 9:25-27.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Man's relationship to animals
There is a noticeable shift in man's relationship with the animals on the earth. Before the flood, there apparently was harmony between man and the animals. After the flood, the animals fear man and man is permitted to eat the animals, something he was not allowed to do previously. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Life in the blood
This chapter introduces the concept that there is life in the blood of an animal and in man. In Hebrew thought, blood represents the life present in a living thing. This is an image used throughout Scripture. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])

### Covenant with Noah
God made a covenant with Noah. This covenant was an unconditional promise God made to never destroy the whole world with a flood. Rainbows are a perpetual sign of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

### A father's nakedness
In Noah's culture, it was unacceptable to see a father's nakedness. It was wrong for Ham to show his brothers their father's nakedness. Ham's actions were insulting or disrespectful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth"
This is a command that God gives. He expects Noah to obey him.
GEN 9 1 bpc9 figs-doublet 0 Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth This is God's blessing. He told Noah and his family to produce more humans like themselves, so that there would be many of them. The word "multiply" explains how they are to be "fruitful." See how you translated these commands in [Genesis 1:28](../01/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) GEN 9 2 e28l figs-metaphor 0 The fear of you and the dread of you will be upon every living animal ... and upon all the fish of the sea The writer speaks of fear and dread as if they were physical objects that could be upon the animals. Alternate translation: "Every living animal ... and all the fish of the sea will be dreadfully afraid of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GEN 9 2 ax85 figs-doublet 0 The fear of you and the dread of you The words "fear" and "dread" mean basically the same thing and emphasize how afraid the animals will be of mankind. Alternate translation: "A dreadful fear of you" or "A terrible fear of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ GEN 9 27 s54q 0 May Canaan be his servant "And let Canaan be Shem's servant." GEN 9 27 hh2y 0 May God extend the territory of Japheth Possible meanings are 1) "May God make Japheth's territory larger" or 2) "May God cause Japheth to have many descendants." GEN 9 27 bxj1 0 let him make his home in the tents of Shem "let him leave peacefully with Shem." This includes Japheth's and Shem's descendants. GEN 9 27 x2sl 0 May Canaan be his servant "Let Canaan be Japheth's servant." This includes Canaan's and Japheth's descendants. -GEN 10 intro z42v 0 # Genesis 10 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a genealogical record. It also records the location of ancient people groups.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Assyria and Nineveh
While these places may be located in the same area as the Assyria mentioned later in Scripture, they are not the same kingdom.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "Sons were born to"
This is an unusual phrase meaning "were sons of." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+GEN 10 intro z42v 0 # Genesis 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a genealogical record. It also records the location of ancient people groups.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Assyria and Nineveh
While these places may be located in the same area as the Assyria mentioned later in Scripture, they are not the same kingdom.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "Sons were born to"
This is an unusual phrase meaning "were sons of." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 10 1 h24x 0 These were the descendants of the sons of Noah "This is the account of Noah's sons." This sentence introduces the account of Noah's descendants in Genesis 10:1-11:9. GEN 10 5 w1ea 0 From these the coastland peoples separated and went into their lands "Javan's sons and descendants separated and moved to the coastlands and islands" GEN 10 5 pl9t 0 coastland peoples This refers to people who lived along the coast and on the islands. @@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ GEN 10 32 lws8 0 These were the clans This refers back to all the people liste GEN 10 32 rr78 0 according to "listed by" GEN 10 32 a96c 0 From these the nations separated and went over the earth "From these clans the nations divided and spread over the earth" or "These clans divided from each other and formed the nations of the earth" GEN 10 32 bp4b figs-explicit 0 after the flood This can be stated clearly or more explicitly. Alternate translation: "after the flood destroyed the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GEN 11 intro ecl3 0 # Genesis 11 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter is a story traditionally referred to as the "Tower of Babel."

This chapter seeks to answer the questions: why do people speak different languages? how did people become so dispersed across the earth? God's punishment described in this chapter may also explain why the world has racial and ethnic divisions.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Age of people when they die
After the flood, people began to live shorter lives. This chapter begins to record the shortening of the average lifespan.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Personification
The statement "Yahweh came down to see" is a type of personification. Yahweh always knows what happens on earth. This statement indicates that Yahweh is about to bring judgment on mankind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "Let us build ourselves a city and a tower whose top will reach to the sky"
The people were very full of pride and rebelled against God in this action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GEN 11 intro ecl3 0 # Genesis 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is a story traditionally referred to as the "Tower of Babel."

This chapter seeks to answer the questions: why do people speak different languages? how did people become so dispersed across the earth? God's punishment described in this chapter may also explain why the world has racial and ethnic divisions.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Age of people when they die
After the flood, people began to live shorter lives. This chapter begins to record the shortening of the average lifespan.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Personification
The statement "Yahweh came down to see" is a type of personification. Yahweh always knows what happens on earth. This statement indicates that Yahweh is about to bring judgment on mankind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "Let us build ourselves a city and a tower whose top will reach to the sky"
The people were very full of pride and rebelled against God in this action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 11 1 ar7x 0 Now This word shows that the writer is beginning a new part of the story. GEN 11 1 gr4c figs-metonymy 0 the whole earth This represents all the people on the earth. Alternate translation: "all the people on the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) GEN 11 1 y7c6 figs-parallelism 0 used one language and had the same words These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that all people spoke the same language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ GEN 11 31 cu9g 0 his Here the word "his" refers to Terah. GEN 11 31 tj9e 0 Sarai his daughter-in-law, his son Abram's wife "his daughter-in-law Sarai, who was the wife of his son Abram" GEN 11 31 h4pi 0 Haran ... Haran These are two different names and they are spelled differently in Hebrew. One refers to a person and the other refers to a city. (The "h" sound in the city's name is louder than the "h" sound in the person's name.) You might choose to spell them differently in your language to show this. GEN 11 32 lt94 translate-numbers 0 205 years "two hundred and five years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -GEN 12 intro b9wm 0 # Genesis 12 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Abram
When God said, "Go from your country, and from your relatives," he established several new people groups. These groups descended from Abram.

#### God's covenant with Abraham
God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "They will kill me"
Abram was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarai to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abram's sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
+GEN 12 intro b9wm 0 # Genesis 12 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Abram
When God said, "Go from your country, and from your relatives," he established several new people groups. These groups descended from Abram.

### God's covenant with Abraham
God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "They will kill me"
Abram was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarai to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abram's sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
GEN 12 1 k9r8 0 Now This word is used to mark a new part of the story. GEN 12 1 d1lk 0 Go from your country, and from your relatives "Go from your land, from your family" GEN 12 2 hc9y figs-metonymy 0 I will make of you a great nation Here "you" is singular and refers to Abram, but Abram represents his descendants. Alternate translation: "I will start a great nation through you" or "I will make your descendants become a great nation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ GEN 12 18 r9kt 0 Pharaoh summoned Abram "Pharaoh called Abram" or "Pharaoh ord GEN 12 18 e9mt figs-rquestion 0 What is this that you have done to me? Pharaoh used this rhetorical question to show how angry he was about what Abram had done to him. It can also be stated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: "You have done a terrible thing to me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) GEN 12 20 f2i8 0 Then Pharaoh gave orders to his men concerning him "Then Pharaoh directed his officials concerning Abram" GEN 12 20 edz8 0 they sent him away, along with his wife and all that he had "the officials sent Abram away from Pharoah, with his wife and all his possessions" -GEN 13 intro qch2 0 # Genesis 13 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Abram's faith
Since the land could not support both Lot's and Abraham's family, they each went their own way. Even though good land was not plentiful, Abraham allowed Lot to choose the better land because he trusted in God to fulfill his promises. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

#### God's covenant with Abram

God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. This chapter continues the covenant which began in the previous chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Built an altar
Abram would have built an altar in order to offer sacrifices to Yahweh. There is an implicit understanding that building an altar was an act of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GEN 13 intro qch2 0 # Genesis 13 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Abram's faith
Since the land could not support both Lot's and Abraham's family, they each went their own way. Even though good land was not plentiful, Abraham allowed Lot to choose the better land because he trusted in God to fulfill his promises. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

### God's covenant with Abram

God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. This chapter continues the covenant which began in the previous chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Built an altar
Abram would have built an altar in order to offer sacrifices to Yahweh. There is an implicit understanding that building an altar was an act of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 13 1 sjz2 0 went up from "left" or "departed from" GEN 13 1 ige2 figs-explicit 0 went into the Negev The Negev was a desert region in southern Canaan, west of Egypt. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "went back to the Negev desert" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GEN 13 2 bty5 0 Abram was very rich in animals, in silver, and in gold "Abram had many animals, much silver, and much gold" @@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ GEN 13 17 xil7 0 walk through the length and breadth of the land "walk around GEN 13 18 zy7q translate-names 0 Mamre This was the name of the man who owned the oak trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 13 18 is6e translate-names 0 Hebron This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 13 18 xw41 0 an altar to Yahweh "an altar for worshiping Yahweh" -GEN 14 intro hz9l 0 # Genesis 14 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:19-20.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Names of places
Sometimes the names of places in Scripture are referred to by the name used during the time of the writer. For example, the location referred to as Dan was not yet known by that name because Dan had not yet come to live there. Moses, the author of Genesis, would have known this location as Dan.

#### Melchizedek
Melchizedek was both a priest and a king. Because of this, he parallels the roles of Jesus. Melchizedek is an important figure in the book of Hebrews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### God Most High

Melchizedek worshiped the God Most High. This is probably a reference to the true and only God who created the heavens and the earth and came to be known as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])
+GEN 14 intro hz9l 0 # Genesis 14 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:19-20.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Names of places
Sometimes the names of places in Scripture are referred to by the name used during the time of the writer. For example, the location referred to as Dan was not yet known by that name because Dan had not yet come to live there. Moses, the author of Genesis, would have known this location as Dan.

### Melchizedek
Melchizedek was both a priest and a king. Because of this, he parallels the roles of Jesus. Melchizedek is an important figure in the book of Hebrews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### God Most High

Melchizedek worshiped the God Most High. This is probably a reference to the true and only God who created the heavens and the earth and came to be known as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])
GEN 14 1 zbz3 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. GEN 14 1 p95i 0 in the days of "in the time of" GEN 14 1 e5wj translate-names 0 Amraphel ... Arioch ... Kedorlaomer ... Tidal These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ GEN 14 22 pw78 0 I have lifted up my hand This means "I have taken an oath" or GEN 14 24 fd75 0 I will take nothing except what the young men have eaten "I take from you only what my young men have already eaten." Abram was refusing to accept anything for himself, but acknowledged that the soldiers had eaten some of the supplies during the journey back to Sodom after the battle. GEN 14 24 xk3g figs-explicit 0 the share of the men that went with me The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "the share of the recovered property that belongs to the men who helped me get it back" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GEN 14 24 dn4x figs-explicit 0 Aner, Eshkol, and Mamre These are the allies of Abram ([Genesis 14:13](../14/13.md)). Because they were Abram's allies they fought battles alongside him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "my allies Aner, Eshkol, and Mamre" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GEN 15 intro b77u 0 # Genesis 15 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Inheritance
In the ancient Near East, a person's children inherited the property and land of their parents. Abraham doubted the fulfillment of God's covenant because he did not have any children to whom to give his land. This showed a lack of faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]],[[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

#### Fulfilling a promise
In the ancient Near East, two people performed a similar sacrifice by dividing animals in half. It was a way to say to the other person, "may this happen to me if I do not fulfill my promise." The event recorded here indicates that God will fulfill his promise and only he is responsible for bringing it about. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

#### God's covenant with Abraham

God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. This covenant has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety.
+GEN 15 intro b77u 0 # Genesis 15 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Inheritance
In the ancient Near East, a person's children inherited the property and land of their parents. Abraham doubted the fulfillment of God's covenant because he did not have any children to whom to give his land. This showed a lack of faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]],[[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

### Fulfilling a promise
In the ancient Near East, two people performed a similar sacrifice by dividing animals in half. It was a way to say to the other person, "may this happen to me if I do not fulfill my promise." The event recorded here indicates that God will fulfill his promise and only he is responsible for bringing it about. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

### God's covenant with Abraham

God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. This covenant has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety.
GEN 15 1 u7m1 0 After these things "These things" refers to when the kings fought and Abram rescued Lot. GEN 15 1 y6sg figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Abram in a vision, saying, "Fear The idiom "the word of Yahweh came to" is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: "Yahweh gave a message to Abram in a vision. He said, 'Fear" or "Yahweh spoke this message to Abram in a vision: 'Fear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) GEN 15 1 f5jx figs-metaphor 0 shield ... reward God used these two metaphors to tell Abram about his character and his relationship to Abram. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -844,7 +844,7 @@ GEN 15 18 n51q 0 I hereby give this land By saying this, God was giving the la GEN 15 19 z53u translate-names 0 the Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kadmonites These are the names of groups of people who lived in that land. God would allow Abraham's descendants to conquer these people and take their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 15 20 s5a4 translate-names 0 the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Rephaites These are the names of groups of people who lived in that land. God would allow Abraham's descendants to conquer these people and take their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 15 21 x8uz translate-names 0 the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Girgashites, and the Jebusites These are the names of groups of people who lived in that land. God would allow Abraham's descendants to conquer these people and take their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -GEN 16 intro hcf5 0 # Genesis 16 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:11-12.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Plural marriage
Abram married Hagar while he was also married to Sarai. Even though Abram had his wife's permission, this was an immoral and sinful action. It also showed a lack of faith in God. Sarai quickly became jealous of Hagar. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GEN 16 intro hcf5 0 # Genesis 16 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:11-12.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Plural marriage
Abram married Hagar while he was also married to Sarai. Even though Abram had his wife's permission, this was an immoral and sinful action. It also showed a lack of faith in God. Sarai quickly became jealous of Hagar. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 16 1 g63i writing-background 0 Now This word is used in English to introduce a new part of the story and background information about Sarai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) GEN 16 1 qvt5 0 female servant "slave-girl." This type of slave would serve the woman of the household. GEN 16 2 mi22 0 from having children "from giving birth to children" @@ -890,7 +890,7 @@ GEN 16 15 x6tu figs-explicit 0 Hagar gave birth Hagar's return to Sarai and Abr GEN 16 15 g9my 0 named his son, whom Hagar bore "named his son by Hagar" or "named his and Hagar's son" GEN 16 16 cdy2 writing-background 0 Abram was This introduces background information about Abram's age when these things happened. Your language may have a special way to mark background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) GEN 16 16 e7x4 0 bore Ishmael to Abram This means "gave birth to Abram's son, Ishmael." The focus is on Abram having a son. -GEN 17 intro ry14 0 # Genesis 17 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### "The father of a multitude of nations"
Abram came to have many descendants. He had so many descendants that many of his immediate descendants became large people groups and nations.

#### God's covenant with Abraham

God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. It is important to note in this chapter that Isaac is the son who receives the promises associated with the covenant and not Ishmael. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

#### Circumcision
Circumcision was an unusual practice in the ancient Near East. It served to separate the Hebrew people from the rest of the world. This chapter records the beginning of this practice among Abraham and his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])

#### Name change
In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person's life. The beginning of the practice of circumcision was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people.
+GEN 17 intro ry14 0 # Genesis 17 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### "The father of a multitude of nations"
Abram came to have many descendants. He had so many descendants that many of his immediate descendants became large people groups and nations.

### God's covenant with Abraham

God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. It is important to note in this chapter that Isaac is the son who receives the promises associated with the covenant and not Ishmael. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

### Circumcision
Circumcision was an unusual practice in the ancient Near East. It served to separate the Hebrew people from the rest of the world. This chapter records the beginning of this practice among Abraham and his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])

### Name change
In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person's life. The beginning of the practice of circumcision was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people.
GEN 17 1 e289 0 When Abram was ninety-nine years old This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. GEN 17 1 j61v 0 God Almighty "the all-powerful God" or "the God who has all power" GEN 17 1 cp7w figs-metaphor 0 Walk before me Walking is a metaphor for living, and "before me" or "in my presence" here is a metaphor for obedience. Alternate translation: "Live the way I want you to" or "Obey me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ GEN 17 23 nxp3 0 every male among the men of Abraham's household "every human GEN 17 27 rgk6 0 including those born into the household and those bought with money from a foreigner "This includes those who were born in his household and those he had bought from foreigners" GEN 17 27 a2ym 0 those bought with money from a foreigner This refers to servants or slaves. GEN 17 27 xq3b figs-activepassive 0 those bought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom he had bought" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GEN 18 intro ky5w 0 # Genesis 18 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Three men
The three men who visited Abraham were probably angels. This is evident from Abraham's reaction to them. Also, it appears Abraham knew that he was speaking directly to Yahweh through these men. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/angel]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

#### Disbelief
When Sarah heard the news that she was going to have a baby, she laughed in disbelief because she was considered too old to have a baby. She also asked a rhetorical question in order to further show her disbelief. This would have been considered an insult to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

In his exchange with God, Abraham did not show any sign of unbelief. Instead, he is asking God for mercy because he trusted in the character of God. He does not question God's power to accomplish things as Sarah had done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Sarah's age

It should be apparent that Sarah was physically no longer able to have children because of her age. There is a natural period in a woman's life when she stops being able to have children. The text assumes the reader understands that Sarah has already experienced this event. In English, this is called "menopause." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GEN 18 intro ky5w 0 # Genesis 18 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Three men
The three men who visited Abraham were probably angels. This is evident from Abraham's reaction to them. Also, it appears Abraham knew that he was speaking directly to Yahweh through these men. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/angel]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Disbelief
When Sarah heard the news that she was going to have a baby, she laughed in disbelief because she was considered too old to have a baby. She also asked a rhetorical question in order to further show her disbelief. This would have been considered an insult to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

In his exchange with God, Abraham did not show any sign of unbelief. Instead, he is asking God for mercy because he trusted in the character of God. He does not question God's power to accomplish things as Sarah had done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Sarah's age

It should be apparent that Sarah was physically no longer able to have children because of her age. There is a natural period in a woman's life when she stops being able to have children. The text assumes the reader understands that Sarah has already experienced this event. In English, this is called "menopause." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 18 1 a3at 0 Mamre This was the name of the man who owned the oak trees. GEN 18 1 ra4w 0 in the tent doorway "at the opening of the tent" or "at the entrance of the tent" GEN 18 1 u27f 0 heat of the day "hottest time of day" @@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@ GEN 18 32 q1p9 0 Perhaps ten "Perhaps ten righteous people" or "ten good peopl GEN 18 32 ak2y 0 Then he said "And Yahweh answered" GEN 18 32 d335 0 for the ten's sake "if I find ten righteous people there" GEN 18 33 wum8 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh went on his way Here "went on his way" is an idiom that means he left, or he continued his journey. Yahweh appeared to Abraham in human form as a traveler. Alternate translation: "Yahweh departed" or "Yahweh continued on his journey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -GEN 19 intro hb2x 0 # Genesis 19 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The evil desires of the Sodomites
The men of Sodom desired to forcibly have sexual relations with the angels who came to the city appearing as men. Such action is known as "rape." Their desire was viewed as especially evil because Lot was obligated to protect his guests at all costs, even that of sacrificing his own children for his guests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

#### Hospitality
Hospitality, or being kind to a visitor, was very important in the Ancient Near East. Lot showed his guests loyalty by doing his utmost to protect them from the people of Sodom.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Contrasts
It is probable that Abraham's faith and actions in chapter 18 are intended to contrast with the actions of the worldly Sodomites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
+GEN 19 intro hb2x 0 # Genesis 19 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The evil desires of the Sodomites
The men of Sodom desired to forcibly have sexual relations with the angels who came to the city appearing as men. Such action is known as "rape." Their desire was viewed as especially evil because Lot was obligated to protect his guests at all costs, even that of sacrificing his own children for his guests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

### Hospitality
Hospitality, or being kind to a visitor, was very important in the Ancient Near East. Lot showed his guests loyalty by doing his utmost to protect them from the people of Sodom.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Contrasts
It is probable that Abraham's faith and actions in chapter 18 are intended to contrast with the actions of the worldly Sodomites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
GEN 19 1 uh7h 0 The two angels The two men who have gone to Sodom ([Genesis 18:22](../18/22.md)) are really angels. GEN 19 1 b4sb 0 the gate of Sodom "the entrance to the city of Sodom." The city had a wall around it, and people had to go through a gate to get into it. This was a very important place in a city. Important people often spent time there. GEN 19 1 ny92 0 bowed down with his face to the ground He put his knees on the ground then touched his forehead and nose to the ground. @@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ GEN 19 37 u4u4 0 the Moabites of today "the Moab people who are now living" GEN 19 37 lre9 0 of today The word "today" refers to the time when the author of Genesis was living. The author was born and wrote this many years after Lot's family lived and died. GEN 19 38 tbc3 translate-names 0 Ben-Ammi This is a male name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 19 38 kpi7 0 the people of Ammon "the descendants of Ammon" or "the Ammon people" -GEN 20 intro m5j1 0 # Genesis 20 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### "She is my sister"
Abraham was afraid the people of Gerar would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abraham's sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Irony
Abraham believed that the people of Gerar did not fear Yahweh, but when confronted by Yahweh, the king showed that he feared Yahweh. Instead, it was Abraham who did not show any fear of Yahweh when he sinned. This is irony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+GEN 20 intro m5j1 0 # Genesis 20 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### "She is my sister"
Abraham was afraid the people of Gerar would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abraham's sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Irony
Abraham believed that the people of Gerar did not fear Yahweh, but when confronted by Yahweh, the king showed that he feared Yahweh. Instead, it was Abraham who did not show any fear of Yahweh when he sinned. This is irony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
GEN 20 1 pym2 translate-names 0 Shur This is a desert region on the eastern border of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 20 2 zga1 0 sent for Sarah and took her "made his men go get Sarah and bring her to him" GEN 20 3 v444 0 God came to Abimelech "God appeared to Abimelech" @@ -1197,7 +1197,7 @@ GEN 20 16 gpn5 figs-metaphor 0 in the eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seein GEN 20 16 id4c figs-activepassive 0 before everyone, you are completely made right The passive phrase "made right" can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "everyone will know that you are innocent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) GEN 20 18 wr3n 0 completely infertile "totally unable to have children" GEN 20 18 z9nv figs-explicit 0 because of Sarah, Abraham's wife The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "because Abimelech had taken Abraham's wife Sarah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GEN 21 intro cru4 0 # Genesis 21 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Sarah's anger
After Sarah was able to have her own child, and he survived infancy, she began to get angry with Abraham's other son, Ishmael. He would have been a constant reminder of her own sin. God blessed Ishmael, but he was not able to inherit the promises given to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])

#### Abandoning Ishmael
According to the law at this time, Hagar was able to gain her freedom from slavery by abandoning any claim to receive an inheritance. This is why Hagar would have abandoned her son under the tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

#### Treaty
The Gentile king, Abimelech, made a covenant or treaty with Abraham. It is possible that he did this because he recognized the power of Abraham's God, but his exact reasons are unknown. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
+GEN 21 intro cru4 0 # Genesis 21 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sarah's anger
After Sarah was able to have her own child, and he survived infancy, she began to get angry with Abraham's other son, Ishmael. He would have been a constant reminder of her own sin. God blessed Ishmael, but he was not able to inherit the promises given to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])

### Abandoning Ishmael
According to the law at this time, Hagar was able to gain her freedom from slavery by abandoning any claim to receive an inheritance. This is why Hagar would have abandoned her son under the tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Treaty
The Gentile king, Abimelech, made a covenant or treaty with Abraham. It is possible that he did this because he recognized the power of Abraham's God, but his exact reasons are unknown. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
GEN 21 1 f988 figs-explicit 0 Yahweh paid attention to Sarah Here the phrase "paid attention to" refers to Yahweh helping Sarah have a baby. Alternate translation: "Yahweh helped Sarah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GEN 21 2 waa9 0 bore a son to Abraham "gave birth to Abraham's son" GEN 21 2 xm5n 0 in his old age "when Abraham was very old" @@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ GEN 21 32 nu8h 0 Phicol This is the name of a man. See how you translated this GEN 21 33 nb3h translate-unknown 0 a tamarisk tree This is an evergreen tree that can grow in the desert. It can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: "a tree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) GEN 21 33 hss3 0 the eternal God "the God who lives forever" GEN 21 34 q54a 0 many days "for a long time" -GEN 22 intro eq6l 0 # Genesis 22 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Sacrificing his son
Although Isaac was not Abraham's only son, he was the son who was to inherit Abraham's promised blessings. It is possible this parallels God's actual sacrifice of his son, Jesus, for the sins of man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Covenant affirmation
After important events, it is common for Scripture to affirm the tenants of a covenant. This serves as a reminder of the covenant and affirms it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### God tests Abraham
Extra care should be taken when translating "testing." It is best to avoid using the same word used for "tempting" even though they overlap in meaning. This is because Scripture also says God does not tempt anyone. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tempt]] and [James 2:13](../../jas/02/13.md))
+GEN 22 intro eq6l 0 # Genesis 22 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sacrificing his son
Although Isaac was not Abraham's only son, he was the son who was to inherit Abraham's promised blessings. It is possible this parallels God's actual sacrifice of his son, Jesus, for the sins of man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Covenant affirmation
After important events, it is common for Scripture to affirm the tenants of a covenant. This serves as a reminder of the covenant and affirms it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### God tests Abraham
Extra care should be taken when translating "testing." It is best to avoid using the same word used for "tempting" even though they overlap in meaning. This is because Scripture also says God does not tempt anyone. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tempt]] and [James 2:13](../../jas/02/13.md))
GEN 22 1 v5l5 writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) GEN 22 1 l21s 0 after these things This phrase refers to the events in chapter 21. GEN 22 1 n2k1 figs-explicit 0 God tested Abraham It is implied that God tests Abraham to learn if Abraham will be faithful to him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: God tested Abraham's faithfulness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1353,7 +1353,7 @@ GEN 22 24 v3k2 0 His concubine "Nahor's concubine" GEN 22 24 td3e translate-names 0 Reumah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 22 24 uvx4 0 also bore "also gave birth to" GEN 22 24 km7f translate-names 0 Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -GEN 23 intro m5kz 0 # Genesis 23 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Abraham's character
Abraham's interaction with the people show that he was greatly respected. This would have been unusual for a foreigner and indicates that Abraham was a man of great character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

#### Burial
Burial was a common practice when Abraham lived, but only the wealthy were able to bury their dead relatives in this way.
+GEN 23 intro m5kz 0 # Genesis 23 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Abraham's character
Abraham's interaction with the people show that he was greatly respected. This would have been unusual for a foreigner and indicates that Abraham was a man of great character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Burial
Burial was a common practice when Abraham lived, but only the wealthy were able to bury their dead relatives in this way.
GEN 23 1 by7k translate-numbers 0 Sarah lived a hundred and twenty-seven years "Sarah lived 127 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) GEN 23 1 dq7c figs-doublet 0 These were the years of the life of Sarah Some translations do not include this sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) GEN 23 2 bm76 translate-names 0 Kiriath Arba This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1427,7 +1427,7 @@ GEN 23 19 b38v 0 the field of Machpelah "the field in Machpelah" GEN 23 19 ey3f 0 that is, Hebron Possible meanings are 1) Mamre was another name for Hebron or 2) Hebron was formerly called Mamre or 3) Mamre was very near the larger city of Hebron, so people usually called it Hebron. GEN 23 20 cs4e 0 passed to Abraham as a property for a burial place from the sons of Heth "became Abraham's property for a burial ground when he bought it from the sons of Heth" GEN 23 20 fx6q translate-names 0 the sons of Heth Here "sons" stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: "the descendants of Heth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -GEN 24 intro t2cz 0 # Genesis 24 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 24:60.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Intermarriage

Abraham would not allow his son to marry anyone from the people of Canaan. This is because it would cause his son to worship other gods. Intermarriage and worshiping false gods are things that frequently caused Abraham's descendants to struggle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])

#### Abraham's wealth

There are many instances recorded in this chapter which highlight Abraham's significant wealth. He owned more than 10 camels and had large amounts of gold.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "Put your hand under my thigh"

Many scholars believe this is a euphemism. Putting one's hand on a man's genitals was a way to make an important oath. It represented power and progeny. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
+GEN 24 intro t2cz 0 # Genesis 24 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 24:60.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Intermarriage

Abraham would not allow his son to marry anyone from the people of Canaan. This is because it would cause his son to worship other gods. Intermarriage and worshiping false gods are things that frequently caused Abraham's descendants to struggle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])

### Abraham's wealth

There are many instances recorded in this chapter which highlight Abraham's significant wealth. He owned more than 10 camels and had large amounts of gold.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "Put your hand under my thigh"

Many scholars believe this is a euphemism. Putting one's hand on a man's genitals was a way to make an important oath. It represented power and progeny. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 24 1 swv5 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author starts to tell a new part of the story. GEN 24 2 ebr3 translate-symaction 0 Put your hand under my thigh Abraham was about to ask the servant to swear to do something. Putting his hand under Abraham's thigh would show that he would certainly do what he would swear to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) GEN 24 3 f2nf figs-imperative 0 I will make you swear This can be expressed as a command. Alternate translation: "swear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) @@ -1611,7 +1611,7 @@ GEN 24 65 ai22 translate-symaction 0 So she took her veil, and covered herself GEN 24 65 x2me 0 veil a piece of cloth used to cover a person's head, shoulders and face GEN 24 67 c5ut figs-doublet 0 took Rebekah, and she became his wife Both of these phrases mean that Isaac married Rebekah. Alternate translation: "married Rebekah" or "took her as his wife" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) GEN 24 67 h9zw figs-activepassive 0 So Isaac was comforted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "So Rebekah comforted Isaac" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -GEN 25 intro ig86 0 # Genesis 25 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 25:23.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Polygamy
Abraham married another wife. This was sinful of him. Many other Hebrew leaders came to marry multiple wives. This is known as "polygamy." It has never been an acceptable practice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Inheritance
In the ancient Near East, inheritance was passed on through the eldest son. Even though Esau and Jacob were twins, it is very important that Esau was born first. It was his birthright to receive his inheritance, but he foolishly gave it up. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### God fulfill's his promise
God begins to fulfill the promise he gave to Abraham about making his descendants numerous. Many of these children through his concubines would become large people groups. This may not be easy to understand without the remainder of the Old Testament and the history it records. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GEN 25 intro ig86 0 # Genesis 25 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 25:23.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Polygamy
Abraham married another wife. This was sinful of him. Many other Hebrew leaders came to marry multiple wives. This is known as "polygamy." It has never been an acceptable practice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Inheritance
In the ancient Near East, inheritance was passed on through the eldest son. Even though Esau and Jacob were twins, it is very important that Esau was born first. It was his birthright to receive his inheritance, but he foolishly gave it up. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### God fulfill's his promise
God begins to fulfill the promise he gave to Abraham about making his descendants numerous. Many of these children through his concubines would become large people groups. This may not be easy to understand without the remainder of the Old Testament and the history it records. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 25 1 cu8t translate-names 0 General Information: See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]. GEN 25 4 rx7z 0 All these This refers to the people named in verses 2-4. GEN 25 5 l5pw 0 Abraham gave all that he owned to Isaac "Isaac inherited all that Abraham owned." It was normal for the father to divide his wealth when he was old and not leave that for others to do after he died. @@ -1681,7 +1681,7 @@ GEN 25 32 h8jv figs-rquestion 0 What good is the birthright to me? Esau used a GEN 25 33 b4qn figs-explicit 0 First swear to me What Jacob wanted Esau to swear can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "First swear to me that you will sell me your birthright" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GEN 25 34 v7ff translate-unknown 0 lentils These are like beans, but their seeds are very small, round, and somewhat flat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) GEN 25 34 r6tg 0 Esau despised his birthright "Esau showed that he did not value his birthright" -GEN 26 intro cwz4 0 # Genesis 26 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Trust
When things in the land were bad, Isaac did not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he ran to the safety of Egypt. Even when Abraham's descendants did not trust in Yahweh's faithfulness to fulfill his covenant, Yahweh remained faithful to his covenant and blessed Isaac. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

#### Wells
In the ancient Near East, wells were very important strategically. Therefore, they were a sign of power and a sign of God's blessing being upon Isaac.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "She is my sister"
Isaac was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Rebekah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Isaac's sister, they would have shown favor to him. This is the same thing his father, Abraham, did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) +GEN 26 intro cwz4 0 # Genesis 26 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust
When things in the land were bad, Isaac did not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he ran to the safety of Egypt. Even when Abraham's descendants did not trust in Yahweh's faithfulness to fulfill his covenant, Yahweh remained faithful to his covenant and blessed Isaac. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

### Wells
In the ancient Near East, wells were very important strategically. Therefore, they were a sign of power and a sign of God's blessing being upon Isaac.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "She is my sister"
Isaac was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Rebekah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Isaac's sister, they would have shown favor to him. This is the same thing his father, Abraham, did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) GEN 26 1 n54s 0 Now This word is used here to mark a new part of the story. GEN 26 1 vwi7 0 a famine happened "there was a famine" or "there was another famine" GEN 26 1 ags3 figs-explicit 0 in the land You can state explicitly the land to which this refers. Alternate translation: "in the land where Isaac and his family lived" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1767,7 +1767,7 @@ GEN 26 34 n6q3 translate-names 0 Judith ... Basemath These are the names of Esa GEN 26 34 vpc3 translate-names 0 Beeri ... Elon These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 26 34 es97 translate-names 0 the Hittite "the descendant of Heth" or "a descendant of Heth." The Hittite people were the descendants of Heth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 26 35 tfu7 figs-metaphor 0 They brought sorrow to Isaac and Rebekah Here "they" refers to Judith and Basemath. To make someone sorrowful or miserable is spoken of as if "sorrow" were an object that a person could bring to another person. Alternate translation: "They made Isaac and Rebekah sorrowful" or "Isaac and Rebekah were miserable because of them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GEN 27 intro r9m3 0 # Genesis 27 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 27:27-29 and in 27:39-40.

### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Blessing
In the ancient Near East, a father's blessing was very important. This spoken blessing was legally binding. Jacob previously received the birthright from Esau and was guaranteed the double portion of land money that was supposed to be inherited by the older son, Esau. In this chapter, Jacob tricks Isaac into giving him Esau's blessing. This means that he is to inherit the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
+GEN 27 intro r9m3 0 # Genesis 27 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 27:27-29 and in 27:39-40.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Blessing
In the ancient Near East, a father's blessing was very important. This spoken blessing was legally binding. Jacob previously received the birthright from Esau and was guaranteed the double portion of land money that was supposed to be inherited by the older son, Esau. In this chapter, Jacob tricks Isaac into giving him Esau's blessing. This means that he is to inherit the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
GEN 27 1 dk7f figs-metaphor 0 his eyes were dim This speaks about being nearly blind as if the eyes were a lamp and the light has nearly gone out. Alternate translation: "he was nearly blind" or "he was almost blind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GEN 27 1 xl56 0 Here I am "I am here" or "I am listening." See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md). GEN 27 2 chx2 figs-explicit 0 See here The phrase "see here" adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: "Listen carefully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1881,7 +1881,7 @@ GEN 27 46 z2lw figs-hyperbole 0 I am weary of life Rebekah is exaggerating to e GEN 27 46 d19k 0 the daughters of Heth "these Hittite women" or "descendants of Heth" GEN 27 46 ujy2 figs-idiom 0 like these women, some of the daughters of the land The phrase "daughters of the land" means the local females. Alternate translation: "like these women who live in this land" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) GEN 27 46 z91x figs-rquestion 0 what good will my life be to me? Rebekah uses a question to emphasize how upset she would be if Jacob marries a Hittite woman. Alternate translation: "My life will be awful!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -GEN 28 intro t611 0 # Genesis 28 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Even though Jacob tricked his father in order to receive Esau's blessing, the chapter repeats the blessing, ensuring he inherits the blessings promised to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Jacob's dream
Jacob had a dream or received a vision. The purpose of this dream is to show that, despite Jacob's sin, God is giving Abraham's covenant promises to Jacob and his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

#### Bethel
This was an important city for Abraham and his descendants. It is possible that there is some theological significance to the city of Bethel.
+GEN 28 intro t611 0 # Genesis 28 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Even though Jacob tricked his father in order to receive Esau's blessing, the chapter repeats the blessing, ensuring he inherits the blessings promised to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jacob's dream
Jacob had a dream or received a vision. The purpose of this dream is to show that, despite Jacob's sin, God is giving Abraham's covenant promises to Jacob and his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

### Bethel
This was an important city for Abraham and his descendants. It is possible that there is some theological significance to the city of Bethel.
GEN 28 1 nl2p 0 You must not take "Do not take" GEN 28 2 jcc6 0 Arise, go "Go right away" GEN 28 2 ptv8 translate-names 0 Paddan Aram This was another name for the region of Mesopotamia, which about the same location as modern Iraq. See how this was translated in [Genesis 25:20](../25/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1947,7 +1947,7 @@ GEN 28 21 t1uz 0 Connecting Statement: The vow that began with the words "If G GEN 28 21 my56 figs-123person 0 so that I return safely ... then Yahweh will be my God The vow that began with the words "If God will ... clothes to wear" in verse 20 continues here. Jacob is speaking to God in the third person. This can be stated in the second person. "If you will ... clothes to wear ... so that I return safely ... then you, Yahweh, will be the God that I will worship" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) GEN 28 21 lw1z figs-metonymy 0 to my father's house Here "house" stands for Jacob's family. Alternate translation: "to my father and the rest of my family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) GEN 28 22 auv9 0 a sacred stone This means that the stone will mark the place where God appeared to him and it will be a place where people can worship God. Alternate translation: "God's house" or "God's place" -GEN 29 intro cbq8 0 # Genesis 29 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter records the conflict between Jacob's wives, Rachel and Leah. This account continues into the next chapter.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Shepherds
Although the exact reasoning for the shepherds' unwillingness to give water to the sheep is unknown, it is probable they were being lazy. The actions of these shepherds contrast Jacob's actions.

#### Kissing
It was common in the ancient Near East for relatives to greet each other with a kiss. There was nothing sexual about this type of kissing.

#### Marriage
It was customary in the ancient Near East for a man to work for a woman's father in order to earn the right to marry her. It is unknown how common it was for a father to have his younger daughter marry before an older daughter. It was also sinful for Jacob to marry more than one wife. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+GEN 29 intro cbq8 0 # Genesis 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter records the conflict between Jacob's wives, Rachel and Leah. This account continues into the next chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Shepherds
Although the exact reasoning for the shepherds' unwillingness to give water to the sheep is unknown, it is probable they were being lazy. The actions of these shepherds contrast Jacob's actions.

### Kissing
It was common in the ancient Near East for relatives to greet each other with a kiss. There was nothing sexual about this type of kissing.

### Marriage
It was customary in the ancient Near East for a man to work for a woman's father in order to earn the right to marry her. It is unknown how common it was for a father to have his younger daughter marry before an older daughter. It was also sinful for Jacob to marry more than one wife. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
GEN 29 1 lq7q 0 the people of the east This means the people of Paddan Aram, which is a land east of the land of Canaan. GEN 29 2 jxn8 0 and, behold, three flocks of sheep were lying there by it The word "behold" marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. Your language may have a way of doing this. GEN 29 2 hn73 writing-background 0 For out of that well "For from that well." This phrase marks a change from the story to background information about how the shepherds watered the flocks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) @@ -2014,7 +2014,7 @@ GEN 29 34 bz8c translate-names 0 his name was called Levi Translators may also GEN 29 35 x9x6 0 She conceived again "Leah became pregnant again" GEN 29 35 acb5 0 bore a son "gave birth to a son" GEN 29 35 xp9g translate-names 0 she called his name Judah Translators may also add a footnote that says "The name Judah means 'praise.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -GEN 30 intro g8rn 0 # Genesis 30 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter continues the story of the conflict between Rachel and Leah.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Women and their children
In the ancient Near East, it was important for a married woman to have many children. If a woman did not have many children, people believed it brought shame upon her. This is one of the reasons why Rachel and Leah were always jealous of each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]])

#### Speckled and spotted
Speckled and spotted sheep were considered to be imperfect. Therefore, they were considered to be much less valuable than the spotless sheep. Despite Jacob's fair offer, Laban once again tried to cheat him out of something he deserved. Jacob anticipated Laban's cheating.
+GEN 30 intro g8rn 0 # Genesis 30 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter continues the story of the conflict between Rachel and Leah.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Women and their children
In the ancient Near East, it was important for a married woman to have many children. If a woman did not have many children, people believed it brought shame upon her. This is one of the reasons why Rachel and Leah were always jealous of each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]])

### Speckled and spotted
Speckled and spotted sheep were considered to be imperfect. Therefore, they were considered to be much less valuable than the spotless sheep. Despite Jacob's fair offer, Laban once again tried to cheat him out of something he deserved. Jacob anticipated Laban's cheating.
GEN 30 1 b8mq 0 When Rachel saw that she bore Jacob no children "When Rachel realized that she was unable to become preganant" GEN 30 1 ct56 figs-hyperbole 0 I will die Rachel is exaggerating to show how upset she is about not having children. Alternate translation: "I will feel completely worthless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) GEN 30 1 v6l6 0 Give me children "Cause me to become pregnant" @@ -2111,7 +2111,7 @@ GEN 30 42 sm36 0 the feebler animals "the weaker animals" GEN 30 42 z6j6 figs-explicit 0 So the feebler animals were Laban's, and the stronger were Jacob's "So the weaker offspring belonged to Laban, while the stronger offspring belonged to Jacob." You can make this even more explicit. Alternate translation: "So the weaker offspring did not have stripes or spots and so belonged to Laban, while the stronger offspring did have stripes or spots and so belonged to Jacob" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GEN 30 43 qp8n 0 The man "Jacob" GEN 30 43 be3r 0 became very prosperous "greatly prospered" or "became very wealthy" -GEN 31 intro zw5h 0 # Genesis 31 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### God's blessing
When Jacob left Paddam Aram, he left very wealthy. Despite his punishment of exile from Canaan, God still blessed Jacob and his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])

#### Household gods
Although a few scholars believe the possession of the household gods was a sign of inheritance, this seems unlikely. It is probable that Rachel believed these idols would bring them "good luck" and would bring them great blessing. This was sinful because they were to trust in Yahweh, who already promised to bless them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Irony
Laban's sons complained that Jacob cheated them out of their father's possessions. It was their father who tried to cheat Jacob out of what he promised to give Jacob. Jacob treated his brother Esau in the same way. Jacob cheated Esau out of their father's blessing.
+GEN 31 intro zw5h 0 # Genesis 31 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### God's blessing
When Jacob left Paddam Aram, he left very wealthy. Despite his punishment of exile from Canaan, God still blessed Jacob and his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])

### Household gods
Although a few scholars believe the possession of the household gods was a sign of inheritance, this seems unlikely. It is probable that Rachel believed these idols would bring them "good luck" and would bring them great blessing. This was sinful because they were to trust in Yahweh, who already promised to bless them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Irony
Laban's sons complained that Jacob cheated them out of their father's possessions. It was their father who tried to cheat Jacob out of what he promised to give Jacob. Jacob treated his brother Esau in the same way. Jacob cheated Esau out of their father's blessing.
GEN 31 1 q6pl 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author starts to tell a new part of the story. GEN 31 1 bae1 0 Jacob heard the words of Laban's sons, that they said "Jacob heard that Laban's sons were saying" GEN 31 1 j4tu figs-hyperbole 0 Jacob has taken away all that was our father's Laban's sons were exaggerating because they were angry. Alternate translation: "Everything that Jacob has taken belonged to our father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -2233,7 +2233,7 @@ GEN 31 53 r6hl 0 the Fear of his father Isaac Here the word "Fear" refers to Y GEN 31 54 fmy2 figs-explicit 0 called his relatives to eat a meal Eating a meal together was part of making the covenant with one another. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GEN 31 55 w76k 0 Early in the morning ... returned home Verse 55 is the first verse of chapter 32 in the original Hebrew text, but the last verse of chapter 31 in most modern Bibles. We suggest that you follow the numbering of Bibles in your national language. GEN 31 55 kif6 0 blessed This means expressing a desire for positive and beneficial things to happen to someone. -GEN 32 intro udr3 0 # Genesis 32 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Jacob does not trust Yahweh
Jacob does not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he fears that his brother Esau could kill him and his family. He should have known that Yahweh would continue to bless him and protect his family. He should have trusted in Yahweh's covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])

#### Name change

In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person's life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "A man wrestled with him"
Scholars are divided over the identity of the person Jacob wrestled with. It was probably an angel, but some believe he wrestled with Jesus before he came to earth. The translator will probably have difficulty trying to keep ambiguity in identifying this individual because the word "man" usually indicates a normal, living person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GEN 32 intro udr3 0 # Genesis 32 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jacob does not trust Yahweh
Jacob does not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he fears that his brother Esau could kill him and his family. He should have known that Yahweh would continue to bless him and protect his family. He should have trusted in Yahweh's covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])

### Name change

In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person's life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "A man wrestled with him"
Scholars are divided over the identity of the person Jacob wrestled with. It was probably an angel, but some believe he wrestled with Jesus before he came to earth. The translator will probably have difficulty trying to keep ambiguity in identifying this individual because the word "man" usually indicates a normal, living person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 32 2 fr1q 0 Mahanaim Translators may also add a footnote that says "The name Mahanaim means 'two camps.'" GEN 32 3 f84p translate-names 0 Seir This is a mountainous area in the region of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 32 4 ayv1 figs-quotesinquotes 0 This is what you will say to my master Esau: This is what your servant Jacob says: 'I have been ... have delayed my return until now. This has a quotation within a quotation. The direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "'This is what I want you to tell my master Esau. Tell him that I have been ... have delayed my return until now.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) @@ -2300,7 +2300,7 @@ GEN 32 32 n4af 0 to this day This means to the day that the author was writing GEN 32 32 t93f 0 ligaments of the hip This refers to the muscle that connects the thigh bone to the thigh socket. GEN 32 32 l5px 0 hip joint "thigh socket" GEN 32 32 j363 0 while dislocating "while striking" -GEN 33 intro tc2t 0 # Genesis 33 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Jacob's fear
Jacob feared his brother. He showed Esau great respect and sought to protect his family from Esau's power. He did not fear and trust Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

#### Favoritism
Jacob showed favoritism towards Rachel and Joseph. He arranged the family according to those he loved the most. Rachel and Joseph were the most protected from a potential attack by Esau. He would have rather had everyone else die, in order to spare their lives. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GEN 33 intro tc2t 0 # Genesis 33 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jacob's fear
Jacob feared his brother. He showed Esau great respect and sought to protect his family from Esau's power. He did not fear and trust Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

### Favoritism
Jacob showed favoritism towards Rachel and Joseph. He arranged the family according to those he loved the most. Rachel and Joseph were the most protected from a potential attack by Esau. He would have rather had everyone else die, in order to spare their lives. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 33 1 ck16 0 behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to a surprising new part of the story. GEN 33 1 c4ai translate-numbers 0 four hundred men "400 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) GEN 33 1 lqj5 figs-explicit 0 Jacob divided the children ... female servants This does not mean Jacob divided the children evenly so that each woman had the same amount of children with her. Jacob divided the children so that each one went with his or her mother. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -2346,7 +2346,7 @@ GEN 33 19 xu69 translate-names 0 Hamor This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc:// GEN 33 19 y9i5 0 Shechem's father Shechem is the name of a city and the name of a man. GEN 33 19 kh7z translate-numbers 0 a hundred "100" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) GEN 33 20 ps43 translate-names 0 El Elohe Israel Translators may add a footnote that says: "The name El Elohe Israel means 'God, the God of Israel.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -GEN 34 intro gv6g 0 # Genesis 34 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Israel
Jacob's name was changed to Israel. It is his descendants who inherited the promised blessings given to him and to Isaac and Abraham. This is the first time his descendants are collectively referred to as the people group Israel. The people group Israel is identified through the covenant of circumcision. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Implicit information
Jacob's reacted to the rape of Dinah with indifference. This is possibly because she was not a daughter of Rachel. His reaction was both unwise and improper. This action brought shame on the whole family. Therefore, Jacob's sons corrected this wrong and plotted against Hamor and Shechem.

Shechem raped Dinah, but then he said he loved her. By raping her, he ensured that no one else would want to marry her. This is not love. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GEN 34 intro gv6g 0 # Genesis 34 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel
Jacob's name was changed to Israel. It is his descendants who inherited the promised blessings given to him and to Isaac and Abraham. This is the first time his descendants are collectively referred to as the people group Israel. The people group Israel is identified through the covenant of circumcision. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Implicit information
Jacob's reacted to the rape of Dinah with indifference. This is possibly because she was not a daughter of Rachel. His reaction was both unwise and improper. This action brought shame on the whole family. Therefore, Jacob's sons corrected this wrong and plotted against Hamor and Shechem.

Shechem raped Dinah, but then he said he loved her. By raping her, he ensured that no one else would want to marry her. This is not love. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 34 1 g89z 0 Now Here this word is used to mark a new part of the story. GEN 34 1 q1ki translate-names 0 Dinah This is the name of Leah's daughter. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 30:21](../30/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 34 2 y29n translate-names 0 the Hivite This is the name of a people group. See how you translated the similar word "Hivites" in [Genesis 10:17](../10/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -2410,7 +2410,7 @@ GEN 34 30 di4j figs-synecdoche 0 I am few in number ... against me and attack m GEN 34 30 f8i3 0 gather themselves together against me and attack me "form an army and attack me" or "form an army and attack us" GEN 34 30 pr2b figs-activepassive 0 then I will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will destroy me" or "they will destroy us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) GEN 34 31 l9v7 figs-rquestion 0 Should Shechem have dealt with our sister as with a prostitute? Simeon and Levi use a question to emphasize that Shechem did what was wrong and deserved to die. Alternate translation: "Shechem should not have treated our sister as if she were a prostitute!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -GEN 35 intro r5b3 0 # Genesis 35 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Name change

In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person's life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people.

#### Covenant
The covenant God made with Abraham is repeated here. It indicates that all of Jacob's descendants will inherit the promises of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
+GEN 35 intro r5b3 0 # Genesis 35 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Name change

In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person's life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people.

### Covenant
The covenant God made with Abraham is repeated here. It indicates that all of Jacob's descendants will inherit the promises of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
GEN 35 1 m48u 0 go up to Bethel The phrase "go up" is used because Bethel is higher in elevation than Shechem. GEN 35 1 a7yt figs-123person 0 Build an altar there to God God speaks about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: "Build an altar there to me, your God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) GEN 35 2 zm9p 0 said to his household "said to his family" @@ -2469,7 +2469,7 @@ GEN 35 29 rk3c figs-doublet 0 Isaac breathed his last and died "Isaac took his GEN 35 29 p3ct figs-euphemism 0 breathed his last This is a polite way of saying a person died. See how you translated this in [Genesis 25:8](../25/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) GEN 35 29 fpy4 figs-idiom 0 was gathered to his ancestors This means that after Isaac died, his soul went to the same place as his relatives who died before him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he joined his family members who had already died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) GEN 35 29 bxx8 figs-doublet 0 an old man full of days The phrases "old man" and "full of days" mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that Isaac lived a very long time. Alternate translation: "after he had lived a very long time and was very old" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -GEN 36 intro st7p 0 # Genesis 36 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Esau's descendants
Esau's descendants became known as the Edomite people group. They also become a great nation. This nation is prominent in the rest of the Old Testament. God graciously blessed Esau and he had many descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
+GEN 36 intro st7p 0 # Genesis 36 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Esau's descendants
Esau's descendants became known as the Edomite people group. They also become a great nation. This nation is prominent in the rest of the Old Testament. God graciously blessed Esau and he had many descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
GEN 36 1 zj65 figs-explicit 0 These were the descendants of Esau (also called Edom) "These are the descendants of Esau, who is also called Edom." This sentence introduces the account of Esau's descendants in Genesis 36:1-8. Alternate translation: "This is an account of the descendants of Esau, who is also called Edom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GEN 36 2 ac64 translate-names 0 Adah ... Oholibamah These are names of Esau's wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 36 2 hna3 translate-names 0 Elon the Hittite "Elon the descendant of Heth" or "Elon a descendant of Heth." This is the name of a man. See how you translate this in [Genesis 26:34](../26/34.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -2564,7 +2564,7 @@ GEN 36 42 f4dx translate-names 0 Kenaz, Teman, Mibzar These are names of people GEN 36 43 bjb8 translate-names 0 Magdiel, and Iram These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 36 43 f84q 0 their settlements "their dwelling places" or "the places they lived" GEN 36 43 zc7w figs-metonymy 0 This was Esau This list is said "to be" Esau, which means that it is the whole list of his descendants. Alternate translation: "This is the list of the descendants of Esau" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GEN 37 intro s17y 0 # Genesis 37 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter begins to record the account of Jacob's sons. The rest of the book of Genesis focuses on Jacob's sons, especially Joseph. This chapter also references Jacob as "Israel" beginning in this chapter.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Favoritism
Jacob's favoritism became a great problem for his sons. They are always jealous of Joseph because he is the favorite son. The beautiful garment Jacob gave to Joseph greatly strained the relationship between Joseph and his brothers. Joseph dreams he will rule all of his brothers, even though he is not the oldest son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])

#### God's power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
+GEN 37 intro s17y 0 # Genesis 37 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins to record the account of Jacob's sons. The rest of the book of Genesis focuses on Jacob's sons, especially Joseph. This chapter also references Jacob as "Israel" beginning in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Favoritism
Jacob's favoritism became a great problem for his sons. They are always jealous of Joseph because he is the favorite son. The beautiful garment Jacob gave to Joseph greatly strained the relationship between Joseph and his brothers. Joseph dreams he will rule all of his brothers, even though he is not the oldest son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])

### God's power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
GEN 37 1 y34b 0 the land where his father was staying, in the land of Canaan "in the land of Canaan where his father had lived" GEN 37 2 gx4z figs-synecdoche 0 These were the events concerning Jacob This sentence introduces the account of Jacob's children in Genesis 37:1-50:26. Here "Jacob" refers to his whole family. Alternate translation: "This is the account of Jacob's family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) GEN 37 2 h2a4 translate-numbers 0 seventeen years old "17 years old" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -2655,7 +2655,7 @@ GEN 37 35 inp9 figs-activepassive 0 but he refused to be comforted This can be GEN 37 35 qls4 figs-explicit 0 Indeed I will go down to Sheol mourning The means that he be mourning from now until when he dies. Alternate translation: "Indeed when I die and go down to Sheol I will still be mourning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) GEN 37 36 p1k8 0 The Midianites sold him "The Midianites sold Joseph" GEN 37 36 zpi7 0 the captain of the bodyguard "the leader of the soldiers who guarded the king" -GEN 38 intro m9uv 0 # Genesis 38 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter focuses on Jacob's son Judah.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### "Spilling his seed"
Onan was to provide for his brother's widow and give her an heir. This phrase indicates that he used Tamar to fulfill his own sexual desires rather than help her. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### God preserves Judah's line
The Canaanite woman, Tamar, deceived her father-in-law, Judah, into having sexual relations with her. If it had not been for this act, Judah would not have any descendants to carry on his family line. Although her actions were wrong, God used them to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
+GEN 38 intro m9uv 0 # Genesis 38 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter focuses on Jacob's son Judah.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### "Spilling his seed"
Onan was to provide for his brother's widow and give her an heir. This phrase indicates that he used Tamar to fulfill his own sexual desires rather than help her. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### God preserves Judah's line
The Canaanite woman, Tamar, deceived her father-in-law, Judah, into having sexual relations with her. If it had not been for this act, Judah would not have any descendants to carry on his family line. Although her actions were wrong, God used them to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
GEN 38 1 d341 writing-newevent 0 It came about at that time that Judah This introduces a new part of the story that focuses on Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) GEN 38 1 mm6t translate-names 0 a certain Adullamite, whose name was Hirah Hirah is the name of a man who lived in the village of Adullam. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 38 2 g2ep translate-names 0 whose name was Shua Shua is a Canaanite woman who married Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -2737,7 +2737,7 @@ GEN 38 29 ra5t figs-explicit 0 How you have broken out! This shows the midwife' GEN 38 29 n6hp figs-activepassive 0 he was named This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "she named him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) GEN 38 29 d8yk translate-names 0 Perez This is the name of a boy. Translators may add a footnote that says: "The name Perez means 'breaking out.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) GEN 38 30 zzy9 translate-names 0 Zerah This is the name of a boy. Translators may add a footnote that says: "The name Zerah means 'scarlet or bright red.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -GEN 39 intro a8n6 0 # Genesis 39 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### God's power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. This is a sign of Yahweh's covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])

#### Joseph's character
Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph's ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph's character in this chapter is upright. He chose to do what was right, even when it could cause him harm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+GEN 39 intro a8n6 0 # Genesis 39 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### God's power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. This is a sign of Yahweh's covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])

### Joseph's character
Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph's ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph's character in this chapter is upright. He chose to do what was right, even when it could cause him harm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
GEN 39 1 e2vg figs-idiom 0 Joseph was brought down to Egypt Travelling to Egypt is always considered as going "down" in contrast to going "up" to the promised land. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The Ishmaelites had taken Joseph to Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) GEN 39 2 f9fl figs-idiom 0 Yahweh was with Joseph This means that Yahweh helped Joseph and was always with him. Alternate translation: "Yahweh guided Joseph and helped him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) GEN 39 2 fn2m figs-metaphor 0 He lived in the house Here the author speaks of working in the master's house as if it were living in the master's house. Only the most trusted servants were permitted to work in their master's house. AT : "he worked in the house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2799,7 +2799,7 @@ GEN 39 22 wbf9 figs-metaphor 0 gave into Joseph's hand Here "hand" represents J GEN 39 22 ma4g 0 Whatever they did there, Joseph was in charge of it "Joseph was in charge of everything they did there" GEN 39 23 j1y2 figs-idiom 0 because Yahweh was with him This refers to how Yahweh helped Joseph and guided him. Alternate translation: "because Yahweh guided Joseph" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) GEN 39 23 kpn2 0 Whatever he did, Yahweh prospered "Yahweh caused everything that Joseph did to prosper" -GEN 40 intro ef8h 0 # Genesis 40 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### God's power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])

#### Interpretation of dreams
The interpretation of dreams was important in the ancient Near East. It was seen as possible only through divine power. Yahweh gave Joseph the power to interpret dreams in order to bring himself glory and to protect Joseph and the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])
+GEN 40 intro ef8h 0 # Genesis 40 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### God's power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])

### Interpretation of dreams
The interpretation of dreams was important in the ancient Near East. It was seen as possible only through divine power. Yahweh gave Joseph the power to interpret dreams in order to bring himself glory and to protect Joseph and the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])
GEN 40 1 nwl6 writing-newevent 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) GEN 40 1 bab1 0 the cupbearer This is the person who brought drinks to the king. GEN 40 1 i7i3 0 king's baker This is the person who made food for the king. @@ -2845,7 +2845,7 @@ GEN 40 20 j63e 0 the chief of the bakers This refers to the leading person who GEN 40 21 i37q figs-metonymy 0 He restored the chief of the cupbearers to his responsibility The chief of the cupbearer's "responsibility" refers to his job as chief of the cupbearers. Alternate translation: "He gave the chief of the cupbearers his job back" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) GEN 40 22 iet6 figs-metonymy 0 But he hanged the chief of the bakers Pharaoh did not personally hang the baker, rather he commanded for him to be hanged. Alternate translation: "But he commanded for the chief of the bakers to be hanged" or "But he commanded his guards to hang the chief of the bakers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) GEN 40 22 hh6d figs-explicit 0 just as Joseph had interpreted to them This refers to when Joseph interpreted their dreams. Alternate translation: "just as Joseph had said would happen when he interpreted the two men's dreams" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -GEN 41 intro h6hd 0 # Genesis 41 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### God's power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])

#### Interpretation of dreams
The interpretation of dreams was important in the ancient Near East. It was seen as possible only through divine power. Yahweh gave Joseph the power to interpret dreams in order to bring himself glory and to protect Joseph and the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])

#### Joseph's character
Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph's ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph's character in this chapter is upright. It gained him great favor in the eyes of Pharaoh and helped to save his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]l, [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
+GEN 41 intro h6hd 0 # Genesis 41 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### God's power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])

### Interpretation of dreams
The interpretation of dreams was important in the ancient Near East. It was seen as possible only through divine power. Yahweh gave Joseph the power to interpret dreams in order to bring himself glory and to protect Joseph and the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])

### Joseph's character
Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph's ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph's character in this chapter is upright. It gained him great favor in the eyes of Pharaoh and helped to save his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]l, [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
GEN 41 1 tw22 writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) GEN 41 1 y4mv 0 at the end of two full years Two years passed after Joseph correctly interpreted the dreams of Pharaoh's cupbearer and baker, who had been in prison with Joseph. GEN 41 1 l2v3 0 Behold, he stood The word "behold" here marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. Your language may have a way of doing this. Alternate translation: "He was surprised because he was standing" @@ -3006,7 +3006,7 @@ GEN 41 56 qr6m figs-idiom 0 The famine was over all the face of the whole land GEN 41 56 fa43 figs-synecdoche 0 Joseph opened all the storehouses and sold to the Egyptians Here "Joseph" stands for Joseph's servants. Alternate translation: "Joseph had his servants open all the storehouses and sell grain to the Egyptians" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) GEN 41 57 t13u figs-metonymy 0 All the earth was coming to Egypt Here "earth" stands for the people from all regions. Alternate translation: "People were coming to Egypt from all the surrounding regions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) GEN 41 57 ci2w 0 in all the earth "throughout the land." It is likely that all the different trading partners and nations that were part of the Egyptian trading routes effected by the drought came to Egypt for grain. -GEN 42 intro c5l2 0 # Genesis 42 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Famine
Apparently this famine extended beyond Egypt and encompassed the land of Canaan too. Because of Egypt's size and power, it would not have been unusual for people to go there in times of need. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

#### Joseph's test
Joseph tests his brothers to see if they are good. They treat their brother Benjamin better than they treated Joseph and tried to protect him.
+GEN 42 intro c5l2 0 # Genesis 42 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Famine
Apparently this famine extended beyond Egypt and encompassed the land of Canaan too. Because of Egypt's size and power, it would not have been unusual for people to go there in times of need. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Joseph's test
Joseph tests his brothers to see if they are good. They treat their brother Benjamin better than they treated Joseph and tried to protect him.
GEN 42 1 c5d3 writing-newevent 0 Now Jacob became The word "Now" marks a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) GEN 42 1 p1y2 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you look at one another? Jacob uses a question to scold his sons for not doing anything about the grain. Alternate translation: "Do not just sit here!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) GEN 42 2 h23z 0 Go down there It was common to speak of going from Canaan to Egypt as going "down." @@ -3086,7 +3086,7 @@ GEN 42 38 vm4r figs-explicit 0 For his brother is dead and he alone is left The GEN 42 38 jj7h 0 on the road in which you go "while you a traveling to Egypt and back" or "while you are away." Here "road" stands for traveling. GEN 42 38 mk1r figs-idiom 0 then you will bring down my gray hair with sorrow to Sheol To "bring down ... to Sheol" is way of saying they will cause him to die and go to Sheol. He uses the word "down" because it was commonly believed sheol is somewhere underground. Alternate translation: "then you will cause me, an old man, to die of sorrow" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) GEN 42 38 b5eg figs-synecdoche 0 my gray hair This stands for Jacob and emphasizes his old age. Alternate translation: "me, an old man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -GEN 43 intro b7av 0 # Genesis 43 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Israel's concern
Israel is concerned over his favored son, Benjamin. He is also confused about the reason the Egyptian official treated them so kindly. This caused him some concern. It is possible he thought his sons were lying to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
+GEN 43 intro b7av 0 # Genesis 43 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel's concern
Israel is concerned over his favored son, Benjamin. He is also confused about the reason the Egyptian official treated them so kindly. This caused him some concern. It is possible he thought his sons were lying to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
GEN 43 1 l7ym figs-ellipsis 0 The famine was severe in the land The word "Canaan" is understood. This information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "The famine was severe in the land of Canaan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) GEN 43 2 af37 writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) GEN 43 2 j2pr 0 when they had eaten "when Jacob and his family had eaten" @@ -3174,7 +3174,7 @@ GEN 43 33 uk7w figs-explicit 0 The brothers sat before him It is implied that J GEN 43 33 v5sa figs-merism 0 the firstborn according to his birthright, and the youngest according to his youth The "firstborn" and the "youngest" are used together to mean all the brothers were sitting in order according to their age. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) GEN 43 33 c4tk 0 The men were astonished together "The men were very surprised when they realized this" GEN 43 34 nus6 0 But Benjamin's portion was five times as much as any of his brothers The phrase "five times" can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: "But Benjamin received a portion that was much bigger than what his brothers received" -GEN 44 intro r27n 0 # Genesis 44 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Judah's sacrifice
Judah is willing to sacrifice himself in order to save Benjamin, the favored son of Jacob. Judah's descendants will become the leaders of the Israelites and the godliest of the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Joseph's test

Joseph tests his brothers to see if they are good. They treat their brother Benjamin better than they treated Joseph and tried to protect him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]])
+GEN 44 intro r27n 0 # Genesis 44 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Judah's sacrifice
Judah is willing to sacrifice himself in order to save Benjamin, the favored son of Jacob. Judah's descendants will become the leaders of the Israelites and the godliest of the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Joseph's test

Joseph tests his brothers to see if they are good. They treat their brother Benjamin better than they treated Joseph and tried to protect him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]])
GEN 44 1 bf9w 0 General Information: This begins a new event in the story. Most likely this is the next morning after the feast. GEN 44 1 nsj3 0 steward of his house The "steward" was responsible for managing Joseph's household activities. GEN 44 1 md4j 0 every man's money Their money was silver coins most likely in a small bag. @@ -3274,7 +3274,7 @@ GEN 44 33 vk2u figs-123person 0 to my master Judah refers to Joseph as "my mast GEN 44 33 utg6 0 let the boy go up It was going to use the phrase "go up" when speaking about traveling from Egypt to Canaan. GEN 44 34 p2qk figs-rquestion 0 For how can I go up to my father if the boy is not with me? Judah uses a question to emphasize the grief he would have if Benjamin did not return home. Alternate translation: "I cannot return to my father if the boy is not with me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) GEN 44 34 v8ma figs-metaphor 0 I am afraid to see the evil that would come on my father A person suffering terribly is spoken of as if "evil" were a thing that comes upon a person. Alternate translation: "I am afraid to see how much my father would suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -GEN 45 intro rm1s 0 # Genesis 45 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Joseph finally reveals himself to his brothers in this chapter. This chapter forms the conclusion of the story which began in chapter 43.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### God's power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])

#### Joseph's character
Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph's ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph's character in this chapter is upright. It gained him great favor in the eyes of Pharaoh and helped to save his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
+GEN 45 intro rm1s 0 # Genesis 45 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Joseph finally reveals himself to his brothers in this chapter. This chapter forms the conclusion of the story which began in chapter 43.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God's power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])

### Joseph's character
Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph's ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph's character in this chapter is upright. It gained him great favor in the eyes of Pharaoh and helped to save his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
GEN 45 1 mrg5 0 could not control himself This means he could not control his emotions. It can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "was about to start crying" GEN 45 1 rt15 0 by him "near him" GEN 45 2 f3np figs-metonymy 0 house of Pharaoh Here "house" stands for the people in the Pharaoh's palace. Alternate translation: "everyone in Pharaoh's palace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -3331,7 +3331,7 @@ GEN 45 26 vye7 0 he could not believe what they told him "he did not accept th GEN 45 27 mhh3 0 They told him "They told Jacob" GEN 45 27 sa3u 0 all the words of Joseph that he had said to them "everything that Joseph had said to them" GEN 45 27 w59p figs-synecdoche 0 the spirit of Jacob their father revived The word "spirit" stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: "Jacob their father recovered" or "Jacob their father became very excited" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -GEN 46 intro x4fu 0 # Genesis 46 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Going to Egypt
Yahweh allowed Israel to go to Egypt. He was to trust in Yahweh and his covenant faithfulness. God continued to bless them in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])

#### Shepherds

Because of the regular flooding of the Nile River, Egypt's economy revolved around farming more than raising animals. Therefore, the Egyptians despised the nomadic lifestyle of shepherds. Joseph's instructions permitted the Hebrew people to live separately from the Egyptians.
+GEN 46 intro x4fu 0 # Genesis 46 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Going to Egypt
Yahweh allowed Israel to go to Egypt. He was to trust in Yahweh and his covenant faithfulness. God continued to bless them in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])

### Shepherds

Because of the regular flooding of the Nile River, Egypt's economy revolved around farming more than raising animals. Therefore, the Egyptians despised the nomadic lifestyle of shepherds. Joseph's instructions permitted the Hebrew people to live separately from the Egyptians.
GEN 46 1 wwd6 0 went to Beersheba "came to Beersheba" GEN 46 2 kz9s 0 Here I am "Yes, I am listening" GEN 46 3 cmw1 0 to go down to Egypt It was common to use the phrase "go down" when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. @@ -3392,7 +3392,7 @@ GEN 46 34 nwi4 0 Connecting Statement: The two-level quotation that began in v GEN 46 34 c7ig figs-quotesinquotes 0 you should say, 'Your servants have been keepers of livestock from our youth until now, both we, and our forefathers.' The two-level quotation that began with the words "when Pharaoh ... asks" in verse 33 ends here. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. "when Pharaoh ... asks what your occupation is, that you should say that you have been keepers of livestock from your youth until now, both you and your forefathers. Do this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) GEN 46 34 q7bk figs-123person 0 Your servants Joseph's family are to refer to themselves as "your servants" when they speak to Pharaoh. This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: "We, your servants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) GEN 46 34 ic29 figs-abstractnouns 0 every shepherd is an abomination to the Egyptians The abstract noun "abomination" can be translated with the adjective "disgusting." Alternate translation: "Egyptians think shepherds are disgusting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -GEN 47 intro ep9j 0 # Genesis 47 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Abrahamic covenant
Part of the Abrahamic covenant was that Yahweh would bless those who bless Abraham's descendants. Since Pharaoh cared for the Hebrew people, Yahweh blessed the Egyptians while the Hebrew people lived in Egypt. The Hebrew people also multiplied greatly as this covenant promised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

#### Jacob was not buried in Egypt
In the ancient Near east, a person was typically buried in their hometown. Since Egypt was not the Israelites' home, Jacob did not wish to be buried in Egypt. This was a lesson to the Israelites that Canaan was their true home, the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
+GEN 47 intro ep9j 0 # Genesis 47 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Abrahamic covenant
Part of the Abrahamic covenant was that Yahweh would bless those who bless Abraham's descendants. Since Pharaoh cared for the Hebrew people, Yahweh blessed the Egyptians while the Hebrew people lived in Egypt. The Hebrew people also multiplied greatly as this covenant promised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

### Jacob was not buried in Egypt
In the ancient Near east, a person was typically buried in their hometown. Since Egypt was not the Israelites' home, Jacob did not wish to be buried in Egypt. This was a lesson to the Israelites that Canaan was their true home, the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
GEN 47 1 lup6 figs-events 0 Joseph went in and told Pharaoh It is not clear whether Joseph went with his father and family from Canaan to Goshen and then alone from Goshen to see the Pharaoh, back to Goshen for his five brothers, and then back to Pharaoh, as the ULT implies, or whether he brought the five brothers with him the first time he went from Goshen to Pharaoh, as the UST states. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) GEN 47 2 p3cm figs-events 0 He took five of his brothers and introduced them It is not clear whether Joseph went with his father and family from Canaan to Goshen and then alone from Goshen to see the Pharaoh, back to Goshen for his five brothers, and then back to Pharaoh, as the ULT implies, or whether he brought the five brothers with him the first time he went from Goshen to Pharaoh, as the UST states. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) GEN 47 3 k8ea 0 Your servants are shepherds "Your servants shepherd flocks" @@ -3451,7 +3451,7 @@ GEN 47 29 u82i 0 Please do not bury me in Egypt The word "please" adds emphasi GEN 47 30 mbz5 figs-euphemism 0 When I sleep with my fathers Here "sleep" is a polite way to refer to dying. Alternate translation: "When I die and join my family members who died before me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) GEN 47 31 pw9e 0 Swear to me "Promise me" or "Make an oath to me" GEN 47 31 p35p 0 swore to him "promised him" or "made an oath to him" -GEN 48 intro sm2c 0 # Genesis 48 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 48:15-16, and in 58:20.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Blessing
The blessing of Jacob is given to Joseph, and his sons Manasseh and Ephraim. It is probably distinct from inheriting the promises Yahweh gave to Abraham because Scripture talks about all of Israel's descendants inheriting those promises. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
+GEN 48 intro sm2c 0 # Genesis 48 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 48:15-16, and in 58:20.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Blessing
The blessing of Jacob is given to Joseph, and his sons Manasseh and Ephraim. It is probably distinct from inheriting the promises Yahweh gave to Abraham because Scripture talks about all of Israel's descendants inheriting those promises. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
GEN 48 1 fzl8 writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) GEN 48 1 th1g 0 one said to Joseph "someone said to Joseph" GEN 48 1 ncd4 0 Look, your father "Listen, your father." Here the word "look" is used to get Joseph's attention. @@ -3502,7 +3502,7 @@ GEN 48 21 w4x7 0 land of your fathers "land of your ancestors" GEN 48 22 m9zy figs-metaphor 0 To you, as one who is above your brothers, I give to you the mountain slope Possible meanings are 1) Joseph having more honor and authority than his brothers is spoken of as if he were physically above them. Alternate translation: "To you, who is greater than your brothers, I give the mountain slope" or 2) Jacob means he is giving more land to Joseph than he is giving to Joseph's brothers. Alternate translation: "To you, I give one more ridge than I give your brothers. I give to you the mountain slope" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) GEN 48 22 e2r2 figs-you 0 To you Here "you" is singular and refers to Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) GEN 48 22 q143 figs-metonymy 0 the mountain slope that I took from the Amorites with my sword and my bow Here "sword" and "bow" stands for fighting in battle. Alternate translation: "the portion of land I fought for and took from the Amorites" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -GEN 49 intro lp3i 0 # Genesis 49 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 49:1-27.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Prophecies
These statements made by Jacob to his sons are probably prophecies. These prophecies are concerned with the descendants of each of Jacob's sons who would become the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "The scepter will not depart from Judah"
This prophecy indicates Judah will be the ruling tribe of Israel. The future kings of Israel all come from the tribe of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

#### "I buried Leah"
Since Moses wrote the book of Genesis, this is an editorial comment he makes in the text as the narrator.
+GEN 49 intro lp3i 0 # Genesis 49 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 49:1-27.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Prophecies
These statements made by Jacob to his sons are probably prophecies. These prophecies are concerned with the descendants of each of Jacob's sons who would become the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "The scepter will not depart from Judah"
This prophecy indicates Judah will be the ruling tribe of Israel. The future kings of Israel all come from the tribe of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### "I buried Leah"
Since Moses wrote the book of Genesis, this is an editorial comment he makes in the text as the narrator.
GEN 49 1 zs4v writing-poetry 0 General Information: This begins Jacob's final blessings to his sons. This continues through [Genesis 49:27](../49/27.md). Jacob's blessings are written in poetic form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) GEN 49 2 n3y4 figs-parallelism 0 Assemble yourselves and listen, you sons of Jacob. Listen to Israel, your father Both sentences say the same thing for emphasis. Alternate translation: "Come and listen carefully to your father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) GEN 49 2 j4es figs-123person 0 you sons of Jacob. Listen to Israel, your father Jacob is referring to himself in the third person. It can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: "my sons. Listen to me, your father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) @@ -3600,7 +3600,7 @@ GEN 49 33 jq2w 0 finished these instructions to his sons "finished instructing GEN 49 33 xwq5 0 he pulled his feet into the bed Jacob was sitting on the bed. Now, Jacob turns and puts his feet in the bed so he can lie down. GEN 49 33 m28w figs-euphemism 0 breathed his last This is a polite way of saying a person died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) GEN 49 33 p5pu figs-euphemism 0 went to his people After Jacob died, his inner man went to the same place as his relatives who died before him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -GEN 50 intro di45 0 # Genesis 50 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Embalming
Embalming was practiced in Egypt on very important people when they died. They removed the liquids from the body then wrapped it in an attempt to preserve the body from decay.

#### Joseph's character
Joseph's character was so upright that Pharaoh's officials went with him to Canaan to bury Jacob. This was a very large funeral procession. He also learned lessons from earlier in his life and unified his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
+GEN 50 intro di45 0 # Genesis 50 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Embalming
Embalming was practiced in Egypt on very important people when they died. They removed the liquids from the body then wrapped it in an attempt to preserve the body from decay.

### Joseph's character
Joseph's character was so upright that Pharaoh's officials went with him to Canaan to bury Jacob. This was a very large funeral procession. He also learned lessons from earlier in his life and unified his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
GEN 50 1 b6bk figs-idiom 0 that he collapsed on the face of his father The term "he collapsed" is an idiom for being overcome. Alternate translation: "that he fell on his father in grief" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) GEN 50 2 a9rq 0 his servants the physicians "his servants who took care of dead bodies" GEN 50 2 f9rl figs-euphemism 0 to embalm his father To "embalm" is a special way of preserving a dead body before it is buried. Alternate translation: "to prepare his father's body for burial" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) diff --git a/en_tn_02-EXO.tsv b/en_tn_02-EXO.tsv index 2d266dedf..e83d595f4 100644 --- a/en_tn_02-EXO.tsv +++ b/en_tn_02-EXO.tsv @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote EXO front intro b4pp 0 # Introduction to Exodus
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of Exodus

1. Israel in Egypt; preparing to depart from slavery (1–12)
- First genealogy (1:1–6)
- Israel as slaves in Egypt (1:7–22)
- Moses' history to the time of the Exodus (2:1–4:26)
- Israel suffers in Egypt (4:27–6:13)
- Second genealogy (6:14–27)
- Moses and Aaron go to Pharaoh (6:28–7:25)
- The plagues (8:1–11:10)
1. Instructions for celebrating the Passover (12:1–30)
1. From Egypt to Mount Sinai (12:31–18:27)
- The Passover; preparing to leave Egypt; leaving Egypt (12:31–50, 13:1–22)
- Journey from Egypt to Mount Sinai (14:1–18:27)
1. Mount Sinai and the Law (19-40)
- Preparing for the covenant (19:1–25)
- The Ten Commandments (20:1–17)
- The covenant described (20:18–23:33)
- The people agree to the covenant; Moses returns to Mount Sinai (24:1–18)
- Design of the tabernacle and its furnishings; what was required of those who serve in it; tabernacle functions (25:1–31:18)
- The golden calf; Moses prays for the people (32:1–33:22)
- The covenant described again (34:1–35)
- Making of the ark and its furnishings (35:1–38:31) and priestly garments (39:1–43, 40:1–33)
- The cloud (40:34–38)

### What is the Book of Exodus about?

Exodus continues the story of the previous book, Genesis. The first half of Exodus is about how Yahweh made Abraham's descendants into a nation. This nation, which would be called "Israel," was meant to belong to Yahweh and worship him. The second half of Exodus describes how God gave the Israelites his law through Moses. The law of Moses told the Israelites how to obey and worship Yahweh properly.

The Book of Exodus tells how the Israelites were to build the tabernacle. The tabernacle was a tent where Yahweh would be among his people. The Israelites worshiped and sacrificed animals to Yahweh at the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])

### How should the title of this book be translated?

"Exodus" means "exit" or "departure." Translators may translate this title in a way that can communicate its subject clearly, for example, "About the Israelites Leaving Egypt" or "How the Israelites Left the Land of Egypt." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### Who wrote the Book of Exodus?

The writers of both the Old and New Testaments present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Exodus. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.

### Why did Moses write so much about God delivering or rescuing the people of Israel?

Moses wrote much about God rescuing his people from the Egyptians to show that Yahweh is very powerful. Egypt was the most powerful nation at that time. And Yahweh was still able to free the Israelites from the Egyptians. Also, by rescuing the Israelites, Yahweh showed that he had chosen them as his people and they should worship him.

### How does the Book of Exodus show the fulfillment of the promises given to Abraham?

The Book of Exodus shows God beginning to fulfill his promise to Abraham. In Genesis, God promised Abraham that he would have many descendants and that they would become a large nation. When God rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians, he took them to Mount Sinai. There he made a covenant with them, and they became the nation that belonged to Yahweh.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What was the Jewish Passover?

The Jewish Passover was a religious festival. Yahweh commanded the Israelites to celebrate it every year. Passover was a time to remember how God rescued them from the Egyptians. The first Passover meal was eaten in the evening just before they left Egypt.

### What was the law of Moses to the people of Israel?

The law of Moses instructed the people of Israel what Yahweh required them to do as his people. In the law, God told the people how they should live so that they honor him. He also instructed them about their need to offer animal sacrifices. God required these sacrifices so that he could forgive their sins and continue living among them. The law also described the duties of the priests and told how to build the tabernacle.

### What did it mean that Israel was to be a "kingdom of priests and a holy nation" (19:6 ULT)?

Israel was a holy nation because Yahweh separated them from all other nations to belong to him. They were to honor and worship him only. This made them different than all the other nations of the world. These other nations worshiped many false gods.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### Why are the details of the construction of the tabernacle in Exodus 25–32 repeated in Exodus 35–40?

In Exodus 25-32, God describes exactly how the tabernacle was to be built. The details were repeated in Exodus 35-40. This showed that the people were to be careful to do exactly as God commanded.

### Are the events in the order that they actually happened?

Most but not all of the events in the Book of Exodus are told in the order that they actually happened. Translators may need to make it clear when the events are in an unusual order.

### What does it mean that God "lived" among his people?

The Book of Exodus presents God as living in the tabernacle among the nation of Israel. God is everywhere, but he lived among the Israelites in a special way. God dwelled with Israelites because they belonged to him. He promised to lead them and bless them. In return, the people were to worship him and honor him.
-EXO 1 intro cj55 0 # Exodus 01 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter is intended to form a smooth transition with the last chapter of the book of Genesis.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Israel's growth
Israel grew in number. This was in fulfillment of the covenant God made with Abraham. It also caused the Egyptians great concern that there would be more Israelites than Egyptians because they would be unable to defend themselves against such a large number of people. Pharaoh also tried to kill all of the male babies so they would not become soldiers who fought against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

#### End of the famine
It is obvious that some time has passed since the beginning of the famine which brought the Israelites into Egypt. Yahweh appears to be punishing the Hebrews for not returning back to the Promised Land instead choosing to stay in Egypt. No return attempt is recorded to have been made. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "All of the descendants of Jacob were seventy in number"
This number included both Jacob's children and grandchildren. It may cause confusion, but it is important to remember Jacob only had 12 sons.
+EXO 1 intro cj55 0 # Exodus 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is intended to form a smooth transition with the last chapter of the book of Genesis.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel's growth
Israel grew in number. This was in fulfillment of the covenant God made with Abraham. It also caused the Egyptians great concern that there would be more Israelites than Egyptians because they would be unable to defend themselves against such a large number of people. Pharaoh also tried to kill all of the male babies so they would not become soldiers who fought against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

### End of the famine
It is obvious that some time has passed since the beginning of the famine which brought the Israelites into Egypt. Yahweh appears to be punishing the Hebrews for not returning back to the Promised Land instead choosing to stay in Egypt. No return attempt is recorded to have been made. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "All of the descendants of Jacob were seventy in number"
This number included both Jacob's children and grandchildren. It may cause confusion, but it is important to remember Jacob only had 12 sons.
EXO 1 1 g89k figs-metonymy 0 household This refers to all the people who live in a house together, usually a large family with servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EXO 1 5 fv84 translate-numbers 0 seventy in number "70 in number" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EXO 1 5 w4ni 0 Joseph was already in Egypt "Joseph lived in Egypt before his brothers" @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ EXO 1 20 h133 0 The people increased in numbers "The Israelites increased in n EXO 1 21 zj4t 0 feared God "revered God" or "had reverence for God" EXO 1 21 jx9c 0 he gave them families "the enabled them to have children" EXO 1 22 ld1j figs-explicit 0 You must throw every son ... into the river This order was given in order to drown the male children. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. Alternate translation: "You must ... into the river so they will drown" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EXO 2 intro rwf3 0 # Exodus 02 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Moses' heritage
In the first part of this chapter, Pharaoh's daughter recognizes Moses as being a Hebrew, but in the last part of this chapter, the Midianites believe him to be an Egyptian.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Ironic situations
While Pharaoh tried to diminish the power of the Israelites by killing all of their baby boys, Yahweh used Pharaoh's own daughter to save Moses. Moses was the one who would ultimately be used by Yahweh to deliver Israel.
+EXO 2 intro rwf3 0 # Exodus 02 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Moses' heritage
In the first part of this chapter, Pharaoh's daughter recognizes Moses as being a Hebrew, but in the last part of this chapter, the Midianites believe him to be an Egyptian.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Ironic situations
While Pharaoh tried to diminish the power of the Israelites by killing all of their baby boys, Yahweh used Pharaoh's own daughter to save Moses. Moses was the one who would ultimately be used by Yahweh to deliver Israel.
EXO 2 1 wvj9 writing-newevent 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main event. Here the author starts to tell a new part of the narrative. If you have a way of doing this in your language, consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) EXO 2 3 t2gj 0 papyrus basket This is a basket made from a tall grass that grows by the Nile River in Egypt. EXO 2 3 tn3y figs-explicit 0 sealed it with bitumen and pitch You could explicitly state that this was to keep out water. Alternate translation: "spread tar on it to keep water from getting into it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ EXO 2 22 q7d8 0 resident in a foreign land "stranger in a foreign land" EXO 2 23 csg2 0 groaned They did this because of their sorrow and misery. Alternate translation: "sighed deeply" EXO 2 23 x84a figs-personification 0 their pleas went up to God The cries of the Israelites are spoken of as if they were a person and were able to travel up to where God is. Alternate translation: "God heard their pleas" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) EXO 2 24 sja4 figs-idiom 0 God called to mind his covenant This was a customary way of saying God thought about what He had promised. Alternate translation: "God remembered his covenant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EXO 3 intro n6ze 0 # Exodus 03 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter records one of the most important events in the history of the Israelite people: the revelation of the name Yahweh at the burning bush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### God's holiness
God is so holy that people could not look upon him without dying. This is why Moses covered his eyes. It is also why he took off his shoes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Yahweh
The name Yahweh is sacred in the Hebrew religion. It is the personal name of God, which he revealed to Moses. It is by this name, he is known. Yahweh means "I am." Some translations use all capitals to set this apart, "I AM." Great care must be taken in translating the phrase "I am that I am." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]])
+EXO 3 intro n6ze 0 # Exodus 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter records one of the most important events in the history of the Israelite people: the revelation of the name Yahweh at the burning bush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God's holiness
God is so holy that people could not look upon him without dying. This is why Moses covered his eyes. It is also why he took off his shoes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Yahweh
The name Yahweh is sacred in the Hebrew religion. It is the personal name of God, which he revealed to Moses. It is by this name, he is known. Yahweh means "I am." Some translations use all capitals to set this apart, "I AM." Great care must be taken in translating the phrase "I am that I am." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]])
EXO 3 2 lwq7 0 angel of Yahweh This was Yahweh himself appearing as an angel, and not just an angel that Yahweh sent. "Yahweh appeared as an angel" . EXO 3 2 x5ci 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. EXO 3 2 d3tf 0 behold The word "behold" here shows that Moses saw something that was very different from what he expected. @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ EXO 3 19 qf46 figs-metonymy 0 unless his hand is forced This can be stated in a EXO 3 20 yds5 figs-metonymy 0 I will reach out with my hand and attack Here "hand" refers to God's power. Alternate translation: "I will powerfully attack" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EXO 3 21 kt7b figs-doublenegatives 0 will not go empty-handed The word here "empty-handed" is used to emphasize the opposite meaning. Alternate translation: "will go with your hands full of good things" or "will go with many valuable things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) EXO 3 22 w2av 0 any women staying in her neighbors' houses "any Egyptian woman staying in the houses of her Egyptian neighbors" -EXO 4 intro kap5 0 # Exodus 04 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Moses does not understand
Although Moses believes in Yahweh, he does not trust in him. This is because Moses lacks understanding. Moses tries to believe the things he is asked to do are done by his own power. Yahweh is trying to get Moses to trust that these are Yahweh's doing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

#### Children of God
This chapter really introduces the concept that the people group Israel is the chosen people of God and God's children, possibly God's firstborn children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstborn]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Yahweh hardened Pharaoh's heart
Scholars are divided over how to understand this statement. There is debate over whether Pharaoh plays an active or passive role in the hardening of his own heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+EXO 4 intro kap5 0 # Exodus 04 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Moses does not understand
Although Moses believes in Yahweh, he does not trust in him. This is because Moses lacks understanding. Moses tries to believe the things he is asked to do are done by his own power. Yahweh is trying to get Moses to trust that these are Yahweh's doing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

### Children of God
This chapter really introduces the concept that the people group Israel is the chosen people of God and God's children, possibly God's firstborn children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstborn]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Yahweh hardened Pharaoh's heart
Scholars are divided over how to understand this statement. There is debate over whether Pharaoh plays an active or passive role in the hardening of his own heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO 4 1 j4yg 0 if they do not believe "if the Israelites do not believe" EXO 4 4 g6bk 0 take it by the tail "pick it up by the tail" or "grasp it by the tail" EXO 4 4 m86n 0 became a staff "turned into a rod" or "changed into a staff" @@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ EXO 4 28 b429 0 he had sent him to say The word "he" refers to Yahweh, and "hi EXO 4 30 bm2x 0 in the sight of the people "before the people" or "in the presence of the people" EXO 4 31 q1er 0 had observed the Israelites "saw the Israelites" or "was concerned about the Israelites" EXO 4 31 g83a translate-symaction 0 they bowed their heads Possible meanings are 1) "they bowed their heads in awe" or 2) "they bowed down low in reverence." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -EXO 5 intro kea2 0 # Exodus 05 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### A slave's work
The Egyptians were known for making their slaves do a lot of work. They were forced to make a specific number of bricks every day. In this chapter, the were required to not only make these bricks, but also to gather the straw in order to make these bricks.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "Let my people go"
This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.

#### Titles
The leaders are given different titles in this chapter. The ULT uses "taskmasters" and "foremen." Many cultures will not have these types of titles. Generic expressions like "Egyptian leaders" and "Hebrew leaders" may be necessary.
+EXO 5 intro kea2 0 # Exodus 05 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### A slave's work
The Egyptians were known for making their slaves do a lot of work. They were forced to make a specific number of bricks every day. In this chapter, the were required to not only make these bricks, but also to gather the straw in order to make these bricks.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "Let my people go"
This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.

### Titles
The leaders are given different titles in this chapter. The ULT uses "taskmasters" and "foremen." Many cultures will not have these types of titles. Generic expressions like "Egyptian leaders" and "Hebrew leaders" may be necessary.
EXO 5 1 q9kn 0 After these things happened It is unclear how long Moses and Aaron waited until they went to see Pharoah. EXO 5 1 u2vt 0 festival for me This is a celebration to worship Yahweh. EXO 5 2 cm2l figs-rquestion 0 Who is Yahweh? Pharaoh uses this question to show that he does not recognize Yahweh as a legitimate god. Alternate translation: "I do not know Yahweh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ EXO 5 21 d592 figs-metonymy 0 have put a sword in their hand to kill us Here "a EXO 5 22 g4d5 figs-rquestion 0 Lord, why have you caused trouble for this people? This question shows how disappointed he was that the Egyptians were treating the Israelites even more harshly now. Alternate translation: "Lord, I am sorry that you have caused this trouble for this people." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EXO 5 22 w8t1 figs-rquestion 0 Why did you send me in the first place? This question shows how disappointed Moses was that God had sent him to Egypt. Alternate translation: "I wish you had never sent me here!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) EXO 5 23 v2k2 figs-metonymy 0 to speak to him in your name The word "name" here represents the message of God. Alternate translation: "to give him your message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -EXO 6 intro we5k 0 # Exodus 06 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Promised Land
According to the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham, Egypt is not the home of the Hebrew people. It is the Promised Land in Canaan. The people are to return home to their land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Let my people go

This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.
+EXO 6 intro we5k 0 # Exodus 06 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Promised Land
According to the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham, Egypt is not the home of the Hebrew people. It is the Promised Land in Canaan. The people are to return home to their land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Let my people go

This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.
EXO 6 1 ece6 figs-metonymy 0 my strong hand The word "hand" here represents God's actions or works. Alternate translation: "the power I show in my works" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EXO 6 3 l81y 0 I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob "I showed myself to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob" EXO 6 3 m27p figs-activepassive 0 I was not known to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They did not know me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ EXO 6 25 zvg2 translate-names 0 Phinehas This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc: EXO 6 25 fck8 figs-metonymy 0 These were the heads of the fathers' houses The word "heads" here represents family leaders. Alternate translation: "These were the leaders of the families" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EXO 6 26 ft6y 0 by their groups of fighting men "one tribe at a time" or "one family group after another" EXO 6 30 nf3w figs-rquestion 0 I am not good ... why will Pharaoh listen to me? Moses asks this question hoping to change God's mind. This rhetorical question can be translated as as statement. Alternate translation: "I am not good ... Pharaoh will certainly not listen to me!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -EXO 7 intro r9we 0 # Exodus 07 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Miracles
When Yahweh had Moses perform miracles, Pharaoh's men were able to copy these miracles. It is unknown how they were able to do this, but since it was not from Yahweh, they were probably done under some evil power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

#### Pharaoh's hard heart
Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Let my people go

This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.
+EXO 7 intro r9we 0 # Exodus 07 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Miracles
When Yahweh had Moses perform miracles, Pharaoh's men were able to copy these miracles. It is unknown how they were able to do this, but since it was not from Yahweh, they were probably done under some evil power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

### Pharaoh's hard heart
Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Let my people go

This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.
EXO 7 1 dn1s 0 I have made you like a god "I will cause Pharaoh to consider you as a god" EXO 7 3 dhi5 figs-synecdoche 0 harden Pharaoh's heart Here "heart" refers to Pharaoh. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart was hard. See how you translated this in [Exodus 4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: "will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EXO 7 3 vtt1 figs-doublet 0 many signs ... many wonders The words "signs" and "wonders" mean basically the same thing. God uses them to emphasize the greatness of what he will do in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ EXO 7 19 wxp2 0 throughout all "in every part of" EXO 7 20 zy18 figs-explicit 0 in the river The name of the river may be made explicit. Alternate translation: "in the Nile River" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EXO 7 22 qdc7 figs-synecdoche 0 Pharaoh's heart was hardened Here "heart" refers to Pharaoh. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart was hard. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). Alternate translation: "Pharaoh became more defiant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EXO 7 24 m6zn figs-hyperbole 0 All the Egyptians The word "all" here is a generalization that means "many." Alternate translation: "Many of the Egyptians" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -EXO 8 intro ww1y 0 # Exodus 08 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Pharaoh's hard heart
Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Let my people go

This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.
+EXO 8 intro ww1y 0 # Exodus 08 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pharaoh's hard heart
Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Let my people go

This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.
EXO 8 3 e7jf figs-explicit 0 The river "the Nile River" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EXO 8 3 ki53 0 kneading bowls These are bowls in which bread is made. EXO 8 8 mhn3 0 Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron "Then Pharaoh sent for Moses and Aaron" @@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ EXO 8 26 i7dy figs-rquestion 0 will they not stone us? Moses asks this question EXO 8 29 bf85 figs-doublenegatives 0 you must not deal deceitfully any more by not letting our people go This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "you must begin to deal truthfully with us and let our people go" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) EXO 8 29 hh4q 0 But you must not deal deceitfully "But you must not deceive us" or "But you must not lie to us" EXO 8 32 sb5l figs-synecdoche 0 Pharaoh hardened his heart Here "heart" refers to Pharaoh. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). Alternate translation: "Pharaoh became more defiant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EXO 9 intro hqw8 0 # Exodus 09 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Pharaoh's hard heart

Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Let my people go

This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.
+EXO 9 intro hqw8 0 # Exodus 09 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pharaoh's hard heart

Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Let my people go

This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.
EXO 9 1 se3f 0 General Information: Yahweh continues talking with Moses about dealing with Pharaoh and bringing the Hebrew people out of Egypt. EXO 9 2 l7ld figs-parallelism 0 if you refuse to let them go, if you still keep them back These two phrases mean basically the same thing. They will emphasize to Pharaoh what will happen if Pharaoh does this. Alternate translation: "if you continue refusing to let them go" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) EXO 9 3 ume2 figs-metonymy 0 then Yahweh's hand will be on your cattle The word "hand" here represents Yahweh's power to afflict their animals with disease. Alternate translation: "then the power of Yahweh will afflict your cattle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ EXO 9 32 jmq3 0 spelt This is a kind of wheat. EXO 9 33 fa2j translate-symaction 0 spread out his hands to Yahweh This symbolic gesture accompanies prayer. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 9:29](../09/29.md). Alternate translation: "lifted up his hands toward Yahweh and prayed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) EXO 9 34 ke5k figs-synecdoche 0 hardened his heart Here "heart" refers to Pharaoh. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart was hard. Alternate translation: "became more defiant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EXO 9 35 yxt8 figs-synecdoche 0 The heart of Pharaoh was hardened Here "heart" refers to Pharaoh. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart was hard. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). Alternate translation: "Pharaoh became more defiant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EXO 10 intro s5g1 0 # Exodus 10 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Pharaoh's hard heart

Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Let my people go

This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.
+EXO 10 intro s5g1 0 # Exodus 10 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pharaoh's hard heart

Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Let my people go

This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.
EXO 10 1 w4pw figs-metaphor 0 for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his servants Yahweh speaks of making Pharaoh and his servants stubborn as if he were making their hearts hard. See how you translated "Yahweh hardened Pharaoh's heart" in [Exodus 9:12](../09/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EXO 10 2 zg4c 0 various signs "many different signs" EXO 10 4 ge67 figs-imperative 0 listen This word adds emphasis to what is said next. Alternate translation: "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) @@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ EXO 10 27 mv8t 0 he would not let them go "Pharaoh would not let them go" EXO 10 28 lcz2 0 Be careful about one thing "Make sure of one thing" or "Be certain of one thing" EXO 10 28 te45 figs-synecdoche 0 you see my face Here the word "face" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "you see me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) EXO 10 29 h1jf figs-idiom 0 You yourself have spoken With these words, Moses emphasizes that Pharaoh has spoken the truth. Alternate translation: "What you have said is true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -EXO 11 intro pu3u 0 # Exodus 11 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Pharaoh's hard heart

Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Let my people go

In the previous chapters, Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he demanded that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. In this chapter, the same wording is used to refer to Pharaoh "allowing" the Hebrew people to leave Egypt.
+EXO 11 intro pu3u 0 # Exodus 11 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pharaoh's hard heart

Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Let my people go

In the previous chapters, Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he demanded that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. In this chapter, the same wording is used to refer to Pharaoh "allowing" the Hebrew people to leave Egypt.
EXO 11 1 i87h figs-you 0 he will let you go from here Each occurrence of the word "you" in this verse is plural and refers to Moses and the rest of the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) EXO 11 4 kpb5 0 midnight This is the time of 12 am (at night) or 2400 hours. EXO 11 5 hv8k 0 All the firstborn ... the firstborn of Pharaoh ... the firstborn of the slave girl ... the firstborn of the cattle The "firstborn" always refers to the oldest male offspring. @@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ EXO 11 5 k42h 0 who sits on his throne This phrase refers to Pharaoh. EXO 11 5 hr1x 0 who is behind the handmill grinding it "who is grinding at the handmill" or "who is behind the handmill grinding grain" EXO 11 8 ria5 figs-explicit 0 After that I will go out This means that Moses and the people of Israel will leave Egypt. Alternate translation: "After that I will leave here" or "After that I will go out from Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EXO 11 10 um4u figs-synecdoche 0 Yahweh hardened Pharaoh's heart Here "heart" refers to Pharaoh. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart was hard. See how you translated this phrase in [Exodus 9:12](../09/12.md). Alternate translation: "Yahweh caused Pharaoh to became more defiant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EXO 12 intro fd2f 0 # Exodus 12 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The events of this chapter are known as the Passover. They are remembered in the celebration of Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Unleavened bread
The concept of unleavened bread is introduced in this chapter. Its significance stems from its connection to the events in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/unleavenedbread]])

#### Ethnic segregation
The Hebrew people were to be separate from the rest of the world. Because of this, they separated themselves from other people groups. At this time, these foreigners were looked upon as unholy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
+EXO 12 intro fd2f 0 # Exodus 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The events of this chapter are known as the Passover. They are remembered in the celebration of Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Unleavened bread
The concept of unleavened bread is introduced in this chapter. Its significance stems from its connection to the events in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/unleavenedbread]])

### Ethnic segregation
The Hebrew people were to be separate from the rest of the world. Because of this, they separated themselves from other people groups. At this time, these foreigners were looked upon as unholy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO 12 2 z785 figs-parallelism 0 For you, this month will be the start of months, the first month of the year to you These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the month in which the events of this chapter take place will be the beginning of their calendar year. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) EXO 12 2 uy4w translate-hebrewmonths 0 the first month of the year The first month of the Hebrew calendar includes the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. It marks when Yahweh rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EXO 12 4 xzn3 figs-explicit 0 If the household is too small for a lamb This means that there are not enough people in the family to eat an entire lamb. Alternate translation: "If there are not enough people in the household to eat an entire lamb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ EXO 12 48 f9ti figs-doublenegatives 0 no uncircumcised person may eat This can EXO 12 50 agw6 0 as Yahweh had commanded Moses and Aaron "everything that Yahweh told Moses and Aaron to do" EXO 12 51 e3z3 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. EXO 12 51 tyj3 0 by their armed groups The term used for these groups is a military term referring to a large number of soldiers. See how you translated "armed group" in [Exodus 12:17](../12/17.md). Alternate translation: "by their divisions" or "by their regiments" -EXO 13 intro g9qi 0 # Exodus 13 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter records the instructions for the celebration of Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Law
The law mentioned here is not the law of Moses because it has not yet been revealed. Instead, it is a more generic "rule." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Let my people go

This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. When this chapter states that Pharaoh let the people go, it indicates that he gave them permission to leave.
+EXO 13 intro g9qi 0 # Exodus 13 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter records the instructions for the celebration of Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Law
The law mentioned here is not the law of Moses because it has not yet been revealed. Instead, it is a more generic "rule." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Let my people go

This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. When this chapter states that Pharaoh let the people go, it indicates that he gave them permission to leave.
EXO 13 2 de3u 0 Set apart to me ... every firstborn male God requires that every firstborn male child be set apart for him. EXO 13 3 nwq6 figs-idiom 0 Call this day to mind The words "Call ... to mind" were a customary way of telling someone to remember something. Alternate translation: "Remember and celebrate this day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EXO 13 3 en1s figs-metaphor 0 the house of slavery Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. Alternate translation: "the place where you were slaves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ EXO 13 17 c3c2 0 was nearby "was close to where they were located" EXO 13 17 mzi7 0 the people will change their minds ... and ... return to Egypt Since Israelites had lived in slavery all their lives, they were more accustomed to peace than to war and would rather return to slavery than fight. EXO 13 20 xq5d translate-names 0 camped at Etham Etham is located south of the route heading towards the Philistines, at the border of the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EXO 13 21 jnv8 0 pillar of cloud ... pillar of fire "a cloud in the shape of a column ... fire in the shape of a column." God is with them in a cloud by day and in a fire by night. -EXO 14 intro jq4u 0 # Exodus 14 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This is an important event in the history of Israel, known as the "parting of the Sea of Reeds."

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Pharaoh's hard heart

Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.

#### Pharaoh's chariots
These chariots were a fighting force. Pharaoh took an army to kill the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Rhetorical Questions
The Israelites asked a few rhetorical questions of Moses. These questions were not really directed at Moses, but at Yahweh. This showed their lack of faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
+EXO 14 intro jq4u 0 # Exodus 14 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This is an important event in the history of Israel, known as the "parting of the Sea of Reeds."

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pharaoh's hard heart

Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.

### Pharaoh's chariots
These chariots were a fighting force. Pharaoh took an army to kill the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions
The Israelites asked a few rhetorical questions of Moses. These questions were not really directed at Moses, but at Yahweh. This showed their lack of faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
EXO 14 2 mb4e translate-names 0 Pi Hahiroth ... Migdol ... Baal Zephon These are towns on Egypt's eastern border. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EXO 14 2 c9r8 figs-you 0 You are to camp Here the word "You" is plural and refers to Moses and the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) EXO 14 3 c81b figs-quotations 0 Pharaoh will say about the Israelites, 'They are wandering in the land. The wilderness has closed in on them.' This can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: "Pharaoh will say the Israelites are wandering in the land and the wilderness has closed in on them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) @@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ EXO 14 27 wn3q 0 The Egyptians fled into the sea Since the sea was closing in EXO 14 27 h64r 0 Yahweh drove the Egyptians "Yahweh pushed the Egyptians" or "Yahweh threw the Egyptians" EXO 14 30 e2lf figs-metonymy 0 out of the hand of the Egyptians Here the word "hand" refers to power. Alternate translation: "from the Egyptians' power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EXO 14 30 p5zw 0 on the seashore "on the land along the edge of the sea" -EXO 15 intro ni4b 0 # Exodus 15 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic songs in 15:1-18 and 15:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Yahweh's laws
In this chapter, Moses talks about Yahweh's laws. The law of Moses is about to be introduced. Although it has not yet been formally introduced, this is what is being referenced in this chapter in anticipation of the revelation of the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
+EXO 15 intro ni4b 0 # Exodus 15 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic songs in 15:1-18 and 15:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh's laws
In this chapter, Moses talks about Yahweh's laws. The law of Moses is about to be introduced. Although it has not yet been formally introduced, this is what is being referenced in this chapter in anticipation of the revelation of the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
EXO 15 1 f5zr 0 General Information: This is a song about the events that happened in [Exodus 14:26-28](../14/26.md). EXO 15 1 kw29 figs-explicit 0 he has triumphed gloriously It can be stated explicitly over whom Yahweh triumphed. Alternate translation: "he has achieved a glorious victory over the army of Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EXO 15 1 f6ue figs-metaphor 0 the horse and its rider he has thrown into the sea Moses sang about God causing the sea to cover and drown the horse and rider as if God had thrown them into the sea. Alternate translation: "he has made the sea cover over the horse and rider" or "he has made the horse and rider drown in the sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ EXO 15 26 m4cn figs-metaphor 0 I will put on you none of the diseases God speak EXO 15 27 did8 translate-names 0 Elim This is an oasis in the desert, a place with water and shade trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EXO 15 27 ark9 translate-numbers 0 twelve "12" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EXO 15 27 p64y translate-numbers 0 seventy "70" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -EXO 16 intro nkd7 0 # Exodus 16 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Complaints
The Israelites complained about the amount of food Yahweh gave them, even when he miraculously provided their food for them. This is intended to show their ungratefulness and their sinful view of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Prohibition against storing food
The people were not allowed to store the food, called manna, they were provided with. This is because they were to trust in Yahweh to provide for their needs every day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

#### Sabbath
This is the first recorded celebration of the Sabbath rest. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])

#### Ark of the covenant
Although the covenant has not yet been made, it is referenced in [Exodus 16:34](../../exo/16/34.md). This is probably done either in anticipation of the building of the ark or as an editorial comment made by Moses after these events. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Wilderness of Sin
Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
+EXO 16 intro nkd7 0 # Exodus 16 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Complaints
The Israelites complained about the amount of food Yahweh gave them, even when he miraculously provided their food for them. This is intended to show their ungratefulness and their sinful view of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Prohibition against storing food
The people were not allowed to store the food, called manna, they were provided with. This is because they were to trust in Yahweh to provide for their needs every day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

### Sabbath
This is the first recorded celebration of the Sabbath rest. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])

### Ark of the covenant
Although the covenant has not yet been made, it is referenced in [Exodus 16:34](../../exo/16/34.md). This is probably done either in anticipation of the building of the ark or as an editorial comment made by Moses after these events. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Wilderness of Sin
Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO 16 1 gw67 translate-names 0 wilderness of Sin The word "Sin" here is the Hebrew name of the wilderness. It is not the English word "sin." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EXO 16 1 h44x translate-hebrewmonths 0 on the fifteenth day of the second month This time coincides with the end of April and the beginning of May on Western calendars. Alternate translation: "on day 15 of the second month" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EXO 16 2 h938 figs-hyperbole 0 The whole community of Israelites complained "All the Israelites complained." This is a generalization. Moses and Aaron did not complain. Alternate translation: "The Israelites complained" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ EXO 16 32 nxa9 translate-bvolume 0 omer 2 liters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/transla EXO 16 32 g93h 0 bread This refers to the bread that appeared as thin flakes on the ground each morning. EXO 16 33 rtw7 translate-bvolume 0 an omer "two liters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) EXO 16 36 g8ns translate-bvolume 0 Now an omer is a tenth of an ephah An omer and an ephah are both containers for measuring volume. The original readers would have known how much an ephah was. This sentence would help them know how much an omer was. For languages that do not use fractions, this can be reworded. Alternate translation: "Now ten omers equal one ephah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) -EXO 17 intro f12q 0 # Exodus 17 General Notes
### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Rhetorical Questions
Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince people of their sin. Likewise, the people's rhetorical question showed their ignorance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Wilderness of Sin
Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
+EXO 17 intro f12q 0 # Exodus 17 General Notes
## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions
Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince people of their sin. Likewise, the people's rhetorical question showed their ignorance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Wilderness of Sin
Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO 17 1 h1li translate-names 0 wilderness of Sin The word "Sin" here is the Hebrew name of the wilderness. It is not the English word "sin." See how you translated this in [Exodus 16:1](../16/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EXO 17 1 j1fm translate-names 0 Rephidim This means "the resting place," a place to rest on long journeys through the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EXO 17 2 hr9b figs-rquestion 0 Why do you quarrel with me? Why do you test Yahweh? Moses uses these questions to scold the people. Alternate translation: "You should not quarrel with me! You should not test Yahweh!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ EXO 17 14 c5rl figs-metaphor 0 I will completely blot out the memory of Amalek EXO 17 14 jm77 figs-metonymy 0 Amalek This refers to the Amalekites. Alternate translation: Amalekites" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EXO 17 16 bw78 figs-metonymy 0 a hand was lifted up People would raise their hand when they made a promise or pledge, so raising the hand represents making a promise. Alternate translation: "a promise was made" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EXO 17 16 s86d figs-activepassive 0 a hand was lifted up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh lifted up his hand" or "Yahweh made a solemn promise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EXO 18 intro t8g2 0 # Exodus 18 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Leadership lessons
Jethro taught Moses an important leadership lesson in this chapter. Many scholars look at this chapter for important leadership lessons. Moses delegated some of his responsibilities to other godly men so that he would not become worn out by all the demands made of him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])
+EXO 18 intro t8g2 0 # Exodus 18 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Leadership lessons
Jethro taught Moses an important leadership lesson in this chapter. Many scholars look at this chapter for important leadership lessons. Moses delegated some of his responsibilities to other godly men so that he would not become worn out by all the demands made of him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])
EXO 18 1 nl86 0 Moses' father-in-law This refers to the father of the wife of Moses. EXO 18 2 zw6h 0 took Zipporah, Moses' wife Possible meanings are 1) Jethro took Zipporah to Moses, or 2) Jethro had earlier welcomed back Zipporah. EXO 18 2 chy6 figs-explicit 0 after he had sent her home This is something Moses had done earlier. The full meaning of the can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "after Moses had sent her home to her parents" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ EXO 18 25 iqn8 translate-numbers 0 leaders in charge of thousands, hundreds, fi EXO 18 26 abx4 0 judged the people in normal circumstances "judged the people most of the time" or "judged the people's easy cases" EXO 18 26 z7j4 figs-metaphor 0 The difficult cases they brought to Moses The author writes of telling Moses about the difficult cases as bringing him the difficult cases. Alternate translation: "the difficult cases they told Moses about" or "when there were difficult cases, they told Moses about them so that he would judge them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EXO 18 26 ve8h 0 the small cases "the easy cases" -EXO 19 intro ck7e 0 # Exodus 19 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### "A kingdom of priests"
The function of the priests was to intercede for the people. The Levites were the only priests in Israel; this is a metaphor indicating that the nation was to intercede for the world as a whole. They were also to be holy, or set apart, from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

#### Revealing the Law
The events of this chapter are concerned with preparing the people to receive the law of Moses. The people go through all of this to prepare themselves for the law, which show the great importance of this event for Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
+EXO 19 intro ck7e 0 # Exodus 19 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### "A kingdom of priests"
The function of the priests was to intercede for the people. The Levites were the only priests in Israel; this is a metaphor indicating that the nation was to intercede for the world as a whole. They were also to be holy, or set apart, from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

### Revealing the Law
The events of this chapter are concerned with preparing the people to receive the law of Moses. The people go through all of this to prepare themselves for the law, which show the great importance of this event for Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
EXO 19 1 r5tj translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the third month ... on the same day This means they arrived at the wilderness on the first day of the month just as they left Egypt on the first day of the month. The first day of the third month on the Hebrew calendar is near the middle of May on Western calendars. Alternate translation: "In the third month ... on the first day of the month" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EXO 19 1 xw7p 0 had gone out from "had left" EXO 19 2 nk51 translate-names 0 Rephidim This is an area on the edge of the wilderness of Sinai where the people of Israel had been camping. See how you translated this name in [Exodus 17:1](../17/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ EXO 19 20 v7mh 0 he summoned Moses "he commanded Moses to come up" EXO 19 21 d2qm figs-metaphor 0 not to break through God spoke about walking past the boundary as if they might break down a barrier and walk through it. See how you translated "set bounds" in [Exodus 19:12](../19/12.md). Alternate translation: "not to go beyond the boundary" or "not to go through the barrier"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EXO 19 24 w8lx 0 get down "go down" EXO 19 24 bk6p figs-metaphor 0 break through the barrier God spoke about walking past the boundary as if they might break down a barrier and walk through it. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 19:21](../19/21.md). Alternate translation: "go beyond the boundary" or "go through the barrier" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EXO 20 intro x7vt 0 # Exodus 20 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The instructions recorded in this chapter are commonly known as the "ten commandments."

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Covenant
Yahweh's covenant faithfulness is now based on the covenant he made with Abraham as well as the covenant he is making with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
+EXO 20 intro x7vt 0 # Exodus 20 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The instructions recorded in this chapter are commonly known as the "ten commandments."

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Covenant
Yahweh's covenant faithfulness is now based on the covenant he made with Abraham as well as the covenant he is making with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
EXO 20 2 qg71 0 house of slavery "place where you were slaves" EXO 20 3 r9h3 0 You must have no other gods before me "You must not worship any other gods but me" EXO 20 4 rkn1 0 nor the likeness "and you must not make the likeness" @@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ EXO 20 24 pf1i 0 earthen altar an altar made of materials from the ground, suc EXO 20 24 ge89 figs-metonymy 0 cause my name to be honored Here "name" is a metonym for God's being. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "choose for you to honor me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EXO 20 26 qm1b 0 You must not go up to my altar on steps "Do not build steps up to the altar and go up to it on those steps" EXO 20 26 h2qd 0 your nakedness "your private parts" -EXO 21 intro dnd3 0 # Exodus 21 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Covenant with Moses
Although the covenant Yahweh made with Moses began in the previous chapter, it formally begins with the statement, "Now these are the decrees that you must set before them." The law of Moses was a major part of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

#### Slavery
This passage does not condone slavery as an acceptable practice. However, it does impose some restrictions on the practice.

#### Justice in society
The rules and law of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God's chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
+EXO 21 intro dnd3 0 # Exodus 21 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Covenant with Moses
Although the covenant Yahweh made with Moses began in the previous chapter, it formally begins with the statement, "Now these are the decrees that you must set before them." The law of Moses was a major part of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

### Slavery
This passage does not condone slavery as an acceptable practice. However, it does impose some restrictions on the practice.

### Justice in society
The rules and law of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God's chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO 21 1 b3g4 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. EXO 21 1 hhf7 0 you must set before them "you must give them" or "you must tell them" EXO 21 2 di5z 0 General Information: Yahweh tells Moses his laws for the people of Israel. @@ -728,7 +728,7 @@ EXO 21 36 fkx2 figs-activepassive 0 if it was known This can be stated in activ EXO 21 36 v64b 0 a habit of goring in time past "had gored other animals before" EXO 21 36 ix8h figs-explicit 0 its owner has not kept it in This means that the owner did not keep his ox securely inside a fence. This can be clearly stated in the translation. Alternate translation: "its owner did not keep it inside a fence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) EXO 21 36 dcv2 figs-explicit 0 he must surely pay ox for ox The owner of the ox that killed must give an ox to the man who lost his ox. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: "the owner of the ox that killed must surely give a living ox to the owner of the ox that died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -EXO 22 intro f9vb 0 # Exodus 22 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Justice in society
The rules and laws of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God's chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. In this chapter, the purpose of these laws often focuses on minimizing the people's desire for vengeance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])
+EXO 22 intro f9vb 0 # Exodus 22 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Justice in society
The rules and laws of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God's chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. In this chapter, the purpose of these laws often focuses on minimizing the people's desire for vengeance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])
EXO 22 1 syx5 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel. EXO 22 2 mt43 figs-activepassive 0 If a thief is found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If anyone finds a thief" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EXO 22 2 e98x 0 breaking in "using force to come into a house" @@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ EXO 22 30 cya6 0 do the same with "dedicate to me the firstborn of" EXO 22 30 j345 translate-numbers 0 For seven days This can be written as a numeral. Alternate translation: "For 7 days after they are born" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EXO 22 30 m4wq translate-numbers 0 the eighth day This can be written as a numeral. Alternate translation: "day number 8" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EXO 22 30 l9vh 0 give them to me "dedicate them to me" -EXO 23 intro hk5t 0 # Exodus 23 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Justice in society
The rules and laws of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God's chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

#### Celebrations of feasts and festivals
The people of Israel were required to celebrate certain feasts and festivals. These were part of the law of Moses and some are described in this chapter. Their purpose was to worship Yahweh and to remember the great things Yahweh has done for them.
+EXO 23 intro hk5t 0 # Exodus 23 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Justice in society
The rules and laws of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God's chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

### Celebrations of feasts and festivals
The people of Israel were required to celebrate certain feasts and festivals. These were part of the law of Moses and some are described in this chapter. Their purpose was to worship Yahweh and to remember the great things Yahweh has done for them.
EXO 23 1 we1y 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel. EXO 23 1 y1a3 0 dishonest witness This is the same as a lying or false witness. EXO 23 2 nqz9 0 nor may you bear witness "and you also must not speak" @@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ EXO 23 28 cg7i 0 hornets a flying insect that can sting people and cause pain EXO 23 29 i9aq 0 or the land would become abandoned "because no one would be living in the land" EXO 23 30 zyl3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel. EXO 23 33 d1fp figs-metaphor 0 this will surely become a trap for you This means worshiping other gods will lead the people of Israel to certain destruction as if they were an animal caught in a hunter's trap. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -EXO 24 intro b83l 0 # Exodus 24 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Moses' covenant
The people of Israel promise to obey the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. Their continued blessings were contingent upon their obedience to this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

#### God's holiness
Because Yahweh is perfectly holy, he can only be approached in a certain way. Because of this, only Moses was allowed near Yahweh. This is also why Yahweh is described as a "devouring fire." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
+EXO 24 intro b83l 0 # Exodus 24 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Moses' covenant
The people of Israel promise to obey the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. Their continued blessings were contingent upon their obedience to this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

### God's holiness
Because Yahweh is perfectly holy, he can only be approached in a certain way. Because of this, only Moses was allowed near Yahweh. This is also why Yahweh is described as a "devouring fire." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO 24 1 c97i translate-names 0 Nadab ... Abihu These are men's names. See how you translated these names in [Exodus 6:23](../06/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EXO 24 1 nm3t translate-numbers 0 seventy of Israel's elders "70 of Israel's elders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) EXO 24 3 cg32 figs-idiom 0 with one voice This is an idiom that means the people were in complete agreement. Alternate translation: "together" or "in agreement" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ EXO 24 16 j2s5 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh's glory This was the brilliant light of G EXO 24 17 e4n6 figs-simile 0 like a devouring fire This means the glory of Yahweh was very large and seemed to burn brightly like a fire. Alternate translation: "like a big fire burning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) EXO 24 17 k5lj figs-metaphor 0 in the eyes of the Israelites Their eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents their thoughts or judgment about they saw. Alternate translation: "to the Israelites" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EXO 24 18 h1wy translate-numbers 0 forty days and forty nights "40 days and 40 nights" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -EXO 25 intro t23a 0 # Exodus 25 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The tent of meeting
This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
+EXO 25 intro t23a 0 # Exodus 25 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The tent of meeting
This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO 25 2 r5yr figs-idiom 0 who is motivated by a willing heart This is an idiom that indicates a person's desire to give an offering. Alternate translation: "who wants to give an offering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) EXO 25 2 k78q figs-you 0 You must receive The word "you" refers to Moses and the leaders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) EXO 25 3 s2ls 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do. @@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ EXO 25 38 l5w8 figs-activepassive 0 The tongs and their trays must be made of p EXO 25 39 ff5p translate-bweight 0 one talent A talent weighs about thirty-three kilograms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) EXO 25 39 ff8n 0 its accessories the tongs and the trays EXO 25 40 l7je figs-activepassive 0 you are being shown on the mountain This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am showing you on the mountain" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EXO 26 intro emw7 0 # Exodus 26 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The tent of meeting
This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
+EXO 26 intro emw7 0 # Exodus 26 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The tent of meeting
This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO 26 1 hen6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do ([Exodus 25:1](../25/01.md)). EXO 26 1 ks8r figs-you 0 You must make Yahweh is speaking to Moses, so the word "you" is singular. Yahweh probably expected Moses to tell someone else to do the actual work, but Moses would be the one responsible for seeing that the work was done correctly. "Tell a craftsman to make" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) EXO 26 1 iww4 0 curtains These were large, heavy sections of woven cloth that were used to form the covering and dividing walls of the tabernacle. @@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ EXO 26 36 p5wf 0 a hanging This was a large curtain made of cloth. EXO 26 36 rr16 0 blue, purple, and scarlet material Possible meanings are 1) "yarn that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet," probably wool yarn, or 2) "blue, purple, and scarlet dye" to dye the linen. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md). EXO 26 36 f6td 0 fine twined linen "finely twisted linen." This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. EXO 26 36 r2fy 0 an embroiderer "a person who sews designs into cloth" or "a person who embroiders" -EXO 27 intro x4f7 0 # Exodus 27 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The tent of meeting
This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
+EXO 27 intro x4f7 0 # Exodus 27 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The tent of meeting
This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO 27 1 hj65 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do ([Exodus 25:1](../25/01.md)). EXO 27 1 qj4j translate-bdistance 0 five cubits long and five cubits wide "2.2 meters long on each side" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) EXO 27 1 hbg9 translate-bdistance 0 The altar must be square and three cubits high "The altar must be square and 1.3 meters high" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) @@ -1030,7 +1030,7 @@ EXO 27 20 wn9n 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the EXO 27 21 ge7v 0 tent of meeting This is another name for the tabernacle. EXO 27 21 p7ru 0 ark of testimony This is the chest that contains the sacred slabs of stone on which Yahweh had written his commandments. EXO 27 21 vr7m 0 This requirement will be a lasting statute "I require that the people do this as a lasting statute" -EXO 28 intro r3yx 0 # Exodus 28 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Holy garments
Because Yahweh is holy, only the priests could approach him, and when they did they must be wearing specially made clothing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
+EXO 28 intro r3yx 0 # Exodus 28 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Holy garments
Because Yahweh is holy, only the priests could approach him, and when they did they must be wearing specially made clothing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO 28 1 bsm1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do ([Exodus 25:1](../25/01.md)). EXO 28 1 e1xb figs-you 0 Call to yourself Here "yourself" refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) EXO 28 2 tv9h figs-you 0 You must make Here "you" refers to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -1106,7 +1106,7 @@ EXO 28 42 vua7 0 General Information: God continues to tell Moses what the peo EXO 28 42 vz62 0 undergarments These are underwear, clothing worn under the outer clothes, next to the skin. EXO 28 43 s6n2 0 tent of meeting This is another name for the tabernacle. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:21](../27/21.md). EXO 28 43 r7y7 0 a permanent law "a law the will not end" -EXO 29 intro xmd9 0 # Exodus 29 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Consecrating priests
This chapter records the process of consecrating priests. The priests were to be set apart from the rest of Israel because Yahweh is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "I will live among the Israelites"
As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. This phrase indicates that he permanently remains within Israel in a special way while they have the ark.
+EXO 29 intro xmd9 0 # Exodus 29 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Consecrating priests
This chapter records the process of consecrating priests. The priests were to be set apart from the rest of Israel because Yahweh is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "I will live among the Israelites"
As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. This phrase indicates that he permanently remains within Israel in a special way while they have the ark.
EXO 29 1 d6gk 0 Now The word "now" marks a change in topic from garments for priests to consecrating priests. EXO 29 1 z78h 0 you must do Here "you" refers to Moses. EXO 29 1 ld5s 0 to set them apart "to set apart Aaron and his sons" @@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@ EXO 29 42 h5r7 0 tent of meeting This is another name for the tabernacle. See EXO 29 43 f1t6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. EXO 29 43 ic8i figs-activepassive 0 the tent will be set apart for me by my glory This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My awesome presence will dedicate the tent to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EXO 29 45 zcs1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. -EXO 30 intro z3yc 0 # Exodus 30 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Atonement
The atonement offered by the priests was very important in the religious life of Israel. In order to offer sacrifices, the priests had to maintain ritual cleanliness by washing themselves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
+EXO 30 intro z3yc 0 # Exodus 30 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Atonement
The atonement offered by the priests was very important in the religious life of Israel. In order to offer sacrifices, the priests had to maintain ritual cleanliness by washing themselves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
EXO 30 1 r1f4 0 General Information: Yahweh tells Moses how to build the worship equipment. EXO 30 1 v8vb figs-you 0 You must make Here "you" refers to Moses and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) EXO 30 2 w56e figs-activepassive 0 Its horns must be made These were projections that looked like ox horns attached to the four corners of the altar. See how you translated "horns" in [Exodus 27:2](../27/02.md). Alternate translation: "You must make its horns" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1255,7 +1255,7 @@ EXO 30 37 yv1y 0 with the same formula "with the same ingredients" or "with th EXO 30 37 wh25 0 It must be most holy to you "You must consider it to be most holy" EXO 30 38 xn6v 0 perfume This is a pleasant smelling liquid a person puts on his or her body. EXO 30 38 sa1m figs-metaphor 0 must be cut off from his people The metaphor "cut off" has at least three possible meanings. They can be expressed in active form: 1) "I will no longer consider him to be one of the people of Israel" 2) "the people of Israel must send him away" or 3) "the people of Israel must kill him." See how you translated this in [Exodus 30:33](../30/33.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EXO 31 intro wfk7 0 # Exodus 31 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter is the end of Exodus' recording of the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Sabbath
As described in this chapter, the Sabbath is more than just a day of worship or celebration. Its significance extends beyond a way to help people rest. It is a major part of the identity of the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])
+EXO 31 intro wfk7 0 # Exodus 31 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is the end of Exodus' recording of the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sabbath
As described in this chapter, the Sabbath is more than just a day of worship or celebration. Its significance extends beyond a way to help people rest. It is a major part of the identity of the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])
EXO 31 2 m8ju figs-metonymy 0 I have called by name God speaks of choosing specific people as calling them by name. Alternate translation: "I have chosen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EXO 31 2 hf5r translate-names 0 Bezalel ... Uri ... Hur These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EXO 31 3 ayb9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. @@ -1284,7 +1284,7 @@ EXO 31 16 t9hw figs-metaphor 0 must keep the Sabbath God speaks of obeying his EXO 31 16 n7q2 0 They must observe it throughout their people's generations "They and all the generations of their descendants must observe it." See how you translated "throughout their people's generations" in [Exodus 12:42](../12/42.md). EXO 31 16 yef8 0 lasting covenant "a covenant that will always exist." See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:43](../28/43.md). EXO 31 18 xc6h figs-activepassive 0 written on by his own hand This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "which Yahweh wrote on with his own hand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EXO 32 intro vv2w 0 # Exodus 32 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The events of this chapter occur while Moses spoke with God and therefore happen at the same time as the events in chapters 20-31.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 32:18.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Idolatry
The making of the golden calf was considered a form of idolatry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+EXO 32 intro vv2w 0 # Exodus 32 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The events of this chapter occur while Moses spoke with God and therefore happen at the same time as the events in chapters 20-31.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 32:18.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Idolatry
The making of the golden calf was considered a form of idolatry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO 32 1 cfk8 figs-metaphor 0 the people saw Here understanding something is spoken of as if it were being seen. Alternate translation: "the people realized" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EXO 32 1 k2i1 0 Come, make us an idol The word "come" strengthens the force of the command following it. The people were demanding that Aaron make an idol for them. EXO 32 1 mrb5 0 go before us "lead us" or "be our leader" @@ -1337,7 +1337,7 @@ EXO 32 33 qwk9 0 my book This refers to the book of Yahweh that Moses spoke of EXO 32 34 xn8p 0 But on the day that I punish them, I will punish them On the day that God decides to punish them, it will be clear that it is God who is judging them. EXO 32 35 ddg6 0 Yahweh sent a plague on the people This plague may have been a serious illness. Alternate translation: "Yahweh made the people very sick" EXO 32 35 wv1v 0 they had made the calf, the one that Aaron made Even though Aaron made the calf, the people were also guilty because they told Aaron to do it. Alternate translation: "they told Aaron to make the calf" -EXO 33 intro g5k3 0 # Exodus 33 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Covenant
While the covenants Yahweh made may not be conditioned upon the obedience of Israel, it is clear that their conquering of the Promised Land was conditioned on their obedience to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
+EXO 33 intro g5k3 0 # Exodus 33 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Covenant
While the covenants Yahweh made may not be conditioned upon the obedience of Israel, it is clear that their conquering of the Promised Land was conditioned on their obedience to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
EXO 33 1 p8xp 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to tell Moses of his anger. EXO 33 3 yyt4 figs-metonymy 0 that land, which is flowing with milk and honey The land was good for raising livestock and growing crops. See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: "a land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) EXO 33 3 y347 0 flowing with "full of" or "with an abundance of" @@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ EXO 33 19 sx1a figs-metonymy 0 I will make all my goodness pass before you God EXO 33 21 s4iy 0 See "Look" or "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you." EXO 33 23 fmu8 0 you will see my back This is because Yahweh will be walking away from Moses. EXO 33 23 gw1n figs-activepassive 0 but my face will not be seen This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: "but you will not see my face" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EXO 34 intro smp6 0 # Exodus 34 General Notes
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "He will bring the punishment for the fathers' sin on their children"
This phrase does not mean that a child is necessarily punished for the sins of their parents. Many scholars believe that this passage indicates that a parent's sins will have consequences that will affect their children and grandchildren. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+EXO 34 intro smp6 0 # Exodus 34 General Notes
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "He will bring the punishment for the fathers' sin on their children"
This phrase does not mean that a child is necessarily punished for the sins of their parents. Many scholars believe that this passage indicates that a parent's sins will have consequences that will affect their children and grandchildren. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
EXO 34 1 s1kv 0 tablets of stone "flat slabs of stone." See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:18](../31/18.md) EXO 34 3 fk8z 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. EXO 34 3 ck6d figs-metonymy 0 Do not let anyone else be seen anywhere on the mountain Being seen doing something represents doing that. Alternate translation: "Do not let anyone else be anywhere on the mountain" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1420,7 +1420,7 @@ EXO 34 31 jfb4 0 came up to him "approached him" or "went to him." They did no EXO 34 32 kt23 figs-metaphor 0 all the commands that Yahweh had given him Telling commands is spoken of as if the commands were objects that could be given. Alternate translation: "all the commands that Yahweh had told him" or "everything that Yahweh had commanded them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) EXO 34 34 fzm1 0 he would remove "Moses would remove" EXO 34 34 m1sv figs-activepassive 0 what he was commanded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what Yahweh had commanded him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -EXO 35 intro lew9 0 # Exodus 35 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Sacrifice
All of the people offered sacrifices to Yahweh. This was a form of worship and a sign of repentance from making the golden calf idol. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
+EXO 35 intro lew9 0 # Exodus 35 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sacrifice
All of the people offered sacrifices to Yahweh. This was a form of worship and a sign of repentance from making the golden calf idol. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
EXO 35 2 c559 translate-ordinal 0 the seventh day "day number seven" or "Saturday" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EXO 35 2 zij9 figs-activepassive 0 Whoever does any work on that day must be put to death This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "You must kill anyone who does work on that day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) EXO 35 4 jdb8 0 General Information: In Exodus 35:4-9, Moses tells the Israelites to make the things Yahweh commanded him in [Exodus 25:3-7](../25/03.md). @@ -1470,7 +1470,7 @@ EXO 35 35 u7tf 0 embroiderers people who sew designs into cloth EXO 35 35 r8zk 0 craftsmen people who are skilled in making beautiful objects by hand EXO 35 35 cw3x 0 weavers a person who creates cloth using thread EXO 35 35 a6c3 0 artistic designers a person who creates beauty with materials -EXO 36 intro nz4n 0 # Exodus 36 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Tent of meeting
The tent of meeting, or tabernacle, mentioned in previous chapters is constructed in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
+EXO 36 intro nz4n 0 # Exodus 36 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Tent of meeting
The tent of meeting, or tabernacle, mentioned in previous chapters is constructed in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
EXO 36 1 ubk2 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people. EXO 36 1 ds99 translate-names 0 Bezalel This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EXO 36 1 tl5b translate-names 0 Oholiab This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:6](../31/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1536,7 +1536,7 @@ EXO 36 37 r5ya 0 General Information: See how you translated many of these wor EXO 36 37 vv61 0 He made Here "he" refers to Bezalel and those working for him. "Bezalel and his men made" EXO 36 37 neu2 0 a hanging a curtain EXO 36 38 pr67 0 General Information: See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:37](../26/37.md). -EXO 37 intro mt99 0 # Exodus 37 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The ark of the covenant
The ark, mentioned in previous chapters, is constructed in this chapter. There are other furnishings of the tabernacle that are also produced in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
+EXO 37 intro mt99 0 # Exodus 37 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The ark of the covenant
The ark, mentioned in previous chapters, is constructed in this chapter. There are other furnishings of the tabernacle that are also produced in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
EXO 37 1 byr3 0 General Information: See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:10](../25/10.md). EXO 37 1 xz1t translate-names 0 Bezalel This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) EXO 37 1 ps6e translate-bdistance 0 two and a half cubits ... one cubit and a half A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: "2.5 cubits ... 1.5 cubits" or "115 centimeters ... 69 centimeters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) @@ -1595,7 +1595,7 @@ EXO 37 28 hw37 0 General Information: See how you translated many of these wor EXO 37 29 c992 0 General Information: See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 30:25](../30/25.md). EXO 37 29 z685 0 fragrant incense See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:6](../25/06.md). EXO 37 29 akg9 0 the work of a perfumer A perfumer is skilled in mixing spices and oils. -EXO 38 intro hp86 0 # Exodus 38 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The altar
The altar is constructed in this chapter. There are other furnishings of the tabernacle that are also produced in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])

#### Materials
The list of materials being used is intended to give the reader an understanding of the scale of the tabernacle. It should fill the reader with awe concerning the power of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+EXO 38 intro hp86 0 # Exodus 38 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The altar
The altar is constructed in this chapter. There are other furnishings of the tabernacle that are also produced in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])

### Materials
The list of materials being used is intended to give the reader an understanding of the scale of the tabernacle. It should fill the reader with awe concerning the power of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO 38 1 r81c 0 General Information See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:1](../27/01.md). EXO 38 1 gk19 0 Connecting Statement: Bezalel's work crew continues to build the tabernacle and furniture. EXO 38 1 g5ex translate-bdistance 0 cubits One cubit is 46 centimeters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) @@ -1672,7 +1672,7 @@ EXO 38 29 p3mr translate-numbers 0 seventy talents and 2,400 shekels "70 talent EXO 38 30 zfk8 0 General Information: Bezalel's work crew continues to build the tabernacle and furniture. EXO 38 30 rck7 0 grate This is a frame of crossed bars for holding wood when burning. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md). EXO 38 31 bvr9 0 tent pegs These are sharp bronze stakes that were used to secure the corners of a tent to the ground. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:19](../27/19.md). -EXO 39 intro mll6 0 # Exodus 39 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The holy clothing
The special, holy clothing mentioned in previous chapters is produced in this chapter to the correct specifications. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
+EXO 39 intro mll6 0 # Exodus 39 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The holy clothing
The special, holy clothing mentioned in previous chapters is produced in this chapter to the correct specifications. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO 39 1 s66r 0 General Information: Bezalel's work crew shifts to making the priestly garments. EXO 39 1 ys6l 0 they made The word "they" refers to Bezalel, Oholiab, and the other workmen. EXO 39 1 h8kg 0 as Yahweh had commanded Moses "just as Yahweh told Moses to do" @@ -1753,7 +1753,7 @@ EXO 39 40 ajt4 0 the tabernacle, the tent of meeting These refer to the same p EXO 39 42 ct6k 0 Thus the people "And so the people" EXO 39 43 t26m 0 behold The word "behold" here draws attention to the information that follows. EXO 39 43 z79s 0 As Yahweh had commanded, in that way they did it "They did it in the way that Yahweh had commanded them" -EXO 40 intro fa6e 0 # Exodus 40 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter is repetitive and should read as a series of instructions. It is repeated as well to show that Moses was obedient to every detail of Yahweh's command.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "Yahweh's glory filled the tabernacle"
This phrase indicates that Yahweh began to dwell within the tabernacle, among Israel, in a special way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
+EXO 40 intro fa6e 0 # Exodus 40 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is repetitive and should read as a series of instructions. It is repeated as well to show that Moses was obedient to every detail of Yahweh's command.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "Yahweh's glory filled the tabernacle"
This phrase indicates that Yahweh began to dwell within the tabernacle, among Israel, in a special way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
EXO 40 2 crr5 translate-hebrewmonths 0 the first day of the first month of the new year The new year marks the time when God rescued his people from Egypt. This happens around the middle of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) EXO 40 3 iv52 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do. EXO 40 3 l7fp 0 place the ark of the testimony in it "place the ark of the covenant decrees in the sacred chest" diff --git a/en_tn_03-LEV.tsv b/en_tn_03-LEV.tsv index 05cdc5cba..b99ed9c47 100644 --- a/en_tn_03-LEV.tsv +++ b/en_tn_03-LEV.tsv @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote LEV front intro nxz4 0 # Introduction to Leviticus
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of Leviticus

1. Instructions to the Israelites about offerings (1:1–6:7)
- Burnt offerings (1:1–17)
- Grain offerings (2:1–16)
- Fellowship offerings (3:1–17)
- Offerings for unintentional sins (4:1-5:13)
- Guilt offerings (5:14–6:7)
1. Instructions to the priests about offerings (6:8–7:10)
- Burnt offerings (6:8-13)
- Grain offerings (6:14-23)
- Sin offerings (6:24-30)
- Guilt offerings (7:1-10)
1. Further instructions to the Israelites (7:11–7:38)
- Peace offerings (7:11–21)
- Eating fat and blood forbidden (7:22-27)
- The share for the priests (7:28–7:38)
1. Setting apart the priests (8:1–10:20)
- Aaron and his sons ordained (8:1–36)
- Aaron as high priest (9:1–24)
- Nadab and Abihu punished (10:1–20)
1. Laws about clean and unclean things (11:1–15:33)
- Clean and unclean food (11:1–47)
- Women purified after giving birth to a child (12:1–8)
- Skin, clothing, houses (13:1–14:47)
- Bodily fluids (15:1–33)
1. Day of Atonement; the place of the offering; the nature of blood (16:1–17:16)
1. Setting apart for worship and service; being disqualified from service (18:1–24:23)
1. The years of rest and release (25:1–55)
1. Blessing for obeying and curses for not obeying (26:1–46)
1. Gifts to God (27:1–34)

### What is the book of Leviticus about?

In the Book of Leviticus, God continues to give laws through Moses to the people of Israel. The people were to obey all of these laws to honor their covenant with God.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

"Leviticus" means "about the Levites." The Levites were the tribe of Israel that provided priests and other workers in the tabernacle. If the people in the project language do not understand the term "Levites," you can call it "The Book about the Priests" or "The Book about the Tabernacle Workers." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### Who wrote the book of Leviticus?

The writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Leviticus. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.

### What is the meaning of "holy" and "holiness" in the book of Leviticus?

These terms concern separating someone or something from the rest of the people, from the world, or from ordinary use. God separated these people or things so they would belong only to him. The people were to consider the places for worshiping God or for honoring him in any way as separate. The people could not use them for anything else. God required the Israelites to live in a certain way in order to live as a nation belonging to him alone.

Anyone or anything that was acceptable to God or "holy" was spoken of as if they were physically clean.

In the same way, anyone or anything that was not acceptable to God or not holy was spoken of if they were physically unclean.

Some people and some things could be made clean or "cleansed," that is, acceptable to God. People or things were made clean if the people performed the right sacrifices and ceremonies. For example, some foreigners who wished to live among the Israelites and worship Yahweh could be made clean. However, other people and things could never be made acceptable to him.

It is important to know that not all unclean things or conditions were sinful. For example, after giving birth to a male child, a woman would be unclean for thirty-three days. Then the proper animal sacrifice would be offered for her. The flow of blood made the woman unclean ([Leviticus 12:7](../../lev/12/07.md)). But Leviticus never suggests that someone with a flow of blood was sinning. In the same way, God did not allow Israelites to eat many kinds of animals, as one way of setting his people apart.

Because God does not sin, the terms "holy" and "holiness" often suggest this same idea. Something belonging to God is holy. Because people must respect God, they must respect the things that belong to him.

### What are the important narrative features of Leviticus?

On seventeen occasions, the phrase "The Lord said to Moses" (and sometimes Aaron) is often used to begin paragraphs. God and Moses frequently spoke to others. The verb "speak" is used thirty-eight times.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### Why did the Israelites need so many rules about sacrificing animals?

Leviticus shows that God is holy. That means God is very different from humanity and the rest of the created world. God does not sin. Because of this, it is impossible to be acceptable to him without being "cleansed." The many kinds of sacrifices were meant to make people and things acceptable to God. However, the people had to continue making animal sacrifices so that they would continue to be acceptable to God. This was a sign that pointed to a need for a better sacrifice. They needed a sacrifice that would cause them to be acceptable to God forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Why was the priesthood important in the book of Leviticus?

Priests were individuals who went to God on behalf of the people. God authorized the priests to bring the Israelite's sacrifices to himself.

### How did the Israelite's rules for worshiping God and sacrificing animals differ from the other nations at that time?

It was common for other nations to sacrifice animals to their idols. But, the other nations did other things to worship their false gods. For instance, people would sleep with prostitutes at the temple of their gods. They did this to try to persuade their gods to bless their land with the ability to grow crops. Also, people of other nations would sometimes offer human sacrifices to their gods. The God of Israel did not allow his people to do these kinds of things.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What important symbols are introduced in Leviticus?

Oil was poured on someone or something meant to be set apart for Yahweh. Water was used to symbolize the cleansing of someone or something so God could accept them. Blood was also used to cleanse and purify people and things. This is because blood represented life that needed to be shed in order for God to forgive people for sinning.

### Why do many sections begin with the phrase "Yahweh said to Moses?"

This phrase shows the reader that these rules come from God and must be obeyed. You could also translate this as "God told Moses."
-LEV 1 intro ecv8 0 # Leviticus 01 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

In Hebrew, this chapter begins with the word "and" indicating a connection with the previous book (Exodus). The first five books of the Bible should be seen as a single unit.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Atonement
In order to offer a sacrifice for the people, the priest first had to make an atonement for himself, in order to make himself clean. Only then would he be clean and be allowed to perform a sacrifice. These sacrificed animals had to be perfect, the best of all of the animals. A person was not allowed to bring an inferior animal to be sacrificed to Yahweh. These sacrifices also had to be offered in a very specific way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
+LEV 1 intro ecv8 0 # Leviticus 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

In Hebrew, this chapter begins with the word "and" indicating a connection with the previous book (Exodus). The first five books of the Bible should be seen as a single unit.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Atonement
In order to offer a sacrifice for the people, the priest first had to make an atonement for himself, in order to make himself clean. Only then would he be clean and be allowed to perform a sacrifice. These sacrificed animals had to be perfect, the best of all of the animals. A person was not allowed to bring an inferior animal to be sacrificed to Yahweh. These sacrifices also had to be offered in a very specific way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
LEV 1 1 j8us 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. LEV 1 2 yiq7 0 When any man from among you "When any one of you" or "When any of you" LEV 1 2 s38f figs-quotesinquotes 0 'When any man Here Yahweh begins speaking to Moses. The words that begin "from the tent of meeting, saying," can be translated without the quotation within the quotation. "from the tent of meeting and told Moses to say this to the people of Israel: 'When any man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ LEV 1 16 zqs8 0 its crop with its contents A crop is a pouch in the bird's thr LEV 1 16 x63v 0 throw it beside the altar Here "it" refers to the crop and its contents. LEV 1 17 y4aw figs-metaphor 0 it will produce a sweet aroma for Yahweh Yahweh being pleased with the sincere worshiper who offered the sacrifice is spoken of as if God were pleased with the aroma of the burning sacrifice. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 1 17 y2p1 figs-activepassive 0 it will be an offering made to him by fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "it will be a burnt offering to me" or "it will be a burnt offering to Yahweh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 2 intro t6wy 0 # Leviticus 02 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter gives instructions about how to make a grain offering.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Yeast
Yeast is connected to the events of the Passover. Any prohibition of yeast may be connected to the original Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])
+LEV 2 intro t6wy 0 # Leviticus 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter gives instructions about how to make a grain offering.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yeast
Yeast is connected to the events of the Passover. Any prohibition of yeast may be connected to the original Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])
LEV 2 1 jj1g 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do. LEV 2 1 tf2u 0 be fine flour "be the finest flour" or "be the best flour" LEV 2 1 xfm3 0 flour a powder made from wheat @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ LEV 2 14 m24e 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the p LEV 2 14 hq1w figs-activepassive 0 that is roasted with fire and then crushed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that you have cooked over a fire and then crushed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 2 16 dzz1 0 a representative offering The handful of the grain offering represents the whole grain offering. This means the whole offering belongs to Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 2:2](../02/02.md). LEV 2 16 utz5 figs-activepassive 0 This is an offering made by fire to Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This is a burnt offering to Yahweh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 3 intro ur1s 0 # Leviticus 03 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter gives instructions about how to offer a fellowship offering.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Fat
The fat of the animal was considered the best part of the animal to eat. Therefore, this belonged to Yahweh. This is why the Israelites were not allowed to consume it.
+LEV 3 intro ur1s 0 # Leviticus 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter gives instructions about how to offer a fellowship offering.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Fat
The fat of the animal was considered the best part of the animal to eat. Therefore, this belonged to Yahweh. This is why the Israelites were not allowed to consume it.
LEV 3 1 s18u 0 General Information: Moses continues telling the people what Yahweh wants them to do. LEV 3 1 i61a 0 before Yahweh "in the presence of Yahweh" or "to Yahweh" LEV 3 2 wq58 translate-symaction 0 lay his hand on the head This is a symbolic action that identifies the person with the animal he is offering. In this way the person is offering himself to Yahweh through the animal. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ LEV 3 16 c52y 0 will burn all that on the altar as a burnt offering of food Tr LEV 3 16 jfy7 figs-metaphor 0 to produce a sweet aroma Yahweh is pleased with the aroma of burning meat when he is pleased with the worshiper's sincerity. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 1:9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 3 17 d5fs 0 It will be a permanent statute throughout your people's generations This means that they and their descendants must obey this command forever. LEV 3 17 q2wd 0 or blood "or consume blood" -LEV 4 intro wrl4 0 # Leviticus 04 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter gives instructions on how to offer a sacrifice for unintentional sins. This is known as a sin offering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Unintentional sins
Many scholars have taken special note that all of the sacrifices concern sins that are unintentional and that no provision is offered for sins intentionally committed. Many have suggested that it is only the sacrifice of Jesus' life that can be offered for these sins. Many also believe that this offering parallels the sacrifice of Jesus.
+LEV 4 intro wrl4 0 # Leviticus 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter gives instructions on how to offer a sacrifice for unintentional sins. This is known as a sin offering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Unintentional sins
Many scholars have taken special note that all of the sacrifices concern sins that are unintentional and that no provision is offered for sins intentionally committed. Many have suggested that it is only the sacrifice of Jesus' life that can be offered for these sins. Many also believe that this offering parallels the sacrifice of Jesus.
LEV 4 2 zhp4 figs-quotesinquotes 0 "Tell the people of Israel, 'When anyone sins The words beginning with "Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying" (verse 1) begin a quotation that contains a quotation that begins with "Tell the people of Israel." A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. "Yahweh spoke to Moses and told him to tell the people of Israel this: 'When anyone sins" (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) LEV 4 2 qh8x figs-activepassive 0 that Yahweh has commanded not to be done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that Yahweh has commanded the people not to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 4 2 j3zb figs-activepassive 0 if he does something that is prohibited This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "if he does something that Yahweh does not allow" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ LEV 4 35 mpi3 0 the priest will burn it "the priest will burn the fat" LEV 4 35 a4m3 figs-activepassive 0 offerings of Yahweh made by fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "burnt offerings for Yahweh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 4 35 sy5y figs-abstractnouns 0 will make atonement for him for the sin he has committed The abstract noun "atonement" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "will atone for the sin the person committed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LEV 4 35 m4ms figs-activepassive 0 the man will be forgiven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will forgive the man's sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 5 intro dfg1 0 # Leviticus 05 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter gives instructions about how to offer a specific type of sacrifice.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Not testifying
If a person saw a crime, or a wrong being done, they were required to be a witness about what they saw or heard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])

#### Sacrifices for the poor
This chapter explains that poor people were allowed to offer less expensive sacrifices if they could not afford more costly sacrifices.
+LEV 5 intro dfg1 0 # Leviticus 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter gives instructions about how to offer a specific type of sacrifice.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Not testifying
If a person saw a crime, or a wrong being done, they were required to be a witness about what they saw or heard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])

### Sacrifices for the poor
This chapter explains that poor people were allowed to offer less expensive sacrifices if they could not afford more costly sacrifices.
LEV 5 1 rx2n 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do. LEV 5 1 pp8d figs-activepassive 0 something about which he is required to testify Jewish law and leaders both required the people to testify if they were witnesses to a crime. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "something about which a judge has required him to testify" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 5 2 ix6b figs-metaphor 0 God has designated as unclean Something that God has declared to be unfit for people to touch or eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ LEV 5 17 kv1l figs-metaphor 0 must carry his own guilt A person's guilt is spok LEV 5 18 wdm5 figs-ellipsis 0 worth the current value This means the person must determine how many shekels the ram is worth by using the official standard of the sacred tent. See [Leviticus 5:15](../05/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) LEV 5 18 t3jx figs-activepassive 0 he will be forgiven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will forgive him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 5 19 sa8m 0 he is certainly guilty before Yahweh "Yahweh certainly considers him guilty" -LEV 6 intro yt3w 0 # Leviticus 06 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter gives instructions on how to offer guilt offerings, burnt offerings, and grain offerings.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Eating sacrifices
The Levites were allowed to eat some of the leftover parts of the sacrifice, while they were not allowed to eat other sacrifices. The reasons for this is unknown.
+LEV 6 intro yt3w 0 # Leviticus 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter gives instructions on how to offer guilt offerings, burnt offerings, and grain offerings.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Eating sacrifices
The Levites were allowed to eat some of the leftover parts of the sacrifice, while they were not allowed to eat other sacrifices. The reasons for this is unknown.
LEV 6 2 bj5d 0 acts unfaithfully against Yahweh "disobeys one of Yahweh's commandments" LEV 6 2 b62n figs-activepassive 0 deceiving his neighbor regarding something held in trust This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "lying to his neighbor about something the neighbor let him borrow" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 6 2 lxi3 0 his neighbor Here "neighbor" means any Israelite, not just someone who lives nearby. @@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ LEV 6 28 e4tz figs-activepassive 0 If it is boiled in a bronze pot, it must be LEV 6 30 b4w7 figs-activepassive 0 But any sin offering ... must not be eaten This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "But no one may eat any sin offering whose blood is brought into the tent of meeting to make atonement in the holy place" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 6 30 nw8d figs-activepassive 0 whose blood is brought into the tent of meeting This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "from which the priest takes the blood into the tent of meeting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 6 30 w6h7 figs-activepassive 0 It must be burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The priest must burn it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 7 intro nbv3 0 # Leviticus 07 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter gives instructions on how to offer guilt offerings, peace offerings and freewill offerings.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Blood
The people were not allowed to eat or drink the blood of the sacrificed meat because life was considered to be in the blood of the animal. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]] and [Leviticus 17:11](../../lev/17/11.md))
+LEV 7 intro nbv3 0 # Leviticus 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter gives instructions on how to offer guilt offerings, peace offerings and freewill offerings.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Blood
The people were not allowed to eat or drink the blood of the sacrificed meat because life was considered to be in the blood of the animal. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]] and [Leviticus 17:11](../../lev/17/11.md))
LEV 7 1 wr1b 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what he must tell Aaron and his sons. LEV 7 2 q976 figs-explicit 0 in the place for killing it It can be made explicit that this refers to, the north side of the altar, the place where the animals for the burnt offerings are killed. See [Leviticus 1:10-11](../01/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 7 3 zf51 figs-activepassive 0 All the fat in it will be offered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "The priest must offer all the fat in it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ LEV 7 36 gfs1 figs-activepassive 0 that Yahweh commanded to be given them from LEV 7 36 mag4 0 that he anointed the priests "that Moses anointed the priests" LEV 7 36 sb6p 0 throughout all generations See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 3:17](../03/17.md). LEV 7 37 duq2 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of a speech started in verse [Leviticus 7:29](../07/29.md). -LEV 8 intro d9y6 0 # Leviticus 08 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

In this chapter, Moses set apart, or consecrated, the sons of Aaron to be priests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
+LEV 8 intro d9y6 0 # Leviticus 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

In this chapter, Moses set apart, or consecrated, the sons of Aaron to be priests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
LEV 8 1 n6q2 0 General Information: In chapter 8 Moses ordains Aaron and his sons as priests according to the commands of Yahweh that Moses recorded in the book of Exodus. LEV 8 2 i9xv 0 the garments "the priestly garments" or "the clothes that the priests wore" LEV 8 5 u5b7 figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh has commanded to be done This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh commands us to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ LEV 8 33 l462 0 ordination This is an official ceremony that makes someone a p LEV 8 34 ds5f figs-activepassive 0 to be done This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "us to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 8 34 e67x figs-abstractnouns 0 to make atonement for you The abstract noun "atonement" can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: "to atone for your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) LEV 8 35 m25h figs-activepassive 0 this is what I have been commanded This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "this is what he has commanded me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 9 intro s8cl 0 # Leviticus 09 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Aaron begins to function as the high priest in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Following Yahweh's instructions
Great care is taken to show that Aaron perfectly followed Yahweh's instructions. Moses records every detail to show how Aaron correctly followed Yahweh.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "Fire came out from Yahweh"
Aaron did not create the fire that consumed his sacrifice. Instead, Yahweh miraculously began the fire which consumed the sacrifice. This showed that the sacrifice was acceptable to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])
+LEV 9 intro s8cl 0 # Leviticus 09 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Aaron begins to function as the high priest in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Following Yahweh's instructions
Great care is taken to show that Aaron perfectly followed Yahweh's instructions. Moses records every detail to show how Aaron correctly followed Yahweh.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "Fire came out from Yahweh"
Aaron did not create the fire that consumed his sacrifice. Instead, Yahweh miraculously began the fire which consumed the sacrifice. This showed that the sacrifice was acceptable to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])
LEV 9 1 ksc2 translate-ordinal 0 the eighth day The word "eighth" is the ordinal number for eight. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) LEV 9 2 exi1 0 before Yahweh "to Yahweh" or "in the presence of Yahweh" LEV 9 3 x3yx 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to Aaron. @@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ LEV 9 23 d94f figs-metonymy 0 the glory of Yahweh appeared to all the people He LEV 9 24 v7ig 0 Fire came out from Yahweh and consumed "Yahweh sent a fire that consumed" LEV 9 24 m6fb figs-metaphor 0 consumed the burnt offering The fire completely burning up the offering is spoken of as if the fire consumed or used up the burnt offering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 9 24 da35 translate-symaction 0 lay facedown "lay with their faces to the ground." This is a sign respect and honor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -LEV 10 intro qn6v 0 # Leviticus 10 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 10:3.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Mourning

Aaron was told that he and his remaining sons should not mourn Aaron's sons who were killed. As priests, they must put priestly work first, before their mourning and personal problems.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "Unapproved fire"
The phrase "unapproved fire " indicates that Aaron's son offered an unacceptable sacrifice. Because of Yahweh's holiness, this was a serious sin. They may have offered a sacrifice at the wrong time or in the wrong way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+LEV 10 intro qn6v 0 # Leviticus 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 10:3.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Mourning

Aaron was told that he and his remaining sons should not mourn Aaron's sons who were killed. As priests, they must put priestly work first, before their mourning and personal problems.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "Unapproved fire"
The phrase "unapproved fire " indicates that Aaron's son offered an unacceptable sacrifice. Because of Yahweh's holiness, this was a serious sin. They may have offered a sacrifice at the wrong time or in the wrong way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
LEV 10 1 r6u3 translate-names 0 Nadab and Abihu These are the names of Aaron's sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) LEV 10 1 ghd1 0 censer a shallow metal container which priests used to carry hot coals or incense LEV 10 1 d3vv 0 put fire in it "put burning coals in it" @@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ LEV 10 17 m77r 0 before him "in his presence" LEV 10 18 yy2n figs-activepassive 0 its blood was not brought This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "you did not bring its blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 10 19 jkx5 0 this thing has happened Aaron is referring to the death of his two sons. LEV 10 19 yzv9 figs-rquestion 0 would it have been pleasing in the sight of Yahweh? These sacrifices were to be eaten with joy and happiness. Aaron uses a question to emphasize that Yahweh would not be pleased for him to eat the sacrifices since he is sad because of his sons' deaths. This question may be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "certainly, Yahweh would not have been pleased." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -LEV 11 intro i427 0 # Leviticus 11 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

#### Laws about food

This chapter contains a list of the animals the Israelites were not allowed to eat. Further research may be needed to determine the exact location of different parts of an animal. Many of these foods are not consumed to this day because they cause diseases, but it is unclear why the other foods are prohibited.

=##### Special concepts in this chapter
Eating unclean foods made a person unclean. The process of consuming these types of foods spread the uncleanliness to a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
+LEV 11 intro i427 0 # Leviticus 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Laws about food

This chapter contains a list of the animals the Israelites were not allowed to eat. Further research may be needed to determine the exact location of different parts of an animal. Many of these foods are not consumed to this day because they cause diseases, but it is unclear why the other foods are prohibited.

=##### Special concepts in this chapter
Eating unclean foods made a person unclean. The process of consuming these types of foods spread the uncleanliness to a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
LEV 11 2 sc39 0 among all the animals "out of all the animals" LEV 11 3 m3yh 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron what he permits the people to eat and what he forbids them to eat. LEV 11 3 yce6 0 split hoof This means a hoof that is split into two parts instead of being one whole. @@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ LEV 11 46 kcj2 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes telling Moses and Aaron LEV 11 47 db9j figs-activepassive 0 for which a distinction is to be made between This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "for which you must distinguish between" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 11 47 x81a figs-metaphor 0 between the unclean and the clean Animals that God declared to be unfit for the people to touch or eat are spoken of as if they were physically unclean, and those which he declared to be acceptable for the people to touch and eat are spoken of as if they were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 11 47 e7h6 figs-activepassive 0 that may be eaten ... that may not be eaten This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "that you may eat ... that you may not eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 12 intro p2iu 0 # Leviticus 12 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Menstruation

A woman was considered to be unclean after she began to bleed from her womb every month and after having a baby. This was because all blood was considered to be unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])
+LEV 12 intro p2iu 0 # Leviticus 12 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Menstruation

A woman was considered to be unclean after she began to bleed from her womb every month and after having a baby. This was because all blood was considered to be unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])
LEV 12 2 wr5g figs-metaphor 0 she will be unclean A woman whom other people must not touch because she is bleeding from her womb is spoken of as if she were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 12 2 tuc3 figs-euphemism 0 during the days of her monthly period This refers to the time of the month when a woman bleeds from her womb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) LEV 12 3 rcr8 figs-activepassive 0 the flesh of a baby boy's foreskin must be circumcised Only the priest could perform this action. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "a priest must circumcise the baby boy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ LEV 12 6 cz1p 0 for a son or for a daughter This refers to the different numbe LEV 12 7 w9ty figs-activepassive 0 she will be cleansed from the flow of her blood This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "this will cleanse her from her bleeding occurring during childbirth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 12 8 vh6a figs-explicit 0 If she is not able to afford a lamb Translate this so it clarifies the woman's inability to purchase a sacrificial animal. Alternate translation: "If she does not have enough money to buy a lamb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 12 8 q6q1 figs-metaphor 0 then she will be clean A woman whom other people may touch is spoken of as if she were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LEV 13 intro fn27 0 # Leviticus 13 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Skin disease

This chapter addresses the ways a priest was to decide if a person had a skin disease, which would make a person unclean. This was important because these diseases could have easily spread among the people in the ancient Near East. This is also true concerning things growing on clothing or things that touch a person's skin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
+LEV 13 intro fn27 0 # Leviticus 13 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Skin disease

This chapter addresses the ways a priest was to decide if a person had a skin disease, which would make a person unclean. This was important because these diseases could have easily spread among the people in the ancient Near East. This is also true concerning things growing on clothing or things that touch a person's skin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
LEV 13 2 gy4s figs-activepassive 0 then he must be brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "then someone must bring him" or "then he must go" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 13 2 ukq4 0 to one of his sons "to one of Aaron's sons" LEV 13 3 f8i6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses and Aaron what the people must do. @@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ LEV 13 58 bbr2 figs-metaphor 0 it will be clean Something that God has declared LEV 13 59 h1gy 0 mildew in a garment ... made with leather See how you translated these words in [Leviticus 13:47-48](./47.md). LEV 13 59 llt7 0 so that you may pronounce it "so that a priest may declare it" LEV 13 59 h98k figs-metaphor 0 clean or unclean Something that God has declared to be fit for people to touch is spoken of as if it were physically clean and something that God has declared to be unfit for people to touch is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LEV 14 intro u79h 0 # Leviticus 14 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Skin disease and mildew

This chapter addresses the ways a priest was to decide if a person had a skin disease, which would make a person unclean. This was important because these diseases could have easily spread among the people in the ancient Near East. This was also true for the things which could have touched a person's skin. This chapter explains how the priest was to treat the person suffering with a skin disease. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
+LEV 14 intro u79h 0 # Leviticus 14 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Skin disease and mildew

This chapter addresses the ways a priest was to decide if a person had a skin disease, which would make a person unclean. This was important because these diseases could have easily spread among the people in the ancient Near East. This was also true for the things which could have touched a person's skin. This chapter explains how the priest was to treat the person suffering with a skin disease. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
LEV 14 1 gi74 0 General Information: Yahweh tells Moses and Aaron what the people must do when someone is cleansed of a skin disease. LEV 14 2 mv99 0 the day of his cleansing This refers to the day on which the priest declares the person to be ritually clean. LEV 14 2 d521 figs-activepassive 0 He must be brought to the priest This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone must bring him to the priest" or "He must go to the priest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ LEV 14 54 f451 0 infectious skin disease See how you translated these words in LEV 14 55 e1sz 0 mildew See how you translated this word in [Leviticus 13:47](../13/47.md). LEV 14 56 qrw5 0 rash See how you translated this word in [Leviticus 13:6](../13/06.md). LEV 14 57 mf15 figs-metaphor 0 unclean or ... clean People and items that other people may not touch are spoken of as if they were physically unclean, and those which people may touch are spoken of as if they were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -LEV 15 intro zp3s 0 # Leviticus 15 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Bodily fluid
This chapter discusses fluids that come out of the body. These fluids caused a person to be unclean because of their potential to cause diseases. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])

#### Cleanliness
While these rules about cleanliness are intended to benefit the Israelites and promote their health, they also were about making Israel into a separate and holy nation, different from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
+LEV 15 intro zp3s 0 # Leviticus 15 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Bodily fluid
This chapter discusses fluids that come out of the body. These fluids caused a person to be unclean because of their potential to cause diseases. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])

### Cleanliness
While these rules about cleanliness are intended to benefit the Israelites and promote their health, they also were about making Israel into a separate and holy nation, different from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
LEV 15 2 rq7z figs-euphemism 0 comes out of his body This refers to the man's private parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) LEV 15 2 t2h2 figs-metaphor 0 he becomes unclean The person whom other people may not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 15 3 z6ih 0 it is unclean "his body is unclean" or "he is unclean" @@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ LEV 15 32 mf54 figs-metaphor 0 makes him unclean People whom other people may n LEV 15 33 da8q figs-metaphor 0 an unclean woman People whom other people may not touch are spoken of as if they were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 15 33 z57j 0 who has a menstrual period "who is menstruating" or "who is bleeding from her womb" LEV 15 33 u1j5 figs-euphemism 0 who lies with This is a polite way of speaking of sexual relations. You may have to use other words in your translation. Alternate translation: "who has sexual relations with" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -LEV 16 intro g4sb 0 # Leviticus 16 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Holiness
Because Yahweh is holy, he can only be approached in a certain way. This could only happen on a specific day, by a specific person, and only after they offered the proper sacrifice to make themselves clean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])

#### Day of Atonement
This chapter gives rules for what the high priest had to do on the Day of Atonement. This was the most important day in Judaism. This is when he interceded for the sins of the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+LEV 16 intro g4sb 0 # Leviticus 16 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Holiness
Because Yahweh is holy, he can only be approached in a certain way. This could only happen on a specific day, by a specific person, and only after they offered the proper sacrifice to make themselves clean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])

### Day of Atonement
This chapter gives rules for what the high priest had to do on the Day of Atonement. This was the most important day in Judaism. This is when he interceded for the sins of the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
LEV 16 1 j5x7 0 Aaron's two sons This refers to Nadab and Abihu. They died because they brought fire to Yahweh that he did not approve ([Leviticus 10:1-2](../10/01.md)). LEV 16 3 xjg8 0 So here is how "This is how" LEV 16 4 l4te 0 undergarments clothing worn next to the skin under the outer clothes @@ -850,7 +850,7 @@ LEV 16 32 g6n6 0 the holy garments These are special clothes the high priest m LEV 16 33 cx4j 0 for all the people of the assembly "for all the people of Israel" LEV 16 34 p82l 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes telling Moses what the people must do on the Day of Atonement. LEV 16 34 fk11 figs-activepassive 0 This was done as Yahweh commanded Moses This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "And Moses did as Yahweh commanded" or "And Aaron did as Yahweh commanded Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 17 intro eez5 0 # Leviticus 17 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Sacrifices
Sacrifices could only be offered by the priests at the temple. Any other sacrifice was strictly prohibited. This was probably intended to ensure that the people were only offering sacrifices to Yahweh and not to another god. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "The life of each creature is its blood"
It is unclear why the life is described as being in the blood. It is possible that diseases were more common in the blood and this is why it was prohibited. Blood is also necessary for life to continue in a creature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])
+LEV 17 intro eez5 0 # Leviticus 17 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sacrifices
Sacrifices could only be offered by the priests at the temple. Any other sacrifice was strictly prohibited. This was probably intended to ensure that the people were only offering sacrifices to Yahweh and not to another god. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "The life of each creature is its blood"
It is unclear why the life is described as being in the blood. It is possible that diseases were more common in the blood and this is why it was prohibited. Blood is also necessary for life to continue in a creature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])
LEV 17 4 ykk1 0 before his tabernacle "before Yahweh's tabernacle" LEV 17 4 r4p2 figs-metaphor 0 that man must be cut off from among his people A person being excluded from his community is spoken of as if he had been cut off from his people, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. This can be translated in active form. See how you translated this in [Leviticus 7:20](../07/20.md). Alternate translation: "that person may no longer live among his people" or "you must separate that person from his people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 17 5 g2ip figs-activepassive 0 to the priest to be sacrificed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "to the priest so he may sacrifice them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -873,7 +873,7 @@ LEV 17 15 he4j 0 is native born "is an Israelite" LEV 17 15 iyc3 figs-metaphor 0 he will be unclean ... Then he will be clean The person whom other people may not touch is spoken of as if he were physically unclean and the person whom other people may touch is spoken of as if he were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 17 15 fi2a 0 until the evening "until sunset" LEV 17 16 mf2b figs-metaphor 0 then he must carry his guilt A person's guilt is spoken of as if it were a physical object that the person carries. Here the word "guilt" represents the punishment for that guilt. Alternate translation: "then he is responsible for his own guilt" or "then I will punish him for his sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LEV 18 intro q7q3 0 # Leviticus 18 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Uncovering nakedness

To "uncover nakedness" is a euphemism for having sexual relations with someone. This chapter gives many examples of people with whom Israelites were not to have sexual relations.
+LEV 18 intro q7q3 0 # Leviticus 18 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Uncovering nakedness

To "uncover nakedness" is a euphemism for having sexual relations with someone. This chapter gives many examples of people with whom Israelites were not to have sexual relations.
LEV 18 4 ev4k figs-parallelism 0 My laws are what you must do, and my commandments are what you must keep These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people must obey everything that Yahweh has commanded them to do. You can translate this parallelism into one statement that conveys the requirement to keep all of Yahweh's commands. Alternate translation: "You must obey all of my laws and commandments" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) LEV 18 4 e2a7 figs-metaphor 0 so that you walk in them Obeying Yahweh's commandments is spoken of as if the commandments were a path on which the person walks. Alternate translation: "so that you conduct your behavior according to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 18 6 sty1 figs-euphemism 0 to uncover nakedness This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: "to have sexual relations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) @@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ LEV 18 29 va51 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes telling Moses what the p LEV 18 29 kls3 figs-metaphor 0 the persons ... will be cut off from among their people People being excluded from the community is spoken of as if they had been cut off from their people, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "the persons ... may no longer live among their people" or "you must separate the persons ... from their people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 18 30 cz9s figs-activepassive 0 which were practiced here before you This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "which the people did here before you came" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 18 30 k2fr 0 by them Here "them" refers to the detestable customs. -LEV 19 intro q5dy 0 # Leviticus 19 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Obeying Yahweh

Being holy meant obeying Yahweh in all matters of a person's life. It is not limited to offering correct sacrifices. The law helped to establish righteousness in a person's life, as well as justice in Israel. In Israel, these concepts are closely related. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
+LEV 19 intro q5dy 0 # Leviticus 19 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Obeying Yahweh

Being holy meant obeying Yahweh in all matters of a person's life. It is not limited to offering correct sacrifices. The law helped to establish righteousness in a person's life, as well as justice in Israel. In Israel, these concepts are closely related. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
LEV 19 3 h3qu 0 keep my Sabbaths "observe my Sabbaths" or "respect my day of rest" LEV 19 4 h2g1 figs-metaphor 0 Do not turn to worthless idols Worshiping idols is spoken of as if it were physically turning towards them. Alternate translation: "Do not begin to worship worthless idols" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 19 5 y6kv 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do. @@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ LEV 19 35 l6ke 0 Do not use false measures This prohibits the practice of inte LEV 19 36 wsl8 translate-bvolume 0 ephah This was a measurement for grain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) LEV 19 36 s1cm translate-bvolume 0 hin This was a measurement for liquids. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) LEV 19 37 m4f5 figs-doublet 0 must obey ... and do them These phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the command for obedience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -LEV 20 intro tvf2 0 # Leviticus 20 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

#### Punishments for serious sins

This chapter compiles a list of serious sins. The most serious sins are punished by death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Euphemism

"To see someone's nakedness" means to live as husband wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])

#### Metaphor
The phrase "you must carry your own guilt" is a metaphor. It is unknown what this means, but it is possible it indicates a penalty of death.
+LEV 20 intro tvf2 0 # Leviticus 20 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Punishments for serious sins

This chapter compiles a list of serious sins. The most serious sins are punished by death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Euphemism

"To see someone's nakedness" means to live as husband wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])

### Metaphor
The phrase "you must carry your own guilt" is a metaphor. It is unknown what this means, but it is possible it indicates a penalty of death.
LEV 20 2 b75v figs-explicit 0 gives any of his children to Molech Those who worshiped Molech sacrificed their children to him by means of fire. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "kills any of his children as a sacrifice to Molech" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 20 2 wp2c figs-activepassive 0 must certainly be put to death. The people in the land must stone him with stones This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people in the land must stone him to death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 20 3 h93p figs-idiom 0 I also will set my face against that man This idiom means he "firmly decided." Alternate translation: "I have made up my mind to oppose that man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ LEV 20 24 bt1d figs-idiom 0 a land flowing with milk and honey The phrase "flow LEV 20 26 jdt7 0 I have separated you "I have distinguished you" or "I have set you apart" LEV 20 27 i739 0 talks with "attempts to communicate with" LEV 20 27 kt2g figs-activepassive 0 must certainly be put to death This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they must certainly put to death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 21 intro l1al 0 # Leviticus 21 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Priests must be holy

Priests must be separate from the rest of the world. Priests should not do anything that would be unclean. They also cannot be unclean because of a birth defect, and they must not marry an unclean woman. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
+LEV 21 intro l1al 0 # Leviticus 21 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Priests must be holy

Priests must be separate from the rest of the world. Priests should not do anything that would be unclean. They also cannot be unclean because of a birth defect, and they must not marry an unclean woman. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
LEV 21 1 nwz2 figs-metaphor 0 make himself unclean A person who is not acceptable for God's purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 21 1 gv2c 0 among his people "among the Israelites" LEV 21 3 kba1 0 virgin This can also be translated as "young woman" @@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@ LEV 21 22 n6gw 0 He may Here "he" refers to the priest with the bodily defect. LEV 21 22 m8mz 0 eat the food of his God "eat the food offering of his God." Parts of the sacrifices belonged to the priests and could be eaten. LEV 21 22 f3nk figs-explicit 0 some of the most holy or some of the holy This also refers to the food that was sacrificed. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: "some of the sacrifices offered in the most holy place or some of the sacrifices offered in the holy place" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 21 24 m5k8 0 to his sons "to Aaron's sons" -LEV 22 intro d2sr 0 # Leviticus 22 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

#### Holy things

Priests who are unclean must not touch any holy thing. The things in the temple and involved in sacrifices must remain clean. An unclean priest would cause anything he touched to become unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
+LEV 22 intro d2sr 0 # Leviticus 22 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Holy things

Priests who are unclean must not touch any holy thing. The things in the temple and involved in sacrifices must remain clean. An unclean priest would cause anything he touched to become unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
LEV 22 2 xs6u 0 tell them to keep away from the holy things "tell them when they should keep away from the holy things." Yahweh is about to describe situations where a priest is unclean and not allowed to touch holy things. LEV 22 2 r1dd figs-metonymy 0 profane my holy name The word "profane" here means to dishonor. The word "name" represents Yahweh's character. Alternate translation: "dishonor my reputation" or "dishonor me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LEV 22 3 t1cx 0 throughout your generations "from now on" @@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ LEV 22 30 x1gm figs-activepassive 0 that it is sacrificed This can be stated in LEV 22 31 x62z figs-doublet 0 keep my commandments and carry them out The words "keep" and "carry out" mean the same thing. They emphasize that the people must obey God's commands. Alternate translation: "obey my commandments" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) LEV 22 32 nc63 figs-metonymy 0 You must not profane my holy name Here the word "name" represents Yahweh himself and his reputation and "profane" means to remove the honor that belongs to God as Creator and Lord of the universe. Alternate translation: "You must not dishonor me, for I am holy" or "You must not dishonor my holy reputation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LEV 22 32 dq3e figs-activepassive 0 I must be acknowledged as holy by the people of Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The people of Israel must acknowledge me as holy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -LEV 23 intro j29n 0 # Leviticus 23 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

#### The feasts
The people should celebrate the Sabbath, the Passover, the Feast of First Fruits, the Feast of Weeks, the Feast of Trumpets, the Day of Atonement and the Feast of Booths. These feasts were important for the religious life of Israel. They were a part of proper worship of Yahweh and the identity of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstfruit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]])
+LEV 23 intro j29n 0 # Leviticus 23 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### The feasts
The people should celebrate the Sabbath, the Passover, the Feast of First Fruits, the Feast of Weeks, the Feast of Trumpets, the Day of Atonement and the Feast of Booths. These feasts were important for the religious life of Israel. They were a part of proper worship of Yahweh and the identity of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstfruit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]])
LEV 23 2 v493 0 the appointed festivals for Yahweh These were festivals that the Lord had appointed times for. The people were to worship him at these festivals. Alternate translation: "the festivals for Yahweh" or "Yahweh's festivals" LEV 23 3 elq1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do on special days and times. LEV 23 3 vk4w 0 the seventh day is a Sabbath of complete rest This is something the people must do habitually. After every six days in which they can work, they must rest on the seventh day. @@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ LEV 23 40 ven2 figs-explicit 0 branches of palm trees ... willows from streams LEV 23 40 cnz9 translate-unknown 0 willows trees with long, narrow leaves, which grow near water (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) LEV 23 42 w2iy 0 General Information: Yahweh continues his instructions for the Festival of Shelters. LEV 23 43 ig75 figs-idiom 0 your descendants, generation after generation, may learn "Generation after generation" here is an idiom that refers to each generation that lives after another. Alternate translation: "your descendants belonging to all future generations may learn" or "all your descendants may learn forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -LEV 24 intro hb64 0 # Leviticus 24 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Cursing God

The punishment for someone who curses God is to have stones thrown at him until he is dead. This was acceptable in ancient Israel, but it is no longer considered acceptable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
+LEV 24 intro hb64 0 # Leviticus 24 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Cursing God

The punishment for someone who curses God is to have stones thrown at him until he is dead. This was acceptable in ancient Israel, but it is no longer considered acceptable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
LEV 24 1 s8ts 0 General Information: God gives Moses instructions about the things in the tent of meeting. LEV 24 2 d6z4 0 pure oil beaten from olives "pure olive oil" LEV 24 2 aa52 figs-explicit 0 the lamp This refers to the lamp or lamps in Yahweh's sacred tent. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "the lamp in the tent of meeting" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1174,7 +1174,7 @@ LEV 24 20 u64z figs-idiom 0 eye for eye This refers to eyes being seriously inj LEV 24 20 gu8y figs-idiom 0 tooth for tooth This refers to teeth being knocked out of the mouth. Alternate translation: "If he knocks out someone's tooth, one of his teeth must be knocked out" or "If he knocks out someone's tooth, they will knock out one of his teeth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) LEV 24 21 vq5t figs-activepassive 0 anyone who kills a person must be put to death This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they must put to death anyone who kills a person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) LEV 24 23 jg5f 0 carried out the command "obeyed the command" -LEV 25 intro z6ra 0 # Leviticus 25 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Over-farming
There is a provision made in this chapter to prevent over-farming of the land. If a land is farmed every year with the same crops, it will quickly become unable to grow anything.

#### Sabbath and Jubilee Years

Every seventh year, the land should not be planted. Every fiftieth year Israelite slaves must be freed and all land that has been bought returned to its original owners. This prevented people from getting trapped by their poverty.
+LEV 25 intro z6ra 0 # Leviticus 25 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Over-farming
There is a provision made in this chapter to prevent over-farming of the land. If a land is farmed every year with the same crops, it will quickly become unable to grow anything.

### Sabbath and Jubilee Years

Every seventh year, the land should not be planted. Every fiftieth year Israelite slaves must be freed and all land that has been bought returned to its original owners. This prevented people from getting trapped by their poverty.
LEV 25 2 e4st figs-personification 0 the land must be made to keep a Sabbath for Yahweh The land is spoken of as if it were a person that could obey the Sabbath by resting. Just as the people had to rest every seventh day, people were to honor God by not farming the land every seventh year. Alternate translation: "you must obey the Sabbath law by letting the land rest every seventh year for Yahweh" or "you must obey Yahweh's Sabbath by not farming the land every seventh year" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) LEV 25 3 bf66 0 prune your vineyard To prune a vineyard is to cut the branches and vines to help the fruit grow better. LEV 25 4 dc2m figs-activepassive 0 a Sabbath of solemn rest for the land must be observed Not farming the land is spoken of as letting the land rest. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you must observe a Sabbath of solemn rest for the land" or "you must obey the Sabbath law by not farming the land every seventh year" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1248,7 +1248,7 @@ LEV 25 54 yn4a figs-activepassive 0 If he is not redeemed by these means This c LEV 25 54 u2vz 0 by these means "in this way" LEV 25 54 e1ni 0 he must serve until the year of Jubilee, he and his children with him The Israelite slave and his children would serve the foreigner until the year of Jubilee, and then the foreigner would have to set the Israelite and his children free. LEV 25 55 g12z 0 To me the people of Israel are servants "For it is to me that the people of Israel are servants." This is the reason that God wanted the Israelites to be set free in the year of jubilee. They were his servants. They were not permitted to be anyone else's permanent slave. -LEV 26 intro tb8x 0 # Leviticus 26 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Worship only Yahweh

If people obey God and worship only him, he will bless and protect them. If people disobey his law and if they worship other gods, then he will severely punish them to help them to repent and begin obeying him. This takes the form of a promise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
+LEV 26 intro tb8x 0 # Leviticus 26 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Worship only Yahweh

If people obey God and worship only him, he will bless and protect them. If people disobey his law and if they worship other gods, then he will severely punish them to help them to repent and begin obeying him. This takes the form of a promise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
LEV 26 1 cd19 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do. LEV 26 2 rh4n 0 keep my Sabbaths "obey the rules for my Sabbaths" LEV 26 3 wkx2 figs-parallelism 0 walk in my laws and keep my commandments and obey them These are three ways of saying the same thing. They emphasize that the people must obey everything that God commands them to do. Alternate translation: "If you carefully obey my laws and commands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -1334,7 +1334,7 @@ LEV 26 44 i5np 0 General Information: This concludes Yahweh's message to Moses LEV 26 45 x7p9 figs-idiom 0 I will call to mind the covenant with their ancestors "Call to mind" here is an idiom meaning "intentionally remember." Here it represents fulfilling his covenant. Alternate translation: "I will fulfill the covenant with their ancestors" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LEV 26 45 b2vu figs-metonymy 0 in the sight of the nations This represents the knowledge of the nations. Alternate translation: "in the knowledge of the nations" or "and the nations knew about it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) LEV 26 45 js1r figs-metonymy 0 the nations This represents the people of the nations. Alternate translation: "the people of the nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -LEV 27 intro u6u9 0 # Leviticus 27 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Dedicated to Yahweh

This chapter records the manner in which people make vows of dedication to Yahweh. There are many reasons why a person would dedicate something to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]])
+LEV 27 intro u6u9 0 # Leviticus 27 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Dedicated to Yahweh

This chapter records the manner in which people make vows of dedication to Yahweh. There are many reasons why a person would dedicate something to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]])
LEV 27 2 ds9v figs-explicit 0 If anyone makes a special vow to Yahweh In this case the vow would involve giving oneself or another person to God. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "If anyone vows to give someone to Yahweh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 27 2 w962 figs-explicit 0 use the following valuations Instead of giving the person, he would give the Lord a certain amount of silver. AT "use the following values as your gift to the Lord in place of the person" or "give the Lord the following amounts of silver instead of the person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) LEV 27 3 dj1b 0 Your standard value "The amount to pay" or "You must pay" diff --git a/en_tn_04-NUM.tsv b/en_tn_04-NUM.tsv index b4343214b..600224586 100644 --- a/en_tn_04-NUM.tsv +++ b/en_tn_04-NUM.tsv @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote NUM front intro p55k 0 # Introduction to Numbers
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of Numbers

1. Preparing to leave Sinai (1:1–10:10)
- Counting and assembling the tribes (1:1–4:49)
- Regulations (5:1–6:27)
- Dedicating the altar (7:1-89)
- Setting up the lampstand (8:1-4)
- Setting apart the Levites (8:5–29)
- Second Passover; the cloud to lead them; trumpets (9:1–10:10)
1. Sinai to Moab, through the wilderness (10:11–17:13)
- Complaining and murmuring (10:11–11:15)
- The quails (11:16–35)
- Miriam's leprosy (12:1–16)
- The spies selected and sent (13:1–14:45)
- Commands (15:1-41)
- Korah's rebellion (16:1–17:13)
1. The Priests and purifying (18:1-19:22)
- Priests and Levites (18:1–32)
- The law about purifying (19:1–22)
1. Conflicts (20:1–21:35)
- Miriam's death (20:1–13)
- Edom's refusal and Aaron's death (20:14–29)
- Journey to Moab (21:1–35)
1. The Plains of Moab (22:1–36:13)
- Balaam (22:1–24:25)
- Baal Peor (25:1–18)
- The second counting (26:1-65)
- Inheritance rights for daughters (27:1–11)
- Joshua succeeds Moses (27:12–23)
- Offerings and women's vows (28:1–30:16)
- Midianite war (31:1–54)
- Across the Jordan (32:1–42)
- The people set up camp (33:1–56)
- Land west of the Jordan; cities for Levites and cities of refuge (34:1–35:34)
- Female heirs marry (36:1-13)

### What is the Book of Numbers about?

The Book of Numbers tells about the people of Israel as they traveled from Mount Sinai in the wilderness to the Jordan River. While traveling, the Israelites became discouraged. So they rebelled against the leaders whom God had given them. At the Jordan River, the people of Israel refused to enter the Promised Land. Because the Israelites were afraid and did not trust God, he delayed their entry into the Promised Land for forty years (13:1–14:45). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

### How should the title of this book be translated?

The title of this book, "Numbers," refers to when the number of the Israelites was counted. The people of the project language may already be familiar with the name "Numbers" from other Bible versions. If not, the translator could consider a clearer name for the book, such as "The Counting of the People of Israel." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/census]])

### Who wrote the Book of Numbers?

The writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the Book of Numbers. However, at a later time, scribes and priests probably put the book into its present form. They may have included text from other sources. One such source was "the scroll of the Wars of Yahweh" (21:14).

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### How does Numbers present the idea of the whole community being responsible when only a few people sinned?

The people understood and assumed that God would punish the whole community of Israel if some of the people rebelled against him. God did often punish the entire nation when some of them sinned. All of the people in the ancient Near East would have understood and expected this. However, Moses and Aaron prayed for God to punish only those who were guilty.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### Why does Moses speak using third person pronouns about himself?

When an author wrote about something he was involved in, it was common for him to use the pronoun "he" instead of "I," or "they" instead of "we." The translator may decide to use the project's normal pronouns instead.
-NUM 1 intro av14 0 # Numbers 01 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 1:5-15 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists.

#### Census

They counted how many men of military age were in each tribe of Israel. These men would also become the heads of families. It is possible the numbers in this chapter are rounded to the nearest 100.
+NUM 1 intro av14 0 # Numbers 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 1:5-15 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists.

### Census

They counted how many men of military age were in each tribe of Israel. These men would also become the heads of families. It is possible the numbers in this chapter are rounded to the nearest 100.
NUM 1 1 fr2s 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. NUM 1 1 u2p1 translate-hebrewmonths 0 the first day of the second month This is the second month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the middle of April on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) NUM 1 1 ava2 translate-ordinal 0 the second year "year 2" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ NUM 1 52 qn3w 0 his armed group "his military division" NUM 1 53 yl7f 0 the tabernacle of the covenant decrees The tabernacle was also called by this longer name because the ark with the law of God was placed inside it. See how you translated this in [Numbers 1:50](../01/50.md). NUM 1 53 j1iz figs-metaphor 0 so that my anger does not come upon the people of Israel Here Yahweh speaks of not punishing the Israelites as his anger not coming upon them. The phrase "come upon" refers to his anger being applied to them. Alternate translation: "so that in my anger I do not punish the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 1 54 k71a figs-explicit 0 Yahweh commanded through Moses Yahweh had commanded Moses everything that the Israelites were to do, and then Moses had commanded the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NUM 2 intro wn6c 0 # Numbers 02 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

#### Camping

Moses told each tribe where to camp. They were each given a specific area in which to stay.
+NUM 2 intro wn6c 0 # Numbers 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Camping

Moses told each tribe where to camp. They were each given a specific area in which to stay.
NUM 2 2 q34t 0 around his standard The "standards" were four larger groups that the tribes were divided into. Each standard was commanded to camp together. The standards was represented by a banner. NUM 2 2 mdj9 0 with the banners of their fathers' houses Each extended family also had a banner under with the camp, which was within the area designated for their standard. NUM 2 2 p14g 0 banners A banner is a large flag. @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ NUM 2 32 ifg9 figs-activepassive 0 All those counted This can be stated in acti NUM 2 32 zjs1 0 by their divisions Here "their" refers to the people of Israel. NUM 2 32 a1g3 translate-numbers 0 are 603,550 "are six hundred and three thousand five hundred and fifty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 2 34 rc4w figs-explicit 0 They went out from the camp This refers to when they would travel to another place. Alternate translation: "When they traveled, they went out from the camp" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NUM 3 intro d7r1 0 # Numbers 03 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

#### The tribe of Levi

The Levites were given a special function in Israel. They belonged to or were specially dedicated to serve Yahweh. They were to be priests and because of this were held to a higher standard than the rest of Israel. Only one of Aaron's sons survived because the others offered improper sacrifices. This tribe had a lot of responsibility during this time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
+NUM 3 intro d7r1 0 # Numbers 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### The tribe of Levi

The Levites were given a special function in Israel. They belonged to or were specially dedicated to serve Yahweh. They were to be priests and because of this were held to a higher standard than the rest of Israel. Only one of Aaron's sons survived because the others offered improper sacrifices. This tribe had a lot of responsibility during this time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
NUM 3 1 h3ge 0 Now Here the author uses the word "now" to shift to telling a new historical account. NUM 3 2 r7t6 0 Nadab the firstborn "Nadab, who was the firstborn" NUM 3 2 tl67 translate-names 0 Nadab ... Abihu ... Ithamar These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ NUM 3 51 u72d 0 the redemption money This refers to the money that Moses colle NUM 3 51 pt1a 0 to his sons Here "his" refers to Aaron NUM 3 51 gh9t figs-parallelism 0 he was told to do by Yahweh's word, as Yahweh had commanded him These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 3 51 bj75 figs-activepassive 0 he was told to do by Yahweh's word Here "Yahweh's word" refers to Yahweh who spoke to Moses. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that Yahweh had told him to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -NUM 4 intro c4x5 0 # Numbers 04 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Counting the Levites by clans

Moses gave special instructions for each of the families of the tribes of Levi. Each family was given a special role in the ministry of the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
+NUM 4 intro c4x5 0 # Numbers 04 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Counting the Levites by clans

Moses gave special instructions for each of the families of the tribes of Levi. Each family was given a special role in the ministry of the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
NUM 4 2 png1 0 Kohath See how you translated this man's name in [Numbers 3:17](../03/17.md). NUM 4 3 j52n translate-numbers 0 thirty to fifty years old "30 to 50 years old" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 4 3 xcf4 0 join the company The word "company" refers to the rest of the people working in the tent of meeting. @@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ NUM 4 49 v91x 0 keeping count of each by the type ... He counted each man by t NUM 4 49 hpb1 figs-activepassive 0 by the type of work he was assigned to do This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "by his type of work assignment" or "by the type of work he had assigned each man to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 4 49 kdw6 0 he would bear "he would have" NUM 4 49 q8p8 0 they obeyed what Yahweh had commanded them Here "they" and "them" refer to Moses and Aaron. -NUM 5 intro q2wy 0 # Numbers 05 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Israel's camp

Israel's entire camp was to be a "clean" place. This meant that people who could not be made acceptable to God were not allowed inside the camp. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])

#### Vengeance
There are several laws in this chapter regarding restitution. These laws were meant to limit the ways in which people who had been wronged could seek to be compensated. These laws were intended to make it difficult for such people to avenge a wrong when they were angry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]])
+NUM 5 intro q2wy 0 # Numbers 05 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel's camp

Israel's entire camp was to be a "clean" place. This meant that people who could not be made acceptable to God were not allowed inside the camp. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])

### Vengeance
There are several laws in this chapter regarding restitution. These laws were meant to limit the ways in which people who had been wronged could seek to be compensated. These laws were intended to make it difficult for such people to avenge a wrong when they were angry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]])
NUM 5 2 w9tt 0 infectious skin disease This refers to leprosy, which is a sickness that affects the skin and easily spreads to other people. NUM 5 2 zu9x 0 oozing sore This refers to an open cut that is leaking fluids. NUM 5 2 mu8x figs-metaphor 0 whoever is unclean through touching a dead body If a person touched a dead body they were considered unclean. A person who is not acceptable for God's purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ NUM 5 30 lwf7 0 before Yahweh "in the presence of Yahweh" NUM 5 31 xzp4 0 Connecting Statement: Moses continues to describe what the people are to do if the hypothetical situation he began describing in [Numbers 5:12](../05/12.md) ever happens. NUM 5 31 by7a 0 will be free from guilt for bringing his wife to the priest "will not be guilty of doing something wrong by bringing his wife to the priest" NUM 5 31 jq87 0 must bear "must endure" -NUM 6 intro v9bp 0 # Numbers 06 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Nazirite vow
The Nazirite vow was a special type of vow between a person and Yahweh. This chapter gives the rules for people to be consecrated to God as Nazirites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]])
+NUM 6 intro v9bp 0 # Numbers 06 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Nazirite vow
The Nazirite vow was a special type of vow between a person and Yahweh. This chapter gives the rules for people to be consecrated to God as Nazirites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]])
NUM 6 2 fuw1 figs-idiom 0 separates himself "To separate yourself to someone" means to "dedicate yourself" to that person. Alternate translation: "dedicates himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 6 3 vl9v figs-idiom 0 he must keep himself from This idiom means that he must not eat or drink them. Alternate translation: "he must not consume" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 6 3 guv7 figs-activepassive 0 vinegar made from wine This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "vinegar that people make from wine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ NUM 6 25 f8fh figs-you 0 on you ... to you Here "you" is singular. (See: [[rc:/ NUM 6 26 x48t figs-idiom 0 look on you with favor Here the phrase "look on" means to show a certain attitude towards that person. Alternate translation: "show you favor" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 6 26 jh4e figs-you 0 on you ... give you Here "you" is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) NUM 6 27 y2cb figs-metaphor 0 they must give my name Here Yahweh speaks about claiming the Israelites as his own by saying that he is giving them "his name." Alternate translation: "they must let the people of Israel know that they are mine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -NUM 7 intro tjd7 0 # Numbers 07 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

#### Consecrating the altar

When the tabernacle was completed, they consecrated the altar. Each tribe brought an offering to consecrate the altar. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]])
+NUM 7 intro tjd7 0 # Numbers 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Consecrating the altar

When the tabernacle was completed, they consecrated the altar. Each tribe brought an offering to consecrate the altar. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]])
NUM 7 1 pvb3 0 Moses completed the tabernacle "Moses finished setting up the tabernacle" NUM 7 2 uj4z figs-parallelism 0 the leaders of Israel ... the heads of their ancestor's families These two phrases describe the same group of people two different ways. Alternate translation: "the leaders of Israel who are also the heads of their ancestors families" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 7 2 p163 figs-metonymy 0 the heads of their ancestor's families Here the leaders of the families are referred to as "heads." Alternate translation: "the leaders of their ancestor's families" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ NUM 7 89 y6f1 figs-synecdoche 0 he heard his voice speaking to him Here "his vo NUM 7 89 jpx6 figs-parallelism 0 from above the atonement lid ... from between the two cherubim These two phrases describe the same location. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 7 89 e4hs 0 ark of the testimony See how you translated this phrase in [Numbers 4:5](../04/05.md). NUM 7 89 cu31 0 He spoke to him "Yahweh spoke to Moses" -NUM 8 intro v1ax 0 # Numbers 08 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The consecration of the tabernacle continues in this chapter. The people obeyed Yahweh's exact instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
+NUM 8 intro v1ax 0 # Numbers 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The consecration of the tabernacle continues in this chapter. The people obeyed Yahweh's exact instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
NUM 8 2 v3fv 0 must give light in front "must shine towards the front" NUM 8 3 u9fj 0 to give light "to shine" NUM 8 4 vx9c figs-activepassive 0 The lampstand was made This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They had made the lampstand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ NUM 8 24 ygl7 0 All of this is for the Levites "All of these commandments are NUM 8 24 q65x translate-numbers 0 twenty-five years old "25 years old" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 8 24 l8m6 0 must join the company to serve in the tent of meeting The word "company" refers to the rest of the people working in the tent of meeting. See how you translated this phrase in [Numbers 4:3](../04/03.md). NUM 8 25 hw8k translate-numbers 0 at the age of fifty years "at 50 years old" or "when they become 50 years old" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 9 intro p8ra 0 # Numbers 09 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

==Passover ==

This chapter records the celebration of the Passover for the first time since it began. The people kept the Passover as directed by the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])

+NUM 9 intro p8ra 0 # Numbers 09 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

==Passover ==

This chapter records the celebration of the Passover for the first time since it began. The people kept the Passover as directed by the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])

NUM 9 1 zi29 translate-ordinal 0 in the first month of the second year after they came out from the land of Egypt This means that they had come out of Egypt a year earlier. They were beginning their second year in the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) NUM 9 1 w91f translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the first month This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It marks when God brought the people of Israel out of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) NUM 9 1 ku29 figs-idiom 0 after they came out from the land of Egypt Here "they" refers to the people of Israel. The phrase "came out" means to leave. Alternate translation: "after they left the land of Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ NUM 9 21 zn66 0 only when the cloud lifted would they journey on "then after t NUM 9 22 y7i4 figs-activepassive 0 the cloud was taken up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the cloud rose up" or "Yahweh took up the cloud" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 9 23 acm7 figs-abstractnouns 0 at Yahweh's command The word "command" can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: "what Yahweh commanded" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) NUM 9 23 h49s figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh's command given through Moses This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the command that Yahweh had given through Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -NUM 10 intro vix6 0 # Numbers 10 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Trumpets
In the ancient Near East, trumpets were used for many purposes. They were used to call people together. They were also used to lead people into battle.

#### Israel starts to move

Each tribe had its place in line as did the tabernacle. Their movements through the desert were very deliberate and ordered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
+NUM 10 intro vix6 0 # Numbers 10 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trumpets
In the ancient Near East, trumpets were used for many purposes. They were used to call people together. They were also used to lead people into battle.

### Israel starts to move

Each tribe had its place in line as did the tabernacle. Their movements through the desert were very deliberate and ordered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
NUM 10 2 a5wu figs-metonymy 0 Make two silver trumpets This means that Yahweh commanded Moses to have someone make the trumpet. He did not make them himself. Alternate translation: "Tell someone to make two silver trumpets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 10 2 a3nl figs-metonymy 0 You must use the trumpets Moses will not blow the trumpets himself, but he will command the priests to blow them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 10 3 k8w4 0 in front of you "while you are present." This means that Moses was to be there with the priest when he blew the trumpets. @@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ NUM 10 35 hqm2 figs-metaphor 0 Rise up, Yahweh Here the phrase "rise up" is a r NUM 10 35 n947 figs-metaphor 0 Make those who hate you run from you Here Moses speaks about Yahweh causing their enemies to flee from the people of Israel as if they were fleeing from Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: "Make those who hate you run away from your ark and your people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 10 36 a1np figs-personification 0 Whenever the ark stopped Here the ark is spoken of as if were a person traveling. The ark was really being carried by men. Alternate translation: "Whenever the people carrying the ark stopped" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) NUM 10 36 s46d figs-explicit 0 many tens of thousands This refers to people. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "many tens of thousands of people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NUM 11 intro t7jv 0 # Numbers 11 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Complaining
Moses complained about having too much responsibility. Therefore, God gave seventy men the spirit of prophecy to help Moses. The people complained about food, even though Yahweh was miraculously providing them with their food. The people complained because they did not have meat or fish to eat. God sent them quail. He punished some of the people, but it does not say why God did this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
+NUM 11 intro t7jv 0 # Numbers 11 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Complaining
Moses complained about having too much responsibility. Therefore, God gave seventy men the spirit of prophecy to help Moses. The people complained about food, even though Yahweh was miraculously providing them with their food. The people complained because they did not have meat or fish to eat. God sent them quail. He punished some of the people, but it does not say why God did this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
NUM 11 1 y6b3 0 Fire from Yahweh burned "Yahweh sent fire that burned" NUM 11 3 n5ye figs-activepassive 0 That place was named This can be stated in the active form. Alternate translation: "They named that place" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 11 4 tfn7 figs-rquestion 0 Who will give us meat to eat? The Israelites ask this question in order to complain and to express their desire for something other than manna to eat. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "We wish that we had meat to eat." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ NUM 11 32 r8bg translate-bvolume 0 ten homers A homer is a unit of volume equal NUM 11 33 zs3j figs-parallelism 0 While the meat was still between their teeth, while they were chewing it These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize that God punished them immediately, even while they were eating the meat. Alternate translation: "While they were still eating the meat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) NUM 11 34 xkj8 figs-activepassive 0 That place was named Kibroth Hattaavah This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They named that place Kibroth Hattaavah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 11 35 j14n translate-names 0 Hazeroth This is the name of a place in the desert. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NUM 12 intro qam4 0 # Numbers 12 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 12:6-8.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Idiom

God used the idiom "mouth to mouth" meaning "speaking directly with both people present." This indicated that Moses was more than just a prophet and greater than other prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
+NUM 12 intro qam4 0 # Numbers 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 12:6-8.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom

God used the idiom "mouth to mouth" meaning "speaking directly with both people present." This indicated that Moses was more than just a prophet and greater than other prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
NUM 12 2 h4pv figs-rquestion 0 Has Yahweh spoken only with Moses? Has he not spoken also with us? Miriam and Aaron use these questions to complain that Moses had so much authority and they did not. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has not spoken only with Moses. He has also spoken with us." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 12 2 aac3 0 Now Yahweh heard The word "Now" hear draws attention to the important point that follows. NUM 12 3 v4cp writing-background 0 Now the man Moses "Now" is used to mark a break in the main story line. The narrator tells background information about Moses' character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) @@ -781,7 +781,7 @@ NUM 12 14 f2gq figs-hypo 0 If her father had spit in her face This describes so NUM 12 15 dk19 figs-metaphor 0 Miriam was shut outside the camp Being sent out of the camp and not being allowed to go back in is spoken of as if there were a door that was closed behind her. Alternate translation: "Miriam was sent outside the camp" or "Miriam was kept outside the camp" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 12 15 ww7l figs-activepassive 0 Miriam was shut outside the camp This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Moses shut Miriam outside the camp" or "Moses sent Miriam outside the camp" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 12 16 w7ur 0 Hazeroth This is the name of a place in the desert. See how you translated it in [Numbers 11:35](../11/35.md). -NUM 13 intro a1bi 0 # Numbers 13 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Spies

Leaders from each of the tribes went to spy on the Promised Land in Canaan. Yahweh was not concerned with how many people were there, because he could defeat them. It appears that he is testing the faith of the people. The people were supposed to be excited to enter this wonderful land, instead they were afraid. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
+NUM 13 intro a1bi 0 # Numbers 13 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Spies

Leaders from each of the tribes went to spy on the Promised Land in Canaan. Yahweh was not concerned with how many people were there, because he could defeat them. It appears that he is testing the faith of the people. The people were supposed to be excited to enter this wonderful land, instead they were afraid. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
NUM 13 2 mg6w figs-pastforfuture 0 which I have given God had decided that the land of Canaan would belong to the people of Israel, but they had not yet moved into it. Alternate translation: "which I have decided to give" or "which I will soon give" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) NUM 13 2 t5e2 0 Each man must be a leader among them "Each man whom you send must be a leader among his tribe" NUM 13 4 l3bh translate-names 0 Shammua son of Zaccur These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -820,7 +820,7 @@ NUM 13 32 i1fs figs-metaphor 0 a land that eats up its inhabitants The men spea NUM 13 33 zz8m translate-names 0 Anak This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 13 33 ckl6 figs-metaphor 0 In our own sight ... in their sight Here sight represents evaluation and judgement. Alternate translation: "In our own opinion ... in their opinion" or "In our own judgement ... in their judgement" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 13 33 s8xm figs-simile 0 we were like grasshoppers in comparison with them The men speak of grasshoppers to show how very small they thought themselves to be compared to the people of the land. Alternate translation: "we are as small as grasshoppers in comparison with them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -NUM 14 intro paw9 0 # Numbers 14 General Notes
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Rhetorical Questions
The author uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions indicate that people did not have faith in Yahweh. Yahweh also uses rhetorical questions to show the people's lack of faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
+NUM 14 intro paw9 0 # Numbers 14 General Notes
## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Rhetorical Questions
The author uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions indicate that people did not have faith in Yahweh. Yahweh also uses rhetorical questions to show the people's lack of faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
NUM 14 3 r8f9 figs-rquestion 0 Why did Yahweh bring us to this land to die by the sword? The people use this question in order to complain and accuse Yahweh of treating them unfairly. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Yahweh should not have brought us to this land only to die by the sword." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 14 3 c2ap figs-metonymy 0 to die by the sword Here "the sword" represents either being killed by the sword or being killed in battle. Alternate translation: "to die when people attack us with swords" or "to die in battle" or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 14 3 y89n figs-rquestion 0 Is it not better for us to return to Egypt? The people use this question to encourage people to agree with them that it would be better to return to Egypt. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "It would be better for us to return to Egypt than to try to conquer Canaan." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ NUM 14 43 wp6t figs-metaphor 0 you turned back from following Yahweh Obeying Ya NUM 14 43 qj3c figs-metaphor 0 he will not be with you Helping them is spoken of as being with them. Alternate translation: "he will not help you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 14 44 dy4m 0 they presumed to go up into the hill country "they dared to go up into the hill country even though God did not approve" NUM 14 44 c73c 0 into the hill country Much of the land of Israel is elevated. When the Israelites crossed the Jordan River valley to attack the Canaanites, there were hills that they had to climb in order to go farther into the land of Canaan. -NUM 15 intro s9dr 0 # Numbers 15 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Purifying the people
As the people travel through the wilderness, Yahweh is purifying them. He is doing this so that they are able to enter into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/purify]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Prostitution

The imagery of prostitution is commonly used in Scripture to indicate that Yahweh alone is to be worshiped. The people are compared to the prostitute because a husband is to only have a sexual relationship with his wife. Both the prostitute and the worship of other gods are violations of this exclusive relationship. Many cultures will struggle with this imagery because of a desire to use euphemisms. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
+NUM 15 intro s9dr 0 # Numbers 15 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Purifying the people
As the people travel through the wilderness, Yahweh is purifying them. He is doing this so that they are able to enter into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/purify]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Prostitution

The imagery of prostitution is commonly used in Scripture to indicate that Yahweh alone is to be worshiped. The people are compared to the prostitute because a husband is to only have a sexual relationship with his wife. Both the prostitute and the worship of other gods are violations of this exclusive relationship. Many cultures will struggle with this imagery because of a desire to use euphemisms. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
NUM 15 1 kit4 0 General Information: Numbers 15:1-32 tells what God told Moses to tell the people of Israel. NUM 15 3 w63b figs-metaphor 0 to produce a pleasing aroma for Yahweh from the herd or the flock "to produce from the herd or flock a smell that pleases Yahweh." The Lord's pleasure with the aroma represents his pleasure with the person who burns the offering. Alternate translation: "to please Yahweh by burning a sacrifice from the herd or the flock" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 15 4 x238 0 a burnt offering This refers to the offerings spoken of in [Numbers 15:3](../15/03.md). @@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ NUM 15 39 vhx4 figs-metaphor 0 prostitute yourselves to them Being unfaithful t NUM 15 40 q9my 0 Connecting Statement: God continues telling Moses what to tell the people of Israel. The word "you" refers to the people. NUM 15 40 x4hp figs-idiom 0 call to mind This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "remember" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 15 41 zvn9 0 I am Yahweh your God This clause is repeated for emphasis. -NUM 16 intro q814 0 # Numbers 16 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Rebellion and punishment

A certain Levite and a few men from the tribe of Reuben claimed that they were just as good as Moses and Aaron, and they also could do the work of sacrificing animals at the sacred tent. So Moses told them to come to the sacred tent and burn incense to Yahweh. God then made the earth open and swallow up these leaders and their families. He also sent fire to destroy 250 other men who had joined with those leaders. These actions showed that only the Levites, those whom Yahweh appointed, could be priests. Also, it taught the people that to rebel against Yahweh's anointed was to rebel against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]])
+NUM 16 intro q814 0 # Numbers 16 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Rebellion and punishment

A certain Levite and a few men from the tribe of Reuben claimed that they were just as good as Moses and Aaron, and they also could do the work of sacrificing animals at the sacred tent. So Moses told them to come to the sacred tent and burn incense to Yahweh. God then made the earth open and swallow up these leaders and their families. He also sent fire to destroy 250 other men who had joined with those leaders. These actions showed that only the Levites, those whom Yahweh appointed, could be priests. Also, it taught the people that to rebel against Yahweh's anointed was to rebel against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]])
NUM 16 1 xx9n 0 Kohath See how you translated this man's name in [Numbers 3:17](../03/17.md). NUM 16 2 t69q figs-metaphor 0 rose up against Moses Rebelling or criticizing someone in authority is spoken of as if they were standing up to fight. Alternate translation: "rebelled against Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 16 2 uge1 translate-numbers 0 two hundred and fifty "250" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -976,7 +976,7 @@ NUM 16 46 pv5i figs-metonymy 0 anger is coming from Yahweh Anger coming from Go NUM 16 47 s2fi figs-metonymy 0 he put in the incense Putting the incense in the censer here represents burning it. Alternate translation: "he burned the incense" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 16 48 fgs5 figs-activepassive 0 the plague was stopped This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the plague stopped spreading" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 16 49 e8gm translate-numbers 0 14,700 in number "fourteen thousand seven hundred in number" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 17 intro b38c 0 # Numbers 17 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Which tribe should be special workers for God?

God told Moses that each tribe should bring one wooden staff and leave it overnight at the temple. The next day Aaron's staff representing the tribe of Levi bloomed and produced ripe almond nuts. This showed that the tribe of Levi was still the tribe chosen to be Yahweh's priests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
+NUM 17 intro b38c 0 # Numbers 17 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Which tribe should be special workers for God?

God told Moses that each tribe should bring one wooden staff and leave it overnight at the temple. The next day Aaron's staff representing the tribe of Levi bloomed and produced ripe almond nuts. This showed that the tribe of Levi was still the tribe chosen to be Yahweh's priests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
NUM 17 2 qi3j translate-numbers 0 twelve "12" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 17 3 jjh7 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. NUM 17 3 xg67 0 Levi's staff The name Levi here refers to the tribe of Levi. @@ -991,7 +991,7 @@ NUM 17 10 nwq2 figs-synecdoche 0 the covenant decrees The phrase "the covenant NUM 17 10 n4ip figs-abstractnouns 0 so that you may end complaints against me The word "complaints" is an abstract noun that can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: "so that you may stop them from complaining against me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) NUM 17 10 b4j8 0 or they will die This is what would happen if the people were to continue complaining. God wanted to prevent this. Alternate translation: "so that they will not die" NUM 17 12 m73b figs-parallelism 0 We will die here. We will all perish! These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -NUM 18 intro s8q6 0 # Numbers 18 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Tithes and offerings

The tribes of Israel were required to bring a tithe to the Levites in order to free them to serve Yahweh as priests. There is a detailed description of what belonged to Yahweh in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
+NUM 18 intro s8q6 0 # Numbers 18 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Tithes and offerings

The tribes of Israel were required to bring a tithe to the Levites in order to free them to serve Yahweh as priests. There is a detailed description of what belonged to Yahweh in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
NUM 18 1 u2mx figs-activepassive 0 all sins committed against the sanctuary This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "all sins that anyone commits against the sanctuary" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 18 1 g8xh figs-activepassive 0 all sins committed by anyone in the priesthood This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "all sins that anyone in the priesthood commits" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 18 1 ljg9 0 anyone in the priesthood "any priest" @@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ NUM 18 30 c3xf 0 Connecting Statement: God continues speaking to Moses. NUM 18 30 l7ak 0 the best of it "the best of what you have received from the people of Israel" NUM 18 31 g3lw 0 the rest of your gifts The "gifts" are the offerings that the Israelites give to God and that the Levites receive from them. NUM 18 32 v4s3 0 You will not incur any guilt by eating and drinking it "You will not be guilty when you eat and drink it" -NUM 19 intro rnm7 0 # Numbers 19 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Ritually clean

This chapter talks about being clean. Some of these rituals were required to make a priest clean in order to set them apart to serve Yahweh. Other rituals were required because they prevented people from getting sick. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
+NUM 19 intro rnm7 0 # Numbers 19 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Ritually clean

This chapter talks about being clean. Some of these rituals were required to make a priest clean in order to set them apart to serve Yahweh. Other rituals were required because they prevented people from getting sick. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
NUM 19 2 vs5r figs-doublet 0 a statute, a law These two words share similar meanings. Alternate translation: "a statute of the law" or "a legal statute" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) NUM 19 2 u2gx 0 bring to you Here "you" is singular and refers to Moses. NUM 19 2 x8cy figs-doublet 0 flaw or blemish These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that this animal is to have no imperfections. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -1085,7 +1085,7 @@ NUM 19 20 d5l6 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: The ideas of "clean" and "p NUM 19 20 mz5q figs-metaphor 0 that person will be cut off Here the phrase "be cut off" means to be disowned and sent away. See how you translated this in [Numbers 9:13](../09/13.md). Alternate translation: "That person must be sent away" or "you must send that person away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 19 20 u7dz figs-activepassive 0 The water for impurity has not been sprinkled on him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one has sprinkled the water for impurity on him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 19 21 bs1a 0 the water for impurity "the water that is sprinkled on impure things to make them pure" or "the water for making things pure." See how you translated this in [Numbers 19:13](../19/13.md) -NUM 20 intro uzx8 0 # Numbers 20 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Moses' sin

God told Moses to command water to come out of a rock for the people who were complaining that they had no water. Moses became angry with the people and hit the rock twice. God told him that he and Aaron would not be allowed to go into Canaan because he disobeyed by hitting the rock instead of just speaking to it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### "It would have been better if we had died when our fellow Israelites died in front of Yahweh"
It is possible that this statement should be taken as hyperbole, but it does not have to be taken this way. The translator should probably avoid treating this as hyperbole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
#### Wilderness of Sin
Sin is the name of a place in this chapter. It is not a place that is known for its sin. The name is not related to the meaning of the word "sin." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+NUM 20 intro uzx8 0 # Numbers 20 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Moses' sin

God told Moses to command water to come out of a rock for the people who were complaining that they had no water. Moses became angry with the people and hit the rock twice. God told him that he and Aaron would not be allowed to go into Canaan because he disobeyed by hitting the rock instead of just speaking to it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### "It would have been better if we had died when our fellow Israelites died in front of Yahweh"
It is possible that this statement should be taken as hyperbole, but it does not have to be taken this way. The translator should probably avoid treating this as hyperbole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Wilderness of Sin
Sin is the name of a place in this chapter. It is not a place that is known for its sin. The name is not related to the meaning of the word "sin." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
NUM 20 1 wu8m translate-transliterate 0 the wilderness of Zin The word "Zin" here is the Hebrew name of the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) NUM 20 1 ht9k translate-hebrewmonths 0 the first month This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It marks when God rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians. The first month is during the last part of March and the first part of April on the Western calendar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) NUM 20 1 r66w figs-activepassive 0 was buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they buried her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1122,7 +1122,7 @@ NUM 20 24 z598 0 rebelled against my word "refused to do what I said" NUM 20 25 ie14 0 Connecting Statement: God continues speaking to Moses. NUM 20 26 af1h figs-parallelism 0 must die and be gathered to his people These two phrases mean basically the same thing. They mean that it is time for Aaron to die and for his spirit to go to the place where his ancestors are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) NUM 20 29 lcr9 translate-numbers 0 thirty days "30 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -NUM 21 intro vi2c 0 # Numbers 21 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 21:14-15, 17-18, 27-30.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Ungrateful

The Israelites said, "Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? There is no bread, no water, and we hate this miserable food." After all Yahweh had done, they were very ungrateful. This showed their lack of faith and trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
+NUM 21 intro vi2c 0 # Numbers 21 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 21:14-15, 17-18, 27-30.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Ungrateful

The Israelites said, "Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? There is no bread, no water, and we hate this miserable food." After all Yahweh had done, they were very ungrateful. This showed their lack of faith and trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
NUM 21 1 nsa6 figs-metonymy 0 he fought against Israel Here "he fought" means that his army fought. Alternate translation: "his army fought against Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 21 2 x3np figs-metonymy 0 Israel vowed This refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "The people of Israel vowed" or "The Israelites made a vow" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) NUM 21 3 j1ix figs-metonymy 0 listened to Israel's voice Here "listen" means that Yahweh did as they asked. Alternate translation: "did what Israel asked" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1177,7 +1177,7 @@ NUM 21 34 wk2t 0 Do to him as you did to Sihon king of the Amorites The Israel NUM 21 35 mdc5 0 So they killed him "So the army of Israel killed Og" NUM 21 35 b31n figs-activepassive 0 none of his people were left alive This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "all of his people were dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 21 35 w1f2 0 they took over his land "they took control of his land" -NUM 22 intro hxi6 0 # Numbers 22 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
The chapter begins a section on Balaam. The king of Moab wanted the prophet Balaam to come and curse Israel. God told him not to go but he wanted to go; so God told him to say only what God wanted him to say. Yahweh was able to use Balaam, even though he was not a prophet of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
+NUM 22 intro hxi6 0 # Numbers 22 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The chapter begins a section on Balaam. The king of Moab wanted the prophet Balaam to come and curse Israel. God told him not to go but he wanted to go; so God told him to say only what God wanted him to say. Yahweh was able to use Balaam, even though he was not a prophet of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
NUM 22 1 vt4u 0 on the other side of the Jordan River from the city The Israelites were camped on the east side of the Jordan River. Jericho was on the west side of the river. NUM 22 2 a4k1 translate-names 0 Balak son of Zippor Balak was king of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 22 2 hqt3 translate-names 0 Zippor Zippor is the father of Balak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1245,7 +1245,7 @@ NUM 22 38 re6i figs-metaphor 0 the words that God puts into my mouth The messag NUM 22 39 lt48 translate-names 0 Kiriath Huzoth This is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 22 40 e9l3 0 some meat "some of the meat from the sacrifices" NUM 22 41 sx5n 0 the high place of Baal Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the same place as Bamoth in [Numbers 21:19](../21/19.md). The word Bamoth means "the high place," or 2) this is another high place where people sacrificed to Baal. -NUM 23 intro kt51 0 # Numbers 23 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
The story of Balaam continues in this chapter.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 23:7-10, 18-24.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Cursing God's people

God does not allow others to curse his people. Balaam blessed Israel twice when he was supposed to curse them. This may be taken as humor or an ironic situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
+NUM 23 intro kt51 0 # Numbers 23 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
The story of Balaam continues in this chapter.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 23:7-10, 18-24.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Cursing God's people

God does not allow others to curse his people. Balaam blessed Israel twice when he was supposed to curse them. This may be taken as humor or an ironic situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
NUM 23 1 js8j 0 Balak This is the king of Moab. See how you translated this in [Numbers 22:2](../22/02.md). NUM 23 1 yr7z 0 prepare seven bulls and seven rams "kill seven bulls and seven rams as a sacrifice" NUM 23 3 s7kv 0 Stand at your burnt offering and I will go "Stay here with your burnt offering and I will go a distance away" @@ -1285,7 +1285,7 @@ NUM 23 24 jm1j figs-metaphor 0 the people rise like a lioness ... he has killed NUM 23 25 yxn3 0 Balak This is the king of Moab. See how you translated this in [Numbers 22:2](../22/02.md). NUM 23 26 sl4c figs-rquestion 0 Did I not tell you that I must say all that Yahweh tells me to say? Balaam uses this rhetorical question to remind Balak that Balaam refused to disobey God even before he came to Balak. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "I told you before that I must say all that Yahweh tells me to say." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) NUM 23 28 jd2z figs-explicit 0 which looks down on the wilderness It is understood that this wilderness was where Israel was camped. Alternate translation: "which looks down on the wilderness where Israel was" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NUM 24 intro g6vw 0 # Numbers 24 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The story of Balaam continues in this chapter.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 24:3-9, 15-24.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Cursing God's people

God does not allow others to curse his people. Balaam blesses Israel again and the king is angry and sends him home. This may be taken as humor or an ironic situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
+NUM 24 intro g6vw 0 # Numbers 24 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The story of Balaam continues in this chapter.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 24:3-9, 15-24.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Cursing God's people

God does not allow others to curse his people. Balaam blesses Israel again and the king is angry and sends him home. This may be taken as humor or an ironic situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
NUM 24 1 w9kx 0 as at the other times "like he did the previous times" NUM 24 2 wa9k figs-idiom 0 He raised his eyes Here "raised his eyes" is an idiom that means to look up. Alternate translation: "He looked up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 24 2 vd4a 0 Spirit of God came on him This mean's God's Spirit took control of him to prophesy. @@ -1348,7 +1348,7 @@ NUM 24 23 bj5v figs-rquestion 0 Who will survive when God does this? This rheto NUM 24 24 rl4t translate-names 0 Kittim This is the name of a city on an island in the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 24 24 zm8g figs-abstractnouns 0 they, too, will end in destruction The abstract noun "destruction" can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: "God will destroy them also" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) NUM 24 25 wf69 0 Balak This is the king of Moab. See how you translated this in [Numbers 22:2](../22/02.md). -NUM 25 intro vs5m 0 # Numbers 25 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The story of Balaam concludes in this chapter.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Foreign women

Balaam told the young women from Moab to act friendly to the Israelite men and invite them to feasts in honor of their god Baal. The men went to the feasts and worshiped Baal. God was angry and killed 24,000 Israelite men. Foreign women are often the source of problems in Israel. They caused the men to worship their false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
+NUM 25 intro vs5m 0 # Numbers 25 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The story of Balaam concludes in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Foreign women

Balaam told the young women from Moab to act friendly to the Israelite men and invite them to feasts in honor of their god Baal. The men went to the feasts and worshiped Baal. God was angry and killed 24,000 Israelite men. Foreign women are often the source of problems in Israel. They caused the men to worship their false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
NUM 25 1 bx2y translate-names 0 Shittim This is the name of a place in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 25 2 zud9 translate-symaction 0 bowed down This was an act of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) NUM 25 3 bum9 0 Peor Peor was the name of a mountain. See how you translated this in [Numbers 23:28](../23/28.md). @@ -1377,7 +1377,7 @@ NUM 25 18 kw2l 0 They led you into evil "They persuaded you to do this evil th NUM 25 18 dj72 0 in the case of Peor ... in the matter of Peor Both of these phrases mean that these things happened at Mount Peor. NUM 25 18 h4fy 0 Peor Peor was the name of a mountain. See how you translated this in [Numbers 23:28](../23/28.md). NUM 25 18 vp48 figs-activepassive 0 who was killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom Phinehas killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -NUM 26 intro h5mw 0 # Numbers 26 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 26:12-17, 20-26, 29-32, 35, 38-39, 44-45, 48-49, 57-58 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists.

The people are counted in preparation for entering into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### A new generation

None of the adults who came out of Egypt with Moses were still alive except the two faithful spies, Joshua and Caleb. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
+NUM 26 intro h5mw 0 # Numbers 26 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 26:12-17, 20-26, 29-32, 35, 38-39, 44-45, 48-49, 57-58 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists.

The people are counted in preparation for entering into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### A new generation

None of the adults who came out of Egypt with Moses were still alive except the two faithful spies, Joshua and Caleb. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
NUM 26 2 i1ce figs-explicit 0 Count all the community They were only to count the men, not the women. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: "Count all the men of the community" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) NUM 26 2 vni2 translate-numbers 0 twenty years old and up "20 years old and older" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 26 3 z8gq 0 spoke to them "spoke to the Israelite leaders" @@ -1453,7 +1453,7 @@ NUM 26 64 xc7s figs-activepassive 0 when the descendants of Israel were counted NUM 26 65 zm6j figs-doublenegatives 0 There was not a man left among them, except The word "them" refers to all of the people who were counted in the wilderness of Sinai. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "The only ones who were still alive were" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) NUM 26 65 sl65 0 son of Jephunneh Jephunneh was Caleb's father. See how you translated this in [Numbers 13:6](../13/06.md). NUM 26 65 j2tl 0 son of Nun Nun was Joshua's father. See how you translated this in [Numbers 11:28](../11/28.md). -NUM 27 intro g57e 0 # Numbers 27 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Daughters
The daughters of Korah received no land because their father was punished by Yahweh. Yahweh still graciously gave them their father's portion of land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])

#### The new leader is Joshua

God told Moses to appoint Joshua as the new leader. Joshua became Yahweh's anointed leader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]])
+NUM 27 intro g57e 0 # Numbers 27 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Daughters
The daughters of Korah received no land because their father was punished by Yahweh. Yahweh still graciously gave them their father's portion of land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])

### The new leader is Joshua

God told Moses to appoint Joshua as the new leader. Joshua became Yahweh's anointed leader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]])
NUM 27 1 r2z7 0 Then to Moses came the daughters of Zelophehad ... son of Joseph "Then the daughters of Zelophehad son of Hepher son of Gilead son of Machir son of Manasseh, of the clans of Manasseh son of Joseph came to Moses." This tells us the genealogy of Zelophehad. NUM 27 1 xh5x 0 Zelophehad son of Hepher ... Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milkah, and Tirzah See how you translated these men's names in [Numbers 26:33](../26/33.md). NUM 27 1 f1ul 0 Gilead ... Machir See how you translated these men's names in [Numbers 26:29](../26/29.md). @@ -1493,7 +1493,7 @@ NUM 27 23 gcp5 0 He laid his hands on him and commanded him to lead "He" refer NUM 27 23 cb8n translate-symaction 0 He laid his hands on him The laying on of hands was a way of setting a person apart to do a special task for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) NUM 27 23 nk4a figs-ellipsis 0 to lead You can make clear the understood information to lead the people. Alternate translation: "to lead the people" or "to be the leader of the Israelites" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) NUM 27 23 cw8h 0 as Yahweh had commanded him to do Here "him" refers to Moses. -NUM 28 intro yh9y 0 # Numbers 28 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Offerings for special days

God commanded the Israelites to make special offerings for Sabbaths, new months, Passover and firstfruits. On each of these occasions, specific sacrifices were required. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstfruit]])
+NUM 28 intro yh9y 0 # Numbers 28 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Offerings for special days

God commanded the Israelites to make special offerings for Sabbaths, new months, Passover and firstfruits. On each of these occasions, specific sacrifices were required. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstfruit]])
NUM 28 2 vl5n 0 at the appointed times "at the times that I haven chosen" NUM 28 2 d2nc figs-activepassive 0 the food of my offerings made by fire to produce This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the food offerings that you will burn on the altar produce" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 28 2 ii63 0 a sweet aroma for me "a smell I enjoy" @@ -1555,7 +1555,7 @@ NUM 28 29 tdh2 translate-fraction 0 a tenth of an ephah "A tenth" means one par NUM 28 29 t9h7 figs-activepassive 0 fine flour mixed with oil This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "fine flour which you mix with oil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 28 30 yj1e figs-abstractnouns 0 to make atonement The word "atonement" can be expressed with the verb "atone." Alternate translation: "to atone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) NUM 28 31 k54h figs-possession 0 their drink offerings This refers to the drink offerings that are required to accompany each of the animals when they are sacrificed. Alternate translation: "the drink offerings that are offered with them" or "the drink offerings that accompany them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -NUM 29 intro gs9v 0 # Numbers 29 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter continues the material from the previous chapter about offerings on specific days.
+NUM 29 intro gs9v 0 # Numbers 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter continues the material from the previous chapter about offerings on specific days.
NUM 29 1 n5nd 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do. NUM 29 1 wr36 translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the seventh month, on the first day of the month This refers to the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. Alternate translation: "On day 1 of month 7" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) NUM 29 1 c4iy 0 have a holy assembly to honor Yahweh "gather together to worship and honor Yahweh." The phrase "a holy assembly" means the people gather together to worship Yahweh. Worshiping Yahweh is a holy event. @@ -1628,7 +1628,7 @@ NUM 29 37 m6nc figs-activepassive 0 as were commanded This can be stated in act NUM 29 38 nyr3 figs-possession 0 its grain offering, and their drink offerings The grain offering was to be offered with the burnt offering. The drink offerings were to be offered with both the sin offering and the burnt offering. Alternate translation: "along with the grain offering and the drink offerings that accompany them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) NUM 29 39 zpq3 0 These are what you must offer "These offerings are what you must offer" NUM 29 39 y3wf 0 fixed festivals "planned festivals." These are festivals that occurred at regularly scheduled times. The word "fixed" means "set" or "predetermined." -NUM 30 intro e9dr 0 # Numbers 30 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Vows

Because a vow is a type of promise, men must do what they have vowed to do. A father or a husband has one day in which to cancel a woman's vow. Otherwise, she must do what she vowed she would do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
+NUM 30 intro e9dr 0 # Numbers 30 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Vows

Because a vow is a type of promise, men must do what they have vowed to do. A father or a husband has one day in which to cancel a woman's vow. Otherwise, she must do what she vowed she would do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
NUM 30 2 n92a 0 a man makes a vow The words "a man" refer to any man, not one particular man. It refers only to men and does not include women. Alternate translation: "any man" NUM 30 2 yep5 figs-metaphor 0 to bind himself with a binding promise Here Moses speaks of a person promising to do something as if his promise were a physical object that he ties to himself. Alternate translation: "committing to fulfill a promise" or "promising to do something" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 30 2 d5ft figs-parallelism 0 he must not break his word. He must keep his promise to do everything that comes out of his mouth These two sentences have similar meanings and are combined to emphasize that he must fulfill his promises. Here "word" is a metonym that refers to what he said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -1664,7 +1664,7 @@ NUM 30 14 sq3z figs-metaphor 0 binding promises Moses describes a woman's promi NUM 30 14 ntv6 figs-idiom 0 will stand This is an idiom. It means that her vows will remain in effect and that she will be required to fulfill them. Alternate translation: "she will be obligated to fulfill" See how this is translated in [Numbers 30:4](./04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) NUM 30 14 w9nv figs-ellipsis 0 because he has said nothing to her You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "because he has said nothing to her about them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) NUM 30 15 z7x5 figs-explicit 0 then he will be responsible for her guilt This means that he will be guilty of her sin instead of her if she does not fulfill her vow. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: "if she does not fulfill her vow, she will not be guilty of her sin, and he will be guilty instead of her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -NUM 31 intro p1di 0 # Numbers 31 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Midianites

Israel killed the Midianites, including Balaam, for tempting them to worship Baal. This battle was at Yahweh's command. Yahweh would bring justice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
+NUM 31 intro p1di 0 # Numbers 31 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Midianites

Israel killed the Midianites, including Balaam, for tempting them to worship Baal. This battle was at Yahweh's command. Yahweh would bring justice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
NUM 31 2 u6qq 0 Take vengeance on the Midianites for what they did to the Israelites Yahweh was punishing the Midianites for convincing the Israelites to worship idols. NUM 31 2 l7s2 figs-parallelism 0 you will die and be gathered to your people These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This is a polite way to emphasize that it is time for Moses to die and for his spirit to go to the place where his ancestors are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) NUM 31 3 z1v2 0 Arm some of your men for war "Give weapons to some of your men" @@ -1742,7 +1742,7 @@ NUM 31 52 qri3 translate-numbers 0 from the commanders of thousands and from th NUM 31 52 b57h translate-numbers 0 16750 "sixteen thousand, seven hundred and fifty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) NUM 31 52 gj47 translate-bmoney 0 shekels A shekel is 11 grams. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) NUM 31 54 r1uq 0 as a reminder of the people of Israel for Yahweh The gold will remind the people that Yahweh gave them victory. It will also remind Yahweh that the people fulfilled his revenge on the Midianites. -NUM 32 intro yg1s 0 # Numbers 32 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

#### Reuben and Gad's inheritance

Reuben and Gad were given the land conquered east of the Jordan River. This land had good pastures, and suited these tribes because they had many sheep, goats and cattle. They had not yet entered into the Promised Land, and it would have been sinful to not fight with the rest of Israel. So they promised to enter the land to fight with the other tribes, and then return to their own land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
+NUM 32 intro yg1s 0 # Numbers 32 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Reuben and Gad's inheritance

Reuben and Gad were given the land conquered east of the Jordan River. This land had good pastures, and suited these tribes because they had many sheep, goats and cattle. They had not yet entered into the Promised Land, and it would have been sinful to not fight with the rest of Israel. So they promised to enter the land to fight with the other tribes, and then return to their own land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
NUM 32 1 t4bt writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Moses tells background information about the tribes of Reuben and Gad. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) NUM 32 3 dwl6 translate-names 0 Ataroth, Dibon, Jazer, Nimrah, Heshbon, Elealeh, Sebam, Nebo, and Beon These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 32 4 fd7v 0 General Information: The people from Reuben and Gad continue speaking to Moses, Eleazar, and the other leaders. @@ -1803,7 +1803,7 @@ NUM 32 41 h5li translate-names 0 Jair This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://e NUM 32 41 mn6c translate-names 0 Havvoth Jair This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 32 42 rm3m translate-names 0 Nobah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 32 42 r3cx translate-names 0 Kenath This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NUM 33 intro s7u7 0 # Numbers 33 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter is a summary of Israel's exodus from Egypt to the Promised Land, including their wandering through the desert. The phrase "they set out" means "they left."
+NUM 33 intro s7u7 0 # Numbers 33 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is a summary of Israel's exodus from Egypt to the Promised Land, including their wandering through the desert. The phrase "they set out" means "they left."
NUM 33 1 va6t 0 by their armed groups "by their military divisions." This means that each tribe had their own men, who were armed, to protect them. See how you translated "armed groups" in [Numbers 1:3](../01/03.md). NUM 33 2 gx4i figs-activepassive 0 as commanded by Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "as Yahweh commanded" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 33 2 y7p2 0 departure after departure "from one place to another place" @@ -1842,7 +1842,7 @@ NUM 33 54 q2gz figs-metaphor 0 inherit the land The Israelites claiming the lan NUM 33 54 m66j 0 Wherever the lot falls to each clan, that land will belong to it "Each clan will receive the land according to how the lot falls" NUM 33 55 ebs2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do. NUM 33 55 l4n8 figs-simile 0 like objects in your eyes and thorns in your sides Just like a small object in a person's eye or a small thorn that sticks into a person skin can cause great irritation, so even a small portion of the Canaanites, if left in the land, would cause great trouble for the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -NUM 34 intro z166 0 # Numbers 34 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 34:19-28 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists.

### Special concepts in this chapter
#### The boundaries
Moses told them all of the land they would inherit and live in and said that they should divide it up by casting lots. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])
+NUM 34 intro z166 0 # Numbers 34 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 34:19-28 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### The boundaries
Moses told them all of the land they would inherit and live in and said that they should divide it up by casting lots. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])
NUM 34 3 c7ax 0 wilderness of Zin See how you translated this phrase in [Numbers 33:12](../33/12.md). NUM 34 4 i8yz translate-names 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses where the borders are for the land that he is giving to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 34 6 aj34 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Moses where the borders are for the land that he is giving to the Israelites. @@ -1857,7 +1857,7 @@ NUM 34 19 d75w translate-names 0 General Information: This is the list of men w NUM 34 21 ddd5 translate-names 0 General Information: This continues the list of men who will help divide the land among the tribes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 34 24 jyl2 translate-names 0 General Information: This continues the list of men who will help divide the land among the tribes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 34 27 hsm6 translate-names 0 General Information: This concludes the list of men who will help divide the land among the tribes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -NUM 35 intro rg3i 0 # Numbers 35 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter continues the material from the previous chapter.

### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Revenge
Yahweh told Moses to establish safe places for people who accidentally killed other people. This prevented revenge killings. Justice is an important concept in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
+NUM 35 intro rg3i 0 # Numbers 35 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter continues the material from the previous chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Revenge
Yahweh told Moses to establish safe places for people who accidentally killed other people. This prevented revenge killings. Justice is an important concept in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
NUM 35 1 z6sc 0 plains a large area of flat land NUM 35 2 ww25 0 give some of their own shares of land to the Levites Yahweh did not give the Levites their own land, so they had to live in cities that belonged to other tribes. NUM 35 2 hlb8 0 pastureland an area of land where animals feed on grass @@ -1893,7 +1893,7 @@ NUM 35 32 a9qa 0 in this way "by accepting a ransom" NUM 35 33 gzd5 figs-metaphor 0 Do not pollute in this way the land where you live, because blood from murder pollutes the land Making the land unacceptable to Yahweh is spoken of as if it were physically polluting the land. Alternate translation: "Do not make the land where you live unacceptable to me in this way, because blood from murder makes the land unacceptable to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) NUM 35 33 df8z 0 in this way This means by disobeying the laws concerning a person who kills someone. NUM 35 33 pl2f figs-activepassive 0 No atonement can be made for the land when blood has been shed on it, except by the blood of the one who shed it This refers to when a person intentionally kills another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When someone has shed blood in the land, only the execution of the murderer can make atonement for the land" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -NUM 36 intro ej9v 0 # Numbers 36 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

#### Female heirs

Women who inherited land from their father must marry men from their tribe so the inheritance does not leave the tribe. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])
+NUM 36 intro ej9v 0 # Numbers 36 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Female heirs

Women who inherited land from their father must marry men from their tribe so the inheritance does not leave the tribe. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])
NUM 36 1 if4m translate-names 0 Machir This is the name of a man. See how you translated this man's name in [Numbers 26:29](../26/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) NUM 36 2 gt4r figs-activepassive 0 You were commanded by Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh commanded you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) NUM 36 2 wj3z translate-names 0 Zelophehad This is the name of a man. See how you translated this man's name in [Numbers 26:33](../26/33.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) diff --git a/en_tn_05-DEU.tsv b/en_tn_05-DEU.tsv index 1a2124a7a..182e7f6a9 100644 --- a/en_tn_05-DEU.tsv +++ b/en_tn_05-DEU.tsv @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote DEU front intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of Deuteronomy

1. Moses reminds Israel of how Yahweh guided them through the wilderness (1:1–3:29)
1. Moses appeals for Israel to obey the law of Yahweh (4:1–43)
1. The Ten Commandments (5:1–10:22)
1. Rules and warnings from the Law (11:1–26:19)
1. Instructions for entering Canaan (27:1–26)
1. Blessings for obeying and curses for disobeying (28:1-68)
1. The covenant renewed (29:1-30:20)
1. Last words of Moses, the Song of Moses, and his death (31:1–34:12)


### What is the Book of Deuteronomy about?

In the book of Deuteronomy, Moses repeats the laws of the covenant that God made with the people of Israel. The people of Israel were about to go into the Promised Land. Before they entered the land, Moses reminded them of what Yahweh did for them and what he expected from them. Moses warned the people about worshipping idols and no longer trusting Yahweh once they settled in the Promised Land. Yahweh promised to judge those who disobey him and to bless those who obey his Law. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

### How should the title of this book be translated?

The name "Deuteronomy" means "Second Law" or "the retelling of the Law." Translators may decide on a title such as, "A Repeat of the Law" or "Moses Explains the Law Again." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### Who wrote the Book of Deuteronomy?

The writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the Book of Deuteronomy. However, many scholars think that Joshua wrote chapter 34. This chapter tells how Moses died.

### What are the important features of the Book of Deuteronomy?

The book contains a series of speeches that Moses gave to Israel before he died. He spoke these things just before the people entered the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### Why did Yahweh command the Israelites to completely destroy the people who lived in the Promised Land?

As God prepared the Israelites to enter the Promised Land, he commanded them to completely destroy the Canaanite people who lived there. The Israelites would then not be tempted to join them and worship their false gods.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What is the role of God's name in Deuteronomy?

God's name is mentioned over thirty times in the book of Deuteronomy. The use of God's name in this book usually represents God's honor or fame. At other times in Deuteronomy, God's name represents his presence. God said he would choose a place and make his name dwell there. This means God's presence would be there. The people were to go to that place to worship him.

### Can this book be translated before the rest of the Pentateuch?

The Books of Genesis and Exodus help to explain what happens in Deuteronomy. For this reason, those books should be translated before the Book of Deuteronomy.
-DEU 1 intro ggp9 0 # Deuteronomy 01 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter forms a continuation with the last chapter of the book of Numbers.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Yahweh's victory
The chapter explains that Israel's conquering of the Promised Land will be done by Yahweh. They are not to fear the people of Canaan but be obedient to Yahweh. Yahweh is bringing about his judgement upon the people of Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

#### Possessing the land
While the Promised Land belongs to Israel, they do not possess the land. Possessing the land is an important theme. Posessing the land depended on Israel's faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
+DEU 1 intro ggp9 0 # Deuteronomy 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter forms a continuation with the last chapter of the book of Numbers.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh's victory
The chapter explains that Israel's conquering of the Promised Land will be done by Yahweh. They are not to fear the people of Canaan but be obedient to Yahweh. Yahweh is bringing about his judgement upon the people of Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

### Possessing the land
While the Promised Land belongs to Israel, they do not possess the land. Possessing the land is an important theme. Posessing the land depended on Israel's faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
DEU 1 1 j9ty 0 beyond the Jordan This refers to the land across the Jordan River, to the east of Israel. Moses was east of the Jordan when he spoke to the Israelites. Alternate translation: "east of the Jordan" DEU 1 1 bg65 translate-names 0 Suph ... Paran ... Tophel ... Laban ... Hazeroth ... Dizahab These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 1 2 p4gk 0 It is eleven days' journey from Horeb ... to Kadesh Barnea "It takes eleven days to walk from Horeb ... to Kadesh Barnea" @@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ DEU 1 44 fn6p translate-names 0 Hormah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc:/ DEU 1 44 xcg6 0 struck you down "killed many of your soldiers" DEU 1 45 d7e5 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the people of Israel what the previous generation of Israelites did. DEU 1 45 yrs7 0 returned and wept "returned to Kadesh and wept" -DEU 2 intro ji46 0 # Deuteronomy 02 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Covenant faithfulness
Yahweh is faithful to the covenant he made with Abraham. He is also faithful to the promises he made with Esau and Lot. Because of this, Israel was given specific land it was able to conquer in Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
+DEU 2 intro ji46 0 # Deuteronomy 02 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Covenant faithfulness
Yahweh is faithful to the covenant he made with Abraham. He is also faithful to the promises he made with Esau and Lot. Because of this, Israel was given specific land it was able to conquer in Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
DEU 2 1 ys5a 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the people of Israel what the previous generation of Israelites did. DEU 2 1 b9af 0 Then we turned and took our journey "Then we turned around and went" DEU 2 1 yf1v 0 we went around Mount Seir for many days Possible meanings are 1) the Israelites traveled around the mountain called Seir for a very long time or 2) the Israelites wandered in a region called Mount Seir for a very long time. @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ DEU 2 36 pd7q translate-names 0 Valley of the Arnon "Arnon" is the name of a ri DEU 2 36 snr1 figs-litotes 0 there was not a city too high for us This negative statement is used to emphasize their success in battle. This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: "we were able to defeat the people of every city even if the city had high walls around it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) DEU 2 37 v1z7 figs-you 0 you did not go Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so "you" is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 2 37 vt6d translate-names 0 Jabbok River This is the name of a river that created the border between Sihon's land and the land of the Ammonites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 3 intro z1ea 0 # Deuteronomy 03 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Victories
The victories recorded in this chapter occurred on the east side of the Jordan River. This was not part of the Promised Land, which was on the west side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
+DEU 3 intro z1ea 0 # Deuteronomy 03 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Victories
The victories recorded in this chapter occurred on the east side of the Jordan River. This was not part of the Promised Land, which was on the west side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
DEU 3 1 b1tm 0 General Information: Moses continues reminding the people of Israel of what happened in the past. DEU 3 1 z2w7 translate-names 0 Og This is the name of a king. See how you translated it in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 3 1 v626 translate-names 0 Edrei This is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ DEU 3 27 qm9b 0 Pisgah See how you translated this is in [Deuteronomy 3:17](.. DEU 3 27 a7ag figs-idiom 0 lift up your eyes The words "lift up your eyes" are an idiom that means look. Alternate translation: "look" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 3 28 x7d3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. DEU 3 29 dut2 translate-names 0 Beth Peor This is the name of a town in Moab near Mount Pisgah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 4 intro d8g8 0 # Deuteronomy 04 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Law of Moses
In order to possess the land, the people needed to obey the law of Moses. This will be the most important thing in the religious life of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

#### Moses' instructions
Moses is not allowed to enter into the Promised Land. Since they are getting ready to possess the Promised Land, Moses gives them some last instructions before his death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Rhetorical Questions
Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince his readers to obey his instructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+DEU 4 intro d8g8 0 # Deuteronomy 04 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Law of Moses
In order to possess the land, the people needed to obey the law of Moses. This will be the most important thing in the religious life of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

### Moses' instructions
Moses is not allowed to enter into the Promised Land. Since they are getting ready to possess the Promised Land, Moses gives them some last instructions before his death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions
Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince his readers to obey his instructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
DEU 4 1 m1n5 0 I am about to teach you Moses is telling the people of Israel what God wants them to do. DEU 4 1 zdp5 0 to do them "and obey them" DEU 4 2 ft3x 0 You will not add to the words ... neither will you diminish them Yahweh does not want his people to create new laws, or to ignore those he has already given them. @@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ DEU 4 48 n3ct 0 the Valley of the Arnon This is the name of a place. See how y DEU 4 48 vyn6 0 Mount Siyon ... Mount Hermon These are different names for the same mountain. The word "Sion" is another spelling of "Sirion" ([Deuteronomy 3:9](../03/09.md)). See how you translated "Mount Hermon" in [Deuteronomy 3:8](../03/08.md). DEU 4 49 axk1 0 eastward beyond the Jordan This refers to the land across the Jordan River, to the east of Israel. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. Alternate translation: "eastward from the side of the Jordan River" DEU 4 49 x6zf 0 Sea of the Arabah ... Mount Pisgah See how you translated these names in [Deuteronomy 3:17](../03/17.md). -DEU 5 intro xsp1 0 # Deuteronomy 05 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each of the commandements in the list of Ten Commandments in 5:7-21 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT uses a separate paragraph for each commandment.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Ten commandments
This chapter repeats the material of Exodus 20. It is known as the Ten Commandments.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Metaphors and idioms
Moses uses metaphors and idioms to instruct the people to follow the law of Moses. This is because it is very important to follow these laws. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+DEU 5 intro xsp1 0 # Deuteronomy 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each of the commandements in the list of Ten Commandments in 5:7-21 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT uses a separate paragraph for each commandment.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Ten commandments
This chapter repeats the material of Exodus 20. It is known as the Ten Commandments.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors and idioms
Moses uses metaphors and idioms to instruct the people to follow the law of Moses. This is because it is very important to follow these laws. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
DEU 5 1 d5qb 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel. DEU 5 1 vj47 figs-hyperbole 0 called to all Israel Here "all" is a generalization. Moses wanted everyone in Israel to hear and obey his words, but his voice was probably not so loud that everyone actually heard him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) DEU 5 1 rwb1 figs-synecdoche 0 that I will speak in your ears today Here "ears" refers to the whole person. This metaphor emphasizes that the people know what Moses has said to them, so they cannot sin and then say they did not know they were sinning. Alternate translation: "that I will speak to you today" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ DEU 5 32 kyg9 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of DEU 5 32 weq5 0 You will keep Moses is giving a command to the people of Israel. DEU 5 32 w87i figs-metaphor 0 you will not turn aside to the right hand or to the left This compares a person disobeying God to a person turning off of the correct path. Alternate translation: "you will not disobey him in any way" or "you will do everything he says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 5 33 ype4 figs-metaphor 0 prolong your days Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 4:40](../04/40.md). Alternate translation: "be able to live a long time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 6 intro q4y8 0 # Deuteronomy 06 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Yahweh's blessings
Yahweh's continued blessing of the people of Israel is dependent upon the people's obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Metaphors
There are many metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors describe the greatness of the Promised Land the wholehearted worship that is completely dedicated to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
+DEU 6 intro q4y8 0 # Deuteronomy 06 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh's blessings
Yahweh's continued blessing of the people of Israel is dependent upon the people's obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors
There are many metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors describe the greatness of the Promised Land the wholehearted worship that is completely dedicated to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
DEU 6 1 it53 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues the speech to the people of Israel he began in [Deuteronomy 5:1](../05/01.md). Beginning in verse 2, he speaks to the people of Israel as if they were one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 6 1 z6zb 0 might keep "might obey" DEU 6 1 ymp9 0 going over the Jordan "going to the other side of the Jordan River" @@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ DEU 6 24 nhg8 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to tell the peopl DEU 6 24 ye68 0 keep obey at all times and for a long time DEU 6 25 p4b1 0 before Yahweh "in the presence of Yahweh" or "where Yahweh can see us" DEU 6 25 bva9 figs-metonymy 0 this will be our righteousness The word "this" refers to keeping Yahweh's commands. This is a metonym for Yahweh considering them righteous. Alternate translation: "he will consider us righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DEU 7 intro y1wn 0 # Deuteronomy 07 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### "You must completely destroy them"
The people of Canaan were to be punished by Yahweh. Yahweh used Israel to punish these nations. If they were not completely destroyed, they would lead Israel into sin. Therefore, they were to be completely destroyed and be shown no mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])

#### Abrahamic Covenant
This chapter references parts of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham. It also emphasizes Yahweh's faithfulness to this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
+DEU 7 intro y1wn 0 # Deuteronomy 07 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### "You must completely destroy them"
The people of Canaan were to be punished by Yahweh. Yahweh used Israel to punish these nations. If they were not completely destroyed, they would lead Israel into sin. Therefore, they were to be completely destroyed and be shown no mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])

### Abrahamic Covenant
This chapter references parts of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham. It also emphasizes Yahweh's faithfulness to this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
DEU 7 1 zv16 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh's words as if the Israelites are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 7 2 wdj3 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to tell the people of Israel Yahweh's words as if the Israelites are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 7 2 h8dz figs-metaphor 0 gives them over to you Moses speaks of victory as if it were a physical object one person could give to another. Alternate translation: "enables you to defeat them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ DEU 7 25 su6c figs-metaphor 0 you will become trapped by it Even taking the gol DEU 7 25 z31g 0 for it is an abomination to Yahweh your God These words tell why Yahweh wants the people to burn the idols. "do this because Yahweh your God hates it very much" DEU 7 26 b8dp figs-doublet 0 You will utterly detest and abhor The words "detest" and "abhor" mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of hatred. Alternate translation: "You will completely hate" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DEU 7 26 xs75 figs-metaphor 0 for it is set apart for destruction Yahweh cursing something and promising to destroy it is spoken of as if Yahweh were setting the object apart from everything else. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for Yahweh has set it apart for destruction" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DEU 8 intro w4zj 0 # Deuteronomy 08 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Forgetting
This chapter recalls the great things that Yahweh has done for Israel and is about to do for them. This is so they do not forget him and they will continue to worship him. They must remember that Yahweh is the source of their blessings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
+DEU 8 intro w4zj 0 # Deuteronomy 08 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Forgetting
This chapter recalls the great things that Yahweh has done for Israel and is about to do for them. This is so they do not forget him and they will continue to worship him. They must remember that Yahweh is the source of their blessings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
DEU 8 1 rbf2 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 8 1 zvt4 figs-you 0 You must keep ... you may live and multiply, and go in and possess ... your fathers All instances of "you" and "your" and the verbs are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 8 2 t2tj figs-idiom 0 You will call to mind This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "You must remember" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ DEU 8 19 umv6 0 you will surely perish "you will certainly die" DEU 8 20 d86j figs-you 0 before you ... you perish ... you would not ... your God All these instances of "you" and "your" are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 8 20 a8kh 0 before you "in front of you" DEU 8 20 l83x figs-metonymy 0 would not listen to the voice of Yahweh Here "the voice of Yahweh" means what Yahweh tells his people to do. Alternate translation: "would not obey Yahweh's commandments" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DEU 9 intro id6j 0 # Deuteronomy 09 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Yahweh's victory
This chapter assures the Israelites that it is Yahweh who will empower them to conquer the Promised Land. The Israelites will not be strong enough on their own to conquer these other nations. This victory will be Yahweh's. The people did not earn this victory, but it is Yahweh's punishment of these sinful nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Israel's sin
Yahweh is about to punish the Canaanites for their sin. He also reminds Israel of their sin. This serves as a warning to the people of Israel. If they sin again, Yahweh will punish them too.
+DEU 9 intro id6j 0 # Deuteronomy 09 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh's victory
This chapter assures the Israelites that it is Yahweh who will empower them to conquer the Promised Land. The Israelites will not be strong enough on their own to conquer these other nations. This victory will be Yahweh's. The people did not earn this victory, but it is Yahweh's punishment of these sinful nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Israel's sin
Yahweh is about to punish the Canaanites for their sin. He also reminds Israel of their sin. This serves as a warning to the people of Israel. If they sin again, Yahweh will punish them too.
DEU 9 1 iqh4 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the Israelites as if they are one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 9 1 wy46 figs-metonymy 0 Hear, Israel The word "Israel" is a metonym for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "Listen, people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 9 1 n75r 0 to dispossess "to take the land from" @@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ DEU 9 27 hp8s figs-idiom 0 Call to mind This is an idiom. Alternate translation DEU 9 28 cc26 figs-metonymy 0 so that the land from where you brought us The words "the land" are a metonym for the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: "so that the people of Egypt" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 9 28 pt4p 0 should say "can say" DEU 9 29 rw92 figs-doublet 0 by your great strength and by the display of your power These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of Yahweh's power that he used to rescue his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -DEU 10 intro ceg6 0 # Deuteronomy 10 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter.

This chapter focuses on retelling the great things Yahweh has done. It is a continuation of the material from the previous chapter. It is possible that this is a type of sermon or homily, where Moses is giving the people instructions.
+DEU 10 intro ceg6 0 # Deuteronomy 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter.

This chapter focuses on retelling the great things Yahweh has done. It is a continuation of the material from the previous chapter. It is possible that this is a type of sermon or homily, where Moses is giving the people instructions.
DEU 10 1 y2d7 0 General Information: Moses continues to remind the people of Israel about what happened in the past. DEU 10 1 zf2r 0 At that time "After I finished praying" DEU 10 1 sa1t figs-ellipsis 0 the first This refers to the first set of tablets that Moses had broken. Alternate translation: "the tablets you had before" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) @@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ DEU 10 22 es8i figs-you 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the DEU 10 22 p41a 0 went down into Egypt "traveled south to Egypt" or "went to Egypt" DEU 10 22 ap9n translate-numbers 0 seventy persons "70 persons" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 10 22 hh5t figs-simile 0 as many as the stars of the heavens This emphasizes the large number of Israelites that were with Moses. Alternate translation: "more than you can count" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -DEU 11 intro ifg3 0 # Deuteronomy 11 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

#### Therefore
This chapter begins with the word "therefore," which looks back to the instructions Moses gave in the previous two chapters.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Eyewitnesses
The instruction that Moses gives and the retelling of the great things Yahweh has done for Israel are very important. This is because the generation entering into the Promised Land did not witness many of these events. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])

#### Covenant
This chapter is included in the covenant God made with Moses, even though it is not explicitly said. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+DEU 11 intro ifg3 0 # Deuteronomy 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Therefore
This chapter begins with the word "therefore," which looks back to the instructions Moses gave in the previous two chapters.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Eyewitnesses
The instruction that Moses gives and the retelling of the great things Yahweh has done for Israel are very important. This is because the generation entering into the Promised Land did not witness many of these events. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])

### Covenant
This chapter is included in the covenant God made with Moses, even though it is not explicitly said. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
DEU 11 1 sgh5 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 11 1 e1ef 0 always keep "always obey" DEU 11 2 s2x1 0 who have not known nor have they seen "who have not experienced" @@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ DEU 11 31 ke82 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people o DEU 11 32 k55e 0 all the statutes and the decrees These are the statutes and decrees Moses will give in Deuteronomy 12-26. DEU 11 32 h7se 0 I set before you today This does not mean these are new. Moses is reviewing the same statutes and decrees that he gave 40 years earlier. DEU 11 32 jh1q figs-metaphor 0 I set before you God's statutes and decrees, which Moses is telling the people, are spoken of as if they were objects that Moses is setting before the people. Alternate translation: "I am giving to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 12 intro mt76 0 # Deuteronomy 12 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Covenant with Moses

This chapter is a continuation of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. The reasons for these food restrictions are not always known.(See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

#### Israel and Yahweh

In the ancient Near East, when nations conquered other nations, they often added the gods of the conquered nation into their collection of gods they worshiped. It was rare to worship only one God. Israel was to be known for worshiping Yahweh and Yahweh alone. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
+DEU 12 intro mt76 0 # Deuteronomy 12 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Covenant with Moses

This chapter is a continuation of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. The reasons for these food restrictions are not always known.(See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Israel and Yahweh

In the ancient Near East, when nations conquered other nations, they often added the gods of the conquered nation into their collection of gods they worshiped. It was rare to worship only one God. Israel was to be known for worshiping Yahweh and Yahweh alone. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
DEU 12 1 dsl2 0 General Information: Moses is still talking to the people of Israel. DEU 12 1 pm4g 0 you will keep "you must obey" DEU 12 1 bb6r figs-idiom 0 all the days that you live on the earth The phrase "live on the earth" is an idiom that means as long as a person lives. Alternate translation: "for as long as you live" (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -923,7 +923,7 @@ DEU 12 30 w8wj figs-metaphor 0 not trapped into following them The Israelites w DEU 12 30 j6jf figs-activepassive 0 after they are destroyed from before you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "after Yahweh destroys them before you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 12 30 rz9c figs-quotesinquotes 0 into asking, 'How do these nations worship their gods? I will do the same.' This is a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "into asking about how those people groups worship their gods so that you can do the same." (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) DEU 12 32 zxp6 0 Do not add to it or take away from it They are not to create more laws nor are they to ignore laws that God has given them. -DEU 13 intro e2ze 0 # Deuteronomy 13 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Worshiping other gods

The people were required to listen to Yahweh's prophets unless they were encouraging the people to worship other gods. The punishment for anyone leading the people to worship other gods was death. These instructions were to keep Israel's worship of Yahweh pure. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/purify]])
+DEU 13 intro e2ze 0 # Deuteronomy 13 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Worshiping other gods

The people were required to listen to Yahweh's prophets unless they were encouraging the people to worship other gods. The punishment for anyone leading the people to worship other gods was death. These instructions were to keep Israel's worship of Yahweh pure. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/purify]])
DEU 13 1 z8ea 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 13 1 ei8s 0 If there arises among you "If there appears among you" or "If someone among you claims to be" DEU 13 1 d2pw 0 a dreamer of dreams This is someone who receives messages from God through dreams. @@ -973,7 +973,7 @@ DEU 13 17 d934 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will turn from the fierceness of his ange DEU 13 17 vyv7 0 to your fathers Here "fathers" means ancestors or forefathers. DEU 13 18 zgj9 figs-metonymy 0 you are listening to the voice of Yahweh Here "voice" represents what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: "you are obeying what Yahweh says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 13 18 gjk4 figs-metaphor 0 that which is right in the eyes of Yahweh your God The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: "that which is right in Yahweh's judgment" or "that which Yahweh your God considers to be right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 14 intro epl7 0 # Deuteronomy 14 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Law of Moses
This chapter is part of the law of Moses, which is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

#### Clean animals
There are animals which the law considered to be clean and unclean. The people were not allowed to eat the unclean animals. Scholars are uncertain about the reasons for the animals to be considered to be clean or unclean. The result of these food restrictions was a nation that was different than the nations surrounding it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
+DEU 14 intro epl7 0 # Deuteronomy 14 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Law of Moses
This chapter is part of the law of Moses, which is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

### Clean animals
There are animals which the law considered to be clean and unclean. The people were not allowed to eat the unclean animals. Scholars are uncertain about the reasons for the animals to be considered to be clean or unclean. The result of these food restrictions was a nation that was different than the nations surrounding it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
DEU 14 1 yca2 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 14 1 c6vr 0 You are the people All occurrences of "you" refer to the people of Israel. Moses was included as a part of the people. Alternate translation: "We are the people" DEU 14 1 qkn4 translate-symaction 0 Do not cut yourselves, nor shave any part of your face for the dead These were ways the people groups living in Canaan showed that they were grieving over people who had died. Moses is telling the people of Israel not to act like them. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ DEU 14 29 mju1 figs-metaphor 0 because he has no portion nor inheritance with y DEU 14 29 qi4c 0 fatherless These are children whose parents have both died and do not have relatives to care for them. DEU 14 29 v7bc 0 widow This is a woman whose husband has died and has no children to care for her in her old age. DEU 14 29 zfp5 figs-synecdoche 0 in all the work of your hand that you do Here "hand" represents the whole person. This refers to the work that someone does. Alternate translation: "in all the work you do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -DEU 15 intro n3mh 0 # Deuteronomy 15 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Forgiveness of Debt
This chapter gives instructions about the necessity to regularly forgive debt among their fellow countryman. This prevented people from being trapped by their poverty.

#### Justice
As Yahweh's chosen nation, there must be justice in Israel. This chapter gives commands that encouraged justice by protecting the poor, servants and slaves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
+DEU 15 intro n3mh 0 # Deuteronomy 15 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Forgiveness of Debt
This chapter gives instructions about the necessity to regularly forgive debt among their fellow countryman. This prevented people from being trapped by their poverty.

### Justice
As Yahweh's chosen nation, there must be justice in Israel. This chapter gives commands that encouraged justice by protecting the poor, servants and slaves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
DEU 15 1 s315 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 15 1 my7z translate-numbers 0 seven years "7 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 15 1 ym2l 0 you must cancel debts "forgive every thing which people still owe you" @@ -1096,7 +1096,7 @@ DEU 15 22 rqw8 figs-metaphor 0 the unclean ... persons A person who is not acce DEU 15 22 b1cn figs-metaphor 0 the clean persons A person who is acceptable for God's purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 15 22 lxt5 0 a gazelle or a deer These are wild animals with long thin legs that can run quickly. See how you translated these in [Deuteronomy 12:15](../12/15.md). DEU 15 23 bw7p 0 you must not eat its blood "you must not consume its blood." Yahweh did not allow Israelites to consume blood because the blood represented life ([Deuteronomy 12:23](../12/23.md)). -DEU 16 intro fgs7 0 # Deuteronomy 16 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Festivals

This chapter retells the specific commands about how to celebrate the Passover. This recalled the Passover in Egypt, which was an important event in the formation of the nation of Israel. There are several other important festivals described in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])

#### Life in Israel

As Yahweh's chosen nation, there must be justice in Israel. Also, Yahweh must be the only God in Israel. He alone is to be worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
+DEU 16 intro fgs7 0 # Deuteronomy 16 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Festivals

This chapter retells the specific commands about how to celebrate the Passover. This recalled the Passover in Egypt, which was an important event in the formation of the nation of Israel. There are several other important festivals described in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])

### Life in Israel

As Yahweh's chosen nation, there must be justice in Israel. Also, Yahweh must be the only God in Israel. He alone is to be worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
DEU 16 1 v2as 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 16 1 q8mq translate-hebrewmonths 0 month of Aviv This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It marks when God brought the people of Israel out of Egypt. It is during the last part of March and the first part April on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 16 1 l33g figs-explicit 0 keep the Passover It is implied by "keep the Passover" that they would celebrate and eat the Passover meal. Alternate translation: "celebrate the Passover meal" or "eat the Passover meal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1153,7 +1153,7 @@ DEU 16 20 b78e figs-metaphor 0 inherit the land that Yahweh your God is giving DEU 16 21 ec3t figs-you 0 You must not Here "You" refers to all the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 16 22 mw2w figs-distinguish 0 any sacred stone pillar, which Yahweh your God hates The phrase "which Yahweh your God hates" is giving more information about the sacred stone pillar. Alternate translation: "any sacred stone pillar because Yahweh your God hates them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) DEU 16 22 s7sn 0 sacred stone pillar This refers to pillars that are idols used to worship false gods. -DEU 17 intro a3z4 0 # Deuteronomy 17 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Witnesses
In the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])

#### King
Israel was not to have a king because Yahweh was their king. Knowing the sinfulness of the people, Yahweh anticipated that one day Israel would have a king. Therefore, this passage gives commands about their king prophetically. They were not allowed to collect chariots because they were a sign of earthly power and the king was to trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+DEU 17 intro a3z4 0 # Deuteronomy 17 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Witnesses
In the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])

### King
Israel was not to have a king because Yahweh was their king. Knowing the sinfulness of the people, Yahweh anticipated that one day Israel would have a king. Therefore, this passage gives commands about their king prophetically. They were not allowed to collect chariots because they were a sign of earthly power and the king was to trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
DEU 17 1 a78k 0 General Information: Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 17 1 d6zp 0 in which is any blemish "that has a blemish" or "that has something wrong with it." The animal is to appear healthy without any deformity. DEU 17 1 y292 0 that would be an abomination to Yahweh "that would be disgusting to Yahweh" @@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@ DEU 17 19 f877 figs-parallelism 0 so as to keep all the words of this law and t DEU 17 20 b7e5 figs-synecdoche 0 so that his heart is not lifted up above his brothers Here "his heart" refers to the whole person. A king becoming arrogant is spoken of as if his heart were lifted up. Alternate translation: "so that he does not become arrogant" or "so that he does not think he is better than his fellow Israelites" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 17 20 idm3 figs-metaphor 0 so that he does not turn away from the commandments, to the right hand or to the left A king disobeying God's commands is spoken of as if a person were to turn off the correct path. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "so that he does not disobey any of the commandments" or "so that he obeys all of the commandments" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) DEU 17 20 sa87 figs-metaphor 0 prolong his days Long days is a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated a similar phrase "prolong your days" in [Deuteronomy 4:26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: "be able to live a long time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -DEU 18 intro u6pf 0 # Deuteronomy 18 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Levites
As Yahweh's chosen priests, the priest were to trust in Yahweh to provide for them. He provided for them through the rest of the Israelites. Yahweh was their inheritance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])

#### Messiah
This chapter is one of the first prophecies about the promised, coming Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
+DEU 18 intro u6pf 0 # Deuteronomy 18 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Levites
As Yahweh's chosen priests, the priest were to trust in Yahweh to provide for them. He provided for them through the rest of the Israelites. Yahweh was their inheritance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])

### Messiah
This chapter is one of the first prophecies about the promised, coming Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
DEU 18 1 ztw1 0 General Information: Moses continues telling the people what Yahweh wants them to do. DEU 18 1 u386 figs-metaphor 0 will have no portion nor inheritance with Israel The Levites not receiving any land from Yahweh is spoken of as if they would not receive an inheritance. Alternate translation: "will not possess any of the people's land" or "will not receive any of the land that the Israelites will possess" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 18 1 z6rx 0 no portion "no part" or "no share" @@ -1243,7 +1243,7 @@ DEU 18 21 gbx1 0 How will we recognize a message that Yahweh has not spoken? " DEU 18 22 law3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. DEU 18 22 kzp4 figs-metonymy 0 a prophet speaks in the name of Yahweh Here "name of Yahweh" refers to Yahweh himself and his authority. Alternate translation: "a prophet claims to speak for me" or "a prophet claims to speak with my authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 18 22 ys2k 0 the prophet has spoken it arrogantly "the prophet has spoken this message without my authority" -DEU 19 intro r53s 0 # Deuteronomy 19 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Justice
Another way justice would be maintained in Israel was by avoiding revenge killings. This chapter describes the establishment of special cities to protect those fleeing from revenge killings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])

#### Witnesses
In the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Law of retaliation
The chapter describes a famous law, often called the "law of retaliation." It is said, an "eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot." This does not mean a person who causes another person to lose their eye must have their own eye removed as punishment. This law is not about making all things equal. Instead, it is about limiting the punishment or the ability of a person to retaliate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+DEU 19 intro r53s 0 # Deuteronomy 19 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Justice
Another way justice would be maintained in Israel was by avoiding revenge killings. This chapter describes the establishment of special cities to protect those fleeing from revenge killings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])

### Witnesses
In the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Law of retaliation
The chapter describes a famous law, often called the "law of retaliation." It is said, an "eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot." This does not mean a person who causes another person to lose their eye must have their own eye removed as punishment. This law is not about making all things equal. Instead, it is about limiting the punishment or the ability of a person to retaliate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
DEU 19 1 rka3 0 General Information: Moses is still speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 19 1 av28 figs-metaphor 0 When Yahweh your God cuts off the nations Yahweh destroying the people who live in Canaan is spoken of as if he were cutting them off, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 19 1 jh1z figs-metonymy 0 the nations This represents the people groups that live in Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1320,7 +1320,7 @@ DEU 19 20 n7hc figs-explicit 0 will hear and fear The full meaning of this stat DEU 19 20 wqw9 0 commit no longer any such evil "never again do something evil like that" DEU 19 21 z5fm figs-synecdoche 0 Your eyes must not pity Here "eyes" refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: "You must not pity him" or "You must not show him mercy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 19 21 nz4x figs-ellipsis 0 life will pay for life ... foot for foot Here the phrases are shortened because the meaning is understood. It means the people must punish a person in the same way that he harmed another person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -DEU 20 intro qq8m 0 # Deuteronomy 20 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Yahweh's protection
Israel was not to worry about the power and strength of other nations. Instead, they were to trust in the power of Yahweh. He is the source of their military strength and protection. This is why a priest leads them into battle, rather than a military commander. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])

#### Holy war
Israel's conquering of the Promised Land was unique in history. It was a type of holy war and had special rules. This war was really Yahweh's punishment against the sin of the Canaanite people. If the people were not completely destroyed, they would cause Israel to sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### "What man is there"
This phrase is used several times to introduce a rhetorical question. The questions are intended to tell the readers that Yahweh only wants soldiers who are completely dedicated to fighting for him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Excused from fighting
In ancient Israel, men were excused from fighting in battle for several different reasons. Some of these reasons are mentioned in this chapter. Apparently, needing to establish a new house, the need to harvest a field and cowardice were possible excuses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+DEU 20 intro qq8m 0 # Deuteronomy 20 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh's protection
Israel was not to worry about the power and strength of other nations. Instead, they were to trust in the power of Yahweh. He is the source of their military strength and protection. This is why a priest leads them into battle, rather than a military commander. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])

### Holy war
Israel's conquering of the Promised Land was unique in history. It was a type of holy war and had special rules. This war was really Yahweh's punishment against the sin of the Canaanite people. If the people were not completely destroyed, they would cause Israel to sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### "What man is there"
This phrase is used several times to introduce a rhetorical question. The questions are intended to tell the readers that Yahweh only wants soldiers who are completely dedicated to fighting for him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Excused from fighting
In ancient Israel, men were excused from fighting in battle for several different reasons. Some of these reasons are mentioned in this chapter. Apparently, needing to establish a new house, the need to harvest a field and cowardice were possible excuses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
DEU 20 1 x89z 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 20 1 ei7a 0 When you march out to battle against your enemies "When you go out to fight in a war against your enemies" DEU 20 1 r5j1 figs-explicit 0 see horses, chariots People considered an army with many horses and chariots to be very strong. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1372,7 +1372,7 @@ DEU 20 20 gis7 0 you know are not trees for food "you know are not trees that DEU 20 20 czc4 0 siege works These are tools and structures, such as ladders and towers, that are needed to lay siege to a city. DEU 20 20 g9ny figs-idiom 0 until it falls This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "until the people of the city lose the war" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 20 20 fdg1 figs-metonymy 0 it falls Here "it" refers to the city which represents the people of the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -DEU 21 intro qfb6 0 # Deuteronomy 21 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Elders
Older men were required to lead the people of Israel and help to administer justice. These men would function as judges, which would later become a more official position. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])

#### Peace in Israel
The rules and instructions in this chapter help to ensure peace in Israel. This is not a military peace. Instead, it is about establishing peace within Israel and among the people.
+DEU 21 intro qfb6 0 # Deuteronomy 21 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Elders
Older men were required to lead the people of Israel and help to administer justice. These men would function as judges, which would later become a more official position. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])

### Peace in Israel
The rules and instructions in this chapter help to ensure peace in Israel. This is not a military peace. Instead, it is about establishing peace within Israel and among the people.
DEU 21 1 g61z 0 General Information: Moses continues to speak to the people of Israel. DEU 21 1 z641 figs-activepassive 0 If someone is found killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If someone finds a person whom someone else has killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 21 1 iqh7 0 lying in the field The dead person is lying in the field. @@ -1442,7 +1442,7 @@ DEU 21 22 hfw9 0 you hang him on a tree Possible meanings are 1) "after he has DEU 21 23 y9lb 0 bury him the same day "bury him on the same day as when you execute him" DEU 21 23 ztq8 figs-activepassive 0 for whoever is hanged is cursed by God This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "because God curses everyone whom people hang on trees" and 2) "people hang on trees those whom God has cursed." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 21 23 i54a 0 do not defile the land by leaving something God has cursed hanging in the tree -DEU 22 intro hk1i 0 # Deuteronomy 22 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Order in Israel
The instructions in this chapter help to maintain order in this chapter. The people are to have integrity. The people's sin will result in serious punishment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

#### Virgin woman
If a woman was not a virgin, she was not considered to be worth marrying. The man who slept with her was responsible for providing for her since she will not be able to find a husband to provide for her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+DEU 22 intro hk1i 0 # Deuteronomy 22 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Order in Israel
The instructions in this chapter help to maintain order in this chapter. The people are to have integrity. The people's sin will result in serious punishment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Virgin woman
If a woman was not a virgin, she was not considered to be worth marrying. The man who slept with her was responsible for providing for her since she will not be able to find a husband to provide for her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
DEU 22 1 b8pa figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 22 1 j8sq 0 go astray "walk away from its owner" DEU 22 1 z51n figs-idiom 0 hide yourself from them This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "act as if you do not see them" or "go away without doing anything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1526,7 +1526,7 @@ DEU 22 28 m9ah figs-activepassive 0 if they are discovered This can be stated i DEU 22 29 tr9z translate-bmoney 0 fifty shekels of silver A shekel weighs eleven grams. Alternate translation: "fifty pieces of silver" or "550 grams of silver" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 22 29 yb82 figs-idiom 0 He may not send her away during all his days This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "He must never divorce her during his entire life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 22 30 hh8b figs-explicit 0 must not take his father's wife as his own The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "must not marry his father's former wife, even if she is not his mother" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -DEU 23 intro rn7c 0 # Deuteronomy 23 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The assembly of Yahweh
This was probably the corporate worship of Yahweh, when the people would come together to worship him.

#### Racial superiority
Yahweh viewed Israel as superior to the other nations of Canaan. In many cultures, this may be seen as immoral. It must be remembered that the instructions of this chapter are very remote from the modern world. These people groups were always sinful and idolatrous. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+DEU 23 intro rn7c 0 # Deuteronomy 23 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The assembly of Yahweh
This was probably the corporate worship of Yahweh, when the people would come together to worship him.

### Racial superiority
Yahweh viewed Israel as superior to the other nations of Canaan. In many cultures, this may be seen as immoral. It must be remembered that the instructions of this chapter are very remote from the modern world. These people groups were always sinful and idolatrous. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
DEU 23 1 r8v9 0 man injured by crushing or cutting off "man whose private body parts someone has crushed or cut off" DEU 23 1 z8kb figs-idiom 0 may enter the assembly of Yahweh This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "may be a full member of the Israelite community" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 23 2 j67e 0 illegitimate child Possible meanings are 1) a child born to parents who committed incest or adultery or 2) a child born to a prostitute. @@ -1585,7 +1585,7 @@ DEU 23 25 em5k 0 When you go into your neighbor's ripe grain "When you walk th DEU 23 25 v1t5 0 you may pluck the heads of grain with your hand "then you may eat the kernels of grain with your hand" DEU 23 25 jv7v 0 but do not put a sickle to your neighbor's ripe grain "but do not cut down your neighbor's ripe grain and take it with you" DEU 23 25 q13q 0 sickle a sharp tool that farmers use to harvest wheat -DEU 24 intro l5h3 0 # Deuteronomy 24 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter continues the teaching about how to maintain justice in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### "No man may take a mill or an upper millstone as a pledge"
A millstone was the way a person made a living. To take a person's millstone was to take take away the way they earned money and produced food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

#### Lending money
Lending money to fellow Israelites was a way to help them out. It was not intended to be a way to make money off their brothers. This chapter gives limitations regarding the lending of money.
+DEU 24 intro l5h3 0 # Deuteronomy 24 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter continues the teaching about how to maintain justice in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### "No man may take a mill or an upper millstone as a pledge"
A millstone was the way a person made a living. To take a person's millstone was to take take away the way they earned money and produced food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Lending money
Lending money to fellow Israelites was a way to help them out. It was not intended to be a way to make money off their brothers. This chapter gives limitations regarding the lending of money.
DEU 24 1 fn1d 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 24 1 t3lr figs-doublet 0 When a man takes a wife and marries her The phrases "takes a wife" and "marries her" mean the same thing. Alternate translation: "When a man marries a woman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DEU 24 1 a5ki figs-synecdoche 0 if she finds no favor in his eyes Here the "eyes" represent the whole person. Alternate translation: "if he decides that he does not like her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -1663,7 +1663,7 @@ DEU 24 21 qg17 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites a DEU 24 21 h98g 0 What is left over will be for the foreigner, for the fatherless, and for the widow "The grapes that you do not pick will be for the foreigner, the fatherless, and the widow to pick" DEU 24 21 qsd7 figs-genericnoun 0 for the foreigner, for the fatherless, and for the widow These refer to groups of people. Alternate translation: "for foreigners, for those who are fatherless, and for the widows" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) DEU 24 22 jte9 figs-idiom 0 call to mind This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "remember" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -DEU 25 intro e9vi 0 # Deuteronomy 25 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter continues to teach about justice in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "A perfect and just weight you must have"
In the ancient Near East, money was weighted on a scale. If a persons weight was off, they were robbing people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+DEU 25 intro e9vi 0 # Deuteronomy 25 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter continues to teach about justice in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "A perfect and just weight you must have"
In the ancient Near East, money was weighted on a scale. If a persons weight was off, they were robbing people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
DEU 25 1 kk1l 0 General Information: Moses continues speaking to the people of Israel. DEU 25 2 m44y figs-activepassive 0 If the guilty man deserves to be beaten This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If the judge orders them to beat the guilty man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 25 2 b3ki figs-activepassive 0 be beaten in his presence This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he will watch them beat him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1715,7 +1715,7 @@ DEU 25 18 f2uv 0 all who were feeble in your rear "all the people who were wea DEU 25 18 bv3r figs-doublet 0 faint and weary These words have similar meanings and emphasize how tired the people were. Alternate translation: "tired and exhausted" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) DEU 25 18 ig25 figs-explicit 0 he did not honor God The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "he was not afraid of God's punishment" or "he did not respect God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 25 19 gv8d 0 you must blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven "you must kill all of the Amalekites so that nobody will remember them anymore" -DEU 26 intro t97p 0 # Deuteronomy 26 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter recalls the great events of Israel's history when Yahweh brought them out of Egypt.
+DEU 26 intro t97p 0 # Deuteronomy 26 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter recalls the great events of Israel's history when Yahweh brought them out of Egypt.
DEU 26 1 yl9f figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 26 2 epa3 translate-ordinal 0 some of the first of all the harvest "some of the first fruits of the harvest" or "some of the first crops of the harvest." This "first" is the ordinal number for one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) DEU 26 3 wq9z figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -1760,7 +1760,7 @@ DEU 26 18 wri1 0 a people who are his own possession "a people who belong to h DEU 26 19 q8jb figs-idiom 0 he will set you high above This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "he will make you more important than" or "he will make you greater than" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 26 19 p58x 0 he will set you high above all the other nations that he has made, and you will receive praise, fame, and honor Possible meanings are 1) "he will cause you to become greater than any other nation that he has established, and he will enable you to praise him and honor him" or 2) "he will have people praise you more than they praise every other nation that he has made; people will say that you are better than any other nation, and they will honor you." DEU 26 19 lg4i figs-metaphor 0 You will be a people that is set apart to Yahweh your God Yahweh choosing the people of Israel to belong to him in a special way is spoken of as if Yahweh set them apart from all other nations. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh your God will set you apart from other nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DEU 27 intro uy69 0 # Deuteronomy 27 General Notes
### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### "May the man be cursed"
This phrase is repeated several times in this chapter. This parallelism serves as a warning to the Israelites when they will live in the Promised Land. This is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
+DEU 27 intro uy69 0 # Deuteronomy 27 General Notes
## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### "May the man be cursed"
This phrase is repeated several times in this chapter. This parallelism serves as a warning to the Israelites when they will live in the Promised Land. This is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
DEU 27 1 mu7e figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so except where noted, the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 27 1 ya1q figs-you 0 command you today Moses is speaking to the Israelites as a group, so the word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 27 1 g7rq 0 I command Here "I" refers to Moses. The elders are there in agreement with Moses, but he is the only one speaking. @@ -1805,7 +1805,7 @@ DEU 27 24 q772 0 General Information: Moses continues telling the Levites and DEU 27 24 n57s figs-activepassive 0 May the man be cursed This may be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 27:16](../27/16.md). Alternate translation: "May Yahweh curse the man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 27 26 mmv3 0 General Information: Moses continues telling the Levites and the people what they must say. DEU 27 26 z9xa figs-activepassive 0 May the man be cursed This may be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 27:16](../27/16.md). Alternate translation: "May Yahweh curse the man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -DEU 28 intro f2wv 0 # Deuteronomy 28 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Blessings and warnings
This chapter explains some of the blessings and warnings associated with Israel's obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
+DEU 28 intro f2wv 0 # Deuteronomy 28 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Blessings and warnings
This chapter explains some of the blessings and warnings associated with Israel's obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
DEU 28 1 cg2q figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 28 1 f13g figs-metonymy 0 to the voice of Yahweh your God Here the metonym "voice of Yahweh" refers to what he says. Alternate translation: "to what Yahweh your God says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 28 1 nmq7 0 so as to keep "and obey" @@ -1959,7 +1959,7 @@ DEU 28 67 bik8 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites a DEU 28 67 wac6 figs-idiom 0 because of the fear in your hearts This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "because of the fear you are feeling" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 28 67 u1ew figs-synecdoche 0 the things your eyes will have to see Here "eyes" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "the terrifying things I will force you to see" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) DEU 28 68 et6c 0 I had said Here "I" refers to Yahweh. -DEU 29 intro if6j 0 # Deuteronomy 29 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter is a retelling of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses, along with its blessings and cursing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
+DEU 29 intro if6j 0 # Deuteronomy 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is a retelling of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses, along with its blessings and cursing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
DEU 29 1 nsu8 0 These are the words that Yahweh commanded Moses to tell This refers to words that Moses is about to speak. DEU 29 1 b8p6 0 in the land of Moab This is on the east side of the Jordan where the Israelites were staying before they entered the land of Canaan. "while they were in the land of Moab" DEU 29 1 b7xy 0 words that were added to the covenant ... at Horeb These additional commands were given to make Yahweh's covenant apply better to the people once they were settled in their new land. These new commands did not belong to a different covenant, but rather were additions to the original covenant. @@ -2016,7 +2016,7 @@ DEU 29 28 jz72 figs-doublet 0 in anger, in wrath, and in great fury The words " DEU 29 29 d1e5 0 The secret matters belong alone to Yahweh our God "Some things Yahweh our God has not revealed, and only he knows them" DEU 29 29 v7va figs-activepassive 0 that are revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that he has revealed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) DEU 29 29 ui8w 0 we may do all the words of this law "we may do everything that this law commands us to do" -DEU 30 intro yx9f 0 # Deuteronomy 30 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Moses begins to give final instructions to Israel before his death in anticipation of their entrance into the Promised Land. There were warnings and blessings associated with the people's obedience to the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
+DEU 30 intro yx9f 0 # Deuteronomy 30 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Moses begins to give final instructions to Israel before his death in anticipation of their entrance into the Promised Land. There were warnings and blessings associated with the people's obedience to the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
DEU 30 1 rkk4 figs-you 0 General Information: Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) DEU 30 1 pfr8 figs-idiom 0 When all these things have come on you Here "these things" refer to the blessings and curses described in chapters 28-29. The phrase "have come on you" is an idiom that means to happen. Alternate translation: "When all these things happen to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) DEU 30 1 k5mi figs-metaphor 0 that I have set before you This speaks of the blessings and curses that Moses told the people as if they were objects that he set in front of them. Alternate translation: "that I have just now told you about" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -2061,7 +2061,7 @@ DEU 30 20 k5mz figs-metonymy 0 obey his voice Here "voice" refers to what Yahwe DEU 30 20 sbp2 0 to cling to him "to rely on him" DEU 30 20 x4gp figs-doublet 0 For he is your life and the length of your days These phrases have the same meaning and are metonyms for Yahweh, emphasizing that he is the one who gives life and determines the length of people's lifetimes. Alternate translation: "Yahweh is the only one who can enable you to live a long life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) DEU 30 20 qi8g figs-ellipsis 0 swore to your ancestors The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: "swore that he would give to your ancestors" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -DEU 31 intro pki9 0 # Deuteronomy 31 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Final instructions
In the Ancient Near East, it was common for an important leader to give instructions for his people to follow after his death. In this chapter, Moses begins his final words to the people of Israel. These are words that he wants them to remember long after he is gone. This section also helped to make a smooth transition to Joshua's leadership.
+DEU 31 intro pki9 0 # Deuteronomy 31 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Final instructions
In the Ancient Near East, it was common for an important leader to give instructions for his people to follow after his death. In this chapter, Moses begins his final words to the people of Israel. These are words that he wants them to remember long after he is gone. This section also helped to make a smooth transition to Joshua's leadership.
DEU 31 2 mb3i translate-numbers 0 one hundred twenty years old "120 years old" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) DEU 31 2 bvw8 figs-merism 0 I can no more go out and come in Here the extremes "go out" and "come in" used together mean that Moses can no longer do what a healthy person can do. Alternate translation: "I am no longer able to go everywhere that you need to go, so I cannot be your leader any longer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) DEU 31 3 ep95 figs-you 0 your God ... before you ... before you ... you will dispossess ... before you Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so the words "you" and "your" here are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) @@ -2124,7 +2124,7 @@ DEU 31 29 i596 figs-synecdoche 0 through the work of your hands Here "your hand DEU 31 30 upf2 figs-synecdoche 0 Moses recited in the ears of all the assembly of Israel Here "ears" refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: "Moses recited to all the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) DEU 31 30 ilp6 0 recited Possible meanings are 1) "sang" or 2) "spoke." DEU 31 30 wx6q figs-ellipsis 0 the words of this song You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: "the words of the song that Yahweh taught him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -DEU 32 intro pup6 0 # Deuteronomy 32 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 32:1-43.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Punishment
This chapter prophesies a time when Israel will be disobedient to Yahweh and he will have to punish them. This is meant to serve as a warning to the nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
+DEU 32 intro pup6 0 # Deuteronomy 32 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 32:1-43.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Punishment
This chapter prophesies a time when Israel will be disobedient to Yahweh and he will have to punish them. This is meant to serve as a warning to the nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
DEU 32 1 bfi8 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses speaks a poetic song to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 32 1 hf89 figs-apostrophe 0 Give ear, you heavens ... Let the earth listen Yahweh speaks to the heavens and earth as if they are there listening. Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh is speaking to the inhabitants of heaven and earth or 2) Yahweh is speaking to the heavens and earth as if they are persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) DEU 32 2 zk7l figs-simile 0 Let my teaching drop down like the rain ... and like the showers on the plants This means Yahweh wants the people to eagerly accept his helpful teaching. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) @@ -2281,7 +2281,7 @@ DEU 32 50 w499 figs-euphemism 0 be gathered to your people This is a polite way DEU 32 50 gnq5 translate-names 0 Mount Hor This is the name of a mountain on the border of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 32 51 mwq1 translate-names 0 Meribah This is the name of the place in the desert where Moses disobeyed God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) DEU 32 51 fv5z translate-names 0 wilderness of Zin This is the name of a wilderness on the southern border of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -DEU 33 intro y2l8 0 # Deuteronomy 33 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic lines of Moses' blessings in 33:1-29.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Families
Moses gives a series of prophecies or instructions for each of the tribes of Israel and Israel overall. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
+DEU 33 intro y2l8 0 # Deuteronomy 33 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic lines of Moses' blessings in 33:1-29.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Families
Moses gives a series of prophecies or instructions for each of the tribes of Israel and Israel overall. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
DEU 33 1 p6db figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Moses begins to bless the tribes of Israel. Moses speaks the blessing in the form of short poems. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) DEU 33 2 b26n figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh came from Sinai and rose from Seir upon them. He shined out from Mount Paran Moses compares Yahweh to the rising sun. Alternate translation: "When Yahweh came from Sinai, he looked to them like the sun when it rises from Seir and shines out from Mount Paran" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 33 2 d9h2 0 upon them "upon the people of Israel" @@ -2387,7 +2387,7 @@ DEU 33 29 n3du figs-merism 0 the shield ... the sword This merism speaks of Yah DEU 33 29 tm9a figs-metaphor 0 the shield of your help The word "shield" is a metaphor for Yahweh protecting and defending the Israelites. The abstract noun "help" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "the one who protects you and helps you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) DEU 33 29 cur3 figs-metaphor 0 the sword of your majesty The word "sword" is a metaphor for the power to kill with the sword in order to win battles. Alternate translation: "the one who enables you to win battles and so have majesty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) DEU 33 29 ly3l 0 you will trample down their high places Possible meanings are 1) the Israelites will destroy the places where the other people worship false gods or 2) the Israelites will walk on the backs of their enemies when the Israelites defeat them. -DEU 34 intro kh67 0 # Deuteronomy 34 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter may have been written by Joshua, since it recorded Moses' death. This chapter officially ends the revelation of the law of Moses, and life in the Promised Land is about to begin again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
+DEU 34 intro kh67 0 # Deuteronomy 34 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter may have been written by Joshua, since it recorded Moses' death. This chapter officially ends the revelation of the law of Moses, and life in the Promised Land is about to begin again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
DEU 34 1 ayb8 0 Mount Nebo This is the highest point of Mount Pisgah which is in the northern part of the Abarim mountain range. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 32:49](../32/49.md). DEU 34 1 r9wl 0 Pisgah See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 3:17](../03/17.md). DEU 34 3 h1nc translate-names 0 the City of Palms This is another name for Jericho. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) diff --git a/en_tn_06-JOS.tsv b/en_tn_06-JOS.tsv index 48da8c264..31815700a 100644 --- a/en_tn_06-JOS.tsv +++ b/en_tn_06-JOS.tsv @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote JOS front intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Joshua

1. Conquest of the land of Canaan (1:1–12:24)
- Preparation for conquest; spies; crossing the Jordan River (1:1–5:1)
- Ceremonies at Gilgal; conquest of Jericho and Ai (5:2–8:29)
- The covenant affirmed at Shechem (8:30–35)
- Southern and central campaigns; northern campaigns (9:1–12:24)
1. Settlement in the Promised Land; division of the land (13:1–22:34)
1. Joshua's final days (23:1–24:33)

### What is the Book of Joshua about?

The Book of Joshua is about the Israelites entering and occupying the Promised Land. Joshua was the leader that replaced Moses. He led the Israelites as they fought the people living in the Promised Land. This book also tells how the Israelites divided the land among the twelve tribes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

### How should the title of this book be translated?

This book traditionally has the title "Joshua" because Joshua leads the people of Israel after Moses dies. Translators may create a title such as "The Book About When Joshua Led Israel." Translators should avoid a title that suggests Joshua as the writer of the book.

### Who wrote the Book of Joshua?

The book does not tell who wrote it. However, some verses in the book indicate that Joshua may have written at least part of it. Since ancient times, Jews have thought that Joshua wrote most of the book.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### How does the Book of Joshua present the cause of historical events?

In the ancient Near East, people assumed that gods caused world events to happen in a certain way. The Book of Joshua has some similarities with this view, but there are important differences. The events in the Book of Joshua occurred because Yahweh promised the Israelites that he would give them the Promised Land. What happened also depended on whether or not the Israelites obeyed Yahweh.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What does the phrase "to this day" mean?

This phrase was used by the writer to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. He must avoid giving the impression to readers that "to this day" means "to the present day." The translator might decide to say "to this day, at the time when this was being written," or "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in Joshua 4:9; 6:25; 7:26; 8:28, 29; 10:27; 13:13; 14:14; 15:63; 16:10.

### What does the phrase "all Israel" mean?

This phrase appears many times in the Book of Joshua, but it does not always mean every person in the nation of Israel. At times it means the Israelite army. At other times it means the representatives of the twelve tribes of Israel. In still other passages, it probably means a large number of the people in the nation of Israel.

### When should Joshua be translated?

The Book of Joshua should probably not be translated before Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. This is because the historical events of Joshua will not be understood without the information in these previous books.
-JOS 1 intro r7gc 0 # Joshua 01 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter appears to be a natural continuation of the book of Deuteronomy.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Be strong and Courageous

Joshua is often told, "Be strong and courageous." This repeated encouragement is on purpose and may indicate Joshua will need help in the future.
+JOS 1 intro r7gc 0 # Joshua 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter appears to be a natural continuation of the book of Deuteronomy.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Be strong and Courageous

Joshua is often told, "Be strong and courageous." This repeated encouragement is on purpose and may indicate Joshua will need help in the future.
JOS 1 1 s8u5 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. JOS 1 1 eka2 translate-names 0 Nun Joshua's father (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 1 2 le23 figs-idiom 0 cross over this Jordan To "cross over" means "go to the opposite bank of the river." Alternate translation: "travel from this side to the opposite side of the Jordan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ JOS 1 16 c7t9 0 General Information: These Isrelites were specifically the Reu JOS 1 18 rel4 figs-parallelism 0 rebels against your commands and disobeys your words These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that any form of disobedience will be punished. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOS 1 18 lbc3 figs-activepassive 0 will be put to death This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "we will put to death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 1 18 zez7 figs-parallelism 0 be strong and courageous Israel and God considered both traits important for Joshua to pursue as their leader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JOS 2 intro vg4m 0 # Joshua 02 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the story of the conquest of the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Rahab's faith

Rahab expressed her faith in Yahweh. The statement "for Yahweh your God, he is God in heaven above and on the earth below" is a recognition of her faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Metaphor

The Israelites were to completely destroy the evil Canaanites. They are compared to melting snow: "... melting away because of us." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
+JOS 2 intro vg4m 0 # Joshua 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the story of the conquest of the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Rahab's faith

Rahab expressed her faith in Yahweh. The statement "for Yahweh your God, he is God in heaven above and on the earth below" is a recognition of her faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor

The Israelites were to completely destroy the evil Canaanites. They are compared to melting snow: "... melting away because of us." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
JOS 2 1 ig8n translate-names 0 Nun This is Joshua's father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 2 1 w886 translate-names 0 Shittim This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means "Acacia Trees." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 2 1 z78b 0 as spies These men were to visit the land to gain information on how Israel should conquer the land. @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ JOS 2 23 i2bk translate-names 0 Nun This is a male name; the father of Joshua. JOS 2 23 cv1w 0 everything that had happened to them "all that the men had experienced and seen." JOS 2 24 rk66 0 us This word, "us," refers to Israel. JOS 2 24 eh7s figs-metaphor 0 inhabitants of the land are melting away The people of the land toward Israel are like a substance that melts in the presence of heat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOS 3 intro qs85 0 # Joshua 03 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### God dries the Jordan River

Joshua told the people "Dedicate yourselves to Yahweh tomorrow, for Yahweh will do wonders among you." The conquest of the Promised Land is accomplished through the supernatural power of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
+JOS 3 intro qs85 0 # Joshua 03 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### God dries the Jordan River

Joshua told the people "Dedicate yourselves to Yahweh tomorrow, for Yahweh will do wonders among you." The conquest of the Promised Land is accomplished through the supernatural power of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
JOS 3 1 ct91 0 got up The phrase, "got up," means to "awaken." JOS 3 1 y8kd 0 Shittim A place in the land of Moab, west of the Jordan River where the Israelites were camped before their entry into the promised land, Canaan. JOS 3 2 wz25 0 officers These are people holding a position of command or authority. @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ JOS 3 15 mu2b writing-background 0 now the Jordan overflows all its banks throu JOS 3 17 dp93 0 General Information: The miraculous Jordan River crossing continues. JOS 3 17 tg4f figs-explicit 0 the Jordan This refers to the Jordan River bed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOS 3 17 w7z6 figs-idiom 0 crossed over This phrase means to go to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: "traveled from this side to the opposite side" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JOS 4 intro eh7p 0 # Joshua 04 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### God's war
The conquering of the Promised Land was a special war. It was God's war against the people of Canaan and Joshua recognized that they would only be victorious through Yahweh's power. This is why their first act after crossing the Jordan River was to build an altar. This war was a witness to Yahweh's power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
+JOS 4 intro eh7p 0 # Joshua 04 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### God's war
The conquering of the Promised Land was a special war. It was God's war against the people of Canaan and Joshua recognized that they would only be victorious through Yahweh's power. This is why their first act after crossing the Jordan River was to build an altar. This war was a witness to Yahweh's power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
JOS 4 1 yem9 figs-pronouns 0 General Information: Though Yahweh was speaking directly to Joshua, all occurrences of you include Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) JOS 4 1 h2p6 figs-idiom 0 crossed over The words "crossed over" refer to going to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: "went across" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOS 4 1 lz4a figs-explicit 0 the Jordan the Jordan River (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ JOS 4 20 s8s2 figs-explicit 0 The twelve stones that they took out of the Jorda JOS 4 22 lx8h 0 General Information: Joshua continues to remind the people the purpose of the pile of stones. JOS 4 22 p6nk 0 Tell your children It was for Israel to teach their children of God's miracles so that they would honor Yahweh forever. JOS 4 24 qe29 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of Yahweh is mighty This refers to the power of Yahweh being strong. Alternate translation: "Yahweh is mighty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JOS 5 intro dv8f 0 # Joshua 05 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Circumcision

It would have been very unusual to be circumcised in a time of war. When men are circumcised they are unable to move without pain or to defend themselves in battle for several days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])

#### Manna

Yahweh stops providing manna in this chapter and will no longer provide them with their daily allotment of food. This does not mean Yahweh's care and provision will stop.
+JOS 5 intro dv8f 0 # Joshua 05 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Circumcision

It would have been very unusual to be circumcised in a time of war. When men are circumcised they are unable to move without pain or to defend themselves in battle for several days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])

### Manna

Yahweh stops providing manna in this chapter and will no longer provide them with their daily allotment of food. This does not mean Yahweh's care and provision will stop.
JOS 5 1 el1p figs-parallelism 0 their hearts melted ... there was no longer any spirit in them These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of their fear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOS 5 1 q8mi figs-metonymy 0 their hearts melted Here "hearts" refers to their courage. They were so afraid that it was as if their courage melted away like wax in a fire. Alternate translation: "they lost all their courage" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 5 1 a2wh figs-metonymy 0 there was no longer any spirit in them Here "spirit" refers to their will to fight. Alternate translation: "they no longer had any will to fight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ JOS 5 14 d8u1 0 He said The word "he" refers to the man Joshua saw. JOS 5 14 ds5l 0 Neither This is the beginning of the man's answer to Joshua's question, "Are you for us or for our enemies?" This short answer could be clarified. Alternate translation: "I am neither for you nor for your enemies" JOS 5 14 r42a translate-symaction 0 Joshua lay facedown on the ground to worship This was an act of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) JOS 5 15 ge5y translate-symaction 0 Take off your sandals from your feet This was an act of reverence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JOS 6 intro uie9 0 # Joshua 06 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Yahweh conquers

It was God, not the army, who gave them victory. It is said, "Shout! For Yahweh has given you the city." The circumstances of Israel's victory in the battle for Jericho were very unusual. It was never common to march around a city or to shout in order to win a military battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JOS 6 intro uie9 0 # Joshua 06 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh conquers

It was God, not the army, who gave them victory. It is said, "Shout! For Yahweh has given you the city." The circumstances of Israel's victory in the battle for Jericho were very unusual. It was never common to march around a city or to shout in order to win a military battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOS 6 1 gbz8 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator tells us why the gates of Jericho are closed and locked up. JOS 6 2 j65i figs-pastforfuture 0 I have delivered Jericho into your hand, its king, and its trained soldiers Yahweh is telling Joshua that he will certainly do this by saying that he has already done it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) JOS 6 2 v4hu figs-metonymy 0 into your hand The word "hand" is a metonym for the control that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: "so that you can control it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ JOS 6 26 cq3c figs-metaphor 0 Cursed is the man in Yahweh's sight who rebuilds JOS 6 26 len7 figs-metaphor 0 At the cost of his firstborn son, he will lay the foundation The consequence of a man laying a new foundation for Jericho is that his firstborn son would die. This is spoken of as if it were a cost that the man would pay. Alternate translation: "If he lays the foundation, he will lose his firstborn son" or "If he lays the foundation, his firstborn son will die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 6 26 anp8 figs-metaphor 0 at the cost of his youngest son, he will set up its gates The consequence of a man setting up new gates for Jericho is that his youngest son would die. This is spoken of as if it were a cost that the man would pay. Alternate translation: "If he sets up its gates, he will lose his youngest son" or "If he sets up it gates, his youngest son will die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 6 27 brx7 figs-metaphor 0 his fame spread throughout the land This refers to Joshua's fame, not Yahweh's. Becoming known among the people throughout the land is spoken of as if his fame spread. Alternate translation: "Joshua became famous throughout the land" or "people throughout the land learned about Joshua" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOS 7 intro uv41 0 # Joshua 07 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Sin brought defeat

It was great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+JOS 7 intro uv41 0 # Joshua 07 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sin brought defeat

It was great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
JOS 7 1 mtm4 0 the things that were set apart for destruction "the things that God had said they must set apart to him by destroying them" JOS 7 1 z3zl translate-names 0 Achan ... Karmi ... Zabdi ... Zerah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 7 1 li2v figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh's anger burned "anger" and "burned" indicates intensity, not that fire is present. Alternate translation: "Yahweh's anger burned like a fire" or "Yahweh was very angry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ JOS 7 25 vd6n figs-rquestion 0 Why have you troubled us? Joshua uses this quest JOS 7 25 i3rq 0 Then they stoned the rest with stones and burned them with fire. Possible meanings are 1) the Israelites burned Achan's family to death and then covered them with stones or 2) the Israelites stoned Achan's family to death and then burned the dead bodies or 3) that Achan and his possessions were stoned and then burned. JOS 7 26 zcp9 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh turned away his burning anger Turning away his anger represents stopping being angry. Burning anger represents strong anger. Alternate translation: "Yahweh stopped being angry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 7 26 hfq5 0 until this present day It was still called the valley of Achor at the time the author wrote this. Alternate translation: "even today" or "even now" -JOS 8 intro f3jc 0 # Joshua 08 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Sin brought defeat
It was great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. Because they repented, Yahweh brought victory to Israel in Ai. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])

#### Built an altar
Altars were commonly built in the Ancient Near East to commemorate important events. Several altars were built in the Book of Joshua.
+JOS 8 intro f3jc 0 # Joshua 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sin brought defeat
It was great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. Because they repented, Yahweh brought victory to Israel in Ai. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])

### Built an altar
Altars were commonly built in the Ancient Near East to commemorate important events. Several altars were built in the Book of Joshua.
JOS 8 1 l4p8 figs-parallelism 0 Do not fear; do not be discouraged These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh combines them to emphasize that there is no reason to be afraid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOS 8 1 den6 figs-metonymy 0 I have given into your hand the king of Ai ... and his land Giving them into Israel's hand represents giving Israel victory and control over them. Alternate translation: "I have given you victory over the king of Ai and his people, and I have given you control over his city and his land" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 8 1 t7bq figs-pastforfuture 0 I have given God speaks of what he promises to do as though he had already done it, because he will certainly do it. Alternate translation: "I will certainly give" or "I am giving" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) @@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ JOS 8 29 wd9u 0 to this day "today" or "even now" JOS 8 30 xev4 translate-names 0 Mount Ebal a mountain in Canaan (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 8 35 ym6u figs-doublenegatives 0 There was not one word from all that Moses commanded that Joshua did not read This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: "Joshua read every word of all that Moses commanded" or "Joshua read the entire law of Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) JOS 8 35 kdu7 figs-metonymy 0 Israel This refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JOS 9 intro w1cx 0 # Joshua 09 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Israel's mistake

Israel was deceived because "they did not consult with Yahweh for guidance." Instead of consulting Yahweh, they attempted to achieve victory under their own power. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+JOS 9 intro w1cx 0 # Joshua 09 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel's mistake

Israel was deceived because "they did not consult with Yahweh for guidance." Instead of consulting Yahweh, they attempted to achieve victory under their own power. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
JOS 9 1 g4h4 translate-names 0 the Jordan a shortened name for the Jordan River (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 9 2 uj94 figs-metonymy 0 under one command Here "command" represents the one who commanded them. Being under him represents obeying his commands. Alternate translation: "obeying the commands of one leader" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 9 4 r5yb 0 cunning plan a crafty scheme intended to trick Joshua and the Israelites @@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ JOS 9 23 zlp7 figs-metonymy 0 house of my God Here this phrase refers to the dw JOS 9 25 a5un figs-doublet 0 Whatever seems good and right The words "good" and "right" mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "Whatever seems fair and just" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JOS 9 26 gy9c 0 for them The word "them" here refers to the Gibeonites. JOS 9 27 p81s 0 to this day "even up to now." This means that the people had continued to do these things even up to the day that the writer was living. -JOS 10 intro uy1f 0 # Joshua 10 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 10:12-13 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a poem.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### "For Yahweh was waging war on behalf of Israel"
Israel's conquest of the Promised Land was Yahweh's war on the ungodly Canaanites more than Israel's war. This type of war was different from other wars and God gave Israel special instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Idiom

The people of Gibeon used an idiom when they called for help from Israel: "Do not withdraw your hands," meaning "do not stop protecting." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+JOS 10 intro uy1f 0 # Joshua 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 10:12-13 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a poem.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### "For Yahweh was waging war on behalf of Israel"
Israel's conquest of the Promised Land was Yahweh's war on the ungodly Canaanites more than Israel's war. This type of war was different from other wars and God gave Israel special instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom

The people of Gibeon used an idiom when they called for help from Israel: "Do not withdraw your hands," meaning "do not stop protecting." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOS 10 1 au8p 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer tells about a new person in the story, Adoni-Zedek. JOS 10 1 y65k translate-names 0 Adoni-Zedek This is the name of a man who is an important king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 10 3 y6ss translate-names 0 Jarmuth ... Lachish ... Eglon These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ JOS 10 40 u843 figs-parallelism 0 Of all their kings he left not one survivor. JOS 10 42 qy8i 0 Joshua captured all these kings and their land This refers to the kings and lands that were listed beginning in [Joshua 10:28](../10/28.md). JOS 10 42 rbp2 figs-synecdoche 0 Joshua captured Here Joshua represents his whole army. Alternate translation: "Joshua and his soldiers captured" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) JOS 10 42 f9tx 0 at one time This does not mean in one day. It means during one military campaign, which may have lasted many days or weeks. -JOS 11 intro g8mw 0 # Joshua 11 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Yahweh overcomes the united forces of the northern kingdoms

Yahweh said to Joshua, "Do not be afraid in their presence, because tomorrow at this time I am giving them all to Israel as dead men." Even when the kingdoms of Canaan joined forces, they were not able to overcome the power of Yahweh.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
#### "Yahweh gave the enemy into the hand of Israel"
This phrase may present difficulties in translation. The translator should ensure that Yahweh receives credit for Israel's victory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+JOS 11 intro g8mw 0 # Joshua 11 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh overcomes the united forces of the northern kingdoms

Yahweh said to Joshua, "Do not be afraid in their presence, because tomorrow at this time I am giving them all to Israel as dead men." Even when the kingdoms of Canaan joined forces, they were not able to overcome the power of Yahweh.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### "Yahweh gave the enemy into the hand of Israel"
This phrase may present difficulties in translation. The translator should ensure that Yahweh receives credit for Israel's victory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOS 11 1 a1ca translate-names 0 Jabin ... Jobab These are names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 11 1 zi5u translate-names 0 Hazor ... Madon ... Shimron ... Akshaph These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 11 2 gz61 translate-names 0 Kinnereth ... Naphoth Dor These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ JOS 11 21 im1q translate-names 0 Anakim These are the descendants of Anak. (See JOS 11 21 p6cd translate-names 0 Debir ... Anab These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 11 23 qe5v figs-metaphor 0 Joshua gave it as an inheritance to Israel Joshua giving the land to the Israelites is spoken of as if he had given the Israelites an inheritance as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: "Joshua gave the land to the Israelites as a permanent possession" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 11 23 x695 figs-personification 0 the land had rest from the wars The people no longer fighting wars is spoken of as if the land were a person who rested from war. Alternate translation: "the people no longer fought wars in the land" or "there was peace in the land" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOS 12 intro ga6k 0 # Joshua 12 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 12:2-5 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long list.
+JOS 12 intro ga6k 0 # Joshua 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 12:2-5 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long list.
JOS 12 1 e45x writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer begins to provide background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JOS 12 1 fe2c 0 these are the kings This refers to the list of kings that continues through verse 24. JOS 12 1 g8ju translate-names 0 the Arabah These are the names of a region of land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ JOS 12 22 z2b9 translate-names 0 Kedesh ... Jokneam These are the names of citi JOS 12 23 a6eq translate-names 0 Dor ... Naphoth Dor ... Goyim These are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 12 24 kv8w translate-names 0 Tirzah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 12 24 aeg5 translate-numbers 0 thirty-one in all "31 in all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JOS 13 intro zl7s 0 # Joshua 13 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a section about dividing the land between the tribes of Israel.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Division of the land

There was still much land to be captured west of the Jordan River, but the tribe of Reuben, Gad and half of the tribe of Mannasah received their land east of the Jordan. This land had been promised to them in Numbers 32.

#### Driving out the people

While Yahweh achieved many great victories through Joshua, Israel was still supposed to drive out the rest of the Canaanites. Israel's success in this would depend on their faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
+JOS 13 intro zl7s 0 # Joshua 13 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a section about dividing the land between the tribes of Israel.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Division of the land

There was still much land to be captured west of the Jordan River, but the tribe of Reuben, Gad and half of the tribe of Mannasah received their land east of the Jordan. This land had been promised to them in Numbers 32.

### Driving out the people

While Yahweh achieved many great victories through Joshua, Israel was still supposed to drive out the rest of the Canaanites. Israel's success in this would depend on their faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
JOS 13 2 s51z figs-explicit 0 This is the land that still remains You may clarify that this is the land that Israel still needs to capture. Alternate translation: "This is the land that still remains for Israel to capture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOS 13 3 q1nv translate-names 0 Shihor This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 3 a3iw figs-activepassive 0 which is considered property of the Canaanites This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which the Canaanites now consider their property" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ JOS 13 31 zde9 figs-activepassive 0 These were assigned This can be stated in a JOS 13 31 g5si translate-names 0 Machir This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 13 32 hh57 figs-metaphor 0 This is the inheritance that Moses assigned to them The land that Moses assigned to the tribes of Israel on the east side of the Jordan is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that Moses gave to them as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: "This is the land that Moses assigned to them as an inheritance" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 13 33 ce57 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, the God of Israel, is their inheritance The writer speaks of the great honor that the Levites had by serving Yahweh as priests as if Yahweh were something that they would inherit. Alternate translation: "Yahweh, the God of Israel, is what they have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOS 14 intro dsn7 0 # Joshua 14 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Drive them out
The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+JOS 14 intro dsn7 0 # Joshua 14 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Drive them out
The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
JOS 14 1 u4tc figs-metaphor 0 the areas of land that the people of Israel received as their inheritance The land that the people of Israel acquired is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 14 1 ql64 0 tribal leaders "leaders of the tribes" JOS 14 2 f1ux figs-activepassive 0 Their inheritance was selected by lot This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Eleazar, Joshua, and the tribal leaders cast lots to determine the inheritance" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ JOS 14 14 gji6 0 to this day This refers to the period of time in which the au JOS 14 14 zii3 figs-metaphor 0 he completely followed Yahweh Being loyal to Yahweh is spoken of as if it were completely following Yahweh. Alternate translation: "he remained loyal to Yahweh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 14 15 hyh6 translate-names 0 Kiriath Arba This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 14 15 wv1z figs-personification 0 Then the land had rest from war The people no longer fighting wars is spoken of as if the land were a person who rested from war. See how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 11:23](../11/23.md). Alternate translation: "Then the people no longer fought wars in the land" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOS 15 intro ght5 0 # Joshua 15 General Notes
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Judah. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JOS 15 intro ght5 0 # Joshua 15 General Notes
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Judah. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOS 15 1 ex51 translate-names 0 Zin This is the name of the wilderness area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 15 2 k5za 0 from the end of the Salt Sea, from the bay that faces to the south "from the bay that faces south at the end of the Salt Sea." These two phrases refer to the same location. The second phrase clarifies the point at which the southern border begins. JOS 15 2 j6xn 0 from the bay that faces to the south "from the bay that extends to the south" or "from the southern bay" @@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ JOS 15 55 x6gv translate-names 0 The writer lists cities of which Judah took p JOS 15 58 vub1 translate-names 0 The writer lists cities of which Judah took possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 15 60 ts23 translate-names 0 The writer lists cities of which Judah took possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 15 63 j68z 0 to this day This refers to the period of time in which the author wrote this book. -JOS 16 intro bpv3 0 # Joshua 16 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Drive them out
The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Ephraim, one of Joseph's sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JOS 16 intro bpv3 0 # Joshua 16 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Drive them out
The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Ephraim, one of Joseph's sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOS 16 1 b1k9 figs-explicit 0 the tribe of Joseph The "tribe of Joseph" consisted of the tribes of Joseph's two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim. Since half of the tribe of Manasseh had settled east of the Jordan, this phrase refers to the tribe of Ephraim and the other half of the tribe of Manasseh. Alternate translation: "the tribe of Ephraim and the other half of the tribe of Manasseh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JOS 16 2 g9td translate-names 0 Luz ... Ataroth These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 16 2 zs9f translate-names 0 Arkites This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ JOS 16 9 y6xs figs-activepassive 0 the cities that were chosen This can be stat JOS 16 9 f1yc figs-metaphor 0 within the inheritance of the tribe of Manasseh The land that the tribe of Manasseh possessed is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: "within the land that the tribe of Manasseh had received as an inheritance" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 16 10 au8e 0 to this day This refers to the period of time in which the author wrote this book. JOS 16 10 fth4 figs-activepassive 0 these people were made to do forced labor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Israelites forced these people to work as slaves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOS 17 intro m3nk 0 # Joshua 17 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Manasseh's lack of faith
Even though they were one of the largest and most powerful tribes of Israel, the tribe of Manasseh lacked faith in the power of Yahweh. This caused them many problems. It would also cause their descendants many problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Manasseh, one of Joseph's sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JOS 17 intro m3nk 0 # Joshua 17 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Manasseh's lack of faith
Even though they were one of the largest and most powerful tribes of Israel, the tribe of Manasseh lacked faith in the power of Yahweh. This caused them many problems. It would also cause their descendants many problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Manasseh, one of Joseph's sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOS 17 1 x1fd figs-rpronouns 0 firstborn and who himself was Here "himself" emphasizes that the same person—Makir—was the firstborn of Manasseh and was also the father of Gilead. Alternate translation: "firstborn; he was also" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) JOS 17 1 j2sj translate-names 0 Makir These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 17 1 zuz5 figs-activepassive 0 Makir's descendants were assigned the land of Gilead and Bashan This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Joshua assigned the land of Gilead and Bashan to Makir's descendants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ JOS 17 15 psc4 translate-names 0 Rephaim This is the name of a people group. (S JOS 17 16 g788 translate-names 0 Beth Shan ... Jezreel These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 17 17 wa3y figs-metonymy 0 the house of Joseph Here the word "house" refers to the descendants. Alternate translation: "the descendants of Joseph" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 17 18 w4m4 0 you will clear it "you will clear the forest of trees" or "you will cut down its trees" -JOS 18 intro j38i 0 # Joshua 18 General Notes
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JOS 18 intro j38i 0 # Joshua 18 General Notes
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOS 18 1 fkg2 figs-events 0 and they conquered the land They had conquered the people who lived in the land before they set up the tent of meeting. Alternate translation: "after they had conquered the land" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) JOS 18 2 ynk6 figs-metaphor 0 whose inheritance had not been assigned The land that the tribes would receive is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they would receive as a permanent possession. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "to whom Joshua had not assigned land as an inheritance" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JOS 18 3 bia9 figs-rquestion 0 How long will you put off ... has given you? Joshua asks this question in order to encourage the Israelites to take possession of the land. Alternate translation: "For long enough, you have put off ... has given you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ JOS 18 21 i6af translate-names 0 General Information: The writer lists the citi JOS 18 24 jsu9 0 their villages "the villages around them" JOS 18 25 nk7k translate-names 0 General Information: The writer continues to list the cities that were in the land that the tribe of Benjamin received as an inheritance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 18 28 t3aa figs-metaphor 0 This was the inheritance of Benjamin The land and cities that the tribe of Benjamin received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: "This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Benjamin received as an inheritance" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOS 19 intro j62l 0 # Joshua 19 General Notes
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JOS 19 intro j62l 0 # Joshua 19 General Notes
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOS 19 1 s149 0 The second casting of lots fell to Simeon "The second time Joshua cast lots, the lot indicated the tribe of Simeon" JOS 19 1 gl7x translate-ordinal 0 The second number two in a list (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) JOS 19 1 z9r9 0 clan by clan "and Joshua assigned the land to each of their clans" @@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ JOS 19 48 cx9h figs-metaphor 0 This was the inheritance of the tribe of Dan The JOS 19 49 jzi6 figs-metaphor 0 gave an inheritance among themselves to Joshua son of Nun The city that Joshua received is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that he received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: "gave a city within their own land as an inheritance to Joshua son of Nun" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 19 50 ac8r translate-names 0 Timnath Serah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 19 51 cs47 figs-metaphor 0 These are the inheritances ... assigned The land and cities that the various tribes received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: "These are the portions of land and the cities ... assigned as inheritances" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOS 20 intro vg5f 0 # Joshua 20 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Cities of Refuge

If a person was killed, it was the duty of his relatives to kill the killer. If the death was an accident, this would be unfair. Therefore, God told the Israelites to make cities of refuge for a person who killed someone accidentally. In the city where he sought refuge, his case would be solved legally: "Do this so that one who unintentionally kills a person can go there. These cities will be a place of refuge from anyone who seeks to avenge the blood of a person who was killed." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/refuge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])
+JOS 20 intro vg5f 0 # Joshua 20 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Cities of Refuge

If a person was killed, it was the duty of his relatives to kill the killer. If the death was an accident, this would be unfair. Therefore, God told the Israelites to make cities of refuge for a person who killed someone accidentally. In the city where he sought refuge, his case would be solved legally: "Do this so that one who unintentionally kills a person can go there. These cities will be a place of refuge from anyone who seeks to avenge the blood of a person who was killed." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/refuge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])
JOS 20 2 qhs6 figs-metonymy 0 by the hand of Moses Here "hand of Moses" refers to the scriptures that Moses wrote down. Alternate translation: "through the things that Moses wrote" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 20 3 a1vg 0 unintentionally kills This happens when a person accidentally kills another person, without intending to do so. JOS 20 3 h73b figs-metonymy 0 avenge the blood of a person who was killed Here the shed blood of a person represents their death. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "avenge a person's death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ JOS 20 7 lyr5 translate-names 0 General Information: There are a lot of names i JOS 20 8 cy8e 0 the Jordan This is a short name for the Jordan River. JOS 20 9 b89x figs-idiom 0 would not die by the hand of the one Here "by the hand" is an idiom that means to be the specific cause of something. Alternate translation: "would not be killed by the one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JOS 20 9 j61z figs-metonymy 0 avenge the blood that was shed This can be stated in active form. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Joshua 20:3](../20/03.md). Alternate translation: "avenge a person's death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JOS 21 intro pp5c 0 # Joshua 21 General Notes
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Levi. Even though they did not receive a large piece of land like the other tribes, they did receive small pieces of land to live on and for their animals. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JOS 21 intro pp5c 0 # Joshua 21 General Notes
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Levi. Even though they did not receive a large piece of land like the other tribes, they did receive small pieces of land to live on and for their animals. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOS 21 1 js4y translate-names 0 Eleazar ... Nun These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 21 2 wk1t 0 They said to them "The Levites said to them" JOS 21 2 wk1m figs-idiom 0 Yahweh commanded you by the hand of Moses The phrase "by the hand of" is an idiom that means that Yahweh used Moses to deliver his command. Alternate translation: "Yahweh told Moses to command you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -813,7 +813,7 @@ JOS 21 43 q5na 0 he swore "he gave an oath" JOS 21 44 t1a4 figs-litotes 0 Not one of their enemies could defeat them This is stated in a negative way to strengthen the statement. Alternate translation: "They defeated every one of their enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) JOS 21 44 lg6d figs-metonymy 0 gave all their enemies into their hand Here "into their hand" means "into their power." Alternate translation: "gave them power to defeat all their enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JOS 21 45 u1ik figs-litotes 0 Not one thing among all the good promises that Yahweh had spoken to the house of Israel failed to come true This is stated in a negative way to strengthen the statement. Alternate translation: "Every one of the good promises that Yahweh had spoken to the house of Israel came true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -JOS 22 intro l4hr 0 # Joshua 22 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The division of the land is completed in this chapter. Additionally, the soldiers who received land on the east side of the Jordan River were released to go home.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The tribes east of the Jordan River build a monument

The tribes east of the Jordan River said, "Let us now build an altar, not for burnt offerings nor for any sacrifices, but to be a witness between us and you, and between our generations after us, that we will perform the service of Yahweh before him, with our burnt offerings and with our sacrifices and with our peace offerings, so that your children will never say to our children in time to come, 'You have no share in Yahweh.'" They went home even though the Israelites had not fully conquered the land.
+JOS 22 intro l4hr 0 # Joshua 22 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The division of the land is completed in this chapter. Additionally, the soldiers who received land on the east side of the Jordan River were released to go home.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The tribes east of the Jordan River build a monument

The tribes east of the Jordan River said, "Let us now build an altar, not for burnt offerings nor for any sacrifices, but to be a witness between us and you, and between our generations after us, that we will perform the service of Yahweh before him, with our burnt offerings and with our sacrifices and with our peace offerings, so that your children will never say to our children in time to come, 'You have no share in Yahweh.'" They went home even though the Israelites had not fully conquered the land.
JOS 22 1 ic3e translate-names 0 Reubenites people of the tribe of Reuben (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 22 1 w3xd translate-names 0 Gadites people of the tribe of Gad (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JOS 22 2 x8l8 figs-metonymy 0 obeyed my voice Here "my voice" refers to the things that Joshua had said. Alternate translation: "obeyed everything I said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ JOS 22 33 pn48 figs-idiom 0 Their report was good in the eyes of the people Her JOS 22 33 h5hk 0 destroy the land "destroy everything in the land" JOS 22 34 l8f9 0 for they said This refers to the Reubenites and Gadites. JOS 22 34 xf56 figs-metaphor 0 It is a witness between us The altar is spoken of as if it were a witness that could testify for the three tribes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOS 23 intro v3r6 0 # Joshua 23 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Joshua's final words to Israel (Joshua 23-24)

"Do not marry with the heathen people but drive them out." ##### Drive them out
The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land because if the Israelites married the Canaanites, the Canaanites would cause them to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+JOS 23 intro v3r6 0 # Joshua 23 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Joshua's final words to Israel (Joshua 23-24)

"Do not marry with the heathen people but drive them out." ##### Drive them out
The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land because if the Israelites married the Canaanites, the Canaanites would cause them to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
JOS 23 2 vyz9 figs-doublet 0 old and well advanced in years This doublet can be translated as "very old." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JOS 23 4 t22f 0 the Jordan This is a short name for the Jordan River. JOS 23 4 bf99 0 in the west This indicates the direction of the setting sun. @@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ JOS 23 14 vtt2 figs-doublenegatives 0 not one word has failed to come true Thes JOS 23 16 bqx7 0 He will do this This refers to the punishment threatened in the previous verse. JOS 23 16 xwa3 figs-parallelism 0 worship other gods and bow down to them These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second describes how the people "worship other gods." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) JOS 23 16 wz7d figs-metaphor 0 the anger of Yahweh will be kindled against you "Kindled" here is a metaphor for the beginning of Yahweh's anger, like a fire is "kindled" or started with "kindling" or very easy to start burning like dried grass or small twigs. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will begin to be angry with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JOS 24 intro yqa8 0 # Joshua 24 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Joshua's instructions
In this chapter, Joshua gives the leaders and people instructions in preparation for his death. It was common in the Ancient Near East for important leaders to do this. Unfortunately, the people of Israel did not listen to Joshua's instructions.
+JOS 24 intro yqa8 0 # Joshua 24 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Joshua's instructions
In this chapter, Joshua gives the leaders and people instructions in preparation for his death. It was common in the Ancient Near East for important leaders to do this. Unfortunately, the people of Israel did not listen to Joshua's instructions.
JOS 24 1 e4nq figs-metaphor 0 Joshua gathered all the tribes of Israel Joshua's summons to the tribes is spoken of as if he gathered them together in a basket. Alternate translation: "Joshua asked all the tribes of Israel to meet with him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JOS 24 1 c7pt 0 presented themselves before "came and stood in front of" or "came before" JOS 24 2 tn5x 0 long ago "many years ago" diff --git a/en_tn_07-JDG.tsv b/en_tn_07-JDG.tsv index fda7126b0..78b76aa65 100644 --- a/en_tn_07-JDG.tsv +++ b/en_tn_07-JDG.tsv @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote JDG front intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of Judges

1. History of the judges of Israel (1:1–16:31)
- Introduction (1:1-3:6)
- Othniel, Ehud, and Shamgar (3:7–31)
- Deborah and Barak (4:1–5:31)
- Gideon (6:1–8:35)
- Abimelech, Tola, and Jair (9:1–10:5)
- Jephthah (10:6-12:7)
- Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon (12:8-15)
- Samson (13:1–16:31)
1. The account of Micah and his idols (17:1–18:31)
1. The account of Gibeah; the other Israelites take revenge (19:1–21:25)

### What is the Book of Judges about?

The Book of Judges tells of events that occurred after the Israelites settled in the Promised Land. The events in this book happened over a period of about 150 years.

This book describes how the Israelites repeatedly sinned against Yahweh during this time. They worshiped false gods and did the same wicked things as the peoples who lived around them. Therefore, God would allow enemies to defeat and oppress the Israelites. Eventually, the Israelites would call to Yahweh for help. Yahweh would then cause someone to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. This person was called a "judge." The Israelites would live in peace until the judge died.

After that judge died, the Israelites would start sinning again. So this pattern of events would repeat.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

This book traditionally has the title "Judges" because it gives accounts of some of the main leaders or judges in Israel before there were any kings over the people. Unless there are good reasons for following the title in other Bible versions, the translator should probably use the title "Judges" or a title such as "The Book about the Leaders in Israel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What kind of leaders were the judges?

These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. After defeating their enemies, these leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of these leaders may have served only certain tribes.

### What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges?

During this time, the twelve tribes of Israel were independent of one another. They were not a unified nation with one ruler. The tribes would sometimes help each other when enemies were threatening them.

These tribes were descended from the same ancestors: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. They shared in the same covenant with Yahweh.

### What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges?

During this time, Israel struggled to remain faithful to Yahweh. The best judges encouraged Israel to be faithful to him, but some of the judges failed to do so. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What is the meaning of the phrase "in those days there was no king in Israel, and everyone did what was right in his own eyes"?

This phrase occurs twice in the book of Judges. Shorter versions of the phrase occur two other times. These phrases imply that the writer or editor of this book was alive at a later time when there was a king in Israel. They also seem to imply that the writer thought that things were not good in Israel because there was no king.

The translation of these phrases should imply to the reader that the book's writer is looking back into the past.

### What is the meaning of the phrase "to this day"?

The narrator used this phrase to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. The translator must avoid giving the impression that the present day of the translation's readers is meant. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written," or, "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in Judges 1:21, 26; 6:24; 10:4; 15:19; 18:12.
-JDG 1 intro a4am 0 # Judges 01 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
#### "After the death of Joshua"
This statement creates a seamless transition from the book of Joshua.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land

Israel fought to clear the land of the Canaanites, but they also made treaties with other peoples and made some of them do hard labor. This was against God's instruction to completely remove the Canaanite people from the land.
+JDG 1 intro a4am 0 # Judges 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
### "After the death of Joshua"
This statement creates a seamless transition from the book of Joshua.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land

Israel fought to clear the land of the Canaanites, but they also made treaties with other peoples and made some of them do hard labor. This was against God's instruction to completely remove the Canaanite people from the land.
JDG 1 1 r9ee 0 Connecting Statement: The book of Judges continues the story about Joshua and is also the beginning of a new part of the story. JDG 1 1 b9my 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. JDG 1 1 c92j figs-exclusive 0 will attack the Canaanites for us The word "us" refers to the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ JDG 1 35 x276 0 the military might of the house of Joseph conquered them "the JDG 1 35 uvw1 figs-metonymy 0 house of Joseph Here "house" represents descendants. Manasseh and Ephraim were sons of Joseph, and the "house of Joseph" can refer to the descendants of Manasseh and Ephraim. Alternate translation: "the descendants of Manasseh and Ephraim" or "the men of the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 1 36 g7nx translate-names 0 the hill of Akrabbim This was a pass southwest of the Dead Sea. It is also called the "Scorpion Pass." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 1 36 qr2w translate-names 0 Sela This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JDG 2 intro mf6a 0 # Judges 02 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Yahweh tests Israel

Yahweh said, "Because this nation has broken the terms of my covenant." Completely removing the Canaanites from the land was a test from Yahweh. While Yahweh displayed covenant faithfulness, Israel did not. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])
+JDG 2 intro mf6a 0 # Judges 02 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh tests Israel

Yahweh said, "Because this nation has broken the terms of my covenant." Completely removing the Canaanites from the land was a test from Yahweh. While Yahweh displayed covenant faithfulness, Israel did not. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])
JDG 2 1 tt9y 0 angel of Yahweh Possible meaning are 1) "angel who represents Yahweh" or 2) "messenger who serves Yahweh" or 3) it may refer to Yahweh himself, who looked like an angel as he talked to a person. Either one of these meanings would explain the angel's use of "I" as if Yahweh himself were talking. JDG 2 1 q2ka 0 went up from Gilgal to Bokim "left Gilgal and went to Bokim" JDG 2 1 x66i translate-names 0 Bokim This is what the Israelites named this place in 2:5 after the angel rebukes the people. "Bokim" means "crying." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ JDG 2 21 ry6q figs-metonymy 0 any of the nations Here "nations" represents the JDG 2 22 n194 figs-metaphor 0 they will keep the way of Yahweh and walk in it How Yahweh wants people to live or behave is spoken of as if it were a way or road. A person obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking in his way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 2 23 tn49 figs-doublet 0 did not drive them out quickly and give them into the hand of Joshua These two phrases mean the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: "he did not let Joshua quickly conquer them and drive them out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) JDG 2 23 b618 figs-metonymy 0 into the hand of Joshua Here "hand" is a metonym for power, and "Joshua" represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: "into the power of Joshua and his army" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JDG 3 intro k35h 0 # Judges 03 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The people worship false gods

Israel worshiped idols and false gods. Because of this, Yahweh allowed Aram and Moab to rule over them. In the period of Judges, when Israel sinned, they were often placed under the rule of a foreign power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "Blew a trumpet"

When Ehud "blew a trumpet," he was calling all of the men to come help him fight. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JDG 3 intro k35h 0 # Judges 03 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The people worship false gods

Israel worshiped idols and false gods. Because of this, Yahweh allowed Aram and Moab to rule over them. In the period of Judges, when Israel sinned, they were often placed under the rule of a foreign power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "Blew a trumpet"

When Ehud "blew a trumpet," he was calling all of the men to come help him fight. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JDG 3 1 w2is 0 Now Yahweh Here "Now" begins a new section of the story. JDG 3 1 hp8z 0 these nations This refers to the people groups that the narrator will list in 3:3. JDG 3 1 xj63 figs-activepassive 0 who had not experienced any of the wars fought in Canaan This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who had not fought in any of the wars in Canaan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ JDG 3 31 uz68 translate-names 0 Anath The name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man JDG 3 31 f6s9 translate-numbers 0 600 men "six hundred men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 3 31 z3lr 0 a stick used to goad cattle Cattle farmers would poke their cattle with a sharp stick to make them move. AT "a stick used to urge cattle to move" or "a stick used to direct cattle" JDG 3 31 n8z3 figs-metonymy 0 He also delivered Israel from danger The word "danger" refers to enemies that tried to harm the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "He also delivered the people of Israel from their enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JDG 4 intro pjw5 0 # Judges 04 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Chapters 4 and 5 form one section about Barak and Deborah.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Barak's leadership

At this time, it was very unusual for a woman to be a leader, especially a military leader. Barak lacked the strength to go into battle without Deborah. This indicates that Barak was a poor leader. If a woman won the battle for him, it would have brought Barak shame. It also indicates that Deborah was very well respected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JDG 4 intro pjw5 0 # Judges 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Chapters 4 and 5 form one section about Barak and Deborah.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Barak's leadership

At this time, it was very unusual for a woman to be a leader, especially a military leader. Barak lacked the strength to go into battle without Deborah. This indicates that Barak was a poor leader. If a woman won the battle for him, it would have brought Barak shame. It also indicates that Deborah was very well respected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JDG 4 1 h4q7 0 Ehud See how you translated this man's name in [Judges 3:15](../03/15.md). JDG 4 1 aq65 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh's judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in [Judges 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "what was evil in Yahweh's judgment" or "what Yahweh considered to be evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 4 2 yj14 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh sold them into the hand of Jabin king of Canaan Here "hand" refers to Jabin's power over Israel. Yahweh's decision to give Jabin power over them is spoken of as if Yahweh had sold them to Jabin. Alternate translation: "Yahweh allowed them to be defeated by the power of Jabin king of Canaan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ JDG 4 22 n7wq 0 Barak was pursuing "Barak was chasing" or "Barak was following JDG 4 23 xzh1 figs-metaphor 0 God defeated Jabin, the king of Canaan, before the people of Israel God causing the Israelites to defeat Jabin and his army is spoken of as is God himself defeated Jabin as the people of Israel watched. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 4 24 y25t 0 The might "The military power" JDG 4 24 zcb9 figs-synecdoche 0 they destroyed him Here "him" refers to Jabin who represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: "they destroyed Jabin and his army" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JDG 5 intro jgd9 0 # Judges 05 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The account of Deborah and Barak continues in this chapter.

Some translations prefer to set apart quotations, prayers, and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of Chapter 5, which is a song, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### The flood

God caused rain and flooding to bog down Jaban's chariots making
them vulnerable to soldiers on foot, even though it is not said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JDG 5 intro jgd9 0 # Judges 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The account of Deborah and Barak continues in this chapter.

Some translations prefer to set apart quotations, prayers, and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of Chapter 5, which is a song, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### The flood

God caused rain and flooding to bog down Jaban's chariots making
them vulnerable to soldiers on foot, even though it is not said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JDG 5 1 w7ex figs-explicit 0 On that day The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "On the day the Israelites defeated the army of King Jabin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 5 1 pfq9 0 Deborah See how you translated this name in [Judges 4:4](../04/04.md). JDG 5 1 l3sj 0 Barak ... Abinoam See how you translated these names in [Judges 4:6](../04/06.md). @@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ JDG 5 30 yg2c figs-synecdoche 0 for the necks of those who plunder Here "necks" JDG 5 31 bi4x figs-simile 0 like the sun when it rises in its might The people of Israel wish to be like the sun that rises because no nation's army is powerful enough to stop the sunrise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JDG 5 31 q1yt figs-metonymy 0 the land had peace Here "the land" represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "and the people of Israel lived peacefully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 5 31 mw3u translate-numbers 0 for forty years "for 40 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JDG 6 intro p5sj 0 # Judges 06 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a section about Gideon. (Chapters 6-8)

#### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Israel's punishment
In Judges, Israel's actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])
+JDG 6 intro p5sj 0 # Judges 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a section about Gideon. (Chapters 6-8)

### Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel's punishment
In Judges, Israel's actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])
JDG 6 1 ht3z figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh's judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in [Judges 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "what was evil in Yahweh's judgment" or "what Yahweh considered to be evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 6 1 l9nl figs-metonymy 0 the hand of Midian Here "Midian" represents the people of Midian. Also, "hand" represents control. Alternate translation: "the control of the people of Midian" or "the control of the Midianites" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 6 2 bs4z figs-metonymy 0 The power of Midian oppressed Israel Here "the power of Midian" refers to the people of Midian. Alternate translation: "The people of Midian were more powerful than the people of Israel and they oppressed them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ JDG 6 37 qz5z 0 dew water that forms on plants during the night JDG 6 37 s8ri figs-explicit 0 then I will know that you will The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "this will be a sign from you, and then I will know that you will" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 6 38 cs87 0 Gideon rose "Gideon got out of bed" JDG 6 38 ub6l 0 wrung twist and squeeze something to remove water -JDG 7 intro q545 0 # Judges 07 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The account of Gideon continues in this chapter.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### God gets all of the credit

God said, "There are too many soldiers for me to give you victory over the Midianites. Make sure that Israel will not boast against me, saying, 'Our own power has saved us.'" By lowering the number of fighting soldiers, it emphasizes that the victory is achieved through God's power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])
+JDG 7 intro q545 0 # Judges 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The account of Gideon continues in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God gets all of the credit

God said, "There are too many soldiers for me to give you victory over the Midianites. Make sure that Israel will not boast against me, saying, 'Our own power has saved us.'" By lowering the number of fighting soldiers, it emphasizes that the victory is achieved through God's power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])
JDG 7 1 u963 0 Jerub Baal This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated his name in [Judges 6:32](../06/32.md). JDG 7 1 se4n 0 they encamped "they set up their camp" JDG 7 1 q9lu translate-names 0 spring of Harod ... hill of Moreh These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ JDG 7 24 js9y translate-names 0 Beth Barah This is the name of a town. (See: [[ JDG 7 24 u7ze 0 took control of the waters, as far as Beth Barah and the Jordan River "took control of the area of the Jordan River as far south as Beth Barah" JDG 7 25 hn84 figs-explicit 0 at the rock of Oreb ... at the winepress of Zeeb The places were given these names after the Israelites killed Oreb and Zeeb there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 7 25 rvj8 translate-names 0 Oreb ... Zeeb These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JDG 8 intro zh95 0 # Judges 08 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The account of Gideon concludes in this chapter.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Succoth's refusal to help Gideon
The men of Succoth feared the Midianites more than Gideon. This is why they refused to help Gideon. By allying themselves with the Midianites, they aligned themselves against Yahweh. Because of this, Gideon treated them like he treated the Midianites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

#### Gideon refuses to be king

Gideon said to them, "I will not rule over you, neither will my son rule over you. Yahweh will rule over you." Although the book of Deuteronomy anticipates a king in Israel, it was sinful for Israel to desire to have a king. He did though take a share of everyone's plunder as a king would have done through taxes. This may serve as a warning to Israel about their desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+JDG 8 intro zh95 0 # Judges 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The account of Gideon concludes in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Succoth's refusal to help Gideon
The men of Succoth feared the Midianites more than Gideon. This is why they refused to help Gideon. By allying themselves with the Midianites, they aligned themselves against Yahweh. Because of this, Gideon treated them like he treated the Midianites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Gideon refuses to be king

Gideon said to them, "I will not rule over you, neither will my son rule over you. Yahweh will rule over you." Although the book of Deuteronomy anticipates a king in Israel, it was sinful for Israel to desire to have a king. He did though take a share of everyone's plunder as a king would have done through taxes. This may serve as a warning to Israel about their desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
JDG 8 1 sea3 figs-rquestion 0 What is this you have done to us? The people of the tribe of Ephraim were rebuking Gideon with this rhetorical question for not including them in his army. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "You have not treated us fairly." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) JDG 8 1 f8fy figs-metonymy 0 against Midian Here "Midian" represents the Midianite army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 8 1 whc1 0 they had a violent argument with him they argued angrily with him" or "they rebuked him severely" @@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ JDG 8 34 k1h5 figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of all their enemies Here "hand" re JDG 8 34 lqk5 0 on every side "who surrounded them" JDG 8 35 svf8 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Jerub Baal Here "the house of" represents a person's family. Alternate translation: "the family of Jerub Baal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 8 35 w3k3 0 Jerub Baal This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated this in [Judges 6:32](../06/32.md). -JDG 9 intro zl19 0 # Judges 09 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Jotham's curse

Gideon's son, Abimelech, killed all of his brothers except Jotham in order to become king of Shechem. Jotham cursed Abimelech for having murdered Gideon's other sons. "Let fire come out from Abimelech and burn up the men of Shechem and the house of Millo. Let fire come out from the men of Shechem and Beth Millo, to burn up Abimelech." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])

=##### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Tree metaphor
This chapter contains an extended metaphor about trees. This metaphor functions as a parable instructing Israel about their sinful desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+JDG 9 intro zl19 0 # Judges 09 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jotham's curse

Gideon's son, Abimelech, killed all of his brothers except Jotham in order to become king of Shechem. Jotham cursed Abimelech for having murdered Gideon's other sons. "Let fire come out from Abimelech and burn up the men of Shechem and the house of Millo. Let fire come out from the men of Shechem and Beth Millo, to burn up Abimelech." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])

=##### Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Tree metaphor
This chapter contains an extended metaphor about trees. This metaphor functions as a parable instructing Israel about their sinful desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
JDG 9 1 cb58 0 Jerub Baal This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated this in [Judges 6:32](../06/32.md). JDG 9 2 gfl5 figs-quotesinquotes 0 Please say this, so that all the leaders in Shechem may hear, 'Which is better for you, that all seventy sons of Jerub Baal rule over you, or that just one rule over you?' This has a quotation within a quotation. A direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "Please ask the leaders of Shechem if they would rather have all seventy sons of Jerub Baal rule over them, or if they would rather have just one of his sons rule over them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) JDG 9 2 lpf2 translate-numbers 0 seventy "70" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ JDG 9 56 h9fb translate-numbers 0 seventy "70" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate JDG 9 57 fx65 figs-idiom 0 made all the evil of the men of Shechem turn back on their own heads "Evil turn back on their heads" here is an idiom. Alternate translation: "punished the men of Shechem for all the evil they had done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 9 57 hua1 figs-idiom 0 on them came the curse of Jotham son of Jerub Baal This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "the curse of Jotham son of Jerub Baal happened to them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 9 57 q7dp 0 Jerub Baal This is another name for Gideon. See how you translated this name in [Judges 6:32](../06/32.md). -JDG 10 intro zqn2 0 # Judges 10 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the account of Jephthah ([Judges 10-12](./01.md)).

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Israel's punishment
In Judges, Israel's actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])
+JDG 10 intro zqn2 0 # Judges 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the account of Jephthah ([Judges 10-12](./01.md)).

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel's punishment
In Judges, Israel's actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])
JDG 10 1 g7ww translate-names 0 Tola ... Puah ... Dodo These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 10 1 ti4g translate-names 0 Shamir This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 10 1 lxh7 0 arose to deliver Israel "came to deliver Israel" or "became the leader to deliver Israel" @@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ JDG 10 13 zdy2 figs-idiom 0 I will not keep adding to the times I deliver you T JDG 10 16 i2l8 figs-explicit 0 foreign gods among them You can make explicit the implicit meaning of this statement. Alternate translation: "foreign gods whose images they possessed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 10 16 m6hd figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh could bear Israel's misery no longer Here Israel refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "And Yahweh did not want the people of Israel to suffer any longer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 10 18 j3k2 0 Who is the man who will begin to fight the Ammonites? "Who will lead our army to fight against the Ammonites?" -JDG 11 intro q7si 0 # Judges 11 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The account of Jephthah continues in this chapter.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Jephthah the leader
Jephthah was half Israelite and half Canaanite by birth. While all of the judges were called by Yahweh, it is the leaders who called Jephthah to help them, but Yahweh still used Jephthah to help them.
+JDG 11 intro q7si 0 # Judges 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The account of Jephthah continues in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jephthah the leader
Jephthah was half Israelite and half Canaanite by birth. While all of the judges were called by Yahweh, it is the leaders who called Jephthah to help them, but Yahweh still used Jephthah to help them.
JDG 11 1 yk6s translate-names 0 Gileadite This is someone who is from the region of Gilead. It is a coincidence that his father's name is also Gilead. See how you translated this in [Judges 10:3](../10/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 11 2 r35b 0 When his wife's sons grew up "When the sons of Gilead's wife became adults" JDG 11 3 aw1r translate-names 0 the land of Tob Tob is the name of a region. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ JDG 11 37 hj6q figs-activepassive 0 Let this promise be kept for me This can be JDG 11 37 dh7s 0 grieve over my virginity "weep because I am a virgin" or "cry because I will never be married" JDG 11 39 n4my figs-euphemism 0 had never known a man This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: "had never had sexual relations with a man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JDG 11 40 s739 0 the Gileadite This refers to someone from Gilead. See how you translated this in [Judges 10:3](../10/03.md). -JDG 12 intro p8zn 0 # Judges 12 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The account of Jephthah concludes in this chapter.

#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Shibboleth
This is a word in Hebrew. Its importance in this chapter is because of its sounds, not its meaning. The translator should not translate the meaning of this word, but should transliterate or transfer it into the target language by substituting letters that have the same sounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
+JDG 12 intro p8zn 0 # Judges 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The account of Jephthah concludes in this chapter.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Shibboleth
This is a word in Hebrew. Its importance in this chapter is because of its sounds, not its meaning. The translator should not translate the meaning of this word, but should transliterate or transfer it into the target language by substituting letters that have the same sounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
JDG 12 1 mp3k figs-abstractnouns 0 A call went out to the men of Ephraim Here the abstract noun "call" can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: "The men of Ephraim were called together" or "The men ... of Ephraim called together their soldiers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) JDG 12 1 ubq3 translate-names 0 Zaphon This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 12 1 hh1l 0 passed through ... pass through or "traveled through ... travel" or "journeyed through ... journey" @@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ JDG 12 13 z3n6 translate-names 0 Pirathon This is the name of a city. (See: [[r JDG 12 14 n7k2 figs-metonymy 0 They rode on seventy donkeys These men owned seventy donkeys, which they did ride. Here the word "rode" is used instead of "owned." Alternate translation: "They owned seventy donkeys" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 12 14 ua8s translate-numbers 0 forty sons ... thirty grandsons ... seventy donkeys "40 sons ... 30 grandsons ... 70 donkeys (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 12 15 wqm2 translate-names 0 Pirathonite ... Pirathon Pirathon is the name of a place, someone who is from that place is called a Pirathonite. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JDG 13 intro eu67 0 # Judges 13 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the account of Samson ([Judges 13-16](./01.md)).

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Warning not to cut his hair

The angel of the Lord prophesied about Samson and gave instructions to Samson's mother. Samson's mother was to offer up her son under a Nazarite vow. This was a special type of vow, dedicating Samson to Yahweh. Part of this vow prohibited the cutting of the person's hair. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]])
+JDG 13 intro eu67 0 # Judges 13 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the account of Samson ([Judges 13-16](./01.md)).

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Warning not to cut his hair

The angel of the Lord prophesied about Samson and gave instructions to Samson's mother. Samson's mother was to offer up her son under a Nazarite vow. This was a special type of vow, dedicating Samson to Yahweh. Part of this vow prohibited the cutting of the person's hair. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]])
JDG 13 1 acr5 figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh's judgment or evaluation. See how you translated this in [Judges 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "what was evil in Yahweh's judgment" or "what Yahweh considered to be evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 13 1 g29r figs-metonymy 0 he gave them into the hand of the Philistines Here "hand" refers to power to gain victory in battle. Alternate translation: "he allowed the Philistines to defeat them" or "he allowed them to be oppressed by the Philistines" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 13 1 jxd2 translate-numbers 0 forty years "40 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ JDG 13 24 ht9i 0 grew up "became an adult" or "matured" JDG 13 25 hmc1 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh's Spirit began to stir him Here the way Yahweh's Spirit influences Samson is compared to the way a spoon stirs food in a pot. Alternate translation: "Yahweh's Spirit began to influence Samson" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 13 25 wnc2 translate-names 0 Mahaneh Dan ... Eshtaol Mahaneh Dan is the name of a temporary camp that the tribe of Dan lived in while they looked for a permanent home. Eshtaol is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 13 25 x4d3 0 Zorah Translate the name of this town the same way you did in [Judges 13:2](../13/02.md). -JDG 14 intro cl2d 0 # Judges 14 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The account of Samson continues in this chapter.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:14, 18.

#### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Intermarriage
It was considered sinful for an Israel to marry a Canaanite or anyone from a different people group. This is why Samson's parents did not want him to marry a Philistine woman. They use rhetorical questions to convince him that he is sinning. This woman caused Samson many problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JDG 14 intro cl2d 0 # Judges 14 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The account of Samson continues in this chapter.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:14, 18.

### Special concepts in this chapter

### Intermarriage
It was considered sinful for an Israel to marry a Canaanite or anyone from a different people group. This is why Samson's parents did not want him to marry a Philistine woman. They use rhetorical questions to convince him that he is sinning. This woman caused Samson many problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JDG 14 1 bwa3 translate-names 0 Samson went down to Timnah The phrase "went down" is used here because Timnah is lower in elevation than where his father's house was. Timah is the name of a city in the Sorek Valley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 14 1 u7xb figs-euphemism 0 one of the daughters of the Philistines The word "daughter" is a polite way to refer to a young, unmarried woman. Alternate translation: "one of the unmarried women among the Philistine people" or "a Philistine girl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JDG 14 2 b9h1 figs-idiom 0 Now get her for me to be my wife This is an idiom. Samson was demanding his parents to speak to the Philistine woman's parents about marriage. Alternate translation: "Now arrange for her to become my wife" or "Make the arrangements for me to marry her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -1008,7 +1008,7 @@ JDG 14 19 ym43 0 Burning with anger "Very angry" JDG 14 19 d5ji 0 went up to his father's house The phrase "went up" is used here because Samson was at Timnah which is lower in elevation than where his father's house is located. JDG 14 20 hb14 figs-activepassive 0 Samson's wife was given to his best friend This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "his wife's father gave her to his best friend" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) JDG 14 20 ibt7 0 best friend "closest friend" -JDG 15 intro dn16 0 # Judges 15 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The account of Samson continues in this chapter.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 15:16.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Samson's strength

The Spirit of Yahweh rushed upon Samson. This meant God gave Samson extraordinary strength. Samson's power is the power of Yahweh himself and he enacted the judgment of God on the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])
+JDG 15 intro dn16 0 # Judges 15 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The account of Samson continues in this chapter.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 15:16.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Samson's strength

The Spirit of Yahweh rushed upon Samson. This meant God gave Samson extraordinary strength. Samson's power is the power of Yahweh himself and he enacted the judgment of God on the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])
JDG 15 1 gn7w figs-idiom 0 He said to himself This refers to thinking. Alternate translation: "He thought to himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 15 1 n6ml figs-explicit 0 I will go to my wife's room Samson intended to sleep with his wife. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "I will go to my wife's room, so we may sleep together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 15 1 hmg4 figs-ellipsis 0 would not allow him to go in The phrase "her room" is understood from what Samson said to himself. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: "would not permit him to go into her room" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -1067,7 +1067,7 @@ JDG 15 19 r7ji translate-names 0 En Hakkore This is the name of a spring of wat JDG 15 19 k47v figs-idiom 0 it is at Lehi to this day This means that the spring did not dry up but that it remained. The phrase "to this day" refers to the "present" time. Alternate translation: "the spring can still be found at Lehi, even today" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 15 20 ru29 figs-explicit 0 in the days of the Philistines This refers to the time period that the Philistines controlled the land of Israel. Alternate translation: "during the time the Philistines controlled Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 15 20 l52v translate-numbers 0 for twenty years "for 20 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JDG 16 intro u81n 0 # Judges 16 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The account of Samson concludes in this chapter.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Samson's mistake

Samson mistakenly thought that he was the source of his strength. He did not realize that Yahweh had left him and without Yahweh, he had no strength. This was not Samson's only mistake. His foreign wife created most of his problems.
+JDG 16 intro u81n 0 # Judges 16 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The account of Samson concludes in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Samson's mistake

Samson mistakenly thought that he was the source of his strength. He did not realize that Yahweh had left him and without Yahweh, he had no strength. This was not Samson's only mistake. His foreign wife created most of his problems.
JDG 16 1 l289 figs-euphemism 0 he went to bed with her The phrase "went to bed with" is a polite way of referring to having sex. Alternate translation: "he had sex with her" or "he slept with her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) JDG 16 2 j859 translate-names 0 The Gazites were told The word "Gazites" refers to people from Gaza. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone told the people of Gaza" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 16 2 fyj2 0 The Gazites surrounded the place ... they waited for him all night at the city gate This implies that some Gazites surrounded the place where Samson was staying and others waited at the city gate so that he could not leave. @@ -1167,7 +1167,7 @@ JDG 16 31 de6c 0 in the burial place of Manoah, his father "where his father, JDG 16 31 i2d4 translate-names 0 Manoah See how you translated this man's name in [Judges 13:2](../13/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 16 31 wv8z figs-explicit 0 Samson had judged Israel for twenty years This same sentence is also in [Judges 15:20](../15/20.md). It is repeated here to remind readers of how long he judged Israel. Alternate translation: "Samson had judged Israel for twenty years before he died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) JDG 16 31 vmv2 translate-numbers 0 twenty years "20 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JDG 17 intro c454 0 # Judges 17 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a section explaining how Israel came to have a king.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Idols and figures

According to the law of Moses, the Israelites were prohibited from making wooden figures or cast metal idols. This was a form of idolatry. This practice was common in Canaan and it shows the influence the Israelites allowed these people to have on them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
+JDG 17 intro c454 0 # Judges 17 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a section explaining how Israel came to have a king.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Idols and figures

According to the law of Moses, the Israelites were prohibited from making wooden figures or cast metal idols. This was a form of idolatry. This practice was common in Canaan and it shows the influence the Israelites allowed these people to have on them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
JDG 17 1 rrp1 writing-participants 0 There was a man This is a way to introduce a new person to the story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) JDG 17 1 ke46 translate-names 0 Micah This is the name of a man. It is not the same man who wrote the book of Micah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 17 2 c1x6 translate-numbers 0 1,100 pieces "one thousand one hundred pieces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@ JDG 17 10 tm7m figs-explicit 0 So the Levite went into his house It is implied JDG 17 11 mvs9 figs-simile 0 the young man became to Micah like one of his sons The relationship between the Levite and Micah became like the close relationship between a father and son. Alternate translation: "the young man became close to Micah and was like one of his sons" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JDG 17 12 t9an figs-idiom 0 Micah set apart the Levite Here "set apart" means that Micah "dedicated" or "ordained" him. Alternate translation: "Micah dedicated the Levite" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 17 12 s6d6 figs-metonymy 0 was in Micah's house Here living in Micah's house is spoken of as "being" in his house. Alternate translation: "lived in Micah's house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JDG 18 intro y2ru 0 # Judges 18 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The tribe of Dan

The tribe of Dan lacked faith in Yahweh and had yet to conquer its inheritance. In this chapter, they begin to conquer their land, but they also started to worship an idol. Their conquering of the land is much different than the other tribes' victories. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])
+JDG 18 intro y2ru 0 # Judges 18 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The tribe of Dan

The tribe of Dan lacked faith in Yahweh and had yet to conquer its inheritance. In this chapter, they begin to conquer their land, but they also started to worship an idol. Their conquering of the land is much different than the other tribes' victories. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])
JDG 18 1 d1r4 writing-newevent 0 In those days This phrase introduces the beginning of another event in the story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) JDG 18 1 w9qn writing-background 0 In those days ... from among the tribes of Israel This is background information about Israel and the people of the tribe of Dan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JDG 18 1 g4f2 figs-explicit 0 not received any inheritance from This refers specifically to land inherited where they would live. Alternate translation: "not received a land inheritance from" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1250,7 +1250,7 @@ JDG 18 28 vw28 translate-names 0 Beth Rehob This is a name of a town. (See: [[r JDG 18 30 z23n figs-explicit 0 Jonathan son of Gershom, son of Moses This is the name of the young Levite who used to serve as priest for Micah. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "The young Levite's name was Jonathan the son of Gershom, son of Moses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) JDG 18 30 myi7 figs-metaphor 0 until the day of the land's captivity This refers to a time later on when the people of Dan would be captured by their enemies. Here the land being conquered is spoken of as if it were a prisoner taken captive by an enemy. Alternate translation: "until the day that their enemies conquered their land" or "until the day that their enemies took them captive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) JDG 18 31 m78z figs-metonymy 0 that he made Micah did not make his gods, rather the craftsman made them for him. Alternate translation: "that had been made for him" or "that his craftsman made for him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JDG 19 intro gj7f 0 # Judges 19 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The sin of Benjamin
People from a village of the tribe of Benjamin raped a visitor's wife to death. This was very evil, especially in the ancient Near East. The people of Israel considered mistreatment of a guest one of the worst crimes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
+JDG 19 intro gj7f 0 # Judges 19 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The sin of Benjamin
People from a village of the tribe of Benjamin raped a visitor's wife to death. This was very evil, especially in the ancient Near East. The people of Israel considered mistreatment of a guest one of the worst crimes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
JDG 19 1 akh7 writing-newevent 0 In those days This phrase introduces the beginning of another event in the story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) JDG 19 1 u1qs 0 remote far from where most people live JDG 19 2 p37k figs-explicit 0 was unfaithful to him This means that she was unfaithful in their relationship and that she began to sleep with other men. This can be stated explicitly if necessary. Alternate translation: "began to sleep with other men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@ JDG 19 28 gk5s figs-explicit 0 But there was no answer The woman did not answer JDG 19 29 r79a figs-idiom 0 limb by limb "section by section." The author uses this graphic description of how the Levite cut up her body into specific pieces to emphasize what he did. "Limbs" refers to a person's arms and legs. If there is not a similar phrase in your language, this description may be left out of the translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) JDG 19 29 fx7u translate-numbers 0 twelve pieces "12 pieces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) JDG 19 29 xd3i figs-explicit 0 sent the pieces everywhere throughout Israel This means that he sent sent the different pieces to twelve different areas of Israel. Alternate translation: "sent each piece to a different place throughout Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JDG 20 intro lla1 0 # Judges 20 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Benjamin destroyed

The army of Israel destroys all the tribe of Benjamin except 600 men. After this point in time, the tribe of Benjamin becomes mostly insignificant.
+JDG 20 intro lla1 0 # Judges 20 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Benjamin destroyed

The army of Israel destroys all the tribe of Benjamin except 600 men. After this point in time, the tribe of Benjamin becomes mostly insignificant.
JDG 20 1 wg4p figs-simile 0 as one man This simile speaks of the group as acting as a single person. It refers to a group of who people do everything together in the same way. Alternate translation: "as if they were a single man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) JDG 20 1 jp6a figs-merism 0 from Dan to Beersheba This refers to the land as a whole. Alternate translation: "from all the eleven tribes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) JDG 20 2 ze7s 0 God—400,000 men on foot "God and also 400,000 regular soldiers came" @@ -1365,7 +1365,7 @@ JDG 20 47 h1ci translate-numbers 0 six hundred "600" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/tra JDG 20 48 h7m3 0 turned back against the people of Benjamin These people of Benjamin are not the soldiers who fled to the rock of Rimmon, but the ones who were still in the city. JDG 20 48 l4rw figs-metonymy 0 the city Here "the city" refers to the people in that city. Alternate translation: "everyone who was in the city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) JDG 20 48 ue39 figs-idiom 0 in their path This idiom refers to everything that they found as they went toward the city. Alternate translation: "they came to" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JDG 21 intro bf76 0 # Judges 21 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter concludes the account of the previous chapter.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Sin and immorality

At the end of Judges, there is much sin and immorality. The people are doing wrong and fixing their wrongs by doing more evil things. This period of Judges is typified by this final account and summarized by the statement, "everyone did what was right in his own eyes." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
+JDG 21 intro bf76 0 # Judges 21 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter concludes the account of the previous chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sin and immorality

At the end of Judges, there is much sin and immorality. The people are doing wrong and fixing their wrongs by doing more evil things. This period of Judges is typified by this final account and summarized by the statement, "everyone did what was right in his own eyes." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
JDG 21 1 w65e writing-background 0 Now the men of Israel had made a promise ... marry a Benjamite." This background information tells the reader about the promise that the Israelites made before the battle with the Benjamites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) JDG 21 1 rw2t 0 Benjamite This is the name of the descendants of Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Judges 3:15](../03/15.md). JDG 21 3 q8cb figs-rquestion 0 Why, Yahweh, God of Israel, has this happened to Israel, that one of our tribes should be missing today? The people of Israel used this rhetorical question to express their deep sadness. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Oh Yahweh, we are so sad that one of the tribes of Israel has been completely destroyed." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv b/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv index a5d3c1bc3..a6c614c96 100644 --- a/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv +++ b/en_tn_08-RUT.tsv @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote RUT front intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of Ruth

1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22)
1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)
1. Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)
1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)
1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)

### What is the Book of Ruth about?

This book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

This book traditionally has the title "Ruth" because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as "The Book about Ruth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur?

The story of Ruth is set during the time when there were "judges" in Israel. These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?

In a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites' frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])

### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth?

Israelites practiced what is called "levirate marriage." This was a custom for the closest male relative to provide for a childless widow by marrying her. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would still have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could.

### What was a "kinsman-redeemer"?

A person's close relative or relatives were expected to act as "kinsmen-redeemers" (2:20 ULT) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need. They were also responsible to practice "levirate marriage." In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.

### What was "gleaning" in the Book of Ruth?

Poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These "gleaners" picked up sheaves of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.

### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?

A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to a covenant they had with someone else. God promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.

The Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives are part of Israel's duties in God's covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth and Naomi gives good examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])

### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?

City gates in the time of Boaz were natural meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were large, perhaps two to three meters in width. Therefore the gateway opening provided a shady area for public meetings. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.

Some English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting "at" the city gate. It may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat "in" the city gateway.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic?

The Book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULT uses various words to indicate these changes, such as "so," "then," and "now." Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes.
-RUT 1 intro irf4 0 # Ruth 01 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

#### "It happened in the days when the judges ruled"
The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Women without a husband or children
In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### Contrast
The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi's god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
+RUT 1 intro irf4 0 # Ruth 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### "It happened in the days when the judges ruled"
The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Women without a husband or children
In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Contrast
The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi's god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
RUT 1 1 sb2j 0 It happened "It was" or "This is what happened." This is a common way of beginning a historical story. RUT 1 1 m9nl 0 in the days when the judges ruled "during the time when judges led and governed Israel" RUT 1 1 nm13 figs-explicit 0 in the land This refers to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: "in the land of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ RUT 1 21 jqx5 0 condemned me "judged me guilty" RUT 1 21 t1p8 0 has afflicted me "has brought calamity on me" or "has brought tragedy to me" RUT 1 22 cx7g writing-endofstory 0 So Naomi and Ruth This begins a summary statement. English marks this by the word "so." Determine how your language marks concluding or summary statements and do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) RUT 1 22 bgy3 figs-abstractnouns 0 at the beginning of the barley harvest The phrase "the barley harvest" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -RUT 2 intro ld2v 0 # Ruth 02 General Notes
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "Do not go and glean in another field"
Boaz said this because he could not guarantee their safety in another person's field. It is assumed that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+RUT 2 intro ld2v 0 # Ruth 02 General Notes
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "Do not go and glean in another field"
Boaz said this because he could not guarantee their safety in another person's field. It is assumed that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 2 1 t2sn writing-background 0 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband This phrase introduces new information before the story continues. Your language may have a way to introduce new information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) RUT 2 1 b4q7 0 a worthy man "a prominent, wealthy man." This means that Boaz was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation. RUT 2 2 am6a 0 Ruth, the Moabite woman Here the story resumes. You need to see how your language restarts a story after a break. @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ RUT 2 22 f2tw 0 go out with "work with" RUT 2 22 bcc4 0 come to harm Possible meanings are 1) other workers might abuse Ruth or try to seize her and sleep with her or 2) in another field, the owner might interfere or stop her from gleaning until the end of the harvest. RUT 2 23 e2vq 0 she stayed close Ruth worked in Boaz's fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe. RUT 2 23 a7qp 0 She lived with her mother-in-law Ruth went to Naomi's home to sleep at night. -RUT 3 intro t4y5 0 # Ruth 03 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Boaz's integrity
Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz's character is important for this story.

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "So that things may go well for you"
Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi's daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+RUT 3 intro t4y5 0 # Ruth 03 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Boaz's integrity
Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz's character is important for this story.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "So that things may go well for you"
Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi's daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 1 r7ar 0 mother-in-law Naomi is the mother of Ruth's dead husband. RUT 3 1 f1uc 0 My daughter Ruth became Naomi's daughter by marrying her son and further by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem. RUT 3 1 nxr8 figs-rquestion 0 should I not seek a place for you to rest ... for you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: "I must look for a place for you to rest ... for you." or "I must find a husband to care for you ... for you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ RUT 3 16 s7dr figs-explicit 0 How did you do, my daughter? What Ruth meant by t RUT 3 16 w9p9 0 all that the man had done "all that Boaz had done" RUT 3 17 e9xx 0 Do not go empty "Do not go empty-handed" or "Do not go with nothing" or "Be sure to take something" RUT 3 18 u5rn 0 finished this thing This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi's property and marry Ruth. -RUT 4 intro pz6m 0 # Ruth 04 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### King David
Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel's greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

#### "You must also take Ruth the Moabitess"
Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.

#### "This was the custom in former times"
This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down. +RUT 4 intro pz6m 0 # Ruth 04 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### King David
Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel's greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### "You must also take Ruth the Moabitess"
Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.

### "This was the custom in former times"
This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down. RUT 4 1 m4by 0 the gate "the gate of the city" or "the gate of Bethlehem." This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. There was an open area by the gate that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters. RUT 4 1 kz1g 0 the near kinsman This was the closest living relative to Elimelek. RUT 4 2 bf74 0 elders of the city "leaders of the city" diff --git a/en_tn_09-1SA.tsv b/en_tn_09-1SA.tsv index 1e0345827..8591ed521 100644 --- a/en_tn_09-1SA.tsv +++ b/en_tn_09-1SA.tsv @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote 1SA front intro z2ar 0 # Introduction to 1 Samuel
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of 1 Samuel

1. Samuel as judge over Israel (1:1–7:17)
- Samuel as a child (1:1–3:21)
- Shiloh priesthood; the fall and death of Eli the priest (4:1–22)
- The ark of God and the war with the Philistines (5:1–6:21)
- Mizpah; Samuel's rule over Israel (7:1–17)
1. Saul and Samuel (8:1–15:35)
- Samuel lets the people seek a king (8:1–22)
- Saul anointed king (9:1–10:27)
- Battle and victory over the Ammonites (11:1–15)
- Samuel's farewell (12:1–25)
- Saul's weakness and failures (13:1–15:35)
1. David and his conflicts with Saul (16:1–31:13)
- God's choice of David to be king (16:1–23)
- David fights Goliath (17:1–58)
- Saul's jealousy of David; David and Jonathan (18:1–20:42)
- David in the wilderness; David in Philistia (21:1–30:31)
- Death of Saul (31:1–13)

### What is the Book of 1 Samuel about?

The Book of 1 Samuel is about Samuel, Saul, and David. Samuel was the last of the judges over Israel. Saul was the first king of Israel. Much of the book is about how Saul became king, then how he later sinned against God and died. God chose David to be king after Saul. This book shows how God protected David when Saul tried to kill him.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators can use the traditional title "1 Samuel" or "First Samuel." Or, translators may consider a clearer title such as "The First Book About Samuel, Saul, and David." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### What is the purpose of the Book of 1 Samuel?

The purpose of 1 Samuel is to give an account of the events leading up to David becoming king of Israel. In 1 Samuel, the twelve tribes of Israel unite under the first king of Israel, Saul. But Saul does not obey Yahweh's commands. So God uses Samuel to choose David as a king who will trust and obey Yahweh.

### Who wrote the Book of 1 Samuel?

It is uncertain who wrote 1 Samuel. It may have been someone alive soon after King Solomon died. When Solomon died, the kingdom of Israel split into two kingdoms. The author probably lived in the southern kingdom of Judah. A descendant of David continued to rule over the southern kingdom. The author may have written 1 Samuel to defend David's right to be king. This would prove that David's descendant was the rightful king of God's people.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### Who is "Yahweh's anointed"?

The writer of 1 Samuel often speaks of "Yahweh's anointed." This refers to the one whom Yahweh chose to be the king of his people. Also, the phrase "Yahweh's anointed" would make later readers think about the future descendant of David who would become king of God's people. This person who Yahweh chose would be known as the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What are curses, as found in 1 Samuel and elsewhere?

A curse is a strong statement a person makes to cause bad things to happen to the person or thing being cursed. A curse usually has this pattern: "May God do so to you, and even more, if you hide anything from me of all the words that he spoke to you" (1 Sam. 3:17). Other instances of curses in 1 and 2 Samuel are found in 1 Sam 14:44; 20:13; 25:22; 2 Sam 3:9, 35; and 19:13. The translator should represent a curse in the project language in as strong a way as possible.

### How is the name "Israel" used in the Bible?

The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed his name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])

The Book of 1 Samuel has two references to Israel and Judah ([1 Samuel 17:52](../17/52.md), [1 Samuel 18:16](../18/16.md)). However, these references appear in the text long before the two kingdoms split apart. It seems clear that the references to Israel and Judah are in the text because the author wrote at a time after the kingdoms split. He wanted the readers to understand that all the twelve tribes had supported David.

### What is the meaning of the phrase "to this day"?

This phrase was used by the narrator to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. He must avoid giving the impression that the present day of the translation's readers is meant. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written" or "to this day, at the time of writing." This phrase occurs in 1 Samuel 5:5; 6:18: 27:6; 30:25.
-1SA 1 intro cj3l 0 # 1 Samuel 01 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter introduces Samuel. It is the beginning of the section 1 Samuel 1-7 which tells about Samuel, the religious leader of Israel.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Two wives
This was a common practice in the ancient Near East. It was against the law of Moses. The men of Israel would have sinned if they married more than one woman. This type of marriage always creates problems because of jealousy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]])

#### "Pay his vow"
It was customary for Israelites to promise God to make a sacrifice to him if God answered special prayers. Making such a sacrifice was called paying one's vow. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Idioms

When Hannah wanted to assure Eli she was telling the truth, she used the idiom "as you live." This is a type of oath formula meaning "I promise you I am telling the truth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])

The author also uses the phrase "call to mind." This is a common idiom meaning "remember."
+1SA 1 intro cj3l 0 # 1 Samuel 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter introduces Samuel. It is the beginning of the section 1 Samuel 1-7 which tells about Samuel, the religious leader of Israel.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Two wives
This was a common practice in the ancient Near East. It was against the law of Moses. The men of Israel would have sinned if they married more than one woman. This type of marriage always creates problems because of jealousy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]])

### "Pay his vow"
It was customary for Israelites to promise God to make a sacrifice to him if God answered special prayers. Making such a sacrifice was called paying one's vow. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idioms

When Hannah wanted to assure Eli she was telling the truth, she used the idiom "as you live." This is a type of oath formula meaning "I promise you I am telling the truth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])

The author also uses the phrase "call to mind." This is a common idiom meaning "remember."
1SA 1 1 xa1t translate-names 0 Ramathaim This is the name of a small village possibly located eight kilometers northwest of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 1 1 mwm2 translate-names 0 the Zuphites This is the name of a people group that descended from Zuph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 1 1 cjl8 translate-names 0 Elkanah ... Jeroham ... Elihu ... Tohu ... Zuph These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 1 27 m76r figs-abstractnouns 0 has given me my petition which I asked of him The noun "petition" refers to a formal request for another person to do something. It can be translated with a verb. The idiom "to give a petition" means to do what the person requests. Alternate translation: "has agreed to do what I solemnly requested that he do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 1 28 fp77 figs-activepassive 0 he is lent to Yahweh This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "I am loaning him to Yahweh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 1 28 f1d4 figs-synecdoche 0 he worshiped Yahweh Possible meanings: 1) "He" refers to Elkanah or 2) "he" is a synecdoche referring to both Elkanah and his family. Alternate translation: "Elkanah and his family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -1SA 2 intro fe7v 0 # 1 Samuel 02 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with Hannah's poetic prayer in 2:1-10 .

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Hannah's song of praise to God

This song is about how God protects the weak and strengthens them. He humbles the rich, provides for the poor, and defeats his enemies.

#### Eli's Sons

Eli, the chief priest, had two sons. They were ungodly priests who continually sinned and did not honor God. Eli corrected them but they did not listen. A prophet warned Eli that God would stop his family from being priests and his sons would both die on the same day. At the same time, Samuel was growing up and serving God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

This chapter has many figures of speech because the first part of the chapter is a song and the last part of the chapter is a prophecy. Songs and prophecy tend to have many figures of speech.

#### Synecdoches

"My heart" and "my mouth" are synecdoches referencing the speaker. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])

#### Metonymies

Body parts are often used to stand for activities involving that part of the body. "The feet of his faithful people" is a metonym meaning what they are doing or where they are going. Place names are often used for people in that place such as "the ends of the earth" meaning the people living in the ends of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

#### Metaphors

Hannah used many military metaphors: "rock," representing protection; "the bows of the mighty men are broken," representing military defeat; "the horn of his anointed," representing the power of the one that God has chosen to be king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

#### Rhetorical questions

God used three rhetorical questions to correct and condemn Eli. "Did I not reveal myself to the house of your ancestor, when they were in Egypt in bondage to Pharaoh's house?" "Why then do you scorn my offerings that I required in the place where I live?" "Why do you honor your sons above me by making yourselves fat with the best of every offering of my people Israel?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+1SA 2 intro fe7v 0 # 1 Samuel 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with Hannah's poetic prayer in 2:1-10 .

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Hannah's song of praise to God

This song is about how God protects the weak and strengthens them. He humbles the rich, provides for the poor, and defeats his enemies.

### Eli's Sons

Eli, the chief priest, had two sons. They were ungodly priests who continually sinned and did not honor God. Eli corrected them but they did not listen. A prophet warned Eli that God would stop his family from being priests and his sons would both die on the same day. At the same time, Samuel was growing up and serving God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

This chapter has many figures of speech because the first part of the chapter is a song and the last part of the chapter is a prophecy. Songs and prophecy tend to have many figures of speech.

### Synecdoches

"My heart" and "my mouth" are synecdoches referencing the speaker. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])

### Metonymies

Body parts are often used to stand for activities involving that part of the body. "The feet of his faithful people" is a metonym meaning what they are doing or where they are going. Place names are often used for people in that place such as "the ends of the earth" meaning the people living in the ends of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

### Metaphors

Hannah used many military metaphors: "rock," representing protection; "the bows of the mighty men are broken," representing military defeat; "the horn of his anointed," representing the power of the one that God has chosen to be king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

### Rhetorical questions

God used three rhetorical questions to correct and condemn Eli. "Did I not reveal myself to the house of your ancestor, when they were in Egypt in bondage to Pharaoh's house?" "Why then do you scorn my offerings that I required in the place where I live?" "Why do you honor your sons above me by making yourselves fat with the best of every offering of my people Israel?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1SA 2 1 e9ks figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Hannah recites a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1SA 2 1 aq77 0 My heart exults "I have great joy" 1SA 2 1 j5ts 0 in Yahweh "because of who Yahweh is" or "because Yahweh is so great" @@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 2 35 bg77 figs-idiom 0 I will build him a sure house Here "house" is an idiom used for "descendants." Alternate translation: "I will ensure that he always has a descendant who serves as high priest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 2 36 tmh4 0 him the faithful priest whom God will raise up 1SA 2 36 y912 figs-synecdoche 0 so I can eat a piece of bread Here "piece of bread" is used for "food. "Alternate translation: "so I can have something to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -1SA 3 intro riy2 0 # 1 Samuel 03 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### God speaks to Samuel

God spoke at night to Samuel when he was a small boy, telling him that he would punish Eli's family. As Samuel grew up, God gave him many messages. People came from all over Israel to find out what God had to say.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Metonymy

In order to show respect when talking to God, Samuel calls himself "your servant" when referring to himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

#### Idioms

One characteristic of prophecy is the use of figures of speech. In this passage there are two idioms: "ears will shake," meaning "will shock everyone who hears" and "carry out," meaning "do." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])

In order to be sure Samuel would tell him the whole truth, Eli used the standard formula for a curse: "may God do to you, and even more, if," meaning "God will punish severely if the person does what the curse says he will do." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
+1SA 3 intro riy2 0 # 1 Samuel 03 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### God speaks to Samuel

God spoke at night to Samuel when he was a small boy, telling him that he would punish Eli's family. As Samuel grew up, God gave him many messages. People came from all over Israel to find out what God had to say.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metonymy

In order to show respect when talking to God, Samuel calls himself "your servant" when referring to himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

### Idioms

One characteristic of prophecy is the use of figures of speech. In this passage there are two idioms: "ears will shake," meaning "will shock everyone who hears" and "carry out," meaning "do." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])

In order to be sure Samuel would tell him the whole truth, Eli used the standard formula for a curse: "may God do to you, and even more, if," meaning "God will punish severely if the person does what the curse says he will do." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
1SA 3 1 w5tu 0 Yahweh's word was rare "Yahweh did not often speak to people" 1SA 3 3 vl1e 0 The lamp of God This is the seven-candle lampstand in the holy place of the tabernacle that burned every day and through the night until it was empty. 1SA 3 3 vv3t 0 the temple of Yahweh The "temple" was actually a tent, but it was where the people worshiped, so it is best to translate the word as "temple" here. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 1:9](../01/09.md). @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 3 20 km4x 0 All Israel "All the people in Israel" 1SA 3 20 q8cs figs-merism 0 from Dan to Beersheba This is a merism for "in every part of the land." Alternate translation: "from one end of the land to the other" or "from Dan in the very north to Beersheba in the very south" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1SA 3 20 v6xm figs-activepassive 0 Samuel was appointed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh had appointed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1SA 4 intro a7dh 0 # 1 Samuel 04 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

#### The Ark of the Covenant in Philistine country

This chapter begins a new section on the Ark and the Philistines. It recounts two battles between Israel and the Philistines. In both battles, Israel was badly defeated and, in the second, the Ark was captured.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The Ark is captured

The Philistine army invaded Israel, and Israel's army went to fight them but was defeated. Israel decided that if they took the Ark into the next battle, God would cause them to win. When Eli's sons took the Ark into the next battle and the Philistines won the battle, they killed Eli's two sons and captured the Ark. When Eli heard the Ark was captured, he fell over, broke his neck, and died. Hearing this news, his daughter-in-law named her baby "the glory has departed."

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Rhetorical Question

The Philistines expressed their fear using a rhetorical question: "Who will protect us from the strength of this mighty God?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+1SA 4 intro a7dh 0 # 1 Samuel 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### The Ark of the Covenant in Philistine country

This chapter begins a new section on the Ark and the Philistines. It recounts two battles between Israel and the Philistines. In both battles, Israel was badly defeated and, in the second, the Ark was captured.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The Ark is captured

The Philistine army invaded Israel, and Israel's army went to fight them but was defeated. Israel decided that if they took the Ark into the next battle, God would cause them to win. When Eli's sons took the Ark into the next battle and the Philistines won the battle, they killed Eli's two sons and captured the Ark. When Eli heard the Ark was captured, he fell over, broke his neck, and died. Hearing this news, his daughter-in-law named her baby "the glory has departed."

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Question

The Philistines expressed their fear using a rhetorical question: "Who will protect us from the strength of this mighty God?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1SA 4 1 ahq8 translate-names 0 Ebenezer ... Aphek These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 4 2 in3q figs-activepassive 0 Israel was defeated by the Philistines, who killed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Philistines defeated the Israelites and killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 4 2 c78l translate-numbers 0 about four thousand men Here the number four thousand is a round number. There may have been a few more than that or a few less than that. The word "about" shows that it is not an exact number. Alternate translation: "about 4,000 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 4 21 eja5 translate-names 0 Ichabod The name is actually a phrase that means "no glory." The name of a person sometimes reveals information about the person, place, or thing it refers to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 4 21 b2am figs-activepassive 0 for the ark of God had been captured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for the Philistines had captured the ark of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 4 22 pea3 figs-activepassive 0 the ark of God has been captured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because the Philistines have captured the ark of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1SA 5 intro qnq6 0 # 1 Samuel 05 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The story of the Ark of the Covenant in Philistia continues.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The Ark in the Philistine Cities

The Philistines took the Ark of God to Ashdod and put it in their idol temple, but their idol fell down in front of the Ark and the people got sick with bubonic plague. They took it to Gath next, and the people of Gath began dying of the plague. When they took the Ark to Ekron, the people of Ekron were afraid of it too and did not want it there. Finally they decided to send it back to Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Idioms

There are two slightly different idioms used in the same way: the "hand was heavy" and the "hand was hard." Both idioms mean "was severely punished." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+1SA 5 intro qnq6 0 # 1 Samuel 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The story of the Ark of the Covenant in Philistia continues.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The Ark in the Philistine Cities

The Philistines took the Ark of God to Ashdod and put it in their idol temple, but their idol fell down in front of the Ark and the people got sick with bubonic plague. They took it to Gath next, and the people of Gath began dying of the plague. When they took the Ark to Ekron, the people of Ekron were afraid of it too and did not want it there. Finally they decided to send it back to Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idioms

There are two slightly different idioms used in the same way: the "hand was heavy" and the "hand was hard." Both idioms mean "was severely punished." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1SA 5 1 r22j 0 Now This word marks the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a word or phrase that does the same, you could use it here. 1SA 5 1 j9ri 0 ark of God See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 3:3](../03/03.md). This is the a same as the "ark of the covenant of Yahweh" in [1 Samuel 4:3](../04/03.md). 1SA 5 2 ibj1 0 house of Dagon This refers to the temple of Dagon, the god of the Philistines. @@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 5 12 djg2 figs-explicit 0 The men who did not die This implies that many men actually died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 5 12 u8uu 0 tumors Possible meanings are 1) painful swelling under the skin or 2) hemorrhoids. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 5:6](../05/06.md). 1SA 5 12 vm1y figs-metonymy 0 the cry of the city went up to the heavens The word "city" is a metonym for the people of the city. Possible meanings are 1) the words "went up to the heavens" is an idiom for "was very great." Alternate translation: "the people of the city cried out very loudly" or 2) the words "the heavens" is a metonym for the people's gods. Alternate translation: "the people of the city cried out to their gods" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1SA 6 intro z9kg 0 # 1 Samuel 06 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter ends the story of the Ark of the Covenant among the Philistines.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The Philistines send the Ark back to Israel

The Philistine leaders asked their priests what they should do with the Ark. The priests said to send it off with an offering. The Philistines put the Ark on a cart drawn by cows and let them go wherever they wanted to go. The cows went straight toward Israel. When some people peeked into the Ark, God killed them. Because of this, the people sent the Ark to Kiriath Jearim.
+1SA 6 intro z9kg 0 # 1 Samuel 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter ends the story of the Ark of the Covenant among the Philistines.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The Philistines send the Ark back to Israel

The Philistine leaders asked their priests what they should do with the Ark. The priests said to send it off with an offering. The Philistines put the Ark on a cart drawn by cows and let them go wherever they wanted to go. The cows went straight toward Israel. When some people peeked into the Ark, God killed them. Because of this, the people sent the Ark to Kiriath Jearim.
1SA 6 2 rk4s 0 the priests and the diviners These were pagan priests and diviners who worshiped Dagon. 1SA 6 2 nd2k 0 Tell us how we should send it The Philistines wanted to know how to get rid of the ark without angering Yahweh any further. 1SA 6 3 gg7q 0 the God of Israel Possible meanings are 1) they were speaking the proper name of the God of Israel or 2) they believed that Israel worshiped one of many gods, "the god of Israel." See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 5:7](../05/07.md). @@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 6 20 zwk1 figs-rquestion 0 Who is able to stand before Yahweh, this holy God? Possible meanings are 1) this is a rhetorical question that expresses the people's fear of Yahweh. Alternate translation: "There is no one who can resist Yahweh because he is so holy!" or 2) this is a question asking for information. The phrase "stand before Yahweh" may refer to priests who serve Yahweh. It is implied that the people were looking for a priest whom Yahweh would permit to handle the ark. Alternate translation: "Is there a priest among us who serves this holy God, Yahweh, and is able to handle this ark?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 6 20 bc1z figs-explicit 0 To whom will the ark go up from us? This is a question asking for information. It is implied that the people want Yahweh and the ark to go somewhere else so he will not punish them again. Alternate translation: "Where can we send this ark so that Yahweh will not punish us again?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 6 21 n5gr translate-names 0 Kiriath Jearim This was a town in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 7 intro hd2a 0 # 1 Samuel 07 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter completes the section on Samuel leading Israel.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Israel begins to worship Yahweh again

Samuel told the people to get rid of all their idols and worship Yahweh alone. The people were obedient. When the Philistines heard the Israelites were all gathered together, the Philistines attacked, but God defeated them. There was a time of peace during which Samuel settled disputes between the people as the judges had done before.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Idioms

Whenever Samuel spoke to a group of people, he used many idioms: "to turn to" means "to worship"; "with your whole heart" means "completely"; and "rescue from the hand" means "rescued from the power." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+1SA 7 intro hd2a 0 # 1 Samuel 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter completes the section on Samuel leading Israel.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel begins to worship Yahweh again

Samuel told the people to get rid of all their idols and worship Yahweh alone. The people were obedient. When the Philistines heard the Israelites were all gathered together, the Philistines attacked, but God defeated them. There was a time of peace during which Samuel settled disputes between the people as the judges had done before.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idioms

Whenever Samuel spoke to a group of people, he used many idioms: "to turn to" means "to worship"; "with your whole heart" means "completely"; and "rescue from the hand" means "rescued from the power." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1SA 7 1 vxi4 translate-names 0 Kiriath Jearim This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 7 1 uf4m translate-names 0 Abinadab ... Eleazar These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 7 2 kwf8 translate-numbers 0 twenty years "20 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 7 14 li9a figs-activepassive 0 The towns ... from Israel were restored to Israel This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) Here "Israel" refers to the "land" of Israel. "Yahweh restored to the land of Israel the towns ... from Israel" or 2) "Israel" is a metonym for the people who live there. Alternate translation: "the people of Israel were able to reclaim the towns ... from Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 7 16 p2sh 0 went on a circuit traveled from place to place in a rough circle 1SA 7 16 qa19 0 He decided disputes Disputes are arguments or disagreements between two or more people. -1SA 8 intro ek6j 0 # 1 Samuel 08 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
#### Saul and Samuel

The section including chapters 8-16 begins a new part of the story. The people wanted a king, and God chose Saul, the man the people wanted, to be their king. He was not the king Yahweh wanted.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The people want a king

When Samuel was old, he appointed his sons to be judges. They were corrupt and took bribes, so the people came and asked Samuel to appoint a king for them. Samuel asked God, who gave them a king but warned them what a king would be like. Despite Samuel's warning that a king would oppress them, the people still wanted a king. This was sinful because they were rejecting God as their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+1SA 8 intro ek6j 0 # 1 Samuel 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
### Saul and Samuel

The section including chapters 8-16 begins a new part of the story. The people wanted a king, and God chose Saul, the man the people wanted, to be their king. He was not the king Yahweh wanted.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The people want a king

When Samuel was old, he appointed his sons to be judges. They were corrupt and took bribes, so the people came and asked Samuel to appoint a king for them. Samuel asked God, who gave them a king but warned them what a king would be like. Despite Samuel's warning that a king would oppress them, the people still wanted a king. This was sinful because they were rejecting God as their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
1SA 8 3 d1qv figs-metaphor 0 chased after dishonest gain The writer speaks of money that people would give Samuel's sons as if it were a person or animal running away from Samuel's sons, and he speaks of Samuel's sons as if they were physically chasing that person or animal. Alternate translation: "they worked hard to gain money by being dishonest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1SA 8 3 pt6z 0 perverted justice "judged in favor of those who did evil" 1SA 8 5 rx69 figs-idiom 0 do not walk in your ways The way a person lives is spoken of as walking on a path. Alternate translation: "do not do the things you do" or "do not do what is just the way you do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 8 22 d8pw figs-metonymy 0 Obey their voice Here the metonym "their voice" refers to the will of the people. Alternate translation: "Obey the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 8 22 s4b6 0 cause someone to be king for them "make someone king over them." Use the common term in your language for making someone king. 1SA 8 22 vjc2 0 go to his own city "go home" -1SA 9 intro kus3 0 # 1 Samuel 09 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Samuel chooses Saul to be their king

When the donkeys of Saul's father strayed away, Saul went looking for them. When he could not find them, he asked Samuel to ask God where they were. Samuel said the donkeys had been found. He invited Saul as the guest of honor to a feast and gave him a place to sleep for the night.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Rhetorical questions

Saul uses two rhetorical questions to convince Samuel he is not important: "Am not I a Benjamite, from the smallest of the tribes of Israel? Is not my clan the least of all the clans of the tribe of Benjamin?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+1SA 9 intro kus3 0 # 1 Samuel 09 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Samuel chooses Saul to be their king

When the donkeys of Saul's father strayed away, Saul went looking for them. When he could not find them, he asked Samuel to ask God where they were. Samuel said the donkeys had been found. He invited Saul as the guest of honor to a feast and gave him a place to sleep for the night.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions

Saul uses two rhetorical questions to convince Samuel he is not important: "Am not I a Benjamite, from the smallest of the tribes of Israel? Is not my clan the least of all the clans of the tribe of Benjamin?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1SA 9 1 y487 writing-background 0 General Information: If your language has a way of telling the reader that the writer is giving background information in these verses, you could use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 1SA 9 1 k9kq 0 a man of influence Possible meanings are 1) he was a wealthy man or 2) he was a nobleman or 3) he was a mighty and brave man. 1SA 9 1 sxy3 translate-names 0 Kish ... Abiel ... Zeror ... Bekorath ... Aphiah These are names of the men of Saul's family line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 9 26 r8sh figs-explicit 0 Samuel called to Saul on the rooftop and said What Saul was doing on the rooftop can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "while Saul was sleeping on the rooftop, Samuel called to him and said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 9 27 yp6k 0 ahead of us"—and he went ahead—"but you must stay It is possible that Samuel speaks all of these words. Alternate translation: "ahead of us, and when he has gone ahead, you must stay" 1SA 9 27 e7zg 0 that I may announce the message of God to you "so that I can tell you God's message for you" -1SA 10 intro abca 0 # 1 Samuel 10 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This is the first chapter about King Saul.

### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Saul as the New King
Samuel told Saul that God had chosen him to be king, and on the way home he would meet some prophets. Saul would then begin prophesying and God would give him the Holy Spirit to help him to know what to do. Samuel told everyone to come to Mizpah where he announced that God had chosen Saul to be their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Rhetorical questions

This chapter uses rhetorical questions to express different ideas: to state a fact ("Has not Yahweh anointed you to be a ruler over his inheritance?"), to express surprise ("And who is their father?"), to say he is someone very special ("Do you see the man that Yahweh has chosen?"), and to express contempt ("How can this man save us?"). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

#### Idioms

Samuel frequently uses idioms when prophesying: "going to God" means "going to worship God"; "take it from their hands" means "accept their gift"; "rush upon you" means "control you"; "hand finds to do" means "what you think you should do"; "God is with you" means "God is directing you"; "another heart" means "a different way of thinking"; "came to pass" means "happened"; "before Yahweh" means "to do work for Yahweh"; and "hearts God had touched" means "God had made them want to help Saul." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+1SA 10 intro abca 0 # 1 Samuel 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This is the first chapter about King Saul.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Saul as the New King
Samuel told Saul that God had chosen him to be king, and on the way home he would meet some prophets. Saul would then begin prophesying and God would give him the Holy Spirit to help him to know what to do. Samuel told everyone to come to Mizpah where he announced that God had chosen Saul to be their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions

This chapter uses rhetorical questions to express different ideas: to state a fact ("Has not Yahweh anointed you to be a ruler over his inheritance?"), to express surprise ("And who is their father?"), to say he is someone very special ("Do you see the man that Yahweh has chosen?"), and to express contempt ("How can this man save us?"). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

### Idioms

Samuel frequently uses idioms when prophesying: "going to God" means "going to worship God"; "take it from their hands" means "accept their gift"; "rush upon you" means "control you"; "hand finds to do" means "what you think you should do"; "God is with you" means "God is directing you"; "another heart" means "a different way of thinking"; "came to pass" means "happened"; "before Yahweh" means "to do work for Yahweh"; and "hearts God had touched" means "God had made them want to help Saul." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1SA 10 1 y1dk 0 took a flask of oil, poured it on Saul's head In Israelite culture, when a prophet poured oil on someone's head, that person received a blessing from Yahweh. 1SA 10 1 df9v 0 flask a small container made from baked clay 1SA 10 1 m8gx figs-rquestion 0 Has not Yahweh anointed you to be a ruler over his inheritance? Samuel knows the answer to his question. He is reminding Saul that Yahweh has chosen him to be king of Israel. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has certainly anointed you to be a ruler over his inheritance." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 10 26 re4y figs-idiom 0 whose hearts God had touched God touching a person's heart is an idiom that means God put something in their mind or moved them to do something. Alternate translation: "who wanted to go with Saul because God had changed their thinking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 10 27 u77f figs-rquestion 0 How can this man save us? This is a rhetorical question that is used to express sarcasm. Alternate translation: "This man has no power to save us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 10 27 qwt6 0 despised strongly disliked or hated -1SA 11 intro abcb 0 # 1 Samuel 11 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter continues the story of King Saul by telling of his first victory in war.

### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Saul rescues the people of Jabesh Gilead

Nahash, king of the Ammonites, and his army surrounded the Israeli town of Jabesh Gilead. When the city's leaders asked for peace terms, Nahash demanded the right to poke out one eye of every man in order to show Israel their weakness. When Saul heard this, he called for all of Israel to help save this city. Many people came to help Saul's army. Israel was victorious and everyone wanted Saul as their king. At this time, Israel was not a truly unified country, even though it is often spoken of as one country. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Idioms

The idioms in this chapter explain the effect God has on his people: "rushed upon him" means "empowered him"; "terror ... fell" means "they became afraid"; "as one man" means "they all agreed"; and "put to death" means "kill." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+1SA 11 intro abcb 0 # 1 Samuel 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter continues the story of King Saul by telling of his first victory in war.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Saul rescues the people of Jabesh Gilead

Nahash, king of the Ammonites, and his army surrounded the Israeli town of Jabesh Gilead. When the city's leaders asked for peace terms, Nahash demanded the right to poke out one eye of every man in order to show Israel their weakness. When Saul heard this, he called for all of Israel to help save this city. Many people came to help Saul's army. Israel was victorious and everyone wanted Saul as their king. At this time, Israel was not a truly unified country, even though it is often spoken of as one country. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idioms

The idioms in this chapter explain the effect God has on his people: "rushed upon him" means "empowered him"; "terror ... fell" means "they became afraid"; "as one man" means "they all agreed"; and "put to death" means "kill." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1SA 11 1 q5a1 translate-names 0 Nahash This is a man from Ammon, a descendent of Lot, Abraham's nephew. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 11 1 y34w translate-names 0 Jabesh Gilead This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 11 2 ztl3 0 I gouge out "I cut out" or "I pluck out" @@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 11 11 d6lh 0 the morning watch This was before dawn when most people in the camp were still asleep. 1SA 11 15 anj5 0 made Saul king before Yahweh "made Saul king while Yahweh watched" 1SA 11 15 y7hb 0 There they sacrificed peace offerings before Yahweh Part of Samuel's service to Yahweh is to offer sacrifices even though he is not from the line of Aaron or Levi. -1SA 12 intro abcc 0 # 1 Samuel 12 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Samuel's farewell address
This chapter serves as a type of farewell address. This is a way for leaders to give instructions to their followers before they leave or die. Samuel first established his holiness before calling on the people to repent of their desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])

### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

It is common in Scripture to use Israel's history to show how faithful God has been. This gives the readers evidence to trust in Yahweh in their current situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
+1SA 12 intro abcc 0 # 1 Samuel 12 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Samuel's farewell address
This chapter serves as a type of farewell address. This is a way for leaders to give instructions to their followers before they leave or die. Samuel first established his holiness before calling on the people to repent of their desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

It is common in Scripture to use Israel's history to show how faithful God has been. This gives the readers evidence to trust in Yahweh in their current situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
1SA 12 2 jw1v figs-idiom 0 the king walking before you ... I have walked before you These expressions mean that people can actually see the kind of lives Saul and Samuel are living. Alternate translation: "the king's life was seen ... My life was seen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 12 3 y8su figs-explicit 0 Here I am; testify against me before Yahweh and before his anointed one By this statement, Samuel is challenging the people to speak up if he has done anything wrong to anyone. Alternate translation: "I stand in front of you now. I ask you to speak in front of Yahweh and his anointed king if I have done you any wrong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 12 3 zf3n figs-rquestion 0 Whose ox have I taken? Whose donkey have I taken? Samuel uses rhetorical questions to remind the people that he has never stolen their animals. Alternate translation: "I have never stolen a prized animal from anyone." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 12 21 ek55 0 turn away after empty things "pursue worship of false gods" 1SA 12 22 shb6 figs-metonymy 0 For the sake of his great name Here "name" refers to the reputation of Yahweh. Alternate translation: "So that people will continue to honor and respect Yahweh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 12 23 jh36 figs-explicit 0 far be it from me that I should sin against Yahweh by ceasing to pray for you The people are filled with fear because of the rain and thunder that Yahweh sent when Samuel prayed. Some people may believe Samuel would use his prayers to harm them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1SA 13 intro abcd 0 # 1 Samuel 13 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter is the beginning of a story about Jonathan's victory over the Philistines.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Preparation for the battle

Saul sent most of his army home before Jonathan attacked and defeated a Philistine garrison. This attack made the Philistines very angry, and they brought a huge army into Israel and camped at the top of a hill. Most of Saul's army ran away in fear and hid from the Philistines. There are many aspects of this story that give the reader the impression that Israel was unprepared for battle.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Hyperbole

Wanting to express the vast number of enemy soldiers, the author uses a hyperbole: "as numerous as the sand on the seashore," meaning "too many to count." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
+1SA 13 intro abcd 0 # 1 Samuel 13 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is the beginning of a story about Jonathan's victory over the Philistines.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Preparation for the battle

Saul sent most of his army home before Jonathan attacked and defeated a Philistine garrison. This attack made the Philistines very angry, and they brought a huge army into Israel and camped at the top of a hill. Most of Saul's army ran away in fear and hid from the Philistines. There are many aspects of this story that give the reader the impression that Israel was unprepared for battle.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Hyperbole

Wanting to express the vast number of enemy soldiers, the author uses a hyperbole: "as numerous as the sand on the seashore," meaning "too many to count." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
1SA 13 1 xn4d 0 General Information: Samuel has renewed Saul's kingdom at Gilgal and Samuel has reminded the people to follow the Lord. 1SA 13 1 cyx8 0 Saul was thirty years old ... over Israel The text of this verse in ancient copies seems to have been mutilated, so modern versions have many different translations. They are all attempts to represent the most probable meaning of the original text. 1SA 13 2 gep7 translate-numbers 0 chose three thousand men "chose 3,000 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 13 21 e1et 0 straightening the goads "taking out the bend and making the ox goad straight again so it could be used" 1SA 13 22 mpy2 0 General Information: The narrative continues. 1SA 13 22 lcm6 0 there were no swords or spears This explains in part why Saul's army was afraid. They did not have any weapons to fight. -1SA 14 intro abce 0 # 1 Samuel 14 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter completes the story of Jonathan's victory over the Philistines.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### The battle against the Philistines

Jonathan took his armor bearer to where the Philistines were on the top of the hill. He said God could use a few people just as easily as he could use many people to win his battles. He and his armor bearer started killing the Philistines, and suddenly the Philistines began fighting each other or running away. The rest of Israel, who had hidden, came and chased the Philistines. Even though Israel had a king, God was still in control of the nation of Israel.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Special reference

The people of Israel often used the term "uncircumcised" to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to mean the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])
+1SA 14 intro abce 0 # 1 Samuel 14 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter completes the story of Jonathan's victory over the Philistines.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The battle against the Philistines

Jonathan took his armor bearer to where the Philistines were on the top of the hill. He said God could use a few people just as easily as he could use many people to win his battles. He and his armor bearer started killing the Philistines, and suddenly the Philistines began fighting each other or running away. The rest of Israel, who had hidden, came and chased the Philistines. Even though Israel had a king, God was still in control of the nation of Israel.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Special reference

The people of Israel often used the term "uncircumcised" to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to mean the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])
1SA 14 1 m1uz 0 General Information: Jonathan begins his second raid on the Philistines' army. 1SA 14 1 kea8 0 his young armor bearer a teenage boy who is responsible for caring for his master's weapons of war 1SA 14 1 s7kb 0 Philistines' garrison This is an outpost staffed by the Philistine army. @@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 14 51 eci8 translate-names 0 Kish ... Ner ... Abner ... Abiel These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 14 52 e8ef 0 all the days of Saul "all of Saul's life" 1SA 14 52 ezp3 0 he attached him to himself "he forced him to join his army" -1SA 15 intro abcf 0 # 1 Samuel 15 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This is the end of the section on Saul and Samuel (8-15).

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### God wants total obedience
Samuel told Saul that God wanted him to completely destroy the Amalekite people and animals. Saul fought the Amalekites and killed all the people except the king. He destroyed the animals that were not very good but saved the best animals. Saul told Samuel he had obeyed God's command. Samuel asked him about the animals Saul had. Saul said he had saved them for a sacrifice to God. God said that obedience was better than sacrifice. Because Saul had disobeyed him, God had chosen someone else to become king.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Idiom
"He has turned back from following me" is an idiom meaning "he has stopped obeying me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])

#### Rhetorical questions
When Saul insisted that he had obeyed God, Samuel rebuked him with these rhetorical questions: "What then is this bleating of sheep in my ears, and the lowing of the oxen that I hear?"; "Though you are little in your own sight, were you not made the head of the tribes of Israel?"; "Why then did you not obey the voice of Yahweh, but instead you seized the booty and did what was evil in the sight of Yahweh?"; and "Has Yahweh as much delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of Yahweh?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+1SA 15 intro abcf 0 # 1 Samuel 15 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This is the end of the section on Saul and Samuel (8-15).

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God wants total obedience
Samuel told Saul that God wanted him to completely destroy the Amalekite people and animals. Saul fought the Amalekites and killed all the people except the king. He destroyed the animals that were not very good but saved the best animals. Saul told Samuel he had obeyed God's command. Samuel asked him about the animals Saul had. Saul said he had saved them for a sacrifice to God. God said that obedience was better than sacrifice. Because Saul had disobeyed him, God had chosen someone else to become king.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom
"He has turned back from following me" is an idiom meaning "he has stopped obeying me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])

### Rhetorical questions
When Saul insisted that he had obeyed God, Samuel rebuked him with these rhetorical questions: "What then is this bleating of sheep in my ears, and the lowing of the oxen that I hear?"; "Though you are little in your own sight, were you not made the head of the tribes of Israel?"; "Why then did you not obey the voice of Yahweh, but instead you seized the booty and did what was evil in the sight of Yahweh?"; and "Has Yahweh as much delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of Yahweh?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1SA 15 1 t4nn 0 the words of Yahweh "the message of Yahweh" 1SA 15 3 q1vz figs-parallelism 0 completely destroy all that they have ... kill both man and woman, child and infant, ox and sheep, camel and donkey These two phrases mean the same thing. The second phrase gives specific details about what they are to destroy completely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1SA 15 3 ik1k figs-litotes 0 Do not spare them This negative statement emphasizes the completeness of the destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) @@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 15 34 p6j7 translate-names 0 Ramah ... Gibeah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 15 34 wed2 0 went up to his house at Gibeah Gibeah was higher in elevation than Gilgal where Saul and Samuel had been talking. 1SA 15 35 hha6 0 Samuel did not see Saul until the day of his death "Samuel did not see Saul again for as long as he lived" -1SA 16 intro abcg 0 # 1 Samuel 16 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

#### 1 Samuel 16-31 Saul and David
Chapter 16 establishes God's choice of David to be the next king. David receives the Holy Spirit to empower and guide him as the king. This chapter also records the Holy Spirit leaving Saul because of his disobedience. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### David chosen to be the next king
Humans judge others by what they look like, but God judges people by their true inner character. God rejected David's older brothers in favor of David, who truly loved and obeyed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

==Rhetorical Question ==
God scolds Samuel with this rhetorical question for his unwillingness to accept God's decision: "How long will you mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him from being king over Israel?" It was wrong to mourn because it was God's punishment of Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+1SA 16 intro abcg 0 # 1 Samuel 16 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### 1 Samuel 16-31 Saul and David
Chapter 16 establishes God's choice of David to be the next king. David receives the Holy Spirit to empower and guide him as the king. This chapter also records the Holy Spirit leaving Saul because of his disobedience. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David chosen to be the next king
Humans judge others by what they look like, but God judges people by their true inner character. God rejected David's older brothers in favor of David, who truly loved and obeyed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

==Rhetorical Question ==
God scolds Samuel with this rhetorical question for his unwillingness to accept God's decision: "How long will you mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him from being king over Israel?" It was wrong to mourn because it was God's punishment of Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1SA 16 1 ib7t figs-rquestion 0 How long will you mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him from being king over Israel? This rhetorical question is a rebuke from God and can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Stop mourning that I rejected Saul from being king over Israel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 16 1 aav1 0 Fill your horn with oil The term "horn" was sometimes used to refer to a "flask" that was shaped like a horn and was used for holding water or oil. A flask of oil was used for anointing a king. 1SA 16 2 msu1 figs-rquestion 0 How can I go? Samuel uses a question to emphasize that he is worried about going to Bethlehem. Alternate translation: "I cannot go!" or "I am afraid to go." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 16 23 c6ip 0 harmful spirit Here "harmful spirit" may refer to either a "spirit that causes trouble" or an "evil spirit." See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 16:14](../16/14.md). 1SA 16 23 hnb5 0 was upon Saul "troubled Saul" 1SA 16 23 pxe5 figs-activepassive 0 Saul would be refreshed and well This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the music would refresh Saul and make him well" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1SA 17 intro abch 0 # 1 Samuel 17 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter introduced David as a soldier, a skill that will be important for the rest of his life.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### David kills Goliath
Trust in God is more powerful than physical might or military training and equipment. David, trusting in the Lord and armed only with a sling, defeats Goliath who is well-armed and physically strong but who did not believe in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

#### Uncircumcised

The people of Israel often used the term "uncircumcised" to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to describe the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Rhetorical questions
David uses rhetorical questions to state his desire to fight the giant: "What will be done for the man who kills this Philistine and takes away the disgrace from Israel? Who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he should defy the armies of the living God?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

His brother uses rhetorical questions to show his disdain for his younger brother, whom he thinks is pretending to be bigger than he really is: "Why did you come down here? With whom have you left those few sheep in the wilderness?" David defends himself with some questions: "What have I done now? Was it not just a question?"

Goliath also uses a rhetorical question to show his contempt for young David: "Am I a dog, that you come to me with sticks?"
+1SA 17 intro abch 0 # 1 Samuel 17 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter introduced David as a soldier, a skill that will be important for the rest of his life.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David kills Goliath
Trust in God is more powerful than physical might or military training and equipment. David, trusting in the Lord and armed only with a sling, defeats Goliath who is well-armed and physically strong but who did not believe in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

### Uncircumcised

The people of Israel often used the term "uncircumcised" to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to describe the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions
David uses rhetorical questions to state his desire to fight the giant: "What will be done for the man who kills this Philistine and takes away the disgrace from Israel? Who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he should defy the armies of the living God?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

His brother uses rhetorical questions to show his disdain for his younger brother, whom he thinks is pretending to be bigger than he really is: "Why did you come down here? With whom have you left those few sheep in the wilderness?" David defends himself with some questions: "What have I done now? Was it not just a question?"

Goliath also uses a rhetorical question to show his contempt for young David: "Am I a dog, that you come to me with sticks?"
1SA 17 2 z3hp translate-names 0 the Valley of Elah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 17 4 q4bx translate-bdistance 0 six cubits and a span A cubit is a unit of measurement equal to about 46 centimeters. A span is a unit of measurement equal to about 23 centimeters. Alternate translation: "about 3 meters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 1SA 17 5 n5rl figs-activepassive 0 he was armed with a coat of chainmail A "coat of chainmail" is a flexible piece of body armor covered with protective scales or small plates. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he protected himself by wearing a coat of chainmail" or "he wore a coat of chainmail" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 17 58 k63k 0 Whose son are you "Who is your father" 1SA 17 58 k634 0 I am the son of your servant Jesse the Bethlehemite "My father is your servant Jesse, the Bethlehemite" 1SA 17 58 g6vb 0 your servant Jesse David referred to his father as "your servant" to show that his father was faithful to King Saul. -1SA 18 intro abci 0 # 1 Samuel 18 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This is the first chapter of a section explaining why Saul wants to kill David.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 18:7.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Saul is jealous of David's popularity
Saul's son, Jonathan, loves David. David is successful in battling the Philistines, and Saul is happy until the women give David more attention than they give him. He fears that David will replace him as king. This is potentially confusing because the author has already established that David will be the next king. It is probably that Saul feared David would kill him in order to be the next king sooner, or that he did not really believe David would be the next king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])

#### Jonathan's love of David
Some scholars believe Jonathan loved David as a man loves his wife. There is no reason to translate this as if Jonathan were a homosexual. Instead, treat this as a brotherly type of love.
+1SA 18 intro abci 0 # 1 Samuel 18 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This is the first chapter of a section explaining why Saul wants to kill David.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 18:7.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Saul is jealous of David's popularity
Saul's son, Jonathan, loves David. David is successful in battling the Philistines, and Saul is happy until the women give David more attention than they give him. He fears that David will replace him as king. This is potentially confusing because the author has already established that David will be the next king. It is probably that Saul feared David would kill him in order to be the next king sooner, or that he did not really believe David would be the next king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])

### Jonathan's love of David
Some scholars believe Jonathan loved David as a man loves his wife. There is no reason to translate this as if Jonathan were a homosexual. Instead, treat this as a brotherly type of love.
1SA 18 1 w8c4 figs-metaphor 0 the soul of Jonathan was bound to the soul of David Very close friendship is spoken of as if it were binding together the souls of two people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jonathan felt a strong affection towards David" or "Jonathan committed himself to David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 18 1 k383 figs-synecdoche 0 Jonathan loved him as his own soul Here "loved" refers to the love between friends, not romantic love. The word "soul" represents the person or the person's life. Alternate translation: "Jonathan loved David as much as he loved himself" or "Jonathan loved David as he loved his own life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 18 3 l8pd figs-synecdoche 0 Jonathan loved him as his own soul Here "loved" refers to the love between friends, not romantic love. The word "soul" represents the person or the person's life. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 18:1](../18/01.md). Alternate translation: "Jonathan loved David as much as he loved himself" or "Jonathan loved David as he loved his own life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) @@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 18 28 rjc2 figs-doublet 0 Saul saw, and he knew Here the words "saw" and "knew" share similar meanings and emphasize that Saul knew with certainty. Alternate translation: "Saul recognized" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 1SA 18 28 ct4a 0 Michal, Saul's daughter, loved him Here "loved" means she had romantic feelings for David. 1SA 18 30 z7de figs-metonymy 0 so that his name was highly regarded Here "name" is a metonym for David. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that people greatly respected David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1SA 19 intro abcj 0 # 1 Samuel 19 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### God protects David
Jonathan persuades Saul not to kill David, but Saul again becomes jealous and orders his servants to bring David to him to be killed. God uses Michal to save David. David flees to Samuel and they begin prophesying. When Saul sends servants to capture David, they begin prophesying. This causes Saul to go himself and he begins to prophesy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
+1SA 19 intro abcj 0 # 1 Samuel 19 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### God protects David
Jonathan persuades Saul not to kill David, but Saul again becomes jealous and orders his servants to bring David to him to be killed. God uses Michal to save David. David flees to Samuel and they begin prophesying. When Saul sends servants to capture David, they begin prophesying. This causes Saul to go himself and he begins to prophesy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
1SA 19 1 zd9j 0 to all his servants Here "his" refers to Saul. 1SA 19 1 u5h5 0 took great pleasure in David Jonathan greatly enjoyed being with David. 1SA 19 4 rf2u figs-pronouns 0 Do not let the king sin against his servant Jonathan speaks as if Saul is another person to show Saul that Jonathan respects Saul. Alternate translation: "Do not sin against your servant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) @@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 19 22 l3p8 translate-names 0 Ramah ... Seku ... Naioth These are place names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 19 24 tj4i writing-proverbs 0 This is why they ask, "Is Saul also among the prophets?" This became a proverb among the Israelites. Apparently people said this to express surprise when a person unexpectedly did something that he had not done before. The implied meaning of the question can be stated explicitly. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 10:12](../10/12.md). Alternate translation: "That is the reason that when people see someone doing something that is very unexpected, they say, 'Is Saul also a prophet?'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 19 24 knd8 0 they ask Here "they" refers to people in general. The question became a proverb among the people. -1SA 20 intro abck 0 # 1 Samuel 20 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Jonathan warns David
David tells Jonathan that Saul is still trying to kill him. Jonathan promises to find out if this is true. When David misses dinner two consecutive days, Saul asks about him. Jonathan says that David went home for an annual sacrifice. Saul gets angry at Jonathan, telling him he will never be king unless they kill David. Saul throws his spear at Jonathan. Jonathan warns David to run away, but first they both promise to always be friends. It was usually a king's son who became king after his death in the ancient Near East. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Metaphor
David uses a powerful metaphor and an oath to impress Jonathan with the danger he is in: "But as truly as Yahweh lives, and as you live, there is but a step between me and death." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+1SA 20 intro abck 0 # 1 Samuel 20 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jonathan warns David
David tells Jonathan that Saul is still trying to kill him. Jonathan promises to find out if this is true. When David misses dinner two consecutive days, Saul asks about him. Jonathan says that David went home for an annual sacrifice. Saul gets angry at Jonathan, telling him he will never be king unless they kill David. Saul throws his spear at Jonathan. Jonathan warns David to run away, but first they both promise to always be friends. It was usually a king's son who became king after his death in the ancient Near East. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor
David uses a powerful metaphor and an oath to impress Jonathan with the danger he is in: "But as truly as Yahweh lives, and as you live, there is but a step between me and death." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1SA 20 1 tia6 figs-parallelism 0 What have I done? What is my iniquity? What is my sin before your father, that he seeks to take my life? These three questions mean basically the same thing. David uses them to emphasize that he has done nothing wrong to Saul. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "I have done nothing wrong. I have not committed any iniquity. I have not sinned against your father. He has no reason to take my life." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 20 1 g2ib figs-idiom 0 that he seeks to take my life? Here "take my life" is an idiom for "kill me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1SA 20 2 e1je figs-idiom 0 Far from it Here "far from it" is an idiom that refers to that it is not true. Alternate translation: "This is certainly not true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -948,7 +948,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 20 41 b73c 0 the mound It seems that David had hidden behind a pile of earth or stones. 1SA 20 41 pg9k 0 lay facedown on the ground, and bowed himself three times. David bowed before Jonathan, who was still the King's son, worthy of such respect. Also, this was the last time David met with Jonathan. 1SA 20 42 t28c 0 May Yahweh be between you and me Possible meanings are 1) "Yahweh is a witness between you and me" or "Yahweh will be watching how we treat each other" or 2) "May Yahweh be a witness between you and me" or "May Yahweh watch how we treat each other." See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 20:23](../20/23.md). -1SA 21 intro abcl 0 # 1 Samuel 21 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 21:11.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### David and the chief priest
David visits the chief priest and lies to him about being on a special mission for the king. He asks for food, weapons, and prayer. The chief priest gives him some sacred bread and Goliath's sword and prays for him.

#### David and the king of Gath
David flees to Gath. The advisers to the king tell him that David is almost the king of Israel. David becomes afraid of the king and pretends to be insane.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Rhetorical questions
The king of Gath's advisers use two rhetorical questions to warn him about how dangerous David could be: "Is not this David the king of the land? Did they not sing to one another about him in dances, 'Saul has killed his thousands, and David his ten thousands?'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+1SA 21 intro abcl 0 # 1 Samuel 21 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 21:11.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David and the chief priest
David visits the chief priest and lies to him about being on a special mission for the king. He asks for food, weapons, and prayer. The chief priest gives him some sacred bread and Goliath's sword and prays for him.

### David and the king of Gath
David flees to Gath. The advisers to the king tell him that David is almost the king of Israel. David becomes afraid of the king and pretends to be insane.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions
The king of Gath's advisers use two rhetorical questions to warn him about how dangerous David could be: "Is not this David the king of the land? Did they not sing to one another about him in dances, 'Saul has killed his thousands, and David his ten thousands?'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1SA 21 1 sxr5 translate-names 0 Nob This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 21 1 lxn7 translate-names 0 Ahimelech This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 21 1 xz59 0 trembling shaking in fear @@ -980,7 +980,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 21 14 w6kd figs-rquestion 0 Why have you brought him to me? Possible meanings are 1) Achish demands that his servants explain why they have brought David to him or 2) Achish is scolding them with a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: "You should have known not to bring him to me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 21 15 kl34 figs-rquestion 0 Do I lack madmen, so that you have brought this fellow to behave like one in my presence? This rhetorical question is a rebuke. Alternate translation: "There are enough madmen here who waste my time. You should not have brought this fellow to behave like one in my presence." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1SA 21 15 k152 figs-rquestion 0 Will this fellow really come into my house? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Do not allow this fellow to enter my house." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1SA 22 intro abcm 0 # 1 Samuel 22 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

There are two stories in this chapter: David gathering a group of followers and Saul having all the priests and their families killed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### David assembles a force of unhappy people
David hides in the wilderness, and people in trouble come to him. Soon he has a force of 500 men. The prophet then tells him to leave the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

#### Saul and the chief priest's family
Doeg tells Saul that Ahimelech the priest gave David food and a sword and prayed for him. Saul accuses the priests of encouraging David to rebel. This is a serious accusation because the priests are God's representatives and are rebelling against God's king if the accusation is true. Saul has the priests and all their families killed except those who escape to David. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]])
+1SA 22 intro abcm 0 # 1 Samuel 22 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

There are two stories in this chapter: David gathering a group of followers and Saul having all the priests and their families killed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David assembles a force of unhappy people
David hides in the wilderness, and people in trouble come to him. Soon he has a force of 500 men. The prophet then tells him to leave the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

### Saul and the chief priest's family
Doeg tells Saul that Ahimelech the priest gave David food and a sword and prayed for him. Saul accuses the priests of encouraging David to rebel. This is a serious accusation because the priests are God's representatives and are rebelling against God's king if the accusation is true. Saul has the priests and all their families killed except those who escape to David. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]])
1SA 22 1 wbc2 0 cave a hollow space under the ground, generally opening into the side of a hill, large enough for people to enter 1SA 22 1 h42f translate-names 0 Adullam This is the name of a town near the city of Gath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 22 1 mjh9 0 heard it heard that David had gone to hide in the cave @@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 22 19 eh6l 0 put to the sword "killed with the sword" 1SA 22 19 ru75 translate-names 0 Nob Nob is the name of a city. Here the name "Nob" represents the people of that city. Alternate translation: "the people in the city of Nob" or "the people of Nob" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 22 20 g9ps translate-names 0 Abiathar This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 23 intro abcn 0 # 1 Samuel 23 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Saul chases David
Saul wants to kill David, but David trusts in God who keeps rescuing him. David rescues the town of Keilah from the Philistines who are stealing their harvest. Saul goes to Keilah to capture David, but David flees to the wilderness near Ziph. When David goes deeper into the wilderness, Saul follows but he has to leave to fight the Philistines who have invaded the land. Saul's pursuit of David shows that Saul cares more about killing his enemies than pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Synecdoche
Jonathan strengthens David with a synecdoche: "For the hand of Saul my father will not find you." This helps to strengthen David's faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
+1SA 23 intro abcn 0 # 1 Samuel 23 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Saul chases David
Saul wants to kill David, but David trusts in God who keeps rescuing him. David rescues the town of Keilah from the Philistines who are stealing their harvest. Saul goes to Keilah to capture David, but David flees to the wilderness near Ziph. When David goes deeper into the wilderness, Saul follows but he has to leave to fight the Philistines who have invaded the land. Saul's pursuit of David shows that Saul cares more about killing his enemies than pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Synecdoche
Jonathan strengthens David with a synecdoche: "For the hand of Saul my father will not find you." This helps to strengthen David's faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
1SA 23 1 by75 translate-names 0 fighting against Keilah "Keilah" is the name of a town. Here "Keilah" represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: "fighting against the people of Keilah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 23 1 g4uk 0 threshing separating the grain or seeds, generally from a cereal plant or wheat by some mechanical means 1SA 23 3 e1kx figs-rquestion 0 How much more then if we go to Keilah against the armies of the Philistines? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "We will be even more fearful if we go to Keilah to fight the armies of the Philistines." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -1075,7 +1075,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 23 27 j8yv figs-hendiadys 0 Hurry and come The words "hurry" and "come" can be combined into one idea. Alternate translation: "Come quickly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) 1SA 23 28 fy6k 0 pursuing David "chasing David, trying to catch him" 1SA 23 28 qaa2 0 Rock of Escape a memorial or marker of David's escape from Saul -1SA 24 intro abco 0 # 1 Samuel 24 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

Even though Saul tries again and again to kill David, David does not avenge himself on Saul because God had chosen Saul as king. This is meant to contrast with Saul's treatment of David, the future king. Saul represents the king the people wanted, a selfish man. David is the king God wanted, a godly man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])
+1SA 24 intro abco 0 # 1 Samuel 24 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

Even though Saul tries again and again to kill David, David does not avenge himself on Saul because God had chosen Saul as king. This is meant to contrast with Saul's treatment of David, the future king. Saul represents the king the people wanted, a selfish man. David is the king God wanted, a godly man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])
1SA 24 1 li61 figs-activepassive 0 he was told This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone told him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 24 1 b363 0 wilderness of Engedi Engedi is a place in Israel west of the Dead Sea where there is water with dry land all around it. 1SA 24 2 fgt3 translate-numbers 0 three thousand 3,000 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -1111,7 +1111,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 24 21 lj2i 0 you will not cut off my descendants after me "you will not kill my sons and their families." It was common for a new king who was not from the previous family line to kill off all the children of the former king to prevent any of them from challenging him for the throne. 1SA 24 21 hr5u figs-metonymy 0 you will not destroy my name out of my father's house It is important for each family in Israel to have descendants from generation to generation carrying on the family name and land inheritance. Alternate translation: "you will not destroy my family and descendants" or "you will allow my family to live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 24 22 yhv6 0 David and his men "David and his army" -1SA 25 intro abcp 0 # 1 Samuel 25 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Revenge
When David decides to kill all of the men in Nabal's household, Abigail convinces David not to avenge himself but to leave revenge to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])


+1SA 25 intro abcp 0 # 1 Samuel 25 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Revenge
When David decides to kill all of the men in Nabal's household, Abigail convinces David not to avenge himself but to leave revenge to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])


1SA 25 1 nvn1 figs-hyperbole 0 All Israel gathered together and mourned for him This is likely a generalization. A large number of the people of Israel were probably there, but some were probably unable to attend. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 1SA 25 1 xdb3 0 gathered together "met together" 1SA 25 1 n1il 0 buried him in his house at Ramah Possible meanings are that they buried Samuel 1) in his home town of Ramah or 2) on his family's land in Ramah but not physically in the house or 3) in his house in Ramah. @@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 25 44 eld8 translate-names 0 Michal This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 25 44 rm51 translate-names 0 Paltiel ... Laish These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 25 44 qbi9 translate-names 0 Gallim This is a town north of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -1SA 26 intro abcq 0 # 1 Samuel 26 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Vengeance
David has another opportunity to kill Saul but he refuses to kill the one God had chosen as king. This contrasts with Saul, who tried to find David and kill him. Saul came to admit that David was more righteous than he was because he did not kill his enemy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Rhetorical question
David put his reason for not killing Saul in a rhetorical question: "Do not destroy him; for who can extend his hand against Yahweh's anointed one and be guiltless?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+1SA 26 intro abcq 0 # 1 Samuel 26 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Vengeance
David has another opportunity to kill Saul but he refuses to kill the one God had chosen as king. This contrasts with Saul, who tried to find David and kill him. Saul came to admit that David was more righteous than he was because he did not kill his enemy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical question
David put his reason for not killing Saul in a rhetorical question: "Do not destroy him; for who can extend his hand against Yahweh's anointed one and be guiltless?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1SA 26 1 xrk7 figs-rquestion 0 Is not David hiding ... Jeshimon? This rhetorical question can be translated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: "David is hiding ... Jeshimon!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 1SA 26 1 u73j 0 before Jeshimon "from which we can see Jeshimon" 1SA 26 1 x3kj translate-names 0 Jeshimon This is the name of a desert area near the Dead Sea. It can also be translated as "the Judean Wilderness" or "the wasteland." See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 23:19](../23/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1288,7 +1288,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 26 24 tf9s figs-metaphor 0 so may my life be much valued in the eyes of Yahweh Here the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: "so may Yahweh consider my life very valuable as well" or "so may Yahweh value my life as much as I have valued your life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1SA 26 25 r7dp figs-activepassive 0 May you be blessed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "May Yahweh bless you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1SA 26 25 ct8y figs-metaphor 0 my son Saul was not David's true father. Saul speaks as if he were David's father to show David that he wants David to trust and respect him as David would trust and respect his own father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1SA 27 intro abcr 0 # 1 Samuel 27 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This begins a section about David living with the Philistines.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### David's move
David is afraid Saul will someday catch him and kill him, so he moves to the Philistine city of Gath. This is a type of exile David creates for himself out of fear. It is caused by his lack of trust in God. This is the same reason his descendants would come to be exiled. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) +1SA 27 intro abcr 0 # 1 Samuel 27 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This begins a section about David living with the Philistines.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David's move
David is afraid Saul will someday catch him and kill him, so he moves to the Philistine city of Gath. This is a type of exile David creates for himself out of fear. It is caused by his lack of trust in God. This is the same reason his descendants would come to be exiled. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 1SA 27 1 vu4l figs-synecdoche 0 David said in his heart Here "his heart" is a metonym that means to himself. Alternate translation: "David thought to himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 27 1 j9tl figs-synecdoche 0 escape out of his hand The word "hand" is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: "escape from him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 1SA 27 2 cr5x 0 David arose and passed over "David took action; he passed over" @@ -1316,7 +1316,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 27 10 qt6s translate-names 0 Kenites a people group who lived in the land of Midian (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 27 11 x7vm translate-names 0 Gath one of five Philistine city-states. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 27 12 g4e6 figs-pronouns 0 Achish the king of Gath (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -1SA 28 intro abcs 0 # 1 Samuel 28 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Talking to the dead

Talking to the dead was against the law of Moses. God or the Holy Spirit left Saul because of his sin and would not help him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Rhetorical question
Samuel uses a rhetorical question to say it was useless to ask his advice since there was no way Saul could be successful with God against him: "What then do you ask me, since Yahweh has left you, and he has become your enemy?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+1SA 28 intro abcs 0 # 1 Samuel 28 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Talking to the dead

Talking to the dead was against the law of Moses. God or the Holy Spirit left Saul because of his sin and would not help him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical question
Samuel uses a rhetorical question to say it was useless to ask his advice since there was no way Saul could be successful with God against him: "What then do you ask me, since Yahweh has left you, and he has become your enemy?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1SA 28 1 u8jp 0 host large assembly of armies 1SA 28 2 au3y writing-connectingwords 0 So you will know ... So I will The word "so" shows that the speaker agrees with what the other person has just said. Alternate translation: "Yes, I will go with you so that you will know ... Very well, I will" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]]) 1SA 28 2 a7g3 0 you will know what your servant can do David probably wanted Achish to think that David would kill many Israelites, but "what your servant can do" could also mean that David was planning to kill Philistines instead. Try to translate so that the reader can see both of these possible meanings. @@ -1350,7 +1350,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 28 23 htn7 0 compelled him "forced him" 1SA 28 24 x7b9 0 fatted calf a calf that has been grown and fed to be available for a special feast 1SA 28 24 zn9w 0 she ... kneaded it She mixed flour and oil, working and rolling the mixture thoroughly with her hands to produce dough for baking. -1SA 29 intro abct 0 # 1 Samuel 29 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 29:5.

### Other possible translation difficulties

It is unclear whether David wanted to go into battle with the Philistines. He would have been fighting against Saul, but he also would have been fighting against Israel's soldiers. It is probably best to see that David is conflicted over this issue, but some scholars believe that David planned on turning against the Philistines in the battle.
+1SA 29 intro abct 0 # 1 Samuel 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 29:5.

## Other possible translation difficulties

It is unclear whether David wanted to go into battle with the Philistines. He would have been fighting against Saul, but he also would have been fighting against Israel's soldiers. It is probably best to see that David is conflicted over this issue, but some scholars believe that David planned on turning against the Philistines in the battle.
1SA 29 1 w2gw 0 spring a small stream of water flowing naturally from the Earth 1SA 29 2 tq6l 0 passed on by hundreds and by thousands "divided their men into groups; some groups had one hundred soldiers and some groups had one thousand soldiers" 1SA 29 2 j1vs translate-numbers 0 hundreds ... thousands 100s ... 1,000s (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -1368,7 +1368,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 29 9 tse5 0 nevertheless, the princes "even though that is true, this is more important: the princes" or "however, the princes" 1SA 29 10 xd7w 0 your master The reader should understand that Achish is speaking of Saul. 1SA 29 10 r3uy 0 have light "can see with the morning sun" -1SA 30 intro abcu 0 # 1 Samuel 30 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### David fights the Amalekites
When David and his men arrive home, they find the Amalekites have raided Ziklag and taken everything. They catch and destroy them and bring back all of their goods and families. Then David sends gifts to all the cities in Judah through which they had traveled. +1SA 30 intro abcu 0 # 1 Samuel 30 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### David fights the Amalekites
When David and his men arrive home, they find the Amalekites have raided Ziklag and taken everything. They catch and destroy them and bring back all of their goods and families. Then David sends gifts to all the cities in Judah through which they had traveled. 1SA 30 1 u6dp 0 Ziklag Ziklag is a city in the southern part of Judah. This was where David and his men kept their families. 1SA 30 2 i8bg 0 they the Amalekites 1SA 30 2 l5au 0 both small and great Possible meanings are 1) "both unimportant people and important people" or 2) "both physically small and physically large." @@ -1431,7 +1431,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 1SA 30 30 re7a 0 Connecting Statement: The writer continues the list that began in [1 Samuel 30:27](../30/27.md) of towns whose elders received gifts from David. 1SA 30 30 n9nu translate-names 0 Hormah ... Bor Ashan ... Athak These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1SA 30 31 k11c 0 Connecting Statement: The writer finishes the list that began in [1 Samuel 30:27](../30/27.md) of towns whose elders received gifts from David. -1SA 31 intro abcv 0 # 1 Samuel 31 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This is the end of the section on Saul, but the book continues in 2 Samuel 1.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Saul's punishment
Saul receives his punishment from God: death for his disobedience and resisting the will of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]])
+1SA 31 intro abcv 0 # 1 Samuel 31 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This is the end of the section on Saul, but the book continues in 2 Samuel 1.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Saul's punishment
Saul receives his punishment from God: death for his disobedience and resisting the will of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]])
1SA 31 1 k1fi 0 Now the Philistines fought against Israel This battle was the result of the conflict between David and the Philistines in [1 Samuel 29:11](../29/11.md). The writer has finished telling the story of David that began in [1 Samuel 30:1](../30/01.md), and now he tells about the battle between the Israelites and the Philistines. 1SA 31 1 mg5w figs-metonymy 0 against Israel "Israel" refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: "against the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1SA 31 1 u5ii translate-names 0 Mount Gilboa This is the name of a mountain (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) diff --git a/en_tn_10-2SA.tsv b/en_tn_10-2SA.tsv index 90a93acc6..81a784723 100644 --- a/en_tn_10-2SA.tsv +++ b/en_tn_10-2SA.tsv @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote 2SA front intro bs9v 0 # Introduction to 2 Samuel
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of 2 Samuel

1. The first years of David's reign (1:1–7:29)
- Saul is killed; David is kind to Ishbosheth (1:1–4:12)
- David defeats the Philistines (5:1–25)
- Victories, the ark, the house of God (6:1–7:29)
1. David extends his rule to all the Promised Land (8:1–10:19)
1. David's sin with Bathsheba (11:1–12:31)
1. Amnon and Tamar; Absalom kills Amnon (13:1–14:33)
1. The later years of David's reign (15:1–24:25)
- Absalom rebels and is killed (15:1–18:33)
- David's kingdom restored (19:1–20:26)
- Famine and warfare (21:1–14)
- David's song of praise (22:1–23:7)
- David's mighty men (23:8–39)
- Yahweh judges David's sin of numbering the people; the plague stopped (24:1–25)

### What is the Book of 2 Samuel about?

This book is about David ruling as king over Israel. He first ruled over the tribe of Judah for seven years. Then the other eleven tribes agreed to have him become their king. He ruled over all Israel for thirty-three years.

Throughout this time, David led his army to fight foreign enemies who attacked Israel. However, he struggled the most against someone in his own family. Absalom, his son, rebelled and fought against him ([2 Samuel 13-19](../13/01.md)).

The Book of 2 Samuel also tells about when David sinned greatly. He slept with Bathsheba, the wife of Uriah the Hittite. When she became pregnant, David arranged for Uriah to be killed in battle. David and all Israel suffered much because of David's sin. However, the writer also tells of Yahweh repeatedly showing David grace and love after David repented of his sin.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators can use the traditional title "2 Samuel," or "Second Samuel." Or translators may consider a clearer title such as "The Second Book about Samuel, Saul, and David." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### What was the purpose of the Book of 2 Samuel?

The Book of 2 Samuel begins where 1 Samuel ended. The writer continues to show how the tribes of Israel unite under the first kings of Israel. The Book of 2 Samuel centers around David as the king Yahweh chose to lead Israel.

### Who wrote the Book of 2 Samuel?

It is uncertain who wrote 2 Samuel. It may have been someone alive soon after King Solomon died. When Solomon died, the kingdom of Israel split into two kingdoms. The author probably lived in the southern kingdom of Judah. A descendant of David continued to rule over the southern kingdom. The author may have written 2 Samuel to defend David's right to be king. This would prove that David's descendant was the rightful king of God's people.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What covenant had its beginning in the Book of 2 Samuel?

In 2 Samuel 7, Yahweh made a covenant with David. God promised to make a descendant of David rule forever over Israel. Christians believe that Jesus Christ fulfills this covenant. Jesus was a descendant of David. Jesus is the true "anointed one," the person God chose to be king forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### Why does the book refer to someone being addressed indirectly?

David frequently refers to himself as "your servant" when he speaks to King Saul. He also calls Saul "my master." Indirectly addressing a person in this way can be difficult to translate. It is intended to show that the speaker submits to the one being addressed. English sometimes uses the address "sir" or "ma'am" in this way.

### Can I translate this book before 1 Samuel?

The Book of 1 Samuel should be translated before 2 Samuel, since 2 Samuel continues from where 1 Samuel ends.

### How is the name "Israel" used in the Bible?

The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed his name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])

2 Samuel speaks of both the northern kingdom of Israel and the whole nation of Israel as "Israel." However, these references appear in the narrative long before the two kingdoms split apart. It seems clear that the references to Israel and Judah indicate that the author wrote 2 Samuel at a time after the kingdoms split. (See: [2 Samuel 2:10](../02/10.md); [2 Samuel 3:10](../03/10.md); [2 Samuel 5:5](../05/05.md); [2 Samuel 11:11](../11/11.md); [2 Samuel 12:8](../12/08.md); [2 Samuel 19:42-43](../19/42.md); [2 Samuel 21:2](../21/02.md); [2 Samuel 24:1](../24/01.md)).
-2SA 1 intro la44 0 # 2 Samuel 01 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 1:19-27.

This chapter continues the material from 1 Samuel.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### David's funeral song
David praised Saul and Jonathan as great warriors and Jonathan as his dearest friend.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Synecdoche
David used two figures of speech to express that Jonathan and Saul were great warriors: "the bow of Jonathan did not turn back, and the sword of Saul did not return empty." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+2SA 1 intro la44 0 # 2 Samuel 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 1:19-27.

This chapter continues the material from 1 Samuel.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David's funeral song
David praised Saul and Jonathan as great warriors and Jonathan as his dearest friend.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Synecdoche
David used two figures of speech to express that Jonathan and Saul were great warriors: "the bow of Jonathan did not turn back, and the sword of Saul did not return empty." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2SA 1 1 q125 translate-names 0 Ziklag This is the name of a city in the southern part of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 1 2 vci9 translate-ordinal 0 On the third day "After three days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 2SA 1 2 v6vv translate-symaction 0 with his clothes torn and with dirt on his head In this culture, tearing one's own clothes and putting dirt on one's head was an act of mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 1 25 i3z2 figs-apostrophe 0 on your high places David continues to address this part of the song to the mountains of Gilboa as he started in [2 Samuel 1:21](../01/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 2SA 1 26 eg6m 0 my brother Jonathan Here "brother" is used in the sense of a very close friend. 2SA 1 26 l4ln 0 Your love to me was wonderful, exceeding the love of women Here "love" is used in the sense of friendship and loyalty. Jonathan's loyalty to David was even greater than the loyalty a woman has for her husband and children. -2SA 2 intro k322 0 # 2 Samuel 02 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the story of the civil war between Saul's son and David.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Civil war
There was a civil war in Israel. David was made king of Judah and Saul's uncle (Abner) made Saul's son (Ishbosheth) king of the rest of Israel. When they fought each other, Abner killed Joab's brother, but David's army was victorious.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Rhetorical question
Abner finally stopped the battle with a rhetorical question to David's army. "Must the sword devour forever?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+2SA 2 intro k322 0 # 2 Samuel 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the story of the civil war between Saul's son and David.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Civil war
There was a civil war in Israel. David was made king of Judah and Saul's uncle (Abner) made Saul's son (Ishbosheth) king of the rest of Israel. When they fought each other, Abner killed Joab's brother, but David's army was victorious.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical question
Abner finally stopped the battle with a rhetorical question to David's army. "Must the sword devour forever?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2SA 2 1 lt47 0 After this "After David mourned the deaths of Saul and Jonathan in battle" 2SA 2 1 ncw1 0 go up to one of the cities of Judah At this time David was in the city of Ziklag. David used the phrase "go up" because Ziklag was lower in elevation than Judah. Alternate translation: "travel to one of the cities of Judah" 2SA 2 2 x7ln 0 David went up with his two wives At this time David was in the city of Ziklag. The narrator uses the phrase "went up" because Ziklag was lower in elevation than Hebron. Alternate translation: "David traveled to Hebron with his two wives" @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 2 31 d81h figs-metonymy 0 of Benjamin This phrase means "from the tribe of Benjamin." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 2 32 e5xq 0 took up Asahel "carried Asahel's body with them" 2SA 2 32 pzw9 0 the day dawned on them at Hebron "they arrived at Hebron by dawn the next morning" -2SA 3 intro ka39 0 # 2 Samuel 03 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter records the first attempt to end the civil war.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 3:33-34.

### Special concepts in this chapter

David never wanted to hurt Saul's family. Isbosheth criticized Abner and Abner became angry. He decided to help David become king of all of Israel. Abner came and made a treaty with David. As he left, Joab arrived and told him he wanted to talk to him and he murdered Abner. David was very unhappy that Abner had been killed.
+2SA 3 intro ka39 0 # 2 Samuel 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter records the first attempt to end the civil war.

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 3:33-34.

## Special concepts in this chapter

David never wanted to hurt Saul's family. Isbosheth criticized Abner and Abner became angry. He decided to help David become king of all of Israel. Abner came and made a treaty with David. As he left, Joab arrived and told him he wanted to talk to him and he murdered Abner. David was very unhappy that Abner had been killed.
2SA 3 1 sq7q writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Samuel gives information about the war between David and the supporters of Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 2SA 3 1 u6f1 0 house Here "house" is used to mean "supporters." 2SA 3 1 lag1 figs-metaphor 0 grew stronger and stronger This metaphor means the number of people supporting David increased. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 3 38 wxn9 figs-hendiadys 0 a prince and a great man These two phrases both refer to Abner. Alternate translation: "a great prince" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) 2SA 3 39 e6ux translate-names 0 Zeruiah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 3 39 bw2y 0 are too brutal "are too much like animals" or "are too violent" -2SA 4 intro hm82 0 # 2 Samuel 04 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

While the end of the civil war occurs in this chapter, David still only reigned over Judah (1-4).

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### David and Ishbosheth
David never sought revenge against Saul's family. When two men snuck into Ishbosheth's room, cut off his head and brought it to David, David had them killed for killing an innocent man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Rhetorical questions
When two men brought Ishbosheth's head to David and expected to get a reward for it, David condemned them with the rhetorical question: "should I not now require his blood from your hand, and remove you from the earth?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])
+2SA 4 intro hm82 0 # 2 Samuel 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

While the end of the civil war occurs in this chapter, David still only reigned over Judah (1-4).

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David and Ishbosheth
David never sought revenge against Saul's family. When two men snuck into Ishbosheth's room, cut off his head and brought it to David, David had them killed for killing an innocent man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions
When two men brought Ishbosheth's head to David and expected to get a reward for it, David condemned them with the rhetorical question: "should I not now require his blood from your hand, and remove you from the earth?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])
2SA 4 1 jmf8 translate-names 0 Ishbosheth This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 4 1 jnb3 figs-synecdoche 0 his hands became weak In this phrase "his hands" represents Ishbosheth himself. Alternate translation: "Ishbosheth became weak" or "Ishbosheth lost all strength" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 4 2 zhe1 translate-names 0 Baanah ... Recab ... Rimmon These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 4 11 pl52 figs-metonymy 0 require his blood from your hand The phrase "his blood" represents the life of Ishbosheth. Here "from your hand" represents Rechab and Baanah, the sons of Rimmon the Beerothite, introduced in [2 Samuel 4:5](./05.md). Alternate translation: "hold you responsible for the death of Ishbosheth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 4 12 b1ep translate-symaction 0 cut off their hands and feet and hung them up These were symbolic actions to show contempt for the men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 2SA 4 12 a16g translate-symaction 0 they took the head of Ishbosheth and buried it in the grave This was a symbolic act to honor Ishbosheth. This could be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "they honored Ishbosheth by burying his head in the grave" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2SA 5 intro jv2a 0 # 2 Samuel 05 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This records the beginning of the kingdom's expansion.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### David conquers Jerusalem
David brought the combined army to Jerusalem and conquered it by going in through the water shaft. He enlarged the city and strengthened the defenses, and made it his capital. Jerusalem is an important place in the plans of God.

#### David consulting God
David always consulted God before fighting a battle. The Philistines invaded Israel trying to capture David. David asked God if he should attack the Philistines, and God said yes; so he defeated them. They invaded again and God told him to attack them from the rear and he defeated them again.
+2SA 5 intro jv2a 0 # 2 Samuel 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This records the beginning of the kingdom's expansion.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David conquers Jerusalem
David brought the combined army to Jerusalem and conquered it by going in through the water shaft. He enlarged the city and strengthened the defenses, and made it his capital. Jerusalem is an important place in the plans of God.

### David consulting God
David always consulted God before fighting a battle. The Philistines invaded Israel trying to capture David. David asked God if he should attack the Philistines, and God said yes; so he defeated them. They invaded again and God told him to attack them from the rear and he defeated them again.
2SA 5 1 qs6r figs-idiom 0 we are your flesh and bone This phrase means "a relative." Alternate translation: "we are related to you" or "we are of the same family" - (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 5 2 h5dx writing-background 0 In the recent past This is historical information. Saul had been their king before David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 2SA 5 2 fr5e figs-parallelism 0 You will shepherd my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel These two clauses mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh had chosen David to be king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 5 24 vp29 figs-123person 0 When you hear ... Yahweh will have gone out before you to attack the army of the Philistines This is the continuation of Yahweh's instruction to David that began in [2 Samuel 5:23](../05/23.md). Yahweh here speaks of himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 2SA 5 24 ccz2 figs-metaphor 0 When you hear the sound of marching in the wind blowing through the balsam treetops This speaks of the sound of the leaves rustling as wind blows through them as if it were the sound of marching. Alternate translation: "When the wind blowing through the tops of the balsam trees sounds like men marching" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 5 25 z8t1 translate-names 0 Geba ... Gezer These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 6 intro aen5 0 # 2 Samuel 06 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Bringing the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem
David organized a procession with many musical instruments to bring the ark to Jerusalem. They put it on a cart; but when the oxen stumbled, Uzzah reached out to steady it so it would not fall. God killed him for touching the ark. David was angry at God for killing Uzzah and was afraid to bring the ark any further. Uzzah died because the ark was perfectly holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

#### Dancing
David danced for joy in front of the ark. His wife, Michal, criticized David for uncovering himself as he danced, but David did not care. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/joy]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Irony
Michal criticized David by using irony: "How honored the king of Israel was today, who undressed himself today before the eyes of the slave girls among his servants, like one of the crude fellows who shamelessly undresses himself!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
+2SA 6 intro aen5 0 # 2 Samuel 06 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Bringing the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem
David organized a procession with many musical instruments to bring the ark to Jerusalem. They put it on a cart; but when the oxen stumbled, Uzzah reached out to steady it so it would not fall. God killed him for touching the ark. David was angry at God for killing Uzzah and was afraid to bring the ark any further. Uzzah died because the ark was perfectly holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

### Dancing
David danced for joy in front of the ark. His wife, Michal, criticized David for uncovering himself as he danced, but David did not care. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/joy]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Irony
Michal criticized David by using irony: "How honored the king of Israel was today, who undressed himself today before the eyes of the slave girls among his servants, like one of the crude fellows who shamelessly undresses himself!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2SA 6 1 prk3 0 Now This word marks a new part of the story. 2SA 6 1 dz26 figs-metonymy 0 all the chosen men of Israel This metonym represents the army of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 6 1 f7cl translate-numbers 0 thirty thousand "30,000" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 6 22 y1pu figs-metonymy 0 I will be humiliated in my own eyes Here "in my own eyes" represents what a person considers or thinks about something. Alternate translation: "I will consider myself humiliated" or "I will consider myself a fool" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 6 22 ifj3 figs-activepassive 0 But by these slave girls you have spoken about, I will be honored This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But the slave girls of whom you have spoken will honor me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 6 23 cjq6 0 had no children to the day of her death "was never able to bear any children" -2SA 7 intro c6fb 0 # 2 Samuel 07 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This is the finishing of a small interruption about the house of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/houseofgod]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

David wanted to honor God by building him a temple. God told David that he would not build it, but his son would build it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

#### Covenant of David
God made a covenant with David that was not conditioned upon anything David or his descendants did. God promised that one of David's descendants would rule Israel forever. Because Israel would not have a king in the future, this promise did not begin at this time. The descendant, who would rule forever, is Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
+2SA 7 intro c6fb 0 # 2 Samuel 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This is the finishing of a small interruption about the house of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/houseofgod]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

David wanted to honor God by building him a temple. God told David that he would not build it, but his son would build it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

### Covenant of David
God made a covenant with David that was not conditioned upon anything David or his descendants did. God promised that one of David's descendants would rule Israel forever. Because Israel would not have a king in the future, this promise did not begin at this time. The descendant, who would rule forever, is Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
2SA 7 1 cu7z writing-newevent 0 It happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 2SA 7 1 r5ag figs-abstractnouns 0 given him rest from all his surrounding enemies "given him safety from all his surrounding enemies." Here "rest" is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: "caused the enemy people groups to stop attacking Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2SA 7 2 chf8 figs-explicit 0 I am living in a house of cedar Cedar is a kind of tree that is known for its strength. If you have an equivalent type of tree in your culture, you can use that name, otherwise you can reword this. Alternate translation: "I am living in a strong, permanent house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 7 28 pvq1 0 your words are trustworthy "I trust what you say" 2SA 7 29 n6ik figs-activepassive 0 with your blessing your servant's house will be blessed forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you will continue to bless my family forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 7 29 k3a5 figs-123person 0 your servant's house Here David refers to himself as "your servant." Alternate translation: "my house" or "my family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -2SA 8 intro hc4j 0 # 2 Samuel 08 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter returns to the theme of the expansion of David's kingdom.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### God enabled victory
God enabled David to conquer all the surrounding nations. Much of the loot and tribute David received, he saved for the temple that his son would build.
+2SA 8 intro hc4j 0 # 2 Samuel 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter returns to the theme of the expansion of David's kingdom.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God enabled victory
God enabled David to conquer all the surrounding nations. Much of the loot and tribute David received, he saved for the temple that his son would build.
2SA 8 1 drj7 figs-synecdoche 0 David attacked Here David represents his soldiers. Alternate translation: "David and his soldiers attacked" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 8 2 xbr2 figs-synecdoche 0 Then he defeated Here "he" refers to David who represents his soldiers. Alternate translation: "Then they defeated" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 8 2 tcx6 0 measured their men with a line ... He measured off two lines to put to death, and one full line to keep alive Here the "line" is a "rope." David had the soldiers lie down on the ground to be measured and sorted into three groups. The men in two groups were killed, and in the third, they were allowed to live. @@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 8 17 k3p5 translate-names 0 Ahitub ... Ahimelech ... Seraiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 8 18 gm1f translate-names 0 Benaiah ... Jehoiada These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 8 18 xxs8 translate-names 0 Kerethites ... Pelethites These are names of people-groups. These people were David's bodyguards. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 9 intro lwh6 0 # 2 Samuel 09 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter is another interruption to the story of David expanding his kingdom. David is concerned with fulfilling his oath to Jonathan's descendants.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### David's vow
David determined to fulfill his vow to Jonathan to care for Jonathan's descendants. He found Jonathan's son and told him he would treat him as if he was one of his sons. He restored all of Saul's property to him and had him eat every day at the king's table. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Rhetorical question and metaphor
Jonathan's son expressed his surprise and feeling of unworthiness with a rhetorical question: "What is your servant, that you should look with favor on such a dead dog as I am?" and by a metaphor comparing himself to "a dead dog." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+2SA 9 intro lwh6 0 # 2 Samuel 09 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is another interruption to the story of David expanding his kingdom. David is concerned with fulfilling his oath to Jonathan's descendants.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David's vow
David determined to fulfill his vow to Jonathan to care for Jonathan's descendants. He found Jonathan's son and told him he would treat him as if he was one of his sons. He restored all of Saul's property to him and had him eat every day at the king's table. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical question and metaphor
Jonathan's son expressed his surprise and feeling of unworthiness with a rhetorical question: "What is your servant, that you should look with favor on such a dead dog as I am?" and by a metaphor comparing himself to "a dead dog." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2SA 9 1 t1g1 0 for Jonathan's sake "because of my love for Jonathan" 2SA 9 1 cy22 0 Jonathan's sake Jonathan was Saul's son and David's best friend. 2SA 9 2 id7a translate-names 0 Ziba This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 9 12 u3qr figs-metonymy 0 All who lived in the house of Ziba Here "house" represents Ziba's family. Alternate translation: "All of Ziba's family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 9 13 caj8 figs-metonymy 0 he always ate at the king's table Here "table" represents being together with David or in his presence. Eating with the king at his table was a great honor. Alternate translation: "he always ate with the king at his table" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 9 13 du2g figs-metonymy 0 though he was lame in both his feet "thouge both of his feet were damaged." Here "feet" represents the ability to walk. Alternate translation: "though he was unable to walk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2SA 10 intro abca 0 # 2 Samuel 10 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

The chapter records the last expansion of David's kingdom. This chapter is also the beginning of a section dealing with the war between Israel and Ammon.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Shame
It was apparently the cause of shame or embarrassment in ancient Ammon to have their beards shaved off or to have their garments cut off. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Metaphor
The Ammon people used a metaphor comparing themselves to a bad smell: "they had become a stench to David" when they realized they had made David very angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+2SA 10 intro abca 0 # 2 Samuel 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The chapter records the last expansion of David's kingdom. This chapter is also the beginning of a section dealing with the war between Israel and Ammon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Shame
It was apparently the cause of shame or embarrassment in ancient Ammon to have their beards shaved off or to have their garments cut off. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor
The Ammon people used a metaphor comparing themselves to a bad smell: "they had become a stench to David" when they realized they had made David very angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2SA 10 1 g3zs translate-names 0 Hanun This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 10 2 k9r2 translate-names 0 Hanun ... Nahash These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 10 3 r4at figs-rquestion 0 Do you really think that ... you? The leaders use a question to suggest to the king that he should not trust David. Alternate translation: "You are wrong to think that ... you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 10 18 s2lg 0 Shobak See how you translated this man's name in [2 Samuel 10:16](../10/16.md). 2SA 10 19 s2mk 0 Hadarezer See how you translated this man's name in [2 Samuel 10:16](../10/16.md). 2SA 10 19 dzd4 figs-activepassive 0 saw that they were defeated by Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "realized that the Israelites had defeated them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2SA 11 intro abcb 0 # 2 Samuel 11 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a new section of David's life. God punished David by allowing his family to have many problems.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### David's adultery and the murder of Uriah
The army of Israel defeated the army of Ammon and then they besieged Ammon's capital while David stayed in Jerusalem. One day, David saw a beautiful woman, named Bathsheba, bathing. He committed adultery with her. When she became pregnant, David tried to cover up his sin. When this did not work, he had her husband killed in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+2SA 11 intro abcb 0 # 2 Samuel 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins a new section of David's life. God punished David by allowing his family to have many problems.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David's adultery and the murder of Uriah
The army of Israel defeated the army of Ammon and then they besieged Ammon's capital while David stayed in Jerusalem. One day, David saw a beautiful woman, named Bathsheba, bathing. He committed adultery with her. When she became pregnant, David tried to cover up his sin. When this did not work, he had her husband killed in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
2SA 11 1 eqn9 writing-newevent 0 It came about in the springtime "It happened in the springtime." This introduces a new event in the story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 2SA 11 1 jf4r 0 at the time "at the time of year" 2SA 11 1 a4ds figs-explicit 0 David sent out Joab, his servants, and all the army of Israel David sent them out to war. This can be stated clearly. Also, the word "his" refers to David. Alternate translation: "David sent Joab, his servants, and all the army of Israel to war" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 11 27 d34z 0 sorrow a deep feeling of sadness caused by suffering, disappointment or misfortune 2SA 11 27 d21w figs-idiom 0 David sent and took her home Here the word "sent" means that he sent a messenger to get her and bring her to him. Alternate translation: "David sent a messenger to her to bring her home" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 11 27 cq8x 0 displeased Yahweh "saddened Yahweh" or "angered Yahweh" -2SA 12 intro abcc 0 # 2 Samuel 12 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This is the final expansion of David's kingdom and records the end of the war with Ammon.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### David's punishment
God sent a prophet to confront David. He said that because David had Uriah killed, there would always be killing in his family and that the baby conceived with Bathsheba would die. David prayed that the baby be allowed to live, but the infant died. Bathsheba then had another son, who was named Solomon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) +2SA 12 intro abcc 0 # 2 Samuel 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This is the final expansion of David's kingdom and records the end of the war with Ammon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David's punishment
God sent a prophet to confront David. He said that because David had Uriah killed, there would always be killing in his family and that the baby conceived with Bathsheba would die. David prayed that the baby be allowed to live, but the infant died. Bathsheba then had another son, who was named Solomon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) 2SA 12 3 jfa8 0 ewe lamb a female lamb 2SA 12 3 wd4g figs-simile 0 was like a daughter to him This refers to the closeness of this man and his little lamb. Alternate translation: "he loved it as much as if it were one of his daughters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 2SA 12 4 vv6b 0 ewe lamb a young, female sheep @@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 12 31 ya1w 0 saws, iron picks, and axes These are tools to cut wood or break up the ground. 2SA 12 31 tl3i 0 brick kilns ovens where bricks are dried and hardened 2SA 12 31 ew58 figs-metonymy 0 all the cities of the people of Ammon This refers to the people in the cities. Alternate translation: "all the people of the cites of Ammon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2SA 13 intro abcd 0 # 2 Samuel 13 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the story about the difficulties and killings in David's family. David's sin caused these problems in his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Amnon raped Absalom's sister
Amnon raped Absalom's sister, who was his own half-sister. David did nothing to punish him and David's lack of action caused significant problems in his family and in Israel. This eventually caused Solomon to become king, even though he was not the oldest son.
+2SA 13 intro abcd 0 # 2 Samuel 13 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the story about the difficulties and killings in David's family. David's sin caused these problems in his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Amnon raped Absalom's sister
Amnon raped Absalom's sister, who was his own half-sister. David did nothing to punish him and David's lack of action caused significant problems in his family and in Israel. This eventually caused Solomon to become king, even though he was not the oldest son.
2SA 13 1 e2ti writing-newevent 0 It came about after this "It happened after this." This phrase is used to introduce a new event to the story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 2SA 13 1 tup1 0 half-sister Amnon and Tamar shared the same father but not the same mother. 2SA 13 1 fj5k 0 full sister Absalom and Tamar shared the same father and mother. @@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 13 38 pbz9 0 where he was for three years "where he stayed for three years" 2SA 13 39 ky6u figs-synecdoche 0 The mind of King David longed Here David is referred to by his mind to emphasize his thoughts. Alternate translation: "King David longed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 13 39 t9kb 0 for he was comforted concerning Amnon and his death "because he was no longer grieving about Amnon being dead." This refers to three years after Absalom fled to Geshur. -2SA 14 intro abce 0 # 2 Samuel 14 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Reconciliation
David missed his son, Absalom, who was in exile. Joab summons a wise woman to reconcile David and Absalom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]])

### Important figures of speech used in this chapter

#### Parable

The wise woman uses a type of parable to convince David that his actions were wrong. He treated a stranger worse than he treated his own son. This hypothetical situation was intended to convict David of his sin. She uses David's own words against him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
+2SA 14 intro abce 0 # 2 Samuel 14 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Reconciliation
David missed his son, Absalom, who was in exile. Joab summons a wise woman to reconcile David and Absalom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]])

## Important figures of speech used in this chapter

### Parable

The wise woman uses a type of parable to convince David that his actions were wrong. He treated a stranger worse than he treated his own son. This hypothetical situation was intended to convict David of his sin. She uses David's own words against him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
2SA 14 1 c5gz 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author tells about a new person in the story. 2SA 14 1 zlp2 0 Zeruiah See how you translated this man's name in [2 Samuel 2:13](../02/13.md). 2SA 14 1 nt9e 0 perceived This means Joab discerned or understood what David was thinking. @@ -742,7 +742,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 14 32 ehw7 figs-synecdoche 0 the king's face Here "king's face" refers to the king himself. Alternate translation: "the king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 14 33 xix9 translate-symaction 0 bowed low to the ground before the king Absalom is showing respect to the king. Alternate translation: "bowed low to the ground to honor the king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 2SA 14 33 lr12 figs-explicit 0 the king kissed Absalom This implies that the king forgave and restored Absalom. The full meaning of this can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -2SA 15 intro abcf 0 # 2 Samuel 15 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the story of Absalom's attempted revolt.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Absalom's conspiracy
For four years, Absalom made many allies in an attempt to make himself king. This is why he acted as a judge for the people. Since this was all done in secret, it is called a "conspiracy." David found out and fled with those in the army who were loyal to him.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Metaphor
The author used the metaphor of a thief to describe how Absalom was able to win people's loyalty: "So Absalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+2SA 15 intro abcf 0 # 2 Samuel 15 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins the story of Absalom's attempted revolt.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Absalom's conspiracy
For four years, Absalom made many allies in an attempt to make himself king. This is why he acted as a judge for the people. Since this was all done in secret, it is called a "conspiracy." David found out and fled with those in the army who were loyal to him.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor
The author used the metaphor of a thief to describe how Absalom was able to win people's loyalty: "So Absalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2SA 15 1 m44b writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used to introduce the next event in the story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 2SA 15 1 a4qh translate-symaction 0 with fifty men to run before him These men would run in front of the chariot to honor Absalom. Alternate translation: "with fifty men to run before him to honor him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 2SA 15 2 f1j6 0 Your servant When a man would respond to Absalom's question he would refer to himself as "your servant" to honor Absalom. @@ -809,7 +809,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 15 35 rkm7 figs-hyperbole 0 whatever you hear This is a generalization. It means all of the important and insightful things that he hears, not every single word he hears. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 2SA 15 36 yg9d translate-names 0 Ahimaaz ... Jonathan These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 15 36 z36k figs-synecdoche 0 by their hand The phrase "their hand" refers to the sons and means that they were to serve as messengers. Alternate translation: "their sons to tell me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2SA 16 intro abcg 0 # 2 Samuel 16 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Absalom seeks advice from David's advisers
David's best adviser, Ahithophel, told Absalom to publicly seduce the concubines that David had left to take care of the palace. Because the concubines were the king's property, having sexual relations with a king's concubines implied that Absalom was now the king. This would show the people that the break with David was complete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Simile
To show how seriously people took Ahithophel's advice, the author used a [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] comparing his advice to God's advice. "Now the advice of Ahithophel that he gave in those days was as if a man heard from the mouth of God himself."
+2SA 16 intro abcg 0 # 2 Samuel 16 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Absalom seeks advice from David's advisers
David's best adviser, Ahithophel, told Absalom to publicly seduce the concubines that David had left to take care of the palace. Because the concubines were the king's property, having sexual relations with a king's concubines implied that Absalom was now the king. This would show the people that the break with David was complete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Simile
To show how seriously people took Ahithophel's advice, the author used a [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] comparing his advice to God's advice. "Now the advice of Ahithophel that he gave in those days was as if a man heard from the mouth of God himself."
2SA 16 1 uv2h translate-names 0 Ziba This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 16 1 rzt4 0 Mephibosheth See how you translated this man's name in [2 Samuel 4:4](../04/04.md). 2SA 16 1 eex7 translate-numbers 0 two hundred loaves ... one hundred clusters ... one hundred bunches "200 loaves ... 100 clusters ... 100 bunches" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) @@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 16 23 qt97 figs-synecdoche 0 as if a man heard from the mouth of God himself Here God's mouth represents himself and emphasizes his speech. Alternate translation: "as if God had said it with his own mouth" or "as if a man heard it spoken by God himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 2SA 16 23 jqr6 0 all of Ahithophel's advice was viewed by both David and Absalom This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "both David and Absalom viewed all of Ahithophel's advice" 2SA 16 23 p2g1 0 was viewed "was thought of" -2SA 17 intro abch 0 # 2 Samuel 17 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Confusion
Ahithophel gives good advise to Absalom, but Hushai confuses Absalom. God is using the misleading advice to protect David, his king.
+2SA 17 intro abch 0 # 2 Samuel 17 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Confusion
Ahithophel gives good advise to Absalom, but Hushai confuses Absalom. God is using the misleading advice to protect David, his king.
2SA 17 1 jz1q translate-names 0 Ahithophel See how you translated this man's name in [2 Samuel 15:12](../15/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 17 1 y3kl translate-numbers 0 twelve thousand men "12,000 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 17 1 xpm7 0 arise and "begin to" @@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 17 28 s9d6 0 lentils a kind of seed that is cooked and eaten 2SA 17 29 vx1d 0 curds milk that has soured and become solid 2SA 17 29 hpg5 0 thirsty in need of water or some other drink -2SA 18 intro abci 0 # 2 Samuel 18 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

This chapter tells of the defeat and death of Absalom, ending this section on Absalom's rebellion.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### David's mercy
David reorganized his army and sent them out to battle, but told them to be merciful to Absalom. When David's army defeated Absalom's army, Absalom fled on a mule, but his hair caught in a tree limb and the mule ran on, leaving him hanging. One of David's soldiers saw him and told Joab. Joab went and killed him. When David heard about this he mourned for his son, Absalom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])
+2SA 18 intro abci 0 # 2 Samuel 18 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter tells of the defeat and death of Absalom, ending this section on Absalom's rebellion.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### David's mercy
David reorganized his army and sent them out to battle, but told them to be merciful to Absalom. When David's army defeated Absalom's army, Absalom fled on a mule, but his hair caught in a tree limb and the mule ran on, leaving him hanging. One of David's soldiers saw him and told Joab. Joab went and killed him. When David heard about this he mourned for his son, Absalom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])
2SA 18 1 y2u4 figs-metonymy 0 David counted the soldiers who were with him and appointed David did not count all of the people himself, rather other men counted them. Alternate translation: "David commanded for the soldiers who were with him to be counted and he appointed" or "David arranged the soldiers who were with him and appointed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 18 1 qt9x translate-numbers 0 captains of thousands and captains of hundreds Possible meanings are 1) these numbers represent the exact amount of soldiers that these captains led. Alternate translation: "captains of 1,000 soldiers and captains of 100 soldiers" or 2) the words translated as "thousands" and "hundreds" do not represent exact numbers, but are the names of larger and smaller military divisions. Alternate translation: "captains of large military divisions and captains of smaller military divisions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 2SA 18 1 pa96 0 captains A captain is a person who is in authority over a group of soldiers. @@ -1019,7 +1019,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 18 31 e1tf figs-idiom 0 rose up against This means to oppose. Alternate translation: "opposed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2SA 18 32 s9h4 figs-simile 0 The enemies of my master the king, ... should be as that young man is The Cushite uses a comparison as a polite way to tell the king that Absalom is dead. This can be stated more directly. Alternate translation: "I would like all your enemies ... to die the way that young man died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 2SA 18 33 la2k 0 was deeply unnerved "was very unhappy" or "was trembling with grief" -2SA 19 intro abcj 0 # 2 Samuel 19 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### David told to stop mourning Absalom
Joab warned David that if he continued to mourn Absalom and not thank his army, they would all desert him. So David went out to encourage the soldiers. David was both a good father and a good leader.

#### David made king again
This chapter record the recognition that David was the true king of Israel. It is important to remember that even though Absalom had power for a while, David never stopped being the king.

#### The ten tribes and Judah argue over David
The ten tribes of Israel argued with the tribe of Judah about who would bring David across the river. The men of Judah answered the ten tribes very harshly. This may foreshadow, or give a glimpse of, the future civil war that would come to divide these two groups.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Rhetorical questions
The people wanted David back as their king and expressed it in a rhetorical question: "So why are we not talking about bringing the king back?" David also used a question to persuade the people of Judah to bring him back: "You are my brothers, my flesh and bone. Why then are you the last to bring back the king?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+2SA 19 intro abcj 0 # 2 Samuel 19 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### David told to stop mourning Absalom
Joab warned David that if he continued to mourn Absalom and not thank his army, they would all desert him. So David went out to encourage the soldiers. David was both a good father and a good leader.

### David made king again
This chapter record the recognition that David was the true king of Israel. It is important to remember that even though Absalom had power for a while, David never stopped being the king.

### The ten tribes and Judah argue over David
The ten tribes of Israel argued with the tribe of Judah about who would bring David across the river. The men of Judah answered the ten tribes very harshly. This may foreshadow, or give a glimpse of, the future civil war that would come to divide these two groups.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions
The people wanted David back as their king and expressed it in a rhetorical question: "So why are we not talking about bringing the king back?" David also used a question to persuade the people of Judah to bring him back: "You are my brothers, my flesh and bone. Why then are you the last to bring back the king?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2SA 19 1 wl3f figs-activepassive 0 Joab was told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone told Joab" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2SA 19 1 ggg6 0 Look, the king is weeping The word "Look" is used here to draw someone's attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: "Listen, the king is weeping" 2SA 19 2 jq6i figs-explicit 0 So the victory that day was turned into mourning for all the army This means that the whole army mourned instead of celebrating. AT "So instead of celebrating victory that day, the whole army mourned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1112,7 +1112,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 19 43 vc2s figs-rquestion 0 Why then did you despise us? The men of Israel ask this rhetorical question to express their anger. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "You should not have despised us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 19 43 vlb7 figs-rquestion 0 Was not our proposal to bring back our king the first to be heard? The men of Israel ask this question to remind and rebuke the people of Judah. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "We were the first to suggest that we bring back the king!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2SA 19 43 el5k 0 the words of the men of Judah were even more harsh than the words of the men of Israel "the men of Judah spoke even more harshly than the men of Israel did" -2SA 20 intro abck 0 # 2 Samuel 20 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Sheba's revolt
A man named Sheba told the people of the ten tribes that David was Judah's king, but not their king. David worked hard to preserve unity in Israel after this time of division.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Idiom
Joab used an idiom "has lifted up his hand against the king, against David" meaning "revolted against David," to explain why his army was attacking the city of Able. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+2SA 20 intro abck 0 # 2 Samuel 20 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sheba's revolt
A man named Sheba told the people of the ten tribes that David was Judah's king, but not their king. David worked hard to preserve unity in Israel after this time of division.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom
Joab used an idiom "has lifted up his hand against the king, against David" meaning "revolted against David," to explain why his army was attacking the city of Able. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2SA 20 1 fz8c 0 to be at the same place This refers to the town of Gilgal. 2SA 20 1 a6ci translate-names 0 Sheba ... Bikri These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 20 1 l45i figs-parallelism 0 We have no part in David, neither have we any inheritance in the son of Jesse Both of these statements mean the same thing. Sheba is emphasizing that he and the tribes of Israel have no relationship with David. Alternate translation: "The inheritance of David and his father's family does not belong to us" or "We are not a part of David and his father's family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 20 25 pjz3 translate-names 0 Sheva This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 20 26 w67i translate-names 0 Ira This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 20 26 qk9a translate-names 0 Jairite This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -2SA 21 intro abcl 0 # 2 Samuel 21 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Famine caused by a broken oath
When Israel first conquered the land, they promised not to kill the people of Gibeon. When Saul tried to kill them all, God caused a famine in Israel. David made amends with the people of Gideon and the famine ended. David also kept his vow to Jonathan's sons. This helps to show the wisdom of king David. Although these people were not Israelites, they believed in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

#### Wisdom, grace and justice
David is seen to have many great qualities in this chapter. These were qualities important for a king of Israel: wisdom, grace and justice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
+2SA 21 intro abcl 0 # 2 Samuel 21 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Famine caused by a broken oath
When Israel first conquered the land, they promised not to kill the people of Gibeon. When Saul tried to kill them all, God caused a famine in Israel. David made amends with the people of Gideon and the famine ended. David also kept his vow to Jonathan's sons. This helps to show the wisdom of king David. Although these people were not Israelites, they believed in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

### Wisdom, grace and justice
David is seen to have many great qualities in this chapter. These were qualities important for a king of Israel: wisdom, grace and justice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
2SA 21 1 yc9z figs-synecdoche 0 sought the face of Yahweh Here "face" is a synecdoche for Yahweh's presence. This means David prayed to Yahweh for an answer about the famine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2SA 21 1 f1fs 0 because of Saul and his murderous family Saul had killed many Gibeonites, and Saul's descendants are guilty because of this sin. 2SA 21 2 j82w writing-background 0 Now Here "Now" marks a break in the main story line. This gives background information about the Gibeonites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) @@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 21 20 cka4 translate-names 0 Rephaim This people group was known for its giant warriors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 21 21 j56u translate-names 0 Jonathan son of Shimeah These are names of men. Shimeah was David's brother. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 21 22 mqg8 figs-idiom 0 they were killed by the hand of David and by the hand of his soldiers Here "by the hand of" means "through" or "by." This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "David and his soldiers killed them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2SA 22 intro abcm 0 # 2 Samuel 22 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 22:2-51.

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### God rescued David
God rescued David when he thought he would die. He protected David, fought against his enemies, and enabled him to defeat his enemies.

### Important figures of speech in this chapter

#### Metaphor
David uses many metaphors to express his trust in God's protection: "my rock, my fortress, my shield, the horn of my salvation, my stronghold and my refuge." He used other metaphors to express his hopelessness: "the waves of death surrounded me," "the rushing waters of worthlessness overwhelmed me," "the cords of sheol surrounded me;" "the snares of death trapped me," and "the surging water." He also used metaphors for the victory God gave him: "I can run over a barricade" and "by my God I can leap over a wall." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
+2SA 22 intro abcm 0 # 2 Samuel 22 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 22:2-51.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God rescued David
God rescued David when he thought he would die. He protected David, fought against his enemies, and enabled him to defeat his enemies.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor
David uses many metaphors to express his trust in God's protection: "my rock, my fortress, my shield, the horn of my salvation, my stronghold and my refuge." He used other metaphors to express his hopelessness: "the waves of death surrounded me," "the rushing waters of worthlessness overwhelmed me," "the cords of sheol surrounded me;" "the snares of death trapped me," and "the surging water." He also used metaphors for the victory God gave him: "I can run over a barricade" and "by my God I can leap over a wall." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
2SA 22 1 vx4y figs-parallelism 0 General Information: David's song to Yahweh starts. He uses parallelism to emphasize what he is saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2SA 22 1 sh9l 0 out of the hand of all his enemies, and out of the hand of Saul This is a progression from enemies in general to one specific enemy of David, King Saul. 2SA 22 1 gzu9 figs-metonymy 0 out of the hand of This metonym means "out of the power of." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -1331,7 +1331,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 22 50 r7zu 0 General Information: David concludes his song to Yahweh. 2SA 22 50 qk4d figs-metonymy 0 to your name Here the metonym "name" refers to Yahweh's reputation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2SA 22 51 fz6y 0 he shows his covenant loyalty to his anointed one Here David may be referring to the promises Yahweh made in [2 Samuel 7:8](../07/08.md) -2SA 23 intro abcn 0 # 2 Samuel 23 General Notes
### Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 23:2-7.

2 Samuel 23:8-39 is a list of the famous people in David's army along with some of the special deeds some of them did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])

### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Everlasting covenant
This is a reference to the covenant God previously made with David. (See: [2 Samuel 7](../07/01.md), [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]).
+2SA 23 intro abcn 0 # 2 Samuel 23 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 23:2-7.

2 Samuel 23:8-39 is a list of the famous people in David's army along with some of the special deeds some of them did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Everlasting covenant
This is a reference to the covenant God previously made with David. (See: [2 Samuel 7](../07/01.md), [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]).
2SA 23 1 jk1i 0 Now This marks the beginning of a new section of the book. 2SA 23 1 lw9i 0 these are the last words This refers to what David will say in 2 Samuel 23:2-7. 2SA 23 1 hvt1 figs-activepassive 0 the man who was highly honored, the one anointed by the God of Jacob This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the man whom the God of Jacob highly honored and anointed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -1391,7 +1391,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo 2SA 23 33 en3j translate-names 0 General Information: This continues the list of David's greatest soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 23 37 ud59 translate-names 0 General Information: This concludes the list of David's greatest soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2SA 23 39 t6d8 translate-numbers 0 thirty-seven in all "there were 37 total" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -2SA 24 intro abco 0 # 2 Samuel 24 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter

#### Counting soldiers
David ordered the leaders of his army to count how many men of fighting age there were. He was not supposed to do this because it showed he did not trust God. God was displeased and offered David three punishments. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
+2SA 24 intro abco 0 # 2 Samuel 24 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Counting soldiers
David ordered the leaders of his army to count how many men of fighting age there were. He was not supposed to do this because it showed he did not trust God. God was displeased and offered David three punishments. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
2SA 24 1 c86d figs-metaphor 0 the anger of Yahweh was ignited against Israel The word "ignite" means start a fire. Here Yahweh's anger is compared to that of a fire. Alternate translation: "the anger of Yahweh started to burn like a fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2SA 24 1 dq6l 0 he moved David against them "he caused David to oppose them" 2SA 24 1 x6eq figs-explicit 0 Go, count Israel and Judah In the law of Moses, God prohibited the kings of Israel from taking a census of fighting men. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])